The Kaduval Hindu Panchanga

7/29/2019 The Kaduval Hindu Panchanga

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VedicCalendarTHE KADAVULHINDU PANCHANGAMSatguru SivayaSubramuniyaswami

Published byHimalayan AcademyKapaa, HawaiiThird EditionCopyright 1997by Satguru Sivaya SubramuniyaswamiThis book may be used to share the Hindu Dharma with others on thepath, but only with the prior written consent of the publisher. VedicCalendar is edited, designed and produced by the monks of the SaivaSiddhanta Yoga Order & published by Himalayan Academy, 107 KaholaleleRoad, Kapaa, Hawaii 96746-9304 USA.Published byHimalayan Academy107 Kaholalele RoadKapaa, Hawaii 96746-9304 USAPhone: (808) 8223152Fax: (808) 8224351WWW: http//:www.HinduismToday.kauai.hi.us/E-mail: [email protected]: 0-945497-12-1

THE SAIVITE SERIESCONTENTSIntroduction ................................................................................................................................1Chapter One: Divisions of Time ..............................................................................................4

Announcing Time/Space Coordinatesthe Samkalpa.............................................4The YearSamvatsara ...................................................................................................5The Half-YearAyana ...................................................................................................6The Six SeasonsRtau...................................................................................................6The MonthMaseSolar and Lunar..........................................................................7Light and Dark FortnightPaksha..............................................................................8The Moon Sign or Rasi ...................................................................................................8

The DaySolar and Lunar............................................................................................9Retreat Days...................................................................................................................10The Half-DayKarana.................................................................................................11The Constellation of the DayNakshatra.................................................................11Ending Times .................................................................................................................12Chapter Two: Other Indicators...............................................................................................13Eight Daytime Periodsthe Kalas .............................................................................13The Yogas........................................................................................................................13MooleamneaMathematical Code of the Siva Era System....................................14The Color of the Day........................................................................................14Deity Clothing Colors .....................................................................................14

The Gem Of the Day........................................................................................15Festivals and Other Special Days................................................................................15Pradosha Vrata Days........................................................................................16

Ardra and Siva Abhishekams.........................................................................16Family Home Evening.....................................................................................16


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Ashram Sadhana Days ....................................................................................17General AuspiciousnessBhuloka Days, Devaloka Days, etc................................18Chapter Three: The Science of Good TimingMuhurtha ...............................................20Marriage, Home-Blessing and New Ventures...........................................................20Nakshatra Consideration.............................................................................................21Best Times for Travel.....................................................................................................23Yoga Consideration .......................................................................................................23Wisdom, Not Superstition; Karma and Dharma......................................................23

Hints for Learning to Use the Calendar ....................................................................24The TithisA Diagram............................................................................................................28Glossary.......................................................................................................................................viv Vedic Calendar

AUM GANESHA!INTRODUCTIONWelcome to the Vedic Calendar: The Kadavul Hindu Panchangam. If this is yourfirst introduction to a Hindu calendar, you have a great adventure ahead of youwhich we know will give you a new appreciation of time.Vedic Calendar is a sophisticated tool for planning, not unlike a westernfarmers almanac. It provides vital information about astrological factors, planets

and starsaspects of our subtle environment which are unseen but strongly felt.With this esoteric knowledge at our disposal, we come to understand the characteristicsof the planets and the stars and how they relate to the human psyche.These effects are real and dramatic. We experience the effects of the changes andmovements of celestial bodies, just as the tides are influenced by the gravitationalattraction of the moon and the sun. We sense seasonal changes. We respond to theinfluence of the massive planet Jupiter as it passes through its 12-year cycle,though we may not be aware of it. Over a dozen factors, each of which moves incycles through the year, month or day, are designated in Vedic Calendar. Many areeasy for the novice to understand and immediately incorporate as planning factors,

just as one considers the weather before selecting a wardrobe for the day.

Others require a bit more study and experience.Vedic Calendar is no ordinary calendar or almanac. It is far more complexthan the simple Gregorian calendar normally used in the West and far more useful.It is patterned after the traditional panchangams used throughout Sri Lankaand South India which employ the Nirayana (sidereal) zodiacal system. Panchanga,a Sanskrit word, means five limbs, which refers to the fact that everypanchangam includes the five basic elements of tithi (lunar day), nakshatra (theconstellation the moon is aligned with), karana (half-day), yoga (a particular angleof the sun and moon) and vara or vasara (solar weekday). Panchangams furnishother astronomical information which is extensively used by astrologers, as well

as the times of all forthcoming religious events. Most modern panchangams, suchas Vedic Calendar, also include Gregorian (Western) calendar information, whichhas been adopted as the unified world standard.The basic principles of both eastern and western calendars were originallyconceived thousands of years ago by great masters in Hindu astronomy, a field ofPart One: Introduction 1knowledge which they regarded as synonymous with Nirayana, or sidereal (fixedzodiac), astrology. Their plane of observation was quite different from that ofmodern astronomers and scientists, for they were adepts in the mystical art ofyoga. They perceived the mysteries of the planets and stars from an inner perspectiveand brought forth several detailed astronomical texts. From these

manuscripts modern Hindu calendars, such as Vedic Calendar, have evolved. Ofcourse, inner truths are not confined to rishis of the past, and several aspects ofthis panchangam were unfolded in recent times by Satguru Sivaya Subramuniyaswamito assist humanity in the technological age.Vedic Calendar was developed over a sixteen-year period at the secluded


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monastery/temple complex in Hawaii known as Kauai Aadheenam (or informallyKauais Hindu Monastery), especially for use in the Kadavul Hindu Temple locatedthere. It contains elements from a system of astrology peculiar to thismonastery combined with the fundamentals of the traditional Hindu panchangamused in South India. It is also special in that it contains several mysticalcomponents not found in other panchangams.

At the Kauai monastery, the monks use the Vedic Calendar daily to plan activitiesand select the most suitable times for new innovations, creative work, retreats

and routine activities. The top two lines in each days designation are chanteddaily in the Kadavul Hindu Temple at the start of each worship service, or puja.This chant, known as the sankalpam, informs the devas of all three worlds of theplace, time and precise astrological conditions of the moment.The study and daily use of Vedic Calendar helps the conscientious individualto understand and monitor the prevailing forces of each day. With this knowledge,he or she is able to flow with the river of life, creatively alive and in tunewith the universe. We are all well aware of the concepts of good timing andbad timing and how at certain times everything seems to be flowing alongsmoothly, while at other moments things just dont come together. The calendarprovides knowledge to understand such phenomena, so that one can take advantage

of auspicious moments and avoid new undertakings when the creative forcesare on the wane.If you glance through the calendar pages you will see that each day is denotedin a horizontal space bordered by a line above and below. In chapter one,Divisions of Time, we offer an explanation of each of the many entries indicatingincrements of time for each day in the calendar. Chapter two, Other Indicators,explains special listings, such as the color of the day, the gem of the day, festivalsand more. Chapter Three, Good Timing, Muhurtha, offers keys to deter-2 Vedic Calendarmining the best activities on a given day and planning important events.In addition, for easy reference, at the end of chapter three you will find a

chart briefly indicating the meaning of each entry used in the calendar. Most ofthe non-English entries are in Sanskrit. Definitions to most Sanskrit, Tamil andtechnical terms are given in the glossary at the back of the book.From tithi the stages of growth and decay, from varas the longerlife, from nakshatra the seizure of bad actions, from yoga the cureof ill-health, from karana the result of the work, with all these thecalendar or panchanga gives the required results.Skanda Narayanan

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSInvaluable assistance was received in the creation of Vedic Calendar

through the years from expert Hindu astrologers and from Sivachariyas (templepriests) from South India, for whom a panchangam is an essential tool. We arevery grateful for their assistance in answering the many questions that arose asthe calendar was being developed and programmed into the computer so that thecalculations could be made automatically year after year, far into the future.We would like to convey a special thanks to the following: B. ShanmugamGurukkal of Pondicherry, south India; Pundit K.N. Navaratnam, an eminent astrologerfrom Jaffna, Sri Lanka, who now resides in Australia; Pandit Ravichandran,Sahitya Siromani and Priest, Livermore, California, for helping with thetranslation of certain words for the glossary. A special thanks to Devendra L.Trivedi of Fremont, California, publisher of the Palani Panchang, for his contribution

of the sunrise calculations and yoga formula, and for his timely advice andchecking of our work; and to Devendras father, Laxmishankar G. Trivedi. Thanksto Sri Kumaraswamy Gurukkal of Madras for his explanation of how the Indianpathasalas (priest schools) function according to the phase calendar, his instructionin Sanskrit to the monks and assistance in translation of Sanskrit and Tamil.


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Last but not least, we thank Apple Computer for inventing the Apple II and PowerMacintosh and ACIUS for its 4th Dimension used to program and print the calendar.Part One: Introduction 3CHAPTER ONEDIVISIONS OF TIMET elling time has been refined to a science in the Hindu culture. And nowhere istime given greater prominence than in the Hindu temple. If you are accustomedto Western time concepts, the following overview of time from the Hindu perspective

will be illuminating.ANNOUNCING TIME/SPACE COORDINATESTHE SAMKALPAThe samkalpa, a formal statement of intent chanted aloud by the priest beforeeach temple ceremony, designates the time and place of the puja. It is dividedinto several sections. Vedic Calendar lists this chant for each day with the appropriatetithi, nakshatra, yoga, karana, and so on. It does not list the yuga and otherlarger time divisions, since they do not change very often! Therefore, we will listand explain them here, both for the information of those who are doing templepujas and for the appreciation of the general reader.The samkalpa chant begins with the name of the present kalpaa vast,cosmic time period known as a day of Brahm (God). (Each new creation cycle

begins a new kalpa. Some calculate one kalpa to be 4,320,000,000 years.) The nameof the current kalpa is Svetavara. Each kalpa is divided into 14 manvantaras. Weare in the first phase of the 7th manvantara, called Vaivasvata. Each manvantaralasts 71 mahayugas. Each mahayuga is made up of four yugasSat, Treta, Dvaparaand Kali. The Sat Yuga is known as the Age of Enlightenment, and each yugathat follows is progressively darker as the mass mind becomes more externalized.

