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The Language of the Client versus the Language of the Architect in Workspace

Design

Afstudeerverslag, atelier Mens en Omgeving, project Workspace Design

Begeleider: H.T. Haagsma

Opdrachtgever: J.G. Hoendervanger

Groep 39

Hanzehogeschool Groningen: Academie voor Architectuur, Bouwkunde & Civiele Techniek

Architectuur eerste fase

Groningen, 4 juni 2012

D.M. Wiegers

339449

Carolina MacGillavrylaan 32, 1098 XA Amsterdam

06-46782040

[email protected]

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Abstract

The language of the manager (user-minded, with a focus on work and behaviour) and the language of the

architect (with a focus on design and attention to technical and financial feasibility) may differ. If and how this is

the case is the scope of the present research, with the research question: do clients and architects conceptualise

workspace design briefs differently, and does that lead to communication problems between them? A Word

Association Test (WAT) with stimulus words from present workspace design briefs was carried out among fifty

managers of Dutch organisations - possibly future clients – and fifty Dutch architects. Conclusions were drawn

from this WAT, and then tested again using an in-depth questionnaire. Furthermore, a functional text analysis

was performed. The most notable conclusions are among others the difference in conceptualisation of some of

the stimulus words between managers (clients) and architects and the inclination of clients for briefs with images

and of architects with purely textual briefs. Also a recommendation of how to write a brief that can be well

understood by both clients and architects can be found in this report.

Keywords: architectural brief; communication; workspace design; conceptualisation.

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Contents

1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 4

1.1 The Architectural Brief ........................................................................................................ 4

1.2 Problems with the Translation of the Client‟s Wishes ............................................................. 4

1.3 Motivation for the Research Question ................................................................................... 5

1.4 Research Question ............................................................................................................... 5

2. Theory and Background ............................................................................................................. 7

2.1 Earlier Research about Architectural Briefing in General ........................................................ 7

2.2 Potential Problems in Briefing .............................................................................................. 7

2.3 Prior Research about Language of the Client and the Architect ............................................... 9

2.4 Meaning of Words ..............................................................................................................10

2.5 User Participation ...............................................................................................................11

2.6 Various Types of Briefs.......................................................................................................12

2.7 Organisational Factors Affecting the Brief ............................................................................12

2.8 Client-Architect Communication the real Problem?...............................................................13

2.9 Schematic Model ................................................................................................................14

3. Methodology............................................................................................................................16

3.1 Word Association Test ........................................................................................................16

3.1.1 Sub Question................................................................................................................16

3.1.2 Operationalisation.........................................................................................................16

3.1.3 Research Group, Material and Data Collection ...............................................................16

3.2 Questionnaire .....................................................................................................................21

3.2.1 Sub Question................................................................................................................21


3.2.3 Research Group, Material and Data Collection ...............................................................21

3.3 Text Analysis .....................................................................................................................29

3.3.1 Sub Question................................................................................................................29


3.3.3 Research Material and Data Collection...........................................................................29

4. Analysis...................................................................................................................................30

4.1 Introduction........................................................................................................................30

4.2 Word Association Test ........................................................................................................30

4.3 Questionnaire .....................................................................................................................31

4.4 Text Analysis .....................................................................................................................33

4.4.1 Het nieuwe (stads)kantoor (HNK)..................................................................................33

4.4.2 Stadhuis Almelo ...........................................................................................................36

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4.4.3 Brede Hoed praktijk te Diemen......................................................................................39

4.4.4 Geclusterde voorziening voor zorg en opvang van verslaafden en daklozen te Zwolle .......41

5. Conclusion and Discussion........................................................................................................46

Bibliography ................................................................................................................................48

Appendix I: Translations English – Dutch......................................................................................50

Appendix II: Word Associations ...................................................................................................51

Appendix III: Completed Questionnaires ..................................................................................... 135

III.I Introduction..................................................................................................................... 135

III.II Clients ........................................................................................................................... 135

III.II Architects ...................................................................................................................... 157

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1. Introduction

1.1 The Architectural Brief In the field of building design the client is buying a complex service that first defines an object to

match his needs and then provides the action needed to create this object via a production process

(Ryd, 2004a: 233). An architectural brief (also known as architectural programme (USA), project

brief, concept brief, construction brief, design brief, or strategic brief) – from now on referred to as

brief - is a medium in which the expectations of the client or user are defined, so that the architect can

develop this into a design. A brief is a clear statement of specifications that will regularly start with a

definition of the services or functions to be fitted in, separating these functions into specific sub-

functions and activities. For each one of these functions the surface area necessary will be determined.

Moreover the accommodation specifics are set out for preparation of design options.

Because the client (for example the management of a software company) is usually a layman, this brief

is often composed by a specialist consultant or project manager employed by a management agency.

So, the president and chairman of the executive board do not compose the brief: it is being outsourced

to experts within his own organisation or to a management agency. However, the president has to

understand the brief nevertheless, as he is the one with decisive power. The quality and experience

level of the specialist consultants and management agencies may vary, with some solely focusing on

the surface area needed per room, and some diving into the matter and trying to distil the more

complex wishes of the client. On top of these management agencies composing the brief, other players

involved in the process are the agencies providing organisational advice.

The architectural design team successively provides the following drawings in the design process

(Tunstall, 2006: 51):

- Sketch design

- Outline design

- Scheme design

- Working design

Various country-specific terms are used for these drawings, these are the British terms.

1.2 Problems with the Translation of the Client’s Wishes Problem areas in this process are often associated with the translation of the wishes of the client to the

architectural design, caused by a certain degree of misapprehension between the client and the

architect, so that the final realisation of the building turns out not to be exactly what the client had

hoped for. This problem might arise in all types of building design, however the present research

focuses solely on workspace design, i.e. the design of office buildings. The pitfall in this process might

be that the architect, hoping to facilitate the communication, right at the outset of the process comes up

with sketch designs (Barrett, 1999: 639) so that there is a visual guidance. The debate from then on

will be centred around the sketch designs, to determine which one is “prettier” than the other, whereas

it should actually be about the more rudimental requirements of the future office building. This reveals

what the difficulty is in composing a brief: not the simple determination of the required square

meters/feet, but determining the underlying processes that will take place in a future building. These

are the abstractions, the transparencies that need to be filled in. The specialist consultant composing

the brief will have to comprehend what the client means when he states that he wants the building to

be such and such, for he is not architecturally schooled and therefore will have a different frame of

reference. Even if the architect comes to the table directly with the end users (to continue with the

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example of the software company: the cafeteria manager, the programmer, the secretary) this

conception problem persists. Drawing up a brief is a highly complex task, needing to match the

increasing complexity of client organisations and the complexity of construction projects.

