This picture and other pictures found in this ppt are from the Documentary "The War That Made America"by the National Endowment for the Humanities"
The Land in Between
Controlled by the French
Controlled By theEnglish
Controlled By the
Native People
LISMIKE
In the 1750's England controls the land in the east.The French control Canada and the Mississippi Valley.
LISMIKE
The area between these two large empires is known as Ohio country. It is largely empty and up for grabs as far as the Europeans believe. Yet, the area is the home of the many different Native tribes.
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While many history books will normally show that the terrority of the Ohios is French is far from being true.. Since the French control remained only around the area surrounding the Mississippi River.
Native American Tribes
LISMIKE
In the 18th century, the Iroquois controlled the hunting grounds of western Pennsylvania. They rarely granted a commission for a white (or European) to hunt there. They had learned the value of animal pelts in trade and had become dependent upon it.
The Main Cause
Both the French and the English wanted
control of
TRADEand the
TRADE ROUTES
In this new territory
The Prize The land known as the forks of
the Ohio
This is where Pittsburgh
stands today.
Home of the Iroquois
Confederacy.
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For the French the Allegheny-Ohio watershed was a highway that linked their imperial dominions in Canada and Louisiana. By asserting their possession of the Forks of the Ohio, they would be able to secure a passageway through North America that would make the continent's interior their own.
The Very First World War
While in Americas it is calledthe French and Indian War
Yet…
It quickly spread to become a global war.
N. America: French and Indian WarEurope: Seven Year War
Asia: Third Carnatic War
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Throuhout the 1700s, the European empires competed for colonies across the globe. This war is usually divided into three theatres. North America Theatre, European Theatre, and the Asian Theatre.
Of the Iroquois Confederacy... only the Mohawk tribe agree to fight with the British... the rest remain neutral.
War Begins“The Half-
King”
Tanachrisson
He forged an alliance with the British and took steps to provoke a war between the British and the French.
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Tanachrisson forged an alliance with the British and took steps to provoke a war between the British and the French by slaughtering French soldiers after they surrendered to George Washington and his provincial militia at the Great Meadows in 1754.
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Tanaghrisson alerted Washington to the presence of a French party, guided him to their camp, and encouraged him to make a surprise attack.Naively, Washington did just that the morning of May 28, 1754, wounding Jumonville before he could explain that he had come on a diplomatic mission. The French called for a ceasefire and tried to parley with their assailants, but Tanachrisson bashing in Jumonville's skull and washing his hands in the dead man's brains. He intended to make it impossible for Washington and the British to back out of their alliance with him, and to use Britain's strength to eject the French from his land.
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Jumonville's brother arrived later with reinforcements to find young Lt. Col. George Washington & his troops dug in at Fort Necessity...thus the start of the French and Indian War.
Lieutenant Colonel George Washington
He was only 22 years old and lacked any
military experience.
The French surrenderbut the Half-King killsThe French diplomat
Jumonville.
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George Washington was only 21 years old when he was selected to travel 500 miles through wilderness to warn the French out of the Ohio Valley in 1753. He was only 22, and he possessed no military training or experience, when he was given a regiment to lead into the Ohio Valley to drive the French out by force the following year.
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The skirmish lasted about 15 minutes. When it was over, 13 Frenchmen were dead and 21 captured. One escaped and made his way back to Fort Duquesne at the forks of the Ohio. Washington's casualties were one man killed and two or three wounded.
Fort NecessityAfter the skirmish with Jumonville's forces, Washington feared he would be attacked.
He has only 392 officers and men.
July 3, 1754600 French and
100 Indians attacked Ft. Necessity.
So he quickly builds Ft. Necessity.
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Fort Necessity shows George Washington's inexperience since it was build on the low land. When the French attack it... all they have to do was stay on the surrounding hills and fire down upon the British soldiers.
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One clause in the article of surrender stated that Washington was guilty of the assassination of a French officer, Jumonville. He denied this. He said the translation he had been given was not "assassination", but "death of" or "killing." However, the French used this propaganda to great advantage in efforts to discredit the English.
LISMIKE
After fighting one day Capt. Louis Coulon de Villiers, commander of the French force and brother of Jumonville, requested a truce to discuss the surrender of Washington's command
In 1755, General Edward Braddock led
a British army into the Pennsylvania
wilderness to take Fort Duquesne.
Gen. Braddock was mortally wounded and died four days
later.
Guerrilla Tactics
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While the English troops marched in straight lines, the French troops and their Native American allies fired from behind rocks and trees. This guerrilla tactic was hugely successful.
LISMIKE
Of the 1,459 actively engaged, 977 were killed or woundedGen. Braddock himself had four horses shot from under him before he was mortally wounded.
LISMIKE
Braddock had 700 colonial militiamen, whom he regarded disdainfully, and over 1,400 British regulars.
LISMIKE
In the picture we see George Washington helping Gen. Braddock. Who was George Washington's mentor.
Capt. Robert Rogers
Guerrilla Tactics were also used by
the colonist successfully.
Robert Rogers’ Rangers were
considered to be England's primary
scouting unit in the 1750s
LISMIKE
It is important to note that over all the colonist had proven themselves as poor fighters compared to the British troops.Capt Robert Rogers (a colonist) and his 173 Rangers were basically the only colonist that had proven themselves in battle.
