Tree-based bioenergyThe Potential for sustainable and

Ecologically friendly energy

Karnataka (India) Biofuels

Navin SharmaWorld Agroforestry Centre

New Delhi

Side Event: 9 October 2014

Current Status of Biofuels

• Excluding the land-use change, the first generation biofuels were projected to have a GHG saving between 10 and 90%.

• Biofuels have been proposed to minimise the GHG reductions and a potential way to achieve 2 °C target (Mitigation)

• Development of Biofuel sector in various countries is influenced by the mandates and subsidies provided

• Considerable debate around biofuels on food vs. fuel and its impacts on food security– source of current biofuel are edible crops ( first generation

biofuel crops)• Can have positive effects on food security - provide the new

sources of income / employment, and also provide alternative sources of energy for rural communities

• Many developing countries (e.g. India) have now developed policies that specifically targets Biofuels from non-food / multiple use crops and use of marginal land.

Where does this leave us?

o Need for rethinking on Biofuels that addresses current concerns: a systems based approach rather than crop based!!

o Position Biofuels for food security and livelihood improvements beyond solution for transport mix

o Refresh national policies: based on solid scienceo Explore alternate models which avoids LUC and have positive

carbon footprints / low carbon payback yearso Develop active linkages with global initiatives especially from

the UNo Learn from successful examples from across the globe and

adopt

Future: Link Biofuels to Food- Nutrition Security & Environment

Why World Agroforestry Centre?

• Being a global centre for excellence in Agroforestry, ICRAF is uniquely placed to address the concerns of LUC and Food Security

• Emerging science suggests ‘mixed cropping’ systems better than monoculture in addressing GHG reduction and carbon pay back time.

• Trees better suited to address adaptation and mitigation of climate change.

Improve biodiversity, reduce land degradation

5

Development of Alternate Biofuel CropsSelection of Case Studies

Bottom-up approach, starting with the implementation of some projects that could help sustainable expansion of biofuels to new areas, policy advocacy & identifying underlying cause of success.

Integrated Food Energy System (Anne Bodanski, Olivier Dubois),

GBEP – sustainability

indicators (Maria Michela Morese)Environment

& Climate Change Division (Elwyn

Grainger Jones),

National Programs

Biofuel programme, Bioenergy, Oilseeds

• Biofuels for Livelihoods in the State of Karnataka

• Biofuels for Clean Energy in Mozambique:• CleanStar Mozambique

Sustainable Biofuels involving small holder farmers in Brazil : EMBRAPA

Biofuels for LivelihoodsKarnataka Biofuels

Despite a policy in place – the sector is fragmented, no forward marketing linkagesRemains a ‘push – model’. States like Karnataka and Rajasthan lead with a separate body to over see the sector. Biofuels come under state oil companies. R&D gaps –Short rotation, high yield, high survival, assured market

Non toxic Jatropha

Multi native species

Name of the species

Flowering Fruiting Yield / Tree and Oil %

Pongamia pinnata May-June January to March

30-150 Kg(27- 42%)

Jatropha curcus March – September

April- May October- November

0.5 – 2Kg(30-35%)

Madhuca indica March - April

July- August 30-200 Kg(28-38%)

Neem (Azadirachta indica)

March - April

June July 20-35 Kg(30 -39%)

Simarouba glauca February April-May 15-30 Kg(20-25%)

Amoora rohituka September- January

November- April

30 Kg(40-46%)

Calophyllum inophyllum

March - May

October- November

25-50 Kg(45-70%)

Use of multiple feed stocks

Combination of above to get year round supply of seeds / Biodiversity

565 Malligevalu566 Kallahalli573 Bilagunda574 Sirajbore Kaval575 Dundanayakana

halli576 Ballekere584 Domahalli585 Parasanahalli590 Javanehalli591 Doranahosalli

284 Kinnarahalli275 Kabbinahalli276 Amanidoddakere285 Machagowdanahalli639 Kallenahalli640 Chikkamallenahalli668 Hanchihalli669 Halenahalli670 Danayakanahalli673 Buntarahalli

Study villages

Community organization and capacity building, including feedback.

Community organization and capacity building, including feedback.