An example might be an organisation desiring a new building that facilitates the social get-together, so

the specialist consultant makes sure that is stated in the brief. But is that the get-together of the

customer with the employee? Or of the fellow-workers among themselves? Or of the fellow-worker

with the building? The architect, endeavouring to make things tangible, comes up with images that

will start to dominate the debate, while it would perhaps have been better to first start a profound

discussion in order not to simplify the architectural demands. Although opinions on this matter may

differ: according to Wijnja (2012) images in the form of sketches of the architect can help clients and

prospective users to specify clearly what they do and do not want.

1.3 Motivation for the Research Question

Supposing that a good brief is intrinsically important to the attainment of client objectives, the focus of

this research is on the language of the client (regarding the user, focussing on work processes and

behaviour) versus the language of the architect (focussing on design and with an eye to technical and

financial feasibility). For Luck (2003), researcher in design practice, puts that the notion of common

vocabulary for design is a theme to be explored in greater detail.

Luck‟s view is that there are several languages of architecture that can be used by an architect: the first

being architectonics, developed from semiotic theory the language of architectural form and the

second being a coded language used to discuss architectural theory. Although in linguistic terms

architecture is not a language, the languages of architecture described are not languages the architect

can share with most building users. The notion of an architect discussing a building with a future user

using a common language is limited to everyday vocabulary and mediating a meaning for specific

terms through dialogue.

The client on the other hand disposes of a common vocabulary he shares with (in the case of

workspace design) managers of workspaces, with terms like Het Nieuwe Werken (the new working)

being used frequently in the Netherlands in recent years. Flim (2012), consultant at the management

agency draaier+partners, explains Het Nieuwe Werken in the following way: “You have had your own

little office for thirty years, and then someone comes in and tells you that everything will change! Now

all workplaces are flexible. That is a shock.”

According to project manager Sterk (2012) both parties either use this jargon unintentionally, because

the words to them are familiar, but sometimes he finds that jargon is used by either architects or clients

in order to overawe the other party. His role, he finds, is to ask the questions that are left unsaid.

Luck states that by exploring the architect–user interaction from an interpretative paradigm the

negotiation of meaning and intent between designer and user can be investigated.

The underlying research goal is to improve the briefing process between clients and architects.

1.4 Research Question The research question reads: do clients and architects conceptualise workspace design briefs

differently, and does that lead to communication problems between them?

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Sub questions are:

- Why does there still seem to be a problem in the briefing process, considering the briefing

methods that have been developed hitherto? This research question will be answered in chapter 2:

theory.

- How does the conceptualisation of words often found in Dutch workspace design briefs differ

between clients and architects? This question will be answered by the first two research methods:

the WAT test and the questionnaire.

- Are Dutch workspace design briefs fit to be interpreted in the same way by both architects and

clients? This question will be answered by the third research method: the functional text analysis.

- How can the results of the previous sub questions be combined into a broader understanding of the

problem, and give occasion to future research? This question will be answered in chapter 5:

conclusion and discussion.

The concepts of this comparative research question are placed in a schematic model (q.v. figure 1).

Figure 1: Schematic model of the research question

Conceptualisation of language in

workspace design briefs

Language of the client

Client Communication problem?

Architect

Language of the architect

Conceptualisation of language in

workspace design briefs

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2. Theory and Background

2.1 Earlier Research about Architectural Briefing in General There has been a great deal of earlier research about the architectural briefing process in general. Since

the 1960s a large body of work on the problems of briefing for building projects has emerged. Most of

all prior research about briefing basically concludes that there is a problem considering briefs, and

some studies were aimed at developing prescriptive methods for writing a suitable brief. The aim was

to develop more practical methods and approaches for the brief to form the basis of the building

process (Ryd, 2004a: 234). In the Netherlands the SBR (Spekkink, 2006), a knowledge platform for

architecture, provided a publication to help establish a brief in a structured manner. As a result of this

the plurality of the project management agencies where the specialist consultants are employed apply

their own company briefing method – based on the scientifically developed briefing methods. For

example the Dutch agencies draaier+partners (Hoendervanger, 2012) and ARCADIS (Treffers, 2012)

encourage their staff to use the company briefing method.

Furthermore, an overall theoretical frame of reference has developed in line with the growth of design

theory, e.g. Alexander (1964). The formulation of the brief has also been considered in relation to

theories of decision-making, especially decision-making and uncertainty (Barrett, 1999). More

recently, the subject has been considered from the perspective of business re-engineering (Green &

Simister, 1999) and with a focus on management. Ryd (2004b) compares a number of strategic

briefing tools. She looks at the client‟s choice of briefing method and makes a comparison of the

suitability of the briefing methods. The different methods are not regarded by the researcher as

equivalent in that they are not assumed to be neutral instruments.

Despite all this work briefing continues to be highlighted as a weakness in the construction process

(Smith, Kenley and Wyatt, 1998; Barrett, 1999: 633).

2.2 Potential Problems in Briefing In figure 2 Barrett (1999) provides an overview of the problems that might arise while composing the

brief and in the following phases. This overview clearly demonstrates the problems in the briefing

process, the potential good practices and the reasons for failure of these good practices: it reveals

several reasons why the problems still persist.

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Figure 2: Potential problems in briefing, according to Barrett (1999: 636-637).

2.3 Prior Research about Language of the Client and the Architect Supplementary to the general research about architectural briefing, there are several researchers who

approached the problem from a linguistic point of view (Forty, 2000). As Luck (2003) states the

language used by the client and the language used by the architect may differ, causing communication

problems (Bogers, Van Meel, & Van der Voordt, 2008).

