The Kennedy/Johnson Chapter

8/17/2019 The Kennedy/Johnson Chapter

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Living with

Great Turmoil1954-1975


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The Other America

Main Idea: Amidst the prosperity of the1950s, millions of Americans lied inpoerty!


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"hy It Matters #o$

America today contin%es to e&perience amar'et income (ap )et$een a*%ent andnon-a*%ent people!


4/37

The +r)an oor

espite the portrait painted )y pop%larc%lt%re, life in post$ar America did not lie%p to the .American dream/ for eeryone!

In 19, nearly one o%t of eery fo%rAmericans $as liin( )elo$ the poertyline!

Many of these poor $ere elderly people,sin(le $omen and their children, ormem)ers of minority (ro%ps, incl%din(African Americans, 2atinos, and #atieAmericans!


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"hite 3li(ht

In the 1950s, millions of middle-class $hiteAmericans left the cities for the s%)%r)s,ta'in( $ith them precio%s economic

reso%rces and isolatin( themseles fromother races and classes

At the same time, the r%ral poor mi(ratedto the inner cities!

et$een the end of "orld "ar II and 190,nearly 5 million African Americans moedfrom the r%ral o%th to %r)an areas!


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The %r)an crisis prompted )y the .$hite6i(ht/ had a direct impact on poor $hitesand non$hites!

The cities lost not only people and)%sinesses )%t also the property theyo$ned and income ta&es they had paid!

ity (oernments co%ld no lon(er a8ord toproperly maintain or improe schools,p%)lic transportation, and police and redepartmentsand the %r)an poor s%8ered!


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The Inner ities

"hile poerty (re$ rapidly in the decayin(inner cities, many s%)%r)an Americansremained %na$are of it!

Many ref%sed to )eliee that poerty co%lde&ist in the richest, most po$erf%l nationon earth!

In 1959, the poerty line for a family offo%r $as ;97


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Kennedy and

the Cold War


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Main Idea: The =ennedy administrationfaced some of the most dan(ero%s oietconfrontations in American history!

"hy it Matters #o$: America>s response tooiet threats deeloped the +nited tatesas a military s%perpo$er!


10/37

The ?lection of 190

In 190, as resident ?isenho$er>s second termdre$ to a close, a mood of restlessness aroseamon( oters!

The economy $as in a recession! The +@>s la%nch of Sputnik I in 1957 and itsdeelopment of lon(-ran(e missiles had spar'edfears that the American military $as fallin( )ehindthat of the oiets! 3%rther set)ac's incl%din( the

+- incident and the ali(nment of %)a $ith theoiet +nion had Americans %estionin( $hetherthe + $as losin( the old "ar!


11/37

The emocratic nominee for president $asMassach%setts senator Bohn =ennedy! CispromiseD To (et America moin( a(ain!/

Cis @ep%)lican opponent $as Eice resident@ichard M! #i&on, $ho hoped to $in )y ridin(on the coattails of ?isenho$er>s pop%larity!

oth had similar positions on policy iss%es!

T$o factors helped p%t =ennedy oer thetop: teleision and the ciil ri(hts iss%e!


12/37

The Teleised e)ate

A8ects Eotes=ennedy had a $ell-or(aniFed campai(nand the )ac'in( of his $ealthy family, and$as handsome and charismatic!

?en so, many people felt he $as tooine&perienced at the a(e of 4d )e the second yo%n(est president inhistory! GMiss ees #ote: Technically, he>s

the yo%n(est president eer to )e elected! Teddy @ooseelt ass%med the role ofpresident after Mc=inley $as assassinated!Ce $as 4!H


13/37

Americans also $orried that hain( a @oman atholic inthe "hite Co%se $o%ld lead either 1! Ma'e the popeinoled in American policies ! 2ead to smaller (ap)et$een ch%rch and state!

=ennedy disc%ssed this openly and 'ind of p%t thosefears to rest!

The e)ate: 70 million people t%ned in! =ennedy had)een coached )y teleision prod%cers and he loo'ed andspo'e )etter than #i&on!

o $hat>s the )i( dealD This de)ate la%nched a ne$ erain American politics: the teleision a(e! "hich, o)io%sly,$e are still in today!


14/37

=ennedy and iil

@i(htsA second maor eent of the campai(n too'place in Octo)er! olice in Atlanta, Jeor(ia,arrested the @eerend Martin 2%ther =in(, Br!and


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"hen =ennedy heard of the arrest and sentencin(, hetelephoned =in(>s $ife, oretta cott =in(, to e&presshis sympathy!

Mean$hile, @o)ert =ennedy, his )rother and campai(n

mana(er, pers%aded the %d(e $ho had sentenced=in( to release the ciil ri(hts leader on )ail, pendin(appeal!

#e$s of the incident capt%red the immediateattention of the African-American comm%nity!

These otes did $hatD "ellLthey $o%ld help =ennedycarry 'ey states in the Mid$est and the o%th!


16/37

The amelot ears

#oem)er 190: This $as the closestelection since 1NN4 =ennedy $on )y fe$erthan 119,000 otes!


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19/37

risis oer %)a

The rst test of =ennedy>s forei(n policycame in %)a, %st 90 miles o8 the coast of3lorida!

A)o%t t$o $ee's )efore =ennedy too'oKce, on Ban%ary


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astro (ained po$er $ith the promise ofdemocracy!

3rom 195-1959 he led a (%errilla

moement to topple dictator 3%l(encioatista! Ce $on control in 1959!

Ce promised to eliminate these conditionsfrom %)a! Gpoerty, ine%ality,dictatorshipH

Co$ did the relationship $ith the +nitedtates (et so%rD Ce seiFed three American

and ritish oil reneries!