At the present time our solar system is experiencing the last part of the KaliYuga of the 28th mahayuga of the Vaivasvata Manvantara. We are in the Dark Age,and the first rays of light from the Sat Yuga are beginning to be felt again. (Tosummarize, each kalpa (4.32 billion years) is divided into 14 manvantaras. Eachmanvantara equals 71 mahayugas. And each mahayuga equals 4 yugas.) So, the

priest would say, Svetavarana Kalpe, Vaivasvata Manvantare, Ashtavim Satitame,Kaliau Yuge, Prathamepade, etc.Next in the samkalpa, the priest announces the place on earth where thepuja is being performed. In Hawaii, we state we are in the middle of the Pacificocean, in the Hawaiian Islands, on the famous island of Kauai, near the mountain4 Vedic Calendarof Waialeale, along the Wailua River on the parcel of land where heaven meets theearth!These greater delineations are followed by further diminishing designationsof time, all of which are found on your calendar in the paragraph at the top

of each days designations. This includes the name of the year, the half-year, theseason, month, fortnight, day, nakshatra, yoga and tithi. Each of these importantelements of the calendar is explained below.THE YEARSAMVATSARAIn India there are numerous era systems in use. The Kali Era, Vikrama Era,Saka Era and the Kollam Era are several of the era systems being followed today.Vedic Calendar incorporates three different types of era systems. First, the Gregorianor Christian Era system is used for modern day convenience. Second, we usethe Kali Era, which is followed in various Hindu traditions including the Tamil. Itbegan around February 17, 3102 BCE. The exact date varies according to themethod of calculation. The third system used in Vedic Calendar is the Siva Era

which began February 16, 1973, the first day of the lunar month in which the SivaNataraja Deity was installed in the Kadavul Hindu Temple.The current year is listed on each day of Vedic Calendar in these three eraforms. To the third line of the last column is the name and number of the Kali Era,e.g. Pramodha 5092. In the fourth line are the Gregorian years of the Kali Era year.


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In the fifth line is the circle (year) and cycle (3-year period) of the Siva Era system.The Hindu year for the Kali Era system begins when the Sun enters thesign of Mesha (Aries). In the Gregorian, of course, it begins January 1. And in theSiva Era system the beginning of the year varies year to year. The new years daymarked on the calendar for celebration is that of the Kali era. It is a day of greatimportance, and a time of celebration, marking the dawn of a new year cycle.THE NAME OF THE YEARPreceding the number of the Hindu year at the very top of the page is the

name of the current year. In all, there are sixty names, which repeat in a sixty-yearcycle based on the time it takes Jupiter to orbit the sun five times. The names ofthe years are:Prabhava, Vibhava, Sukla, Pramoda, Prajapati, Angiras, Srimukha, Bhava,Yuvan, Dhatri, Isvara, Bahudhanya, Pramathin, Vikrama, Vrisha, Chitrabhanu,Subhanu, Tarana, Parthiva, Vyaya, Sarvajit, Sarvadharin, Virodhin,Vikrita, Khara, Nandana, Vijaya, Jaya, Manmatha, Durmukha, Hemalam-Chapter One: Divisions of Time 5ba, Vilamba, Vikarin, Sarvari, Plava, Subhakrit, Sobhana, Krodhin, Visvavasu,Parabhava, Palavanga, Kilaka, Saumaya, Sadharana, Virodhakrit,Paridhavin, Pramadin, Ananda, Rakshasa, Anala (or Nala), Pingala,

Kalayukta, Siddharthin, Raudra, Durmati, Dundubhi, Rudhirodgarin,Raktaksha, Krodhana and Kshaya (or Akshaya).Each name suggests the general feeling of the year it denotes. The year5086 (1984) was known as Raktakshi, she with red eyes. The year 5087 (1985)was Krodhana, the year of anger. The year 5088 (1986), the last in Jupiters cycle,was Kshayadecay, destruction or end. The year 5089 (1987), Prabhava, the firstyear in the new cycle, means arise, spring forth; source, origin. The year 5090(1988) was Vibhava, light, luster, splendor, beauty. The following year, 5091(1989), was Sukla, bright, pure, unsullied. And 5092 (1990) is Pramoda, excessive

joy, delight or gladness. The year 5093 (1991) is Prajapati, Lord (pati) ofcreature, or Father of creation.

THE JOVIAN YEAR OR BARHASPATYA VARSA SYSTEMFor the information of those with a background in astrology, a word of explanationabout the Jupiter cycle as a basis for naming the years may be helpful.

Actually it stems from another year system known as Barhaspatya Varsa or Jovian(Jupiter) year system in which the year is measured by the time period of Jupiter'smotion through one Zodiac sign. Traveling through 12 rasis (zodiac signs), Jupitermakes a complete sidereal revolution, comprising 12 Jovian years. Five revolutionsaround the sun forms the 60-year cycle of Jupiter.THE HALF-YEARAYANAEach year is divided into two halves, known as ayana. The fourth word in

the sankalpam indicates the ayana, the current six month periodeither Uttarayanaor Dakshinayana. Uttarayana begins on the day of the winter solstice,normally December 21, when the sun begins its apparent northward journey.Dakshinayana begins on the first day of the summer solstice, normally June 21,marking the suns southward movement. The two days commencing the twoayanas are considered sacred and known as punya kala, times of great merit. Thecurrent ayana is the second item in the sankalpam in Vedic Calendar.THE SIX SEASONSRTAUIn the West we are familiar with four seasonsspring, summer, autumnand winter. In India, there are six seasons. Each season is two months (masa) in6 Vedic Calendar

duration.1) The new year begins with Vasanta Rtau, the season when the treesand plants are blossoming, which begins on the first day of MeshaMase (mid-April).2) Grishma Rtau, commencing at the start of Maithuna Mase (in mid-


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June), is the hot summer.3) The rainy season, Varsha Rtau, begins in Simha Mase (mid-August).4) Sara Rtau, the season of fruits, begin in Thula Mase (mid-October).5) Hemantha Rtau, the cold season, begins in mid-December.6) Sisir Rtau, the last season of the year, begins in Kumbha Mase (mid-February), when trees and plants begin sprouting new leaves.In Vedic Calendar the season is the third notation in the sankalpam. AtKauais Hindu Monastery we follow three seasons as outlined in the Saiva Dharma

Shastras. Each season a different textbook is studied. They are as follows:1) Nartana Ritau, the season of Dancing With Siva, begins on HinduNew Year. This is the period of creation, the warm season, from mid-

April through mid-August.2) During Jivana Ritau, the rainy season, from mid-August to mid-December,Living with Siva: Hinduisms Contemporary Culture is the primarytext.3) The third period of the year, Moksha Ritau, the cool season, is frommid-December to mid-April. Merging With Siva: Hinduisms ContemporaryMetaphysics is the focus of study and intense investigation.THE MONTHMASASOLAR AND LUNAR

In India, several states use a solar-year calendar while others use thelunar-year calendar. In all states the lunar calendar is used for determining thedates of religious festivals and for selecting auspicious times for beginning manysocio-religious activities. Vedic Calendar uses both the solar month and the lunarmonth and would be known as a luni-solar calendar. For business purposes andmodern convenience we also use the Gregorian year which follows neither a solarmonth nor a lunar system.SOLAR MONTHSThe Hindu astronomical text, Surya-Siddhanta, defines the solar month asthe time it takes the sun to traverse one rasi (Zodiac sign), measured from thetime of entry into one rasi (this point is known as a samkranti) and the next.

The point when the sun enters Mesha (Aries) rasi is widely accepted as theChapter One: Divisions of Time 7beginning of the year. Thus the first solar month is called Mesha in Sanskrit.The Sanskrit names of the solar months are listed in Vedic Calendar. Each isnamed after the sign of the zodiac that the sun is in. Their names are Mesha(Aries), Vrshabha (Taurus), Mithuna (Gemini), Kataka (Cancer), Simha (Leo),Kanya (Virgo), Thula (Libra), Vrschika (Scorpio), Dhanus (Sagittarius), Makara(Capricorn), Kumbha (Aquarius) and Meena (Pisces). The Sanskrit name of thecurrent solar month is found at the top of each days notations, in the middle precededby the word mase.

LUNAR MONTHSThe lunar month is measured either by the period covered from one newmoonto the next, known as the amanta or mukhya mana system, or from one fullmoonto the next one, known as the purnimanta or gauna mana system. Vedic Calendaruses the purnimanta lunar month system. Each lunar month is simplynamed Moon 1, Moon 2, Moon 3, etc. This notation is found at the very top of eachcalendar page.In India and other parts of the world those who follow a panchangamstrictly, such as Vedic schools, known as gurukulams or pathasalas, live theirlife by the lunar month, moon, or masa.LIGHT AND DARK FORTNIGHTPAKSHA

One month is the duration of one orbit of the moon around the earth. InHindu measuring of time, this period is divided in two parts, the light fortnight,called shukla paksha (or sudi), and the dark fortnight, called krishna paksha (orvadi). Shukla Paksha is the period when the moon is waxing, beginning on thenew moon (Amavasya) and extending to the full moon (Purnima). Krishna paksha,


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the period when the moon is waning, begins after the full moon and extendsto the new moon. Knowing whether the moon is waxing or waning is helpful inunderstanding the moons current influence. Under the waxing moon, we are generallymore energetic, as moons forces are on the rise, indicating growth and development.THE MOON SIGN OR RASIIn Vedic Calendar the rasi names the Zodiac sign the moon is currentlypassing through. It lists the degree of the sign of the moon at 6:00 AM. For example,Kataka (Cancer) Rasi 1.4 means that the moon is at 1.4 degrees Cancer at