Although (architectural) design is commonly regarded as an act of individual creation to which both

verbalisation and logical analysis are only peripherally relevant, Tomes, Oates and Armstrong (1998)

developed an alternative view of design in which the ability to articulate verbal meanings associated

with visual design, and conversely, to interpret verbal messages in visual terms is a core skill.

Caballero (2003) explores the plentiful use of metaphors by architects. Some of those sound familiar

to the layman, like “the residential wing (Caballero, 2003: 156)” but others, like “not only do the

masonry blocks inch out of the vertical plane as they rise (Caballero, 2003: 156-157)” will possibly

leave the client puzzled.

Luck (2006: 156-163) in her research mentions several conversational strategies architects adopt to

exchange information about the spaces with the users, like follow-on enquiry; endorsement of user

idea and fact gathering questions.

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Fleming (1998) developed a typology of speech acts specific to design in the language of mid-project,

designer-designer conversations. In addition, he attempts to tie these different speech acts to their

various rhetorical effects.

2.4 Meaning of Words If the goal of the present research is to know what different words in briefs can mean to both of the

target groups, it is essential to dive deeper into the meaning of words first. The meaning of a word is

not in the word itself (Langacker, 1991: 2 in Verspoor, 2008: 265). A word is just a character, or a

combination of characters. It is a label for a meaning. “A word‟s meaning is all the events, contexts,

uses, and so on that it can be associated with (Verspoor, 2008: 265).” “A word may activate any type

of association, be it social, cultural, psychological, linguistic (e.g. collocational), or pragmatic

(Verspoor, 2008: 265).” Because meaning is constructed by associations, and associations are very

personal, it is better to speak of concept instead of meaning.

Conceptualisations of words are linked to cultures. There are many definitions and interpretations of

culture and they sometimes differ a lot from one specific paradigm to another. The field of cultural

linguistics (Palmer, 1996) is an approach that accepts cognitive theory, but also requires that cultural

patterns be included in the scope of investigation. According to Sharifian (2003) cultural cognition is a

dynamic system that emerges from the interactions between members of a cultural group. These

members of a cultural group constantly negotiate and renegotiate their emergent cultural cognition

across time and space, across generations and various communicative events. Sharifian states that

cultural conceptualisations can usually be found in the various human languages. Moreover, Sharifian

holds that not every member of a cultural group has exactly the same cultural conceptualisations.

Since cultural cognition is in the basis of many of our actions and behaviours, including language and

communication, we usually assume that other people‟s behaviour draws on the same cultural

cognition. Members of the same culture can communicate more easily with each other, then members

of different cultures.

Because cultural cognition emerges from the interactions between members of a cultural group, it can

be assumed that clients and architects have different cognitions, because they interact more with their

own professional group, identify themselves more with their own professional group and see people of

the other group as outsiders. The idea that creative groups form their own culture, with common word

associations, is confirmed by Richard Burton, speaking of his architectural practice ABK architects:

Over the years we have developed what might be called „group territory‟: that is, a pool of

common word associations, experience, ideas, and behaviour. We are agile in such

territory. (Burton in Lawson, 2005: 246)

An anonymous briefing consultant supports that view:

[Some] requirements […] are difficult to express in words. With a term like “open”,

different people will have different associations.

(Briefing consultant in Bogers, Van Meel, & Van der Voordt, 2008: 112)

Now it is clear that culture influences our concepts: it influences the things a word means to us. It is

also clear that a professional group can be seen as a culture, and our profession can influence our

concepts. Now how can we discover cultural concepts? One way of interacting is through language.

By examining words, we may discover cultural concepts (Verspoor, 2008).

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2.5 User Participation The idea that a good briefing process is helpful to the architectural design is derived from the idea that

user participation in the design process is beneficial. According to Jensen en Pedersen (2009: 174) the

research on briefing mostly seems to be concerned with capturing client (the building sponsor)

requirements, while the needs of the end users (secretary, help desk operator, manager) are not so

prominent (Kamara et al., 2002; Boyd and Chinyio, 2006). Blyth and Worthington (2001) describe a

user gap, referring to users often not being involved in the dialogue with either top management

(perhaps themselves users) or experts in building design (q.v. figure 3). The depth of the user gap may

differ from country to country. According to Jensen and Pedersen (2009: 174) it appears that the user

gap is not so distinct in Scandinavian countries, at least in comparison to the UK. In Scandinavia the

focus has always been on functionality and ergonomic design in relation to activities of daily life and

work design, they argue.

Figure 3: Architect-client communication schematised. The communication takes place

between the architect and the client, and they have to consider the needs of all the other

individuals.

Jensen and Pedersen (2009: 173-175) expound that user participation is not a new phenomenon. It

started in the 1960s as part of the increased focus on democracy in the workplace. In the UK and the

Netherlands user involvement became common in the 1970s, especially with publicly funded social

housing projects. User is a broad term, and it can be useful to distinguish between different groups of

users. In addition to the client and senior managers, the main category of users is the end user, which

covers employees and middle managers in companies, and consumers or customers, for instance of

new housing developments. A special group of users would be internal specialists in organisations,

who get involved in the building project because of their special competencies within a specific part of

building planning. An important question is whether genuine participation requires real influence on

decisions about the building project. Jensen and Pedersen (2009: 175) explain that genuine

participation requires some degree of involvement in decision-making. However, even without direct

involvement in the decision-making, users can obtain real influence on a project by being part of the

information process. Taken to the extreme, user involvement can develop into a co-design process

co

mm

un

icatio

n

End users

Design team Architect Client

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involving users and designers. An example of this might be design workshops, where particular

complex lay-out problems with many contradictory user requirements can be solved as an optimum

outcome with acceptable compromises.

In large organisations user participation is often applied in a guiding manner, as unstructured

interviews are time consuming. This can lead to a building that does not reflect the way the end users

want to organise their working environment (Hoendervanger, 2012).

Anyhow user participation might not be the priority for every architect, as describes Pieter Sijpersma

(2012), chief executive editor at the newspaper Dagblad van het Noorden, when he says: “those

headstrong architects who sometimes do not even appear to consider the users.” On the other side of

the picture architects are sometimes discouraged by the clients to establish a direct dialogue with users

(Bogers, Van Meel, & Van der Voordt, 2008: 113).