LISMIKE
Robert Rogers [1731-1795] gained a reputation as a leader of the Rangers, a group of British soldiers who were primarily used for scouting and intelligence duties. In 1758 Rogers was given a formal commission as Major in the Rangers in His Majesty's Service. Immediately after the French surrender Rogers was ordered to take two companies of Rangers and take over the French posts in the West. He left Montreal on September 13 with his troops and reached Detroit at the end of November.
Fort Henry's Massacre
August 9th, 1757
Outnumbered and Out gunned the
British surrendered to the French.
The Native people go into the fort and
murdered the smallpox sick.
LISMIKE
After scouting and reconnoitering Montcalm decided against assault and commenced siege operations. Colonel Monroe reasonably expected reinforcements from General Webb, commanding at Fort Edward, and it was not to the credit of this general that he withheld them. On the third day of the siege a messenger from General Webb was captured by the French with a dispatch to Colonel Monroe stating that no reinforcements would be sent him. This encouraged Montcalm to press the siege and his works approached nearer and nearer the fort. August 9th, 1757, the sixth day of the siege, with thirty-two French canon in position at short range, with the walls of the fort already much battered down, its poor guns burst or otherwise disabled, outnumbered, and assault sure to succeed and bring the of Indian butchery, the forlorn and worn-out garrison were compelled to decide upon surrender. The terms were the marching out with war honors and personal effects and to be safeguarded to Fort Edward. At noon the fallen garrison marched out, and during the ceremonies of capitulation Indians climbed through the casemates of the fort and murdered the smallpox sick, which wrought its own vengeance, the contracted disease afterwards wasting the tribes.
LISMIKE
It is important to know that the native people that killed the smallpox sick.. carried back this deadly sickness to their families.. wiping out their tribe.
LISMIKE
In the picture we see Montcalm begging and threatening the native people.. to not touch the surrendering troops.. However, he did not know that at the same time the native people were in the fort killing the sick people.
Fort DuquesneIn 1758, General John Forbes led several
thousand British and provincial troops through the wilderness of Pennsylvania to take
Fort Duquesne from the French.
Rename it Pittsburgh
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Montreal
September 8, 1760
Montreal falls to the British;
letters are signed finishing the surrender of
Canada.
Fort Detroit
September 1760
The British flag is raised over
Detroit, effectively ending
the war.
Cherokee
In 1761
The British make peace with the
Cherokee Indians
Treaty of Paris
February 10, 1763
All French possessions east of the Mississippi, except New Orleans, are given to the British.
All French possessions west of the Mississippi are given to the Spanish.
Many Native American tribes wanted to
continue the fight.
Under the leadership of Chief Pontiac
They were fighting against imperial
aggression and the ever encroaching white
population.
Pontiac’s Rebellion
LISMIKE
The Native Americans were the: Ottowas, Potawatomies and Hurons
LISMIKE
Pontiac foresaw a bleak future for Indians under British domination. It is not clear whether he feared an invasion of British settlers who would drive Indians out of the Midwest or whether he feared that the Indians’ favorable trade arrangements with the French would no longer be tolerated.
The Native Americans within a few months had defeated 8 out of 10 English forts in the
Great Lake and upper Mississippi regions.
LISMIKE
He believed that if the Indians were at all successful, the French would enter the war and help oust the British. Plans for an Indian attack on the British developed in 1762 and 1763.
LISMIKE
Warning: I have heard different information about the number of English forts.. one saying there where 12. While I believe the 10 are correct. since the forts are listed as Fort Sandusky ( Ohio) Fort St. Joseph ( Michigan) Fort Miami ( Indiana) Fort Presque Isle (Pennsylvania) Fort Michilimackinac ( Michigan) Fort Quiatenon (Indiana) Fort Verango (Pennsylvania) Fort Edward Augustus (Wisconsin) Indians never captured the two largest British forts, Fort Detroit and Fort Pitt
Pontiac’s Rebellion
1763 - 1767
Pontiac's forces lay siege to Ft. Detroit.
He also ordered that Indians in the area kill English settlers, but spare the French.
LISMIKE
Pontiac gave the order to not kill the French settlers because the French fur traders and settlers treated the indians much better then the English that came into the area to settle.
Bushy Run
August 1763
The British victory at Bushy Run was the
critical turning point in Pontiac's War
It prevented the capture of Fort Pitt and
restored lines of communication between the frontier and eastern
settlements
Germ WarfareSmallpox
While the Native Americans lay siege to Fort Pitt
Lord Jeffrey Amherst
gave the Native Americans blankets that were used by English smallpox victims
which started an epidemic among the Indian tribes.
The Indian War Ends
In 1767, Pontiac formally signed
something of a peace accord with the British
in Detroit,
That gave a formal recognition to the Indians’
right to own land.
The agreement made by the British to the Native People.
Stated that the British would stop all white settlements in the western territories won
from the French.
This upset many colonist who believed that they had fought
the French and Indian War for nothing.
LISMIKE
It is important to note that one of the major land speculators was George Washington.
LISMIKE
Washington's lifelong interest in land speculation is illustrated in the fight over bounty lands promised to the veterans of the Virginia Regiment who fought with him in the French and Indian War. In this episode Washington acted on behalf of his fellow veterans as well as vigorously, sometimes aggressively, in staking out his own land claims.In 1754, Lieutenant Governor Dinwiddie issued a proclamation designed to encourage enlistment in the local militia for the war against the French.
LISMIKE
Important information most colonist did not fight in the indian war due to the fact that they had proven themself not really good fighters other then Capt Robert Rogers and his men.
This agreement became just another complaint in a long list of grievance that eventually led to the