6:00 in the morning. The moon travels approximately 12 per day. For gardening,the moon sign is useful in determining planting, harvesting, fertilizing and other8 Vedic Calendargardening activity dates. The rasi is listed in the first column for each day. Themoon takes a little over two and one-half days to traverse one zodiac sign. Therasis are Mesha (Aries), Vrshabha (Taurus), Mithuna (Gemini), Kataka (Cancer),Simha (Leo), Kanya (Virgo), Thula (Libra), Vrschika (Scorpio), Dhanus (Sagittarius),Makara (Capricorn), Kumbha (Aquarius) and Meena (Pisces).THE DAYSOLAR AND LUNARTHE SOLAR DAYVASARAIn addition to observing the lunar day, or tithi (discussed in the next section),

the traditional Hindu calendar also recognizes the solar day, or vasara. Thevasara begins with sunrise and ends with sunrise the next day, based on the rotationof the earth on its axis. (The time of sunrise and sunset are listed in columnsix of each days notations in Vedic Calendar.) Each solar day is divided into 24horas (hours), and the horas are assigned to the planets in their descending siderealperiod. There are seven days in the week, and each is most strongly influencedby a particular planet as follows. In Vedic Calendar, vasara is listed after theEnglish weekday notation and also as the last item in the first line of thesankalpam.Solar Day (Vasara) English Ruling PlanetBhanu (or Ravi) vasara Sunday Sun

Indu (or Soma) vasara Monday MoonMangala vasara Tuesday MarsBudha vasara Wednesday MercuryGuru (or Brihaspati) vasara Thursday JupiterSukra vasara Friday VenusManta (or Sani) vasara Saturday SaturnSIVA ERA LUNAR DAYSSUNS & STAR DAYSIn the Siva Era system there are 27 days (called suns) in each moon plustwo or three additional days at the end of the moon (beginning with Purnima, fullmoon). These special days are called special star days. The first special star day

is called the copper star, the second the silver star and the third the goldstar. Gold stars only occur about every two moons. This method of marking thedays is only used within Gurudevas monasteries. (The current sun is indicated bythe small number at the top right corner of each days notations.)Chapter One: Divisions of Time 9KALI ERA LUNAR DAYS30 TITHISDays are also designated by the Kali Era measurement, known as the tithi.

A tithi is an exact lunar day, which is approximately one-thirtieth of the time ittakes the moon to orbit the earth. A tithi may vary in length from day to day.There are 15 tithis in each fortnight. Their names are: Prathama, Dvitiya, Tritiya,Chaturthi, Panchami, Shasthi, Saptami, Ashtami, Navami, Dasami, Ekadasi,

Dvadasi, Trayodasi, Chaturdasi and Amavasya/Purnima. Purnima, full-moonday, is the fifteenth tithi of the bright fortnight, and Amavasya, new-moon day, isthe fifteenth tithi of the dark fortnight. (On many panchangams, the new moon isnumbered as the thirtieth tithi.)The current tithi is the first item in column two for each day. It is also the


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last item in the first line of the sankalpam at the very top of each days designations,e.g., Chaturthi/Panchami Yam Titau.RETREAT DAYSCertain tithis are not conducive for study or beginning new efforts. In gurukulams(schools) and aadheenams (monasteries) these are times of retreat. Asthey occur in pairs four times per moon, they are roughly parallel to the modernweekend, though, of course, they do not necessarily fall on Saturday and Sunday.The retreat tithis are Ashtami, Navami, Amavasya, Prathama and Purnima.

Each has its own special nature. Purnima (full-moon day) is especially goodfor worship. Amavasya (new moon day) is conducive to meditation. For many devoutHindus, Amavasya and Purnima are times of vrata, observing religious vows.Prathama, the tithi following both Purnima and Amavasya, is generally a goodday for seminars and philosophical discussions.

Ashtami and Navami are ideally reserved for rest and relaxation. Ashtamiis traditionally a day for fasting and not a good day for learning. (In western astrology,

Ashtami would be recognized as a square aspect between the sun and themoon, a configuration which can make for a difficult day.) Ashtami is consideredinauspicious for beginning new activities because of the inharmonious energiesexisting due to the relationship between the sun and moon.

In Vedic Calendar, retreat days are noted in the upper left corner of thedays designations. Retreats are labeled Retreat Star, with the exception of thoseoccurring at full-moon time. These retreat days have special names. Purnima isthe Copper Star Retreat, Prathama is the Silver Star Retreat. In addition, approximatelyevery other moon the Dvitiya tithi following the full moon is taken as a re-10 Vedic Calendartreat day at Kauais Hindu Monastery. It is the Gold Star Retreat.Each work day in the monastery is noted by a large number in the upperleft corner of the day. This number indicates the number of the day of that phase(or quarter) of the moon. The first day after the retreat is number one, and so on.THE HALF-DAYKARANA

A karana is half of a tithi or lunar day. There are sixty karanas in one lunarmonth, but only eleven distinct names are used. The current karana is the thirditem in the second column of each days designations. The first karana ends at themiddle of the tithi and the second karana ends with the ending of that tithi. Likethe yoga, the karana is a factor used by astrologers for determining the auspiciousnessof the day for a given activity. The names of the karanas are: Bava, Balava,Kaulava, Taitila, Gara, Vanij, Visti, Sakuni, Chatuspada, Naga and Kimtughna.THE CONSTELLATION OF THE DAYNAKSHATRANakshatra simply means star cluster. In Hindu astrology the term nearly alwaysrefers to 27 specific star-clusters, or constellations, which lie along the ecliptic.

The ecliptic is the apparent yearly path of the sun as seen from the earth.These constellations happen to be at approximately equal distances apart. Eachnakshatra embodies particular ideas, powers and forces of nature. When a planetcomes into alignment with one of these star clusters (from the view of an individualstanding on the earth), the rays of the stars combine with those of the planet toinfluence the earth. All of the planets, one after another, pass through the eclipticand align with each of the 27 nakshatras.The most important nakshatra is the one the moon is currently alignedwith, as the swift-moving moons influence is the most significant to daily life onEarth. All the nakshatras given in Vedic Calendar are for the moon. This meansthat the nakshatra currently in effect is the one that the moon has conjoined.

(Similarly, the current rasi, Zodiac sign, is the one that the moon has conjoined.)THE IMPORTANCE OF NAKSHATRAEach nakshatra exerts its own unique energies upon the planets within itsinfluence. The nakshatras are considered so important that constellational ornakshatra astrology is a field of Hindu astrology in itself. Nakshatra consideration


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is a critical element in muhurthadiscerning the nature of a given period andchoosing auspicious times for various activities.When you go to a Hindu temple and ask for a special puja, known as anChapter One: Divisions of Time 11archana, the priest asks, What is your nakshatra (or birth star)? He is asking forthe name of the constellation (nakshatra) the moon was aligned with at the timeyou were born at the place you were born. In other words, a line going out fromyou at your time of birth and passing through the moon would point to a constellation.

That is your nakshatra. The priest then repeats your nakshatra during theworship liturgy, along with your name and family lineage. This is your bio-datafor the information of the inner-plane helpers. It is helpful to know when onesnakshatra comes into alignment with the moon each month, as this day is oftenexperienced as emotionally intense. By knowing this beforehand, extra care canbe taken to not over-react to difficult karmic experiences that may manifest.In Vedic Calendar, the current nakshatra is the fourth item in the fourth columnof each days designations, e.g., Visakha Nakshatra. The twenty-sevennakshatras are:

Asvini, Bharani, Krittika, Rohini, Mrigasira, Ardra, Punarvasu, Pushya,Aslesha, Magha, Purvaphalguni, Uttaraphalguni, Hasta, Chitra, Svati,

Visakha, Anuradha, Jyeshtha, Mula, Purvashadha, Uttarashadha, Sravana,Dhanishtha, Satabhishaj, Purvaprostapada, Uttaraprostapada and Revati.ENDING TIMESThe ending time for each tithi, nakshatra and yoga is listed in column fourafter each item, respectively. Usually the tithi ending time is the same as thekarana ending time. If this is the case, the ending time for the evening karana islisted, and you can assume that the morning karana ends on the tithi ending time.If an ending time is after midnight, the time is listed with a three-letter abbreviatedname for the next day. All times are given for Standard Time. Therefore, if aDaylight Savings Time is in effect in your area, you will need to adjust the timesgiven in Vedic Calendar by adding one hour.

SAMKALPA DOUBLE LISTINGSThose who are reciting the samkalpa from the calendar during home ortemple puja will note that often two tithis, yogas, karanas or nakshatras are listedin the samkalpa, separated by a slash mark. This indicates that there is a changefrom the first to the second during that day. (The actual time of the change isfound in column four.) The first is the 6AM calculation and the second is the 6PMcalculation. For example, if the tithi reads shasthi/saptami, shasthi is the morningcalculation and saptami is the evening calculation. Only one entry is shown inthe samkalpa when both the morning and evening calculations are the same.12 Vedic Calendar

CHAPTER TWOOTHER INDICATORSYou should find this chapter very interesting. It contains explanations for the manyesoteric and mystical notations found on the calendar, including the kalas, yogas,gem of the day, color of the day, festivals and other special days.EIGHT DAYTIME PERIODSTHE KALASThe period between sunrise and sunset each day is divided into eight periods.Each period, or kala, lasts approximately one and one-half hours, dependingon the total duration of sunlight. Three of the eight kalas are considered most importantRahu Kala, Yama Kala and Gulika Kalaknown collectively as the trinisamayam. Rahu Kala is considered malefic for commencing new undertakings.