2.6 Various Types of Briefs Before starting with the research methodology, it might be useful to note that there can be different

types of briefs, with different hallmarks. The complexity of the briefing process and the difficulty of

the architect-client communication can be influenced by the type of brief.

Cases where the future use of the building is known from the start differ from projects that are not that

clear-cut. Sometimes projects for instance consist of renovating and rebuilding an existing structure

that is to be used for new functions that are initially unknown. This has its impact on the detail of the

brief.

With some briefs, detailed drawings may already have been prepared for an extended local planning

process. These drawings may show many requirements. The extent to which these are to be regarded

as function solutions or specific solutions may vary. As some of these drawings have also served as a

basis for the planning application they will be more difficult to modify later on (Ryd, 2004a: 239).

Today the brief no longer is a static but rather a dynamic document that develops along with the

various phases of the design (sketch design, outline design, scheme design, working design). In the

field, there are different opinions about this. Some clients and designers prefer a detailed brief at an

early stage of the development plan. Then everyone knows where he stands and the brief can serve as

a contract document between the client and designing parties. Others emphasize the value of the

interaction between briefing and designing and prefer a more dynamic brief (Wijnja, 2012).

2.7 Organisational Factors Affecting the Brief Some of the factors that are organisational and affect the brief are (according to Ryd, 2004a: 244):

- the authority and areas of responsibility of the parties involved

- the channels of communication, both official and unofficial

- the organisational proximity between those responsible for the brief, the user and the owner of the

property

- how much control the client wishes to have over the final design

In office buildings there is a major conceptual choice between traditional and innovative workspace

(Het Nieuwe Werken in the Netherlands). To this there are different underlying views concerning

effectiveness and efficiency, choice in time and place of work (e.g. fixed workstations linked to

individuals versus flexible workplaces linked to activities) and social interaction (communication,

concentration, privacy).

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Given that the specialist consultant as the author of the brief can potentially affect the success of the

project, and the importance of briefing to the attainment of client satisfaction, it must be noted that

problems might arise because of the complexity of the nature of the client‟s organisation. Problems

experienced by the specialist consultant and the architect in the communication and gathering of

information might result from a failure to establish an understanding with the client at the beginning of

the briefing process and vice versa. In order to generate this understanding, it is important to establish

the nature of the client‟s organisation at the beginning. An aid in the translation of the client‟s wishes

to the design team might be the linking of work processes to work environments, like Duffy (1997)

does. He identifies four major organisational types and, as a shorthand way of capturing the distinct

work patterns and distinctive design features of each, has characterised them as hive, cell, den, and

club. This categorisation is only a convenient simplification. In reality any organisation of any size or

complexity is likely to be characterised by a shifting mixture of the categories, or by many more

categories than Duffy discerns. Nonetheless his research can give a helping hand while preparing the

brief.

2.8 Client-Architect Communication the real Problem? The question is if, despite the arguments made above, the problem of an unsatisfying building really is

a problem caused by miscommunication between the client and the architect, or that such is a

unidimensional viewpoint.

For communication within the design team can also result in problems in the interpretation of a brief,

particularly with respect to collectively defining the problem, agreeing objectives and coming up with

architectural solutions. Designers do not always have the knowledge and experience to enable them to

interact as a team for the resolution of problems. In essence, unsatisfactory design solutions might

result from ineffective communication between the client and the design team, but also between the

individual members of the design team itself.

Moreover the trouble could be of financial nature: sometimes the budget is plainly not sufficient to

realise all of the client‟s wishes. The client might know what he wants, the architect might understand

it, but if the means are inadequate the building might not be tailored to the client‟s wishes. Van der

Tuuk (2012), who had the role of client in the realisation in the Willem-Alexander Sportcentrum in

Groningen, delivered in 2007, affirms that. Certain good plans had to be dismissed, because the budget

was reduced during the process.

A similar reason may be the lack of time. When a project has to be built on tight schedule, there may

be not enough time to reach a good design.

Another question at hand is if the design process truly is better off with the interference of the layman

client. After all, the architect is the professional, and should know best how a building should be

conceived. Asking the client what he wants does not necessarily lead to a better building, but

eventually to an IKEA mock-up type of environment. The question in the preliminary phase of the

design process after all is not whether or not the design is beautiful, but if the building will facilitate

the (social) processes. Furthermore, involving the client to much in the design process might cause the

client to think that he has to be on top of the things, without having the technical expertise to know on

what things.

One could also ask if the brief is verily that important in the design process. There may be many

reasons for the principles stated in the brief to change during the various design phases and all of the

parties involved may be prepared to change and develop the content of the brief at a latter stage. The

reactions of the client and the design team to situations that arise sometimes prove to have a more

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considerable impact on the final result than the actual content of the brief document. An organisation

that requires a building is in a state of change (Barrett, 1999: 641). It will no longer be quite the same

after the new building is complete. Therefore the organisation cannot set out a clear set of objectives

for the new building, following that a brief is not more important than the latter stages of the design

process.

And even if the problem at hand really turns out to be a problem in communication between the client

and the architect, would not it be simply sufficient to trigger a better communication between the

design team and the client? If the team expends time and effort in eliciting the client‟s requirements

and objectives and subsequently act on it, the problem might be diminished, affirms Van der Tuuk

(2012): in the competition leading to the choice of the architect he had the impression that some of the

architects did know very well what he wanted, but then went on doing what they wanted instead.

“I was very happy with AGS Architecten, the firm ultimately selected, because they came

and spoke with us a lot. They listened well en didn‟t think: they probably mean this and

this. They kept on asking questions, until they knew what we really meant. Being a client

you have to venture to ask questions, because you are not familiar with the architectural

jargon. The other way around it is the same: the architect neither is familiar with your

organisation and vocabulary.” (Van der Tuuk, 2012)

Possibly it is fairly a matter of the quality of the architect and the quality of the specialist consultant.

Experienced consultants have developed, over the years, their own set of internalised briefing „rules‟

to which they continually refer (Barrett, 1999: 638) and therefore can do without a briefing method. In

fact, according to architect Herman Hertzberger, a building should be made so that it is not perfectly

tailored to the brief (Hertzberger et al, 2004: 37):

For how do briefs come into being? Briefs are often produced by management agencies

and they go on asking in a strictly democratic manner every user exactly what he wants.