Malligevalu – a biofuel village

• Single village planted – 24, 000 biofuel seedlings• Complete biofuel village – each family have planted

biofuel seedlings• Established value addition process with oil expeller

Mr. Puttaraju, Secretary, Biofuel Association

Planting of Biofuel grafts Mr. Puttaraju with mini oil expeller

Research & Development

Early Flowering, Nursery Technologies, Oil expelling Machines and Agroforestry SystemsWhat is the insentive of farmers to grow biofuel crops in their limited land?

Simarouba biodiesel

Jatropha biodiesel

Amoora biodiesel Calophyllum biodiesel

Soybean biodiesel

Corn ethanol0.0000

0.5000

1.0000

1.5000

2.0000

2.5000

3.0000

0.001 0.004 0.001 0.000

0.520

0.245

0.440.56

0.500.40

0.34

0.71

0.560.44

0.500.60

0.140.04

2.26

1.78

1.98

2.50

1.161.04

Input Cultivation(MJ)

Input Processing(MJ)

NEB(MJ)

NER

Agroforestry

Net Energy Balance(NEB)=Energy Output-Energy Input; Net Energy Ratio(NER)=Energy output/Energy InputBoth are calculated after excluding co-product energy credits and no allocation has been used

Net Energy Balance from various biofuels

NEB Agroforestry Based Biofuels Two-Fold Higher Than Traditional Biofuels

Net GHG savings (as gram CO2 equivalents) compared to fossil diesel, per MJ of Energy produced from Various Biofuel

Simarouba biodiesel

Jatropha biodiesel

Aphanamixis biodiesel

Calophyllum biodiesel

Soybean biodiesel

Corn Ethanol

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

GWP 100 (IPCC 2007)

GWP 20 (IPCC 2007)

GWP (Hill et. al., PNAS (2006)

Agroforestry

Without factoring LUC

GHG Savings

Neem seed collection as a livelihood activity in Sarwad village of Bijapur Taluk, Karanataka, India

By Prabhavati (A successful Story)We a group of women were involved in the process of Neem seed collection. Each one of us was collecting 4-5 tons of Neem seeds every season. Initially we were getting price only Rs.2-3/ Kg. After the bio-fuel programme implementation in the state we got all the information about the marketing and prices. There is a Bio-fuel Lead NGO who gave us information and guided us.

Now we sell seeds to various people & oil mills and we bargain collectively for better rates. In our villages now we have 50 Women SHG’s. Nearly 150 women are involved in the Neem seed collection Business. Each member collects 4-5 tons of Neem seeds and gets average Rs.30000/ per year, which is an additional income to the family apart from agricultural income. It has helped us to improve the standard of living and quality of life in our village.

Biofuel Species & Gender

Using bio fuel to run an irrigation pump for five acres

• Tamil Nadu faces a big problem in cultivation due to frequent load shedding,

• a farmer, Mr. Mr. C. Rajasekaran, from Vettaikaran Irruppu of Kilvelur taluk in Nagappattinam district is using oil from Punnai (Tamil name) tree seeds (Calophyllum inophyllum) to operate his five hp motor pump for irrigating his five acres.

• His garden, which was once considered to be unfit for any cultivation, since the soil became barren after the tsunami struck, is now home to nearly 35 different tree varieties. Mango, Guavas, Lime, Teak, Cashew, amla, tamarind, and jack are all flourishing well today in what was once considered a wasteland.

Mr. Ramesh is using pongamia oil as fuel for his tractor from past 8 yearsNo modification in the engine20 % blendIncreased mileage (5-7 %), saves up to Rs. 25,000/ per annumNo defects and repair works of engine since from the use of oil

Mr. Ramesh with his tractor running on Pongamia oil

Challenges & Way Forward

Performance• Evaluate impacts on livelihoods, energy contribution and provision of ecosystem services at local, district and state levels• Assess relative performance of species selected and mixtures of species• Assess productivity of the agroforestry system with comparison to non-biofuel systems

Potential- Focus on scaling up the existing models within the State & India - Explore landscape level benefits in terms of restoration of ecosystem and economic services- Identify policy levers to facilitate the system- Identify the elements of the biofuel value chain and ‘sweet spots’ for improvement

Promise- Explore possibilities for PPP- Explore opportunities to adapt model to different regions and ecosystems with similarly adapted suites of species- Develop ‘bankable’ investment models that capture the essence of the model – flexibility, diversity, resilience and fulfillment of local and distant needs – without over simplification