Yama is also an interfering current, but is less influential than Rahu. Yama Kala isconsidered an auspicious time for antyesti (funeral) rites. Gulika is the most auspicioustime of the day for commencing new activities.Each kala occurs at approximately the same time on each particular day ofthe week. Thus, Gulika Kala occurs at approximately 7AM every Friday. If youve


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ever wondered why Monday mornings are so infamous, note that Rahu Kala isgenerally between 7:30 and 9AM every Monday. The trini samayam are listed atthe top of column three for each day.THE YOGASTHE TWENTY-SEVEN YOGAS

A yoga is a planetary configuration, union or relationship. In Vedic Calendar,two types of yogas are listed. The first yoga is listed in the sankalpam (the twolines at the top of each days entries). It is the second item in the second line. This

particular yoga, like the tithi, is an angle of the sun and the moon (the earth beingthe point of the angle). Yogas are another factor in determining the auspiciousnessof the day. Just as there are twenty-seven nakshatras, there are twenty-sevenyogas, known as the Yoga Taras of Nakshatras. They are:Vishakambha, Priti, Ayushman, Saubhagya, Sobhana, Atiganda, Sukarma,Dhriti, Sula, Ganda, Vriddhi, Dhruva, Vyaghat, Harshana, Vajra, Siddhi,Chapter Two: Other Indicators 13Vyatipatha, Variyan, Parigha, Siva, Siddha, Sadhya, Subha, Sukla, Brahma,Indra and Vaidhriti.ROUTINE OR CREATIVE WORK DAYSAMRITADI YOGASThe resultant of the waves propagated by the planets and the stars on the

human psyche are indicated in four degrees. In the Vedic Calendar, this esotericyoga is listed in bold type in the left column of each days designations.

AMRITA YOGACREATIVE WORK: Very good for creative types of workand auspicious undertakings.SIDDHA YOGACREATIVE WORK: Good for creative types of work andauspicious undertakings.MARANA YOGAROUTINE WORK: Should be avoided for new undertakingsand beginning travel. Routine work only.PRABALARSHTA YOGAROUTINE WORK: Should be absolutely avoidedfor new undertakings and beginning travel. Routine work only.MOOLEAMNEAMATHEMATICAL CODE OF THE SIVA ERA SYSTEM

On each days notation in column three is the mooleamnea (the Shumword for astology) of the day, which is generally a nine-digit number. This is an esotericcode representing the calculations of the astrology of the day according tothe Siva Era system, which was founded at Kauais Hindu Monastery and used forspecial readings along with a traditional Hindu astrology system. Several of theitems listed on Vedic Calendar are derived from this system, including the color ofthe day, the Deity clothing colors, the gem of the day and the general auspiciousnessof the day. Though we will not go into depth in describing this solar-basedsystem, it will be interesting to note that each number, among its other meanings,represents a color: 1 = clear, 2 =white, 3 = bright yellow, 4 = royal blue, 5 = Chinese

red, 6 = emerald green, 7= bright orange, 8 = light blue, 9 = purple.THE COLOR OF THE DAYEach day has a color (listed in the fifth column), indicating the generalsubconscious or astral vibration of the day. This is the vibration caused by themoon rasi. (The color of the day is the second digit in the nine-digit mooleamneanumber of the day.)DEITY CLOTHING COLORSEach day lists the appropriate color of clothing for dressing the Deity im-14 Vedic Calendarages of Lord Siva, Lord Muruga and Lord Ganesha in temples and home shrines.The colors of Lord Siva and Lord Ganesha generally change about every three

days, while Lord Murugas color changes about once a month.THE GEM OF THE DAYGems, known in Sanskrit as ratna, are the most potent representatives ofthe mineral world and are frequently objects of great veneration. Gems are thecongealed influences of the planets and heavenly bodies, the crystallized products


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of invisible rays operating within the crust of the earth. They, therefore, retain thepowers of the planets in a highly concentrated form. Gems are believed to havethe power to cure diseases, to increase strength and counteract negative influences.They are worn as amulets against sickness and are sometimes (thoughrarely) powdered and imbibed in liquid concoctions. On each day of Vedic Calendara gem is indicated. The gem of the day can be used to adorn the Deities in thetemple or the home shrine. There is one gem for each day of the week as follows:Sundayruby, Mondaypearl, Tuesdaycoral, Wednesdayemerald, Thursday

topaz, Fridaydiamond, Saturdaysapphire.FESTIVALS AND OTHER SPECIAL DAYSFestivals and other special days are indicated in bold type at the bottom ofthe daily designation area. All of the major Saivite festivals are listed, generally bytheir Tamil name. These are indicated according to local time, which usually coincideswith each festivals celebration in India. (Because of the International DateLine, festivals are often listed one day prior to their date listed in Indian panchangamsso they will be celebrated locally at the same actual time that they areobserved in India.)PRADOSHA VRATA DAYSOne of the special days noted on your calendar is the Pradosha Vrata, literally

evening vow. This is a traditional observance among devout Saivites, a dayof fasting, worship and meditation.Pradosha is a daily 3 hour period from 11/2 hours before sunset until 11/2hours afterwards, considered one of the most auspicious times for meditation, asday dissolves into night. Pradosha time on Trayodasi (the 13th tithi) is especiallysacred, hailed for Siva worship and meditation. If the 13th tithi ends before sunset,then the pradosha vrata begins on the 12th tithi. For example, if you look atyour panchangam and it says: Wednesday, Trayodasi (tithi 13) until 3:19 PM youcan see that it ends before sunset on Wednesday. Therefore the Pradosha vrata be-Chapter Two: Other Indicators 15gins the previous day (Tuesday) as the 13th tithi will actually begin sometime

Tuesday evening.PRADOSHA FASTINGIf you wish to fast once each month, observe the vrata on the Krishna PakshaPradosham. If you wish to fast twice each month, then you may observe thisfast on both pradosha daysone during each paksha. The most orthodox devoteeswill fast on water all day and only take light temple prasadam or fruits and milkin the evening. No cooked food is taken until the following day. A less strict observanceis to fast during the day on just water, herb teas or fruits and milk andthen take ones normal food in the evening after the temple pujas and your meditationsare finished. The strictness of ones fasting will depend entirely on ones

inner goals, health and daily activities.For those interested in integrating their yoga sadhana with the panchangam,the pradosha days of both pakshas are considered very auspicious forintensification of meditation. After fasting all day and observing the auspiciousworship of God Siva at sunset, a vigil is kept in the evening, at which time oneperforms Raja Yoga, meditating on inner light and Lord Siva. The pradosha day ofthe Sukla Paksha is especially conducive to good meditation. The pradosha day ofthe Krishna Paksha is considered the last day of the Krishna Paksha when themoon will help you in your yoga. It is advisable to do a vigil then to absorb thelast of the moons power.

ARDRA AND SIVA ABHISHEKAMS

The Siva Nataraja Deity at Kadavul Hindu Temple was installed on theArdra nakshatra, March 12, 1973. Ardra is said to be Lord Sivas favorite star, andArdra was the birth star of the child Saint Jnanasambandar. In the life of NarasingaMunaiaraiyar, a Saiva saint who brought up Saint Sundaramurthi, he invariablyperformed Siva puja on the Ardra day and distributed liberally one hundred


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pieces of gold to the Siva bhaktas. At Kadavul Hindu Temple, an abhishekam isperformed each month on Ardra. These sacred days are noted on this panchangam.

Also indicated in Vedic Calendar are the six days per year when abhishekamis performed to the Siva Nataraja Deity at Chidambaram temple inSouth India.FAMILY HOME EVENINGIn the fast pace of todays modern world many families rarely gather togetheras a family unit other than, perhaps, to watch television. This lack of close-

16 Vedic Calendarness and dearth of communication often leads to estrangement. With no forum fordiscussing problems, situations go unresolved which should be faced promptly.Ultimately, as distances magnify, families break apart, husband and wife divorceand children are disillusioned. Recognizing the seriousness of this trend, SatguruSivaya Subramuniyaswami created family home evening. Devotees now faithfullyobserve this custom in their homes every Monday (the day held sacred toLord Siva in North India.) First, they gather for a fine dinnerno guests, no telephonecalls, no television, no radio, just themselves. They sit down together andafter a prayer, enjoy a meal together amidst friendly conversation. After dinner,they retire to another room for puja and discussion of inner things. One member

reads the daily lesson from the Master Course (Himalayan Academys home-studytext). Questions come up and are discussed. After the lesson, conversation turnsto family matters, to family welfare, and each member speaks of the positive qualitieshe or she sees in the others. Concerns of the family are brought up andlooked at through the wisdom of Saivism. This is Family Home Evening, a precioustime, a looked-forward-to-time, a time of closeness with Siva and with oneanother. This special day falls on Monday of each week and is denoted in boldtype along with the festivals and other special days.

ASHRAM SADHANA DAYSAt Kauais Hindu Monastery, cleaning is the first sadhana. It merits thisdesignation from the knowledge that spiritual energies flow smoothly and harmoniously

in a clean, uncluttered environment. Creativity and abundance arise naturally.Whereas clutter and dirt attract confusion, misunderstanding and error. Inthe monastery, cleaning is called ashram sadhana. Every day the monks spend30 minutes in ashram sadhana in their assigned areas before the noon meal istaken. Periodically an entire day is set aside for cleaning and maintenance, and allresidents participate. This is called Ashram Sadhana Day. Many families and individualsobserve this day in their own homes, gathering with other residents toscrub, clean, paint and renew in preparation for the month ahead.Chapter Two: Other Indicators 17GENERAL AUSPICIOUSNESS

SIVALOKA, DEVALOKA AND BHULOKA DAYSThe overall auspiciousness of a particular day is determined by the ease ofcommunication between the First World (Bhuloka), Second World (Devaloka) andthe Third World (Sivaloka). Through the years we have found this esoteric indicatorto be a tremendous aid by keeping us alert to the periods when the workingtogether of the three worlds is the easiest. You will find the designation of auspiciousnesslocated at the bottom of the second column for each day, just oppositethe Sakti color. Five notations are usedBhuloka Day, Devaloka Day, SivalokaDay, Subha Sivaloka Day or Subha Subha Sivaloka Day. This determination ismade according to the mooleamnea of the day, indicated as the fourth item in thethird column for each day.