One wants to have a room that is such and such and that is then translated into 31.5 square

meters and the other wants to have one of 29.3 square meters and all that will be written

down in the brief. A bit of a scaredy-cat architect really thinks the one room has to be

29.3 square meters and the other 31.5. At the time that building is ready, the employee

concerned is long gone. (Hertzberger in Keuning, 1999)

Ultimately, there is a group of people disaffirming the existence of a problem at all. For example

project manager Treffers (2012) reports that at ARCADIS there is no experience at all with clients or

end users ending up unsatisfied with the building. According to him there are enough moments in the

design process for the client to approve the documents at hand and to guide the development of the

brief. The end user is mutually involved; the design is discussed with small delegations of the various

departments. Treffers thinks architect-client communication is not a problem. The only difficulty is

that architects are able to think three dimensionally, and clients not always. So only when the design is

being build they discover how the drawings work three-dimensionally. However modern 3D

technologies diminish this problem. Dutch architects generally have a good relationship with the client

and can translate the client‟s wishes correctly into a building, he explains.

2.9 Schematic Model

The theory set out in the preceding paragraphs is summarised here in a schematic model (figure 4).

The position of the present research in the model is indicated in a bright blue colour.

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Figure 4: Schematic model and position present research in theory.

Problems in architectural

briefing. Solution: briefing

methods

Problem persits. More

research needed,

concerning:

The language involved (focus

of present research)

User participation

Is communication

the real problem?

Organisational factors

Existing briefing

methods

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3. Methodology

The theory behind the various research methods will now be expounded. Three separate research

methods were used: a Word Association Test (WAT), a questionnaire and a text analysis.

3.1 Word Association Test

3.1.1 Sub Question

The sub question to be answered by this method reads: how does the conceptualisation of words often

found in Dutch workspace design briefs differ between clients and architects?

To answer the question of the difference in conceptualisation not just positively or negatively, but in

more depth the qualitative research method Word Association Test (WAT) was used.

3.1.2 Operationalisation

Word associations are the associations one has with a word. Because words can activate associations,

one can get a better view of what a word means to a group of people by collecting word associations.

The respondents – after being provided with a rough sketch of the context – were asked to respond

with the first two words that came into their mind.

For the word associations 10 stimulus words commonly found in contemporary Dutch workspace

design briefs were investigated. These words are:

- KENNISDELING (sharing of knowledge)

- FLEXIBILITEIT (flexibility)

- ONTMOETEN (to meet)

- OPPERVLAKTE (surface area)

- VERKEERSRUIMTE (circulation space)

- ARCHITECTUUR (architecture)

- TRANSPARANTIE (transparency)

- UITSTRALING (aura/character)

- FUNCTIONEEL (functional)

- RUIMTE (space)

Often in these tests buffer words are used that do not have anything to do with the subject to distract

the participants from the matter. But in this case the participants need to know the context of the words

(being architecture), for the meaning of a word like FLEXIBILITEIT (flexibility) can differ greatly

depending on whether or not it is related to architecture. In this test, the objective words

(OPPERVLAKTE, VERKEERSRUIMTE, ARCHITECTUUR) can serve as buffer words from the more

subjective words. If there turns out to be a difference in conceptualisation also with the objective

words, and not merely with the subjective words maybe something else might be going on.

To calculate if the differences in the associations between clients and architects are significant, the

Fisher‟s Exact Test was used with an alpha of 0.05.

3.1.3 Research Group, Material and Data Collection

3.1.3.1 Research group

The population for this WAT includes all the architects in the Netherlands, and all the (potential)

clients. The group of potential clients consists of managers of middle to large Dutch companies and

organisations. These companies and organisations do not necessarily have to be in need of a new

17

office building at the moment, as they might be in the future. As the population is too extensive to take

a census, a sample of 100 participants were questioned: 50 representing the client group and 50

representing the architect group. Considering the size of the population, this sample provided an

adequate external validity. With a 95% confidence this sample has an error level of 13.8% which is

sufficient for this qualitative research method. All of the participants were first language (L1) Dutch

speakers.

The median age of the clients is 50 years old, whereas the architects have a median age of 39 years

old, which ensues from the fact that the clients are managers and board members, and they are

generally older.

In the client group, 11 participants are female and 39 are male. In the architect group, 9 participants

are female, whereas 41 participants are male.

Figure 5: Distribution of participants in the client group over the Dutch provinces.

18

Figure 6: Distribution of participants in the architect group over the Dutch provinces.

Of the 50 clients, 34 have completed a master degree. All of the architects have completed a master

degree, because that is a stipulation in order to be registered as an architect.

19

3.1.3.2 Research Material

The following form was used, after the participants were informed that the research was about

workplace design.

Vraag 1: Geslacht -------------------------------- Vraag 2: Leeftijd -------------------------------- Vraag 3: Provincie -------------------------------- Vraag 4: Beroep/functie -------------------------------- Vraag 5: Hoogst afgeronde opleiding -------------------------------- Vraag 6: Zou u 2 woordassociaties kunnen geven voor de volgende woorden? Dat zijn twee woorden die meteen in u op komen als u het woord leest. Voorbeeld

Woord Associatie 1 Associatie 2 auto wiel garage

De associaties hoeven niet per se met het woord te maken te hebben. Dus als er bij het woord auto de associatie saucijzenbroodje in u opkomt is dat ook goed. Het is de bedoeling dat u maar 2 woorden als associatie geeft. Dus niet: het wiel en een groene garage want dat zijn in totaal dus al 5 woordassociaties.

Woorden Associatie 1 Associatie 2 kennisdeling

flexibiliteit ontmoeten

oppervlakte verkeersruimte

architectuur

transparantie uitstraling

functioneel ruimte

Vraag 7: Noem één woord dat volgens u ontbreekt in de lijst hiervoor --------------------------------

20

In translation:

Question 1: Gender -------------------------------- Question 2: Age -------------------------------- Question 3: Province -------------------------------- Question 4: Occupation/position -------------------------------- Question 5: Highest level of education completed -------------------------------- Question 6: Can you give 2 word associations for the following words? Those are two words that immediately come into your mind if you read the word. Example

Word Association 1 Association 2 car wheel garage

The associations do not necessarily have to do with the word. So if the word car makes the association sausage roll come into your mind that is also good. The idea is that you only give 2 words as associations. So not: the wheel and a green garage because that is a total of 5 word associations.