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The ay of i(s

In March 190, resident ?isenho$er (ae the IApermission to secretly train %)an e&iles for an inasion of%)a!

The IA and the e&iles hoped it $o%ld tri((er a mass

%prisin( that $o%ld oerthro$ astro!

=ennedy learned of this plan only 9 days after his election!

April 7, 191, some 1s so%thern coast!#othin( $ent as planned! It $as a disaster!

5000 %)an troops )ac'ed %p )y oiet tan's and etaircraftLmessy sit%ation! The e&iles $ere 'illed orimprisoned!


22/37

The %)an Missile risis

hoto(raphs ta'en )y American planes reealed oiet missile )ases in%)a! They co%ld reach the +!! in min%tes!

=ennedy informed the nation of this!

3or si& days, the $orld faced the terrifyin( possi)ility of n%clear $ar!

In the Atlantic Ocean, oiet shipspres%ma)ly carryin( more missilesheaded to$ard %)a, $hile the +!! #ay prepared to %arantine%)a and preent the ships from comin( $ithin 500 miles of it!

In 3lorida, 100,000 troops $aited!

A fe$ days later, =hr%shche o8ered to remoe the missiles in ret%rnfor an American pled(e not to inade %)a!

The +nited tates also a(reed to remoe missiles from T%r'ey!

They a(reed and the crisis ended!


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risis oer erlin

One (oal that had (%ided =ennedy thro%(h the %)anmissile crisis $as that of proin( to =hr%sche hisdetermination to contain comm%nism!

All the $hile, =ennedy $as thin'in( of their recent

confrontation oer erlin, $hich had led to theconstr%ction of the erlin "all, a concrete $all topped$ith )ar)ed $ire that seered the city in t$o!

In 191, erlin $as a city in (reat t%rmoil!

In the 11 years since the erlin Airlift, almost < million?ast Jermans0 percent of that co%ntry>s pop%lationhad 6ed to "est erlin )eca%se it $as free fromomm%nist r%le!


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.Ich )in ein erliner/

Their depart%re dan(ero%sly $ea'ened thatco%ntry>s economy!

=hr%shche realiFed that this pro)lem had to )esoled!

Ce threatened to si(n a treaty $ith ?ast Jermanythat $o%ld ena)le that co%ntry to close all accessroads to "est erlin!

"hen =ennedy ref%sed to (ie %p + access to"est erlin, =hr%shche f%rio%sly declared, .I $antpeace! %t if yo% $ant $ar, that is yo%r pro)lem!/


25/37

Ce $o%ld not let omm%nists drie Americans o%t oferlin!

"hat happenedD hoc'in(ly, after midni(ht onA%(%st 1


26/37

Tra(edy in allas

In the fall of 19


27/37

3o%r ays in #oem)er

On the s%nny mornin( of #oem)er , 19s emocratic arty!

=ennedy had e&pected a cool reception from

the conseratie state, )%t instead he )as'edin $arm $aes of appla%se from cro$ds thatlined the streets of do$nto$n allas!


28/37

Bac%eline and her h%s)and sat in the )ac'seat of an open-air limo%sine!

In the front of them sat Te&as Joernor Bohn

onnally and his $ife, #ellie!

#ellie t%rned to =ennedy a fe$ seconds)efore the shot $as red! .o% can>t saythat allas isn>t friendly to yo% today!/

The ri6e shots ran( o%t and =ennedy $asshot in the head!


29/37

%rin( the ne&t fo%r days, teleision)ecame the $indo$ of the $orld!


30/37

Lyndon B. Johnson Takes

Ofe19<


31/37

y the time 2yndon aines Bohnson, or 2B,as he $as called, s%cceeded to thepresidency, his am)ition and drie had)ecome le(endary!

F!O" T#$ T$%&' #(LL' TO C&)(TOL#(LLA fo%rth-(eneration Te&an, Bohnson(re$ %p in the dry Te&as hill co%ntry of

lanco o%nty!

The Bohnsons neer 'ne$ (reat $ealth, )%tthey also neer missed a meal! GThis isfrom the )oo'! I didn>t ma'e that %p!H


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A Master olitician

Bohnson proed himself a master of party politicsand )ehind-the-scenes mane%erin(, and he roseto the position of enate maority leader in 1955!

iil @i(hts Act of 1957: 2B led to the passa(e ofthis )ill!

In B%ly 194, Bohnson p%shed the iil @i(hts Actof 194 thro%(h on(ress, pers%adin( o%thernsenators to stop )loc'in( its passa(e! It prohi)ited

discrimination )ased on race, reli(ion, nationalori(in, and se& and (ranted the federal(oernment ne$ po$ers to enforce its proision!


33/37

The "ar on oerty: 2B passed on $ith his o$na(endato alleiate poerty!

?conomic Opport%nity Act: approed nearly ;1)illion loans and o) trainin(! The ?OA le(islationcreated:

The Bo) orps Trainin( ro(ram

EITA GEol%nteers in erice to AmericaH

roect Cead tart Gan ed%cational pro(ram for

%nderpriile(ed preschoolers!H The omm%nity Action ro(ram, $hich enco%ra(edpoor people to participate in p%)lic-$or's pro(rams!


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194 ?lection

2B $ins in a landslide! Jold$ater $as%npop%lar! I>ll tell yo% $hy )%t I don>t feelli'e typin( it!


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In a #%tshell G)eca%se thereare only t$o $ee's leftLH

The $ar in Eietnam proed to )e 2yndon Bohnson>s %ndoin(! C? $as a master ofdomestic politics, )%t Eietnam )ecame apolitical and military disaster that endedhis presidency and in6icted years ofdiision on America!


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iil @i(hts


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Bohnson and Eietnam

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The Kennedy/Johnson Chapter

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