NARAKA AND BHULOKA DAYSSatguru Sivaya Subramuniyaswami has compared the inter-world communicationto a series of phone lines to illustrate the degree of clarity that mightexist on any given day. Imagine that there are five telephone lines to the innerworlds. Occasionally, all of the lines are down, and the Devaloka and Sivaloka cannot


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contact us at all. This doesnt necessarily mean that we will have a bad day, butwe may have to put forth more effort to stay out of the instinctive nature andavoid the influence of the lower worlds. It is a time to pay closer attention toreligious disciplines, the yamas and niyamas (ethical restraints and practices) andcarry on with our daily routine. Days on which this condition persists are calledNaraka days.Because we do not have the full connection with and help of the innerworlds on a Naraka day, it is best not to make changes or start anything new. If a

new project must be instigated on a Naraka day, it is advisable to first have anarchana in the temple and inform the devas of your plan in a written note. OnNaraka days we have to work with ourselves to feel religious, whereas on a Devalokaand Sivaloka days the devas and Gods can easily inspire us. On a Narakaday, the devas can often only be reached through good puja, intense prayer andburning of the written note. It is a good time to work on projects in progress.On Bhuloka days the inner astrology indicates that one line opens up betweenthe Bhuloka and the Devaloka during a unique three-hour period, whilethe rest of the day all lines of communication are down. This three-hour cleartime is called a Devaloka time and is noted just below the Bhuloka Day notationon the panchangam. During this period it is easier for the devas in the Sec-

18 Vedic Calendarond World to see the First World and thus better assist us in our religious life.DEVALOKA DAYSFortunately, we find that we have two telephone lines up and working betweenthe Bhuloka and the Devaloka on the majority of the days of most years.(Remember that we are using the analogy of telephone lines for the sake of explanationonly, and in actuality what is happening is something quite different.) It issaid that when two lines are open, the Devaloka abides with you. On Devalokadays the devas can read the mind of the devotee.SIVALOKA DAYS AND BEYONDOccasionally three phone lines are open and the Sivaloka is in full contact

with the Bhuloka. Such days are called Sivaloka Days, and are ideal times tobegin new ventures, as the devas and Mahadevas are aware of our activities andcan assist us, if asked, in many unseen ways.Then there are those very special days when, we might say, four lines ofcommunication are open. At these times the arrangement of magnetic forces betweenthe three worlds is such that the veil separating one from another isstretched very thin. Such a day is noted on the panchangam as a Subha SivalokaDay. The devas say these are extremely auspicious for us. We can plan together,band together, and influence with you throughout the world.When all five lines are open, we have a very rare occurrence, indeed. Such

a day is called a Subha Subha Sivaloka Day. The last Subha Subha Sivaloka Daywas February 12, 1979, and the next one will be March 1, 1993. But from 1993 onward,our computer print-outs tell us, there will be many Subha Subha SivalokaDays, heralding the dawn of the Sat Siva Yuga.In conclusion, the loka notation indicates whether or not a particularday will be naturally religious and conducive to spiritual sadhana and templerites. By tracking this factor in the calendar, we can learn to tune into the dayand establish positive patterns as we learn from the past and plan for the future.Chapter Two: Other Indicators 19CHAPTER THREETHE SCIENCE OF

GOOD TIMINGMUHURTHAIn this section a vast area of Hindu astrology known as Muhurtha, the choosing ofauspicious times, is touched upon briefly. First is a simple summary of auspicioustimes for new ventures, followed by a description of the nature of the 27 nakshatras.

A WORD ABOUT AUSPICIOUS BEGINNINGS


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Here it may be helpful to mention the idea behind auspicious beginnings.Just as each person has an astrological nature which is determined by the configurationof the stars and planets at his time of birth, so do buildings, businesses,countries and communities. In fact, each and every endeavor is influenced by thenature of the moment of its conception and continues to reflect that naturethroughout its existence. With this in mind, it becomes clear why one would, forexample, wish to wait for the right day to wear new clothing for the first time,to plant a tree or set a foundation stone for a new building.

MARRIAGE, HOME-BLESSINGS AND NEW VENTURESBelow are listed auspicious nakshatras, tithis and rasis for marriage, blessinga new home, starting a new business, and for gardening. Optimum timing occurswhen a day that has all threesuitable nakshatra, suitable rasi and suitabletithifor the desired activity.BEST TIMES FOR MARRIAGESUITABLE NAKSHATRAS: Rohini, Uttaraphalguni, Uttarasadha, Uttaraprostapada,

Anuradha, Mrigasira, Hasta, Svati, Magha. The first pada ofMagha and Mula and the last quarter of Revati are inauspicious. Those notmentioned should be avoided.SUITABLE TITHIS: Tithis 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 11 and 13 of the bright half are good.

One should avoid the 1st, 6, 9, 14 and the full moon. Tithis not suitable dur-20 Vedic Calendaring Krishna Paksha are 8, 11, 12, 13, 14 and the new moon (Amavasya).SUITABLE RASIS FOR MARRIAGE: Mithuna, Kanya and Thula. OK are Vrishabha,Kataka, Simha, Dhanus and Kumbha. The rest are inauspicious.BEST TIMES FOR NEW BUSINESSBEST NAKSHATRAS: Asvi, Pushya, Uttaraphalguni, Svati, Ardra, Satabhishak,UttaraprostapadaBEST RASIS:Mesha, Mithuna, Simha, Thula, Makara, MeenaBEST TITHIS: Panchami, Saptami, Dasami, Ekadasi, TrayodasiBEST TIMES FOR HOUSE WARMING

BEST NAKSHATRAS: Anuradha, Mrigasira, Revati, Punarvasu, Satabhishak,Pushya, Hasta, Ardra Rohini, Uttarasadha, Uttaraphalguni, UttaraprostapadaBEST RASIS: Vrishabha, Mithuna, Simha, Kanya, Thula, Dhanus, Kumbha,MeenaBEST TITHIS: Dvadasi, Panchami, Saptami, Dasami, Ekadasi, Trayodasi,TritiyaBEST TIMES FOR GARDENINGBEST NAKSHATRAS: Planting seeds and plants: Rohini, Uttaraphalguni,Uttarashadha and UttaraprostapadaCaring for an existing garden: Shravana, Dhanishta, Svati, Satabishak,

PunarvasuBEST TITHIS: Planting is best done during the tithis of shukla paksha, andweeding should be done during krishna paksha.NAKSHATRA CONSIDERATIONIn this section, the nature of the nakshatras are described. One must keepin mind, of course, that nakshatra is only one of the factors involved in determiningthe nature of a given day. Certainly, it is one of the most important elements.but for a complete picture, other influences must be considered as well.NAKSHATRAS OF FIXED ENERGYRohini, Uttaraphalguni, Uttarasadha and Uttaraprostapada. These nakshatrasare auspicious times for permanent worksplanting seeds, moving into a

new home, house blessings, making vows, laying foundations, etc. Anything start-Chapter Three: The Science of Good TimingMuhurtha 21ed at this time may have good and lasting results. Uttaraphalguni and Uttaraprostapadaare especially good for starting a new business.NAKSHATRAS OF SOFT ENERGY


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Chitra, Mrigashira, Anuradha, Revati. These nakshatras are consideredauspicious for the first wearing of new clothes, sexual union for conception, dancing,art, cultural performances and ceremonial rites. Mrigashira, Anuradha andRevati are also good days for house warmings. Mrigashira and Anuradha are suitablefor marriage ceremonies, but Chitra and Revati are not.NAKSHATRAS OF LIGHT ENERGY

Asvi, Pushya, Hasta. When the Moon is in these stars, activities such asdecorations, pleasure outings, sports, starting businesses, undertaking travels and

administering medicines are recommended. Hasta is also suitable for marriageceremonies. Asvi and Pushya are the best stars for starting new businesses.Pushya and Hasta are also good for house blessings.NAKSHATRAS OF SHARP ENERGYMula, Jyestha, Ardra, Aslesha. When the Moon is in any of these stars, actionslike separating oneself from others, engaging in debate, and chanting ofpowerful mantras are more successful than at other times. These are good daysfor activities requiring a harsh or strong, cutting force. Ardra is also good forstarting a new business or blessing a new home.NAKSHATRAS OF MOVABLE ENERGYSravana, Dhanishta, Svati, Satabishak, Punarvasu. When the Moon is in

these stars, gardening, travelling, acquisition of vehicles & good deeds of a nonpermanentnature are recommended. Svati is also suitable for marriage ceremoniesand good for starting a new business. Satabhishak is also good for startinga new business or house blessing. Punarvasu is good for house blessings.NAKSHATRAS OF HARSH ENERGYPurvaphalguni, Purvasadha, Bharani, Purvaprostapada, Magha Thesenakshatras are considered earthly in nature because they stir the mind in one wayor another. They are not good days to begin something new. Purvaphalguni is aharsh nakshatra but lucky by nature. Its influence gives the ability to sway others;gives courage, fire and enthusiasm, but may cause the mind to become lusty. Purvasadha,earthly in quality, indicates an influence causing people to do what they

22 Vedic Calendarlike without considering others opinions. Bharani can cause the mind to becomeentangled in the material world. It can hide or eclipse insight, causing struggle.Purvaprostapada (also called Purvabhadrapada) may cause the mind to be passionate,unstable and impetuous. It is a good time for penance.NAKSHATRAS OF MIXED ENERGYKrittika, Visakha. During these nakshatras, routine actions and daily dutiesmay be performed but no new important works should be undertaken. Theseare excellent days for meditation and absorbing the shakti.BEST TIMES FOR TRAVEL

To choose an appropriate day to begin a journey, look in the Calendar for aSiddha Yoga day or a Devaloka day. Avoid nakshatras followed by an asterisk inthe Calendar. These are not good days to begin a journey. The time of your departureis also important. Gulika Kala is best. Avoid leaving during the periods ofRahu and Yama. Begin with a puja to invoke the blessings of all three worlds.YOGA CONSIDERATIONInauspicious yogas for beginning new things are: Vyaghat, Parigha, Vajra,Vyathipatha, Dhriti, Ganda, Athiganda, Shula, Vishakabha. These yogas aremarked with an asterisk.WISDOM, NOT SUPERSTITION; KARMA AND DHARMAThe stars impel, they do not compel. A crucial point of debate regarding

astrology has always been that of free will verses predestiny. One of the paradoxesof Hinduism is that both theories are given great credence by our rishis. Each is areal force in lifeones karma on the one hand, and his freedom of choice andpower of decision on the other. Each individual enters physical life with his ownunique bundle of karmas created through his actions in the past. We could visualize