Words Association 1 Association 2 kennisdeling

flexibiliteit ontmoeten

oppervlakte verkeersruimte

architectuur

transparantie uitstraling

functioneel ruimte

Question 7: Name a word that you think is missing in the list above --------------------------------

3.1.3.3 Data Collection

This paragraph explains how the data was collected. To gather the word associations emails were sent

out to architects and clients, asking if they want to cooperate with a small research. The architects

were assembled using systematic sampling that relied on the 10574-member list of Dutch architects

(architectenregister.nl) and then selecting individuals at regular intervals through that list: every

fiftieth architect was sent an email. If that particular architect was unavailable, because his email

address could not be found or he was not a L1 Dutch speaker, the architect before him was selected.

Urban developers, landscape architects and interior architects were not included. Systematic sampling

is a type of probability sampling. As not all of the architects responded, receiving the emailed response

had to rely on quota sampling, which is a type of nonprobability sampling. As the number of fifty

architects was not completely met after the list was gone through, the sampling continued as quota

sampling for the remaining five architects.

21

As there is no such list for potential clients as there is for architects, the sampling of the clients had to

rely on accidental sampling and quota sampling.

The participants were explained what the word associations procedure is. Then they were given the

stimulus words and asked to write down the first associations that came into their mind.

The architects were interviewed sending out emails to about 400 Dutch architects. The clients were

simultaneously collected, sending out emails to about 400 clients i.e. presidents and chairmen of the

executive board of random Dutch companies and organisations employing more than 100 individuals

(not being organisations involved in any kind of building or architectural design).

The participants were asked explicitly to give but „one word‟ associations. So participants were not

allowed to give two words - like mijn huis (my house) - as an association. The word associations thus

obtained were put into categories, q. v. Appendix II: Word Associations. These categories were

reviewed by two other researchers to improve the objectivity. As a final step the interviewees were

asked if they wanted to give one word that according to them was missing in the list. These words

were also put into categories, q. v. table 13 on page 131.

3.2 Questionnaire

3.2.1 Sub Question

The sub question to be answered by the second method – the questionnaire - is the same as the sub

question answered by the WAT.


From the word associations conclusions were drawn (q.v. paragraph 4.2). These conclusions were

tested again by a qualitative questionnaire, aiming to ascertain if the conclusions are veracious. The

WAT for example indicates that clients conceptualise TRANSPARANTIE (transparency) mostly like

transparent organisations, and the architects conceptualise it mostly like glass and see-through

materials, and the questionnaire is aimed to check if clients and architects actually might be talking

about different things when talking about TRANSPARANTIE.

In the questionnaire icons were used that represent schematic workspace interiors. At the end of the

questionnaire participants were requested to report their preference towards either briefs that are

supplemented with icons (like the ones in the questionnaire) or a completely linguistic brief.

3.2.3 Research Group, Material and Data Collection

3.2.3.1 Research Group

For the questionnaire different respondents were employed than the ones that participated in the WAT,

because the first set already knows too much. This second set includes 14 participants. A smaller

group than the first group, because the questionnaire contains several open questions that need

analysing. A large amount of individual answers would make the results rather unreadable and it

would not be an asset.

The population for this questionnaire is the same as for the WAT. As the group is too small to present

data like the median age and percentages of men and woman, the data of the respondents can be found

at the start of each questionnaire, in Appendix III on page 135.

22

3.2.3.2 Research Material

The following questionnaire was used, after the participants were informed that the research is about

workplace design.

Vraag 1: Geslacht

--------------------------------

Vraag 2: Leeftijd

--------------------------------

Vraag 3: Provincie (woonachtig)

--------------------------------

Vraag 4: Beroep/functie

--------------------------------

Vraag 5: Hoogst afgeronde opleiding

--------------------------------

Vraag 6: Naderhand blijkt heel af en toe dat een kantoorgebouw niet zo is geworden als de

opdrachtgever graag gewild had. Waardoor denkt u dat dat vooral veroorzaakt wordt?

a. Communicatieproblemen tussen opdrachtgever en architect

b. Eigenwijsheid of onkunde van de architect

c. Een beperkt budget

d. Regels vanuit de overheid

e. Anders, namelijk: --------------------------------

Vraag 7: Wat is de taak van een architect binnen het bouwproces van een kantoorgebouw?

a. De bouwkundige en technische plannen voorzien van een mooi jasje

b. Het gehele bouwproces van begin tot eind regelen, zowel technisch als esthetisch

c. Anders, namelijk: --------------------------------

Vraag 8: Kan men zonder een architect ook tot een goed gebouw met een goede werkomgeving

komen?

a. Ja, want--------------------------------

b. Nee, want--------------------------------

Vraag 9: Het wordt vaak als positief gezien als organisaties en bedrijven transparant zijn, met andere

woorden: dat zij duidelijk maken wat zij doen en hoe zij dat doen. Hoe kan zulke organisationele

transparantie volgens u het beste vertaald worden in een gebouw?

--------------------------------

Vraag 10: Hoe kan volgens u bij het ontwerp van een kantoorgebouw gezorgd worden voor een zo

groot mogelijke flexibiliteit?

23

a.

Door een kolommenstructuur

toe te passen, dan zijn er geen

dragende wanden en kan het

gebouw steeds aangepast

worden aan de behoeften.

b.

Door te zorgen dat iedereen

overal kan zitten. Geen

persoonlijke kantoren.

c.

Door te zorgen dat het gebouw

dag en nacht toegankelijk is,

zodat iedereen kan werken

wanneer hij wil.

d. Anders, namelijk: --------------

------------------

Vraag 11: Wat is de architectuur van een gebouw vooral?

a.

De techniek: het beton, de

boutjes en de moertjes, de

bouwkundige inventiviteit.

24

b.

De kunst: het uiterlijk van een

gebouw, dat wat een gebouw

uitstraling geeft.

c.

Een combinatie van A en B.

d. Anders, namelijk: -------------

-------------------

Vraag 12: Hoe zou een kantoorgebouw waarin het begrip “ontmoeten” centraal staat volgens u eruit

moeten zien?

a.

Werknemers en klanten, en

collega‟s onderling moeten

elkaar kunnen zien. Dat

vraagt om een gebouw met

open ruimten en veel glas.

25

b.

Het gebouw moet voorzien

zijn van allerhande moderne

technieken, zodat collega‟s en

klanten en collega‟s onderling

met elkaar kunnen

communiceren in een ander

deel van het gebouw, of als zij

thuis werken.

c.

Door te zorgen dat het

gebouw openstaat voor

klanten, zodat zij zich

welkom voelen.

d. Anders, namelijk: -------------

-------------------

Vraag 13: Hoe zou u, als architect (in the questionnaires for the clients it reads “opdrachtgever”

instead of “architect”), het programma van eisen voor een nieuw te bouwen kantoorgebouw het liefst

zien: volledig talig, of voorzien van tekeningen of bijvoorbeeld icoontjes zoals in de drie vragen

hierboven?

--------------------------------

In translation:

Question 1: Gender

--------------------------------

Question 2: Age

--------------------------------

Question 3: Province

--------------------------------

Question 4: Occupation/position

26

--------------------------------

Question 5: Highest level of education completed

--------------------------------

Question 6: Afterwards it appears occasionally that an office building is not exactly what the client

had wanted. What do you think is the main cause of that?

a. Problems in the communication between client and architect

b. Stubbornness or ignorance of the architect

c. A limited budget

d. Government rules

e. Other: --------------------------------

Question 7: What is the role of an architect in the construction of an office building?

a. To make sure the building and technical plans are equipped with a nice shiny front.

b. To control the entire building process from beginning to end, both technically and

aesthetically

c. Other: --------------------------------

Question 8: Can one also reach a good building design with a good work environment without an

architect present?

a. Yes, because--------------------------------

b. No, because--------------------------------

Question 9: It is often seen as positive if organisations and companies are transparent, in other words:

that they make clear what they do and how they do it. How do you think such organisational

transparency is best translated into a building?

--------------------------------

Question 10: How do you think that in the design of an office building the greatest possible flexibility

can be arranged?

a.

By employing a column grid,

then there are no load-bearing

walls, and the building can

always be adapted to the

needs.

27

b.

By ensuring that everyone can

sit anywhere. No personal

offices.

c.

By ensuring that the building

is accessible day and night, so

that everyone can work

whenever he wants.

d. Other: ----------------------------

----

Question 11: What is the main characteristic of the architecture of a building?

a.

The engineering: the concrete,

the bolts and the nuts, the

architectural inventiveness.

b.

The art: the appearance of a

building, that what gives a

building its aura.

28

c.

A combination of A and B.

d. Other: ---------------------------

-----

Question 12: How should an office building in which "meeting" is a central concept look like in your

view?

a.

Employees and customers,

and colleagues between

themselves need to be able to

see each other. This requires a

building with open spaces and

plenty of glass.

b.

The building must be

equipped with all sorts of

modern techniques so that

colleagues and clients and

colleagues between

themselves can communicate

with each other in another

part of the building, or if they

are working at home.

c.

By ensuring that the building

is open to customers so they

feel welcome.

d. Other: ---------------------------

-----

29

Question 13: How would you, as an architect (in the questionnaires for the clients it reads “client”

instead of “architect”), rather see the brief for a new office building: fully linguistic, or with drawings

or for example icons such as in the three questions above?

--------------------------------

This survey has been formulated on the basis of the results of the WAT. Perhaps normally the

questions in a questionnaire are less directive, but here the conclusions from the WAT are more clearly

articulated to see how the interviewees will respond to that.

3.2.3.3 Data Collection

Emails with the questionnaires were sent out to architects and clients, asking if they want to cooperate

with a small research. The participants were collected in the same way as they were for the WAT.

3.3 Text Analysis

3.3.1 Sub Question

The sub question to be answered in by the third method – the text analysis - is: are Dutch workspace

design briefs fit to be interpreted in the same way by both architects and clients?


For the text analysis four Dutch workspace design briefs were used. To analyse them the functional

analysis (Schellens & Steehouder, 2008: 4) was employed. The functional analysis is meant to

examine if the text is suitable to attain the goal for which it was written. And if so, why? And if not,

what has to be changed to the text in order to attain that goal? A functional analysis is aimed at the

functions a text tries to fulfil.

An analysis was made of target groups, goals, and how the content and form of the text are tuned to

them. The result of the functional analysis should be an objective judgment of the text, with a list of

recommendations that could lead to its improvement. The functional analysis concentrates primarily

on the text itself, but also involves the context in which the text was materialised and in which it

functions.

3.3.3 Research Material and Data Collection

The briefs were collected using purposive sampling; the purpose being to get a sample of sizeable

briefs that describe the type of workspace desired in detail. A number of four briefs were collected this

way. Two of the briefs were instructions for the design of new town halls, for Delft and Almelo

respectively. The other two briefs were instructions for the design of care centres, one in Amsterdam

and the other in Zwolle.

30

4. Analysis

4.1 Introduction In this chapter the raw data, being the word associations, the completed questionnaires and the briefs,

will be analysed. The raw data can be found in the appendices. This analysis will continue in the same

order as in the previous chapter: first the analysis of the WAT, then the analysis of the questionnaire

and finally the analysis of the briefs.

4.2 Word Association Test The word associations of each individual participant, as well as the word associations categorised per

stimulus word can be found in Appendix II: Word Associations on page 51 and beyond.

Some stimulus words, like ONTMOETEN (to meet, 47 categories), provide many more divers categories

of associations then a word like TRANSPARANTIE (transparency, 13 categories). Apparently, some

stimulus words are more multi-interpretable than others. TRANSPARANTIE mainly evokes associations

either with seeing through materials, or transparency within organisations. A word like ONTMOETEN

evokes very diverse associations, varying from shaking hands, to coffee, power and culture. The

unambiguity of the stimulus words proves to influence the uniqueness and unusualness of the

associations.

In general, clients are not so unfamiliar with the building jargon and background as one might expect.