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this bundle of karmas as a bag of seeds. Life progresses, decisions are made,and for certain seeds ideal conditions are created. These seeds begin to sprout,further affecting the course of life. Astrology plays a vital role, impacting themind and emotion of the individual, thus helping to influence the fruition ofkarma. But the individual has the power of choice in each circumstance.Satguru Yogaswami, the great sage who initiated Satguru Sivaya Subramuniyaswamiin 1949, chided those who place too much emphasis on astrology,Every day is an auspicious day for the Sivanadiyar. By this he meant that for the

Chapter Three: The Science of Good TimingMuhurtha 23true devotee, all days are good days because he lives in a high state of consciousness.From the mountaintop perspective the forces of karma take on new meaningas opportunities for advancement rather than stumbling blocks to personal comfort.This reference point is maintained in a life of dharma, of right living. Thenkarma is naturally regulated. Fertile conditions are created for the emergence ofpositive karmas, while certain negative karmas (caused by harmful actions of thepast) are atoned for, ameliorated or burnt up without even sprouting throughgood deeds, penance and austerity. In a life such as this karma is faced in the rightspirit, accepted with the trust that all that happens is Sivas Will, and with theknowledge that we grow spiritually through loving acceptance of all that comes to

us. What astrology provides in tools such as Vedic Calendar and ones personalhoroscope is the knowledge of what each individual can expect to face as the days,years and decades go by and karma is played out in the events of life.There was once a maharaja who was so perplexed by astrological indicationsthat he became caught in the middle of a staircase, not knowing whether togo up or down. Finally, he died there. Then there are those who will not get out ofbed on certain days because their astrology indicates an accident might occur. AsSage Yogaswami recognized, the forces of the stars are real, but they are not thebe-all and end-all of existence. Astrology can provide many useful keys to understandingthe forces at work in ones life, lending a greater appreciation of the cosmicscheme of things so we can maintain the mountaintop perspective. Our advice

is to use astrology, like any tool or body of knowledge, with wisdom andcare. Its primary purpose is to enable you to begin ventures in good timing,when the forces are working with you rather than against you, and to provide youthe knowledge of when the forces are congested so you can relax and not pushtoo hard or become upset when this congestion manifests in daily activities.HINTS FOR LEARNING TO USE THE CALENDARIf you are just warming up to the Vedic Calendar, you will want to knowwhere to start, as there are so many factors to consider. The best time to refer tothe calendar to learn about the current day is in the morning, before you beginyour morning worship or sadhana. Begin by asking yourself the following:

1) Which of the four yogas is indicated for the day, e.g. SiddhaYogaCreative Work?2) What is the nakshatra, and what is its nature?3) What is the tithi and its nature?4) What is the paksha (is the moon waxing or waning)?24 Vedic Calendar5) What is the loka indication, e.g. Devaloka?6) What are the most auspicious (Gulika Kala) and inauspicioustimes (Rahu and Yama) of the day?Then intuitively put the answers together and pray to the Deities for guidanceand blessings throughout the day. By becoming aware of and attuning yourself

to these indicators, you will be better prepared for the energies you are likelyto face. If all of the above factors are positive, you know this is is an exceptionallygood day for beginning new ventures.NAKSHATRAObserve how you feel and behave during different nakshatras. Keep a


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record on those days so youll know what to expect from your nature. Your naturewill incline you to behave in a pattern. If you are aware of it, you can catch yourselfand be able to monitor your behavior. By doing this you allow your soul natureto come forth. Panchangam helps us to look for those times when we need towork harder. What does that mean? We are aware of our outer nature, and we conciouslymake an effort to overcome it. We practice the qualities of the soul nature.YOGAS

Amrtha yoga: These days can be very productive. Use them to push projects

ahead to completion or to start them. Watch for those rare periods when amritayoga falls over a period of several days.Siddha yoga: These days are also good for moving ahead with projects.There may not be the zing present of the amrita yoga days.Prabhalarishta yoga: Never begin new projects on these days without a lotof prayer and puja. Perform very routine work. Better yet is to take the day off andgo to the temple. The inauspicious effects of the working yogas can be softenedthrough prayer, archanas and specific pujas.Chapter Three: The Science of Good TimingMuhurtha 25We set ourselves up at the beginning of the day according to the panchangam.Just as we put on outer clothing according to the weather, we prepare

ourselves to work with our own individual nature and its concomitant effect onthose we live and work with during the day. This requires studying the glossaryand being familiar with the meaning of the Sanskrit words.PERSONAL ASTROLOGYIt is also very helpful to become familiar with your own birth chart. Theday is just one small but significant part of your own life pattern. Knowing yourbirth chart, just the simple and basic three thingslagna (rising sign), moon andsun signshelps you to monitor your emotions, your reactions and habit patterns.KALASRahu kala: Rahu is most important to be aware of. Windows are closed.Doors are closedinwardly, that is. Be careful of confrontation, encounters, negotiations,

deals, contracts and agreements during this time. For example, it may notbe a good idea to have lunch with a client on Wednesday. Rahu Kala starts atnoon. This is a time when karmas are intensified, whether good or bad, and thefocus is on the karmas instead of the project at hand. A general formula to determinerahu kala when you dont have a calendar handy is to memorize the following

jingle:Mother saw father wearing the turban suddenly.Mother Monday 7:309:00AMsaw Saturday 9:0010:30AMfather Friday 10:3012:00AMwearing Wednesday 12:001:30PM

the Thursday 1:303:00PMturban Tuesday 3:004:30PMsuddenly Sunday 4:306:00PMGulika is a good time to do business, call that vendor who wants to bepaid. Hash over a business problem, talk to your son about his grades in school, orto your daughter about her role in the school play. Yama kala is noted as a goodtime for inauspicious events such as funerals.SADHANACheck the panchangam in the morning during puja. Note down what youthink the day will be like. For example, Prabhalarishta yogawatch out! Bhulokadaybut a Devaloka time. Need to work with my emotions more diligently. Mula

26 Vedic CalendarChapter Three: The Science of Good TimingMuhurtha 27nakshatratendency here to be cross. Purple daymy good day for money matters.Rahu kala: 10:45 to 12:15. Be careful, lunch with my new client. Pray that allobstacles will be removed.


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At the end of the day, review the days actual events. See if there were anyrough spots which could use improving upon and note the various factors involvedfor future reference.We wish you well with your use of Vedic Calendar. May it help you to alwaysbe in tune with God Sivas Cosmic Energy. We welcome your suggestionsand comments on ways to improve the calendar next year and the next. (Anddont forget to order your calendar for the coming year well in advance, as theyare made up individually for your particular time zone.)

AUM NAMASIVAYA, AUM NAMASIVAYA, AUM NAMASIVAYA, AUM.Prathama Dvitiya Tritiya Chaturthi PanchamiShasthi Saptami Ashtami Navami DasamiEkadasi Dvadasi Trayodasi Chaturdasi PurnimaPrathama Dvitiya Tritiya Chaturthi PanchamiShasthi Saptami Ashtami Navami DasamiEkadasi Dvadasi Trayodasi Chaturdasi AmavasyaKrishna PakshaSukla PakshaThe Tithisaadheenam: A Hindu monastery/temple complex

in the South Indian Saivite tradition. Also referredto by the general terms: madam, mutt, mathand peedam.

Adi: The Tamil name of the fourth month of theHindu year (in which the new year begins in mid-

April). Adi extends from mid-July to mid-August onthe Gregorian calendar.

Aipasi: The Tamil name of the seventh month ofthe Hindu year (in which the new year begins inmid-April). Puratasi extends from mid-October tomid-November on the Gregorian calendar.

almanac: A yearly calendar which includes astronomicaldata, weather forecasts, etc.

Amavasya: One. The day of the half moon, thefifteenth tithi of the dark fortnight. Amavasya is alsonumbered as the thirtieth tithi.

Ani: The Tamil name of the third month of theHindu year (in which the new year begins in mid-

April). Ani extends from mid-June to mid-July onthe Gregorian calendar.

Anuradha nakshatra: The star of calling to success.

From anu: to cry or to sound; radha: prosperity,success. Astronomical constellation: DeltaScorpio. It conveys ideas pertaining to: a co-worker,help-mate, founder; calling to activity, vigilance,united by friendship. Anuradha confers a handsomeappearance, spiritual striving, kindness, love of familylife, leadership abilities, social awkwardness, involvementin groups or societies and residing awayfrom ones place of birth. It names the 17th nakshatradivision in the zodiac.archana: A special, abbreviated puja done in the

name of an individual devotee or family to invokeguidance and blessings. Archana specifically refersto chanting the names of the Deity during the puja.

Ardra nakshatra: Teardrop star. Astronomicalconstellation: Betelguese 7. This star cluster conveys


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ideas pertaining to: tenderness, abundant feelings,flowing, dripping, melting, to be overwhelmedwith. The teardrop refers to the rudraksha, or tear ofLord Siva. Ardra confers concern for the suffering ofothers. It names the 6th nakshatra division.

Ashtami: Eight. The name of the eighth tithi(lunar day) of each of the two fortnights of themoons cycle.

Aslesha nakshatra: The clinging star. Astronomicalconstellation: Epsilon Hydrae. It carries theideas of: intimate contact, embracing, clasping, to attachto, to encircle, to move cautiously. Aslesha conferspenetrating intellect, austerity, spiritual aspirationsand can bring insincerity and over-indulgence.It names the 9th nakshatra division.

Asvini nakshatra: Star of transport. Astronomicalconstellation: Beta Arietis. This star clusterconveys ideas pertaining to: nose, smell, transportation;physician, healer; giving marvelous aid, bringing

treasures to man. Asvini confers physical attractiveness,happiness, a bright mind, confidence, intelligence,discrimination, love of travel and spiritualstriving. It names the 1st nakshatra division.

Avani: The Tamil name of the fifth month of theHindu year (in which the new year begins in mid-

April). Avani extends from mid-August to mid-September on the Gregorian calendar.ayana: Half-year. Each (solar) year is divided intotwo halvesUttarayana (northern way/solstice)and Dakshinayana (southern way/solstice). Uttarayana

begins on the day of the winter solstice,normally December 21, when the sun begins its apparentnorthward journey for the next six months.Dakshinayana begins on the first day of the summersolstice, June 21, marking the suns southwardmovement. The two days commencing the twoayanas or passages are held as sacred. These daysare called punyakala, times (kala) of merit (punyam).Banu vasara: Sunday. Day of brightness orday of the sun, also known as Ravi, another name

for the sun.GLOSSARYGlossary vBharani nakshatra: Star of restraint. Astronomicalconstellation: 41 Arietis. This star clusterconveys ideas pertaining to: discipline, self-control;fidelity, firmness, endurance; maintaining, nourishing,bearing in the womb. Bharani confers resistanceto disease, steadfastness, perseverance, resourcefulnessand adherence to duty. It names the 2ndnakshatra division.

Bhuloka: Earth (bhur) world (loka). The physicalworld perceived through the five senses. Alsocalled the First World, as it is the first and least subtleof the three worlds which include the Devaloka(Second World or astral plane) and the Sivaloka


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(Third World or causal plane).Budha vasara: Wednesday. Day of wisdom orDay of Mercury.Chaitra: The Tamil name of the first month of theHindu year (in which the new year begins in mid-

April). Chaitra extends from mid-April to mid-Mayon the Gregorian calendar.Chaturdasi: Ten (dasi) and four (chatur). The

name of the fourteenth tithi (lunar day) of each ofthe two fortnights of the moons cycle.Chaturthi: Fourth. The name of the fourth tithi(lunar day) of each of the two fortnights of themoons cycle.Chidambaram: Hall (ambaram) of Consciousness(chid) or Hall of Pure Knowledge. An ancientand highly venerated Siva Nataraja temple inSouth India.Chitra nakshatra: The star of the beautiful. Astronomicalconstellation: Spica 16. It conveys ideas

pertaining to: variegated, speckled, manifold, forcedin the mind, tabulated, decorated, arranged in order.Chitra confers artistic talents, attention to detail,love of order and beauty, intuitiveness, attractiveeyes and handsome form. It names the 14th nakshatradivision.Dasami: Tenth. The name of the tenth tithi(lunar day) of each of the two fortnights of themoons cycle.deva: Shining one. A Second World being livingin the higher astral plane in a subtle body.

Devaloka: The world (loka) of light-beings(deva). The astral plane, or Second World, usuallyreferring to the higher region of this subtle planewhere souls live in their astral or mental bodies. Itexists within (rather than above or beyond) thephysical world, known as the First World or theBhuloka.Dhanishtha nakshatra: The star of symphony.

Astronomical constellation: Alpha Delphini. It conveysthe ideas of: distilling, unifying others for

noble causes; singing, music, recitation; wealth, jewels,opulence. Dhanishtha confers leadership abilities,boldness, stubbornness, wealth, fondness formusic and interest in astrology and other occult sciences.It names the 23rd nakshatra division.Dhanus: Bow; the Sanskrit name of the zodiacsign known in Western terminology as Sagittarius.Dvadasi: Ten (dasi) and two (dvi). The name ofthe twelfth tithi (lunar day) of each of the two fortnightsof the moons cycle.Dvitiya: Second. The name of the second tithi

(lunar day) of each of the two fortnights of themoons cycle.Ekadasi: Ten (dasi) and one (eka). The name ofthe eleventh tithi (lunar day) of each of the two fortnightsof the moons cycle.


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Gregorian calendar: A corrected form of the Juliancalendar, introduced in 1582 by Pope GregoryXIII and now used in most countries of the world.grishma ritau: Grishma is the hot summer season,the second of six, two-month seasons observedin India and noted on Hindu calendars. It begins inmid-June and ends in mid-August.Guru vasara: Thursday. Day of the preceptor

or day of Jupiter, known in Sanskrit as Brihaspati,by which this day is also known.Gurudeva: The shining spiritual being who isthe destroyer of darkness of ignorance. Part of thename of His Holiness Satguru Sivaya Subramuniyaswami.

An affectionate, yet respectful termused to address the guru or spiritual master.gurukulam: Guru means teacher. Kulam meansfamily. Gurukulam usually refers to a training centerwhere young boys come to live and learn in residencewith their teacher.

Hasta nakshatra: The star of the clutchinghand or closed fist. Astronomical constellation:vi Vedic CalendarDelta Corvi. It conveys ideas pertaining to: thepower to rule or control others; to lay bare, to cut,reap; an instigator, stimulator; to control, to command;handwriting, handicraft; a quantity, mass;vivifier, surpass. Hasta confers industriousness,strength and purity of mind, but may also bring intemperanceand callousness. It names the 13thnakshatra division.

hemanta ritau: Hemanta is the cold season, thefifth of six, two-month seasons observed in Indiaand noted on Hindu calendars. It begins in mid-Decemberand ends in mid-February.Hinduism: Often known as the Sanatana Dharma:eternal faith, or the Vaidika Dharma: religionof the Vedas. The worlds most ancient religion,the only religion not founded by man, Hinduismencompasses a broad spectrum of philosophiesranging from pluralistic theism to absolute

monism. There are three main sects: Saivism, Vaishnavism,Saktismand liberal, non-sectarian forms,such as the Smarta Sampradaya.hora: Hour.Indu vasara: Monday. Day of the moon, alsoknown as Soma vasara.Jyeshtha nakshatra: The chief star. Astronomicalconstellation: Antares 18. It conveys ideas pertainingto: greatness, supremacy, dominion; the senior;eldest brother; the chief one; to extol, to proclaim,to praise. Jyeshtha confers contentedness,

virtue, authority, executive power and ability; it canbring impatience and irritability. It names the 18thnakshatra division.Kadavul: An ancient Tamil name of Lord Siva;He who is both immanent and transcendent, within


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and beyond.Kali Yuga: Dark Age. The Kali Yuga is thefourth age in the repetitive cycle of four phases oftime the universe passes through. It is comparable tothe darkest part of the night, as the forces of ignoranceare in full power and many of the subtle facultiesof the soul are obscured.Kanya: Maiden; the Sanskrit name of the zodiac

sign known in Western terminology as Virgo.karana: A karana is half of a tithi or lunar day.There are 60 karanas in one lunar month, but onlyeleven distinct karana names. The karana namesare: Bava, Balava, Kaulava, Taitila, Gara, Vanija,Visti, Sakuni, Catuspada, Naga and Kintughna.Kartikai: The Tamil name of the eighth month ofthe Hindu year (in which the new year begins inmid-April). Kartikai extends from mid-November tomid-December on the Gregorian calendar.Kataka: Crab. The Sanskrit name of the zodiac

sign known in Western terminology as Cancer.krishna paksha: Dark fortnight, the 15-day periodeach month when the moon is waning.Krittika nakshatra: Star of the axe, also knownas the Star of Fire. Astronomical constellation: Alcyone2 (Pleiades). This star cluster represents physicaland creative force, or the energy to achievegreatness. Krittika conveys ideas pertaining to: commander,fighter, foster mother, luster, glow of power;famous, fame; monumental deeds. It names the 3rdnakshatra division.

Kumbha: Water vessel; the Sanskrit name ofthe zodiac sign known in Western terminology as

Aquarius.lunar month: See mase.Magha nakshatra: The star of might. Astronomicalconstellation: Regius 14. It conveys theideas of: luster, eminence, respectability, strength,majesty; to excite, to magnify; liberality. Magha confersprominence, rulership, mental and physicalstrength and pride in tradition. It names the 10th

nakshatra division.Makara: The Sanskrit name of the zodiac signknown in Western terminology as Capricorn.Mangala vasara: Tuesday. Day of brightness,auspiciousness, fortune or day of Mars.Manta vasara: Saturday. Churning day or dayof Saturn.Markali: The Tamil name of the ninth month ofthe Hindu year (in which the new year begins inmid-April). Markali extends from mid-December tomid-January on the Gregorian calendar.

Masi: The Tamil name of the eleventh month ofthe Hindu year (in which the new year begins inmid-April). Masi extends from mid-February tomid-March on the Gregorian calendar.mase: Month. There are two primary types of


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Glossary viimonthslunar and solar. A lunar month is the periodof one complete orbit of the moon around theearth (beginning either with the new moon or thefull moon). A solar month is the period of sunsmovement through one rasi (zodiac sign). The solarmonths are as follows:Sanskrit Tamil Gregorian month

Mesha Chaitra April/MayVrishabha Vaikasi May/JuneMithuna Ani June/JulyKataka Adi July/AugustSimha Avani August/SeptemberKanya Puratasi September/OctoberThula Aipasi October/NovemberVrischika Kartikai November/DecemberDhanus Markali December/JanuaryMakara Thai January/FebruaryKumbha Masi February/March

Meena Panguni March/AprilMeena: Fish; the Sanskrit name of the zodiacsign known in Western terminology as Pisces.Mesha: Ram, goat. The Sanskrit name of thezodiac sign known in Western terminology as Aries.Mithuna: The Sanskrit name of the zodiac signknown in Western terminology as Gemini.Mrigasira nakshatra: Star of searching, orstar of the deer. Astronomical constellation:Lambda Orionis. This star cluster conveys the ideasof: seeking, searching, striving, attaining, requesting,

purification; to adorn; to guide or lead. Mrigasiraconfers an inquiring mind, fondness for research,industriousness, creativity, wit, eloquence,love of poetry, timidity, uncertainty and talkativeness.It is the 5th nakshatra division.Mula nakshatra: The root star. Astronomicalconstellation: Lambda Scorpii (towards the GalacticCenter). It conveys ideas pertaining to: firmly fixed,stable, lowest part or bottom, origin, non-intervention;root cause. Mula confers pride, strong opinions,

cleverness, stability, searching after the originof life and fondness for luxury. It names the 19thnakshatra division.Nakshatra: Star cluster. The nakshatras are 27star-clusters, or constellations, which lie along theecliptic, the path of the sun (or the moon or otherplanet) as it rises and crosses the sky. These are approximatelyequal distances apart, each embodyingparticular ideas, powers or forces of nature. (Eachnakshatra division occupies 1/27 or 1320 of thezodiac.) When a planet comes into alignment with

one of these star clusters (from the perspective of theindividual standing on the earth), the rays of thestars combine with those of the planet to influencethe earth at the locale of the observer. All planetspass through the ecliptic and align with the nakshatras


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one after another. However, the designationnakshatra (or birthstar) commonly refers to the alignmentof the moon, as its influence is most significantto daily life on Earth. This means that the nakshatracurrently in effect is the one that the moon has conjoined.

An individuals nakshatra is the constellationthe moon was aligned with at the time he or shewas born. The twenty-seven nakshatras are: Asvi,

Bharani, Krittika, Rohini, Mrigasira, Ardra, Punarvasu,Pushya, Aslesha, Magha, Purvaphalguni, Uttaraphalguni,Hasta, Chaitra, Svati, Visakha, Anuradha,Jyeshtha, Mula, Purvashadha, Uttarashadha,Sravana, Dhanishtha, Satabhishaj, Purvaprostapada,Uttaraprostapada and Revati. (See individual nakshatraentries for word meanings.)Naraka: Abode of darkness. Literally, pertainingto man. The lower worlds. Equivalent to the Westernterm hell, a gross region of the Antarloka. Narakais a congested, distressful area where demonic

beings and young souls may sojourn until they resolvethe darksome karmas they have created.Navami: Ninth. The name of the ninth tithi(lunar day) of each of the two fortnights of themoons cycle.nirayana: Any system of astrology, also calledsidereal astrology, which acknowledges the precessionof the equinoxes and adjusts the signs of the zodiacaccordingly. Nirayana astrology prevails inIndia, as opposed to western or tropical systems.Panchami: Fifth. The name of the fifth tithi

(lunar day) of each of the two fortnights of themoons cycle.panchangam: Five limbs, or parts. The name ofthe traditional Hindu calendar, as every panchangamincludes the five basic elements of tithi,viii Vedic Calendarnakshatra, karana, yoga and vara or vasara. The panchangamis a sophisticated tool for planning, not unlikea western farmers almanac but much morecomplex. It provides precise information about unseen

astrological factors, planets and stars, which influenceand alter the nature of the subtle environment.This esoteric information is calculated mathematically.Panchangams are used by priests, astrologersand lay persons to determine the optimumtimes for various types of activities.Panguni: The Tamil name of the twelfth monthof the Hindu year (in which the new year begins inmid-April). Panguni extends from mid-March tomid-April on the Gregorian calendar.pathasala: Place of lessons. An ashram-like,

residential training school for temple priests asfound in various parts of India.Pradosha: Pradosha is a daily 3-hour period 11/2hours before sunset and 11/2 hours afterwards.

Among devout Saivites, Pradosha generally refers to


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the observance of this period on the 13th tithi (Trayodasi)of each fortnight, which is a most auspicioustime for personal spiritual striving. Devotees fast allday to prepare for this three-hour period, then commencemeditation and worship of Lord Siva. Thisdiscipline of fasting and worship is known as Pradoshavrata (vow). It is observed on the 13th tithi ofboth the light and dark fortnights, with the latter favored

as the most important.Prathama: Same as Pratipada.Pratipada: First. The name of the first tithi(lunar day) of each of the two fortnights of themoons cycle.Punarvasu nakshatra: Star of renewal.

Astronomical constellation: Pollux 11. It carries theideas of: renewal of wealth, to enter life again, repetition,grow bright again, freedom. It denotes frequentchange of residence, change of personality orpersonal purification. Punarvasu confers self-control,

happiness, friendliness and contentment. Itnames the 7th nakshatra division.punyakala: Time (kala) of merit (punyam).Punyakala refers especially to two particular dayseach year, the summer and winter solstices.Puratasi: The Tamil name of the sixth month ofthe Hindu year (in which the new year begins inmid-April). Chaitra extends from mid-September tomid-October on the Gregorian calendar.Purnima: Full. The day of the full moon, thefifteenth tithi of the bright fortnight.

Purvaphalguni nakshatra: The first (purva) starof patronage. Astronomical constellation: DeltaLeonis. This nakshatra conveys the ideas of: goodfortune, love, affection, passion, amorous pleasure,fulfillment, rejection of evil, cleansing, refining. Itconfers loyalty to a leader or cause, liberality, attractiveappearance and the ability to sway others. Itnames the 11th nakshatra division.Purvaprostapada nakshatra: The first (purva)scorching pair constellation. Astronomical constellation:

Beta Pegasi. Purvaprostapada (also known asPurvabhadrapada) conveys the ideas of: impetuousness,passion, restlessness, impetuousness. thisnakshatra confers wealth, frugality, anxiety, goodwork skills, efficiency. It names the 25th nakshatradivision.Purvashadha nakshatra: The first (purva) starof invincibility. Astronomical constellation: DeltaSagittarii. It conveys the ideas of: to prevail, to conquer,to withstand, to approve anything, to wait patientlyfor the right time. Purvashadha confers

pride, wealth, fame, devotion and firmness infriendship. It names the 20th nakshatra division.Pushya nakshatra: The star of flourishing. Astronomicalconstellation: Delta Cancri. It carries theideas of: nourishment, unfoldment, the blossoming


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of flowers, the best or uppermost; wealth, fullness,well-nourished auspicious; speech, eloquence.Pushya confers wealth, learning, skill in teachingand advising, virtue and a stocky build. It names the8th nakshatra division.rasi: Zodiac sign. Rasi refers to any one of thetwelve houses of the zodiac (rasi chakra), animaginary belt in the heavens extending for about

eight degrees on either side of the apparent path ofthe sun and other planets. The Sanskrit names of thezodiac signs are: Mesha (Aries), Vrishabha (Taurus),Mithuna (Gemini), Kataka (Cancer), Simha (Leo),Kanya (Virgo), Thula (Libra), Vrischika (Scorpio),Dhanus (Sagittarius), Makara (Capricorn), KumbhaGlossary ix(Aquarius), and Meena (Pisces). These are also thenames of the months of the year. See individual rasientries for word meanings.ratna: Gem.

Revati nakshatra: Star of wealth. Astronomicalconstellation: Zeta Piscium. Revati conveys the ideasof: nourishing, supporting, guarding, protecting; developing,finality; prosperity, opulence. Revati conferspopularity, courage, cleanliness and a wellformedbody. It names the 27th nakshatra division.ritau: The seasons of the year. In the West theyear is commonly divided into four seasonsspring, summer, autumn and winter. In India, andon traditional Hindu calendars, there are six seasons,each of two months duration. Beginning with

the new year in mid-April, vasanta is the seasonwhen the trees and plants are blossoming. Grishma,starting in mid-June, is known as the hot summer.The rainy season, varsha, begins in mid-August. Octoberbrings sara and the season of fruits. Hemanthais the cold season, beginning in mid-December.Sisir finishes the year, in mid-February, when treesand plants begin sprouting new leaves.Rohini nakshatra: Star of ascent. Astronomicalconstellation: Aldebaran. This star cluster conveys

the ideas of: rising, climbing, promotion, growth,development, birth, production, planting, sowing,conveyance. Rohini confers truthfulness, pleasantspeech, calmness, strength of mind, stability, responsibility,prominence and purity. It names the4th nakshatra division.Saint Jnanasambandar: Child saint of 7th centurySaivite renaissance. Composed many Devaramhymns in praise of Siva, converted at least one Tamilking who had embraced Jainism, and vehementlysought to counter the incursion of Buddhism, bringing

Tamils back to Saivism.Saint Sundaramurthi: Beautiful One. SaintSundarar, a 9th century Tamil saint whose songs toSiva and episodic narratives of how Siva intimatelyresponded to pleas for help in his married life


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strengthened the medieval Saivite renaissance.Saivism: The name of the religion followed bythose who worship the Hindu God Siva. One of thethree primary sects of Hinduism, Saivism (the oldestof the three), is in turn divided into a number ofdistinct sects with diverse theologies, with six primaryschools. The primary goal of Saivism is Moksha,and the spiritual path of Saivism comprises

four progressive stages called chariya, kriya, yogaand jnana.Saivite: A follower of Saivism; also an adjectivefor Saivism.samvatsara: Year (also a name of Siva, Samvatsara-kara, the year causer); generally, the period ofone complete revolution of the earth around thesun, or the period of the suns apparent transit froma fixed star and back to the same position again. Inthe Hindu system, each year has a name. There aresixty names in all, which repeat with every fifth

twelve-year cycle of Jupiter around the sun. TheSanskrit names for the years are as follows: Prabhava,Vibhava, Sukla, Pramoda (1990), Prajapati (1991),

Angiras (1992), Srimukha (1993), Bhava, Yuvan,Dhatu, Isvara, Bahudhanya, Pramathin, Vikrama,Vrisha, Chitrabhanu, Swabhanu, Tharana, Parthiva,Vyaya, Sarvajit, Sarvadhari, Virodhi, Vikrita, Khara,Nandana, Vijaya, Jaya, Manmatha, Durmukhi,Hemalamba, Vilamba, Vikarin, Sarvari, Plava, Subhakritu,Sobhana, Krodhin, Visvavasu, Parabhava,Palavanga, Kilaka, Saumaya, Sadharana, Virodhakrit,

Paridhavin, Pramadin, Ananda, Rakshasa,Anala (or Nala), Pingala, Kalayukta, Siddharthin,Raudra, Durmathi, Dundubhi, Rudhirodgari, Rakthakshi,K

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