Participant 41 for example makes a direct link between OPPERVLAKTE (surface area) and geld

(money). The stimulus word VERKEERSRUIMTE (circulation space) that is an architectural term is not

identified as circulation space by most client participants. They mainly associate it with cars and other

traffic in the outdoor space, as the Dutch VERKEERSRUIMTE literally translates as traffic space. But

some managers do know what the term means, namely circulation space in buildings. And participant

37 mentions both weg (road) and hal (hall) as associations for VERKEERSRUIMTE. Besides, managers

who are currently involved in a building project, such as participants 20 and 22, are seen to develop a

notion of architectural jargon quickly, mentioning technical expressions like NEN2580 (Dutch

standard for surface areas of grounds and buildings).

The differences between the client and architect group were not very eminent. One might expect that

architects for example would associate a word like FLEXIBILITEIT (flexibility) with structural

flexibility, or column grids. But only one architect did so.

Nonetheless, there were some significant differences according to the Fisher‟s Exact Test (alpha of

0.05). For the word VERKEERSRUIMTE (circulation space) 52 out of 100 client associations belonged in

the category (1) association with cars and other traffic in the outdoor space whereas but 8 client

associations belonged in the category (2) associations with circulation space in buildings. Architects

on the other hand identified VERKEERSRUIMTE as a road traffic matter scarcely (13 out of 100

associations) and correctly identified it as circulation space (34 out of 100 associations). This

difference in associations can be seen purely as a matter of knowing or not knowing the jargon.

The differences found for the word ARCHITECTUUR (architecture) are not just a matter of knowing or

not knowing the jargon, but of value judgments. The differences are mainly found in the category (1)

associations with positive emotions or positive value judgments and (1a) associations with negative

emotions or negative value judgments. 16 out of 100 client associations with architecture are negative,

like duur (pricey), lastig (troublesome), lelijk (ugly), nep (fake) and megalomaan (megalomaniacal).

Whereas architects value architecture mainly as a positive thing, using associations like mooi

(beautiful), noodzaak (necessity), doordacht (well thought-out) and belangrijk (important).

31

Another difference between the two groups occurs for the word TRANSPARANTIE (transparency).

Architects relate this mainly with (1) associations with sight and see-through materials (52 out of 100

associations) whereas clients relate it with (2) associations with transparency and trust between

people and transparency in organisations (43 out of 100 associations).

The question asking architects and clients if words were missing from the list did not provide

interesting results. Not all of the participants answered this question. Participants for example

suggested words that had to do with the physical environment, like bureau (desk) or working together,

like samenwerken (cooperate).

In all of the results, coffee can be found to be fairly important to many participants. It appeared as

associations to KENNISDELING (sharing of knowledge), ONTMOETEN (to meet) and one of the

participants even mentioned it as a word that was missing from the list. Apparently, coffee is

inherently important to both clients and architects in order to create a workspace.

4.3 Questionnaire

The completed questionnaires can be found in Appendix III on page 135.

Question 6 in the questionnaire touches upon the cause of a client‟s dissatisfaction with a newly

developed office building. Both architects and clients indicate a variety of causes: problems in the

communication between client and architect, stubbornness or ignorance of the architect, a limited

budget and government rules were the options chosen. Some clients came up with yet other possible

causes: “there could also be uncertainty in the client about his own needs or future (participant 101)”,

“the lack of vision, both architect and client forcing through their own wishes, and a limited budget.

Then cutbacks are made on the wrong components (for example on climate control in relation to a

surplus of windows) (participant 103)” and “insufficient understanding of the organisation in what

exactly is needed for a good workplace organisation (participant 104)”. Architects gave suggestions

too. Striking is that while clients seem to think architects can sometimes be stubborn, participant 109 –

as an architect - thinks the client is the one that is stubborn: “stubbornness or ignorance of the client”

he suggests as a reason for project failure. Another architect expresses that “a project can hardly fail

because a design is browsed to the millimetre and extensively discussed in detail at least three times.

Each design must first meet the zoning plan and building regulation and the building act, and possibly

environmental laws (participant 113)”.

The seventh question the questionnaire deals with is the role of the architect: is he an engineer, or just

the one who takes care of the shiny façade? Both clients and architects mainly agree that an architect is

(or should be) more than just a decorator. A client phrases it in the following way: “that beautiful

exterior is not the main point. It is about two things: to make a building that makes the work processes

work out as good as possible and to make a building that stimulates job satisfaction (participant 101)”.

An architect puts it this way: “for each job the role may be different, but an architect only occupying

himself with the looks of a building fortunately is something that scarcely happens. Ideally, the

architect supervises the whole process. But that is not always the reality (participant 108)”. Question

11 has a similar tenor: is architecture art, engineering, or a combination of both? Almost all

participants agree that it is a combination of both.

Next is question 8, if an architect is indispensible in the building process, or that he can be omitted.

Only some clients think the architect is not essential, “provided that the client is able to convert the

usability requirements to technical construction requirements for the builder (participant 106)”. Even

some architects think they can be missed, because “it is not impossible that there are others that have

the same spatial insight and organisational skills an architect has. But that is highly exceptional, and

32

for larger projects unwise (participant 108)” and one can “probably” build without an architect, “but

the road there will be much harder, experience is important (participant 109)” but “then you'll pale into

insignificance compared to your competitors. An architect can come up with something that flatters

the eye and functionally works much smarter (participant 113)”.

If an organisation wants to be transparent, how can that be translated into a building? That is the topic

of question 9. Is it just use of glass or is it something else? The participants come up with several

suggestions not involving glass: “a clear and accessible entrance and reception (participant 102,

client)”, “by talking about the design with all sorts of employees, from the hostess to the CEO

(participant 103, client)”, “chiefly the entrance is of importance, and the possibility of easy access to

the work stations. No cubby-holes (participant 104, client)”, “that you can see on the outside what is

the subject that is being treated inside. This is possible by the design of the exterior, entrance,

references in the materials, characteristic meeting rooms or for example a display window or

showroom (participant 107, client)”, “by involving the client AND the staff in the design, focus groups

(participant 109, architect)”, “bright appearance, uncluttered building, in short: clarity (participant 110,

architect)”, “Spatial structure, clear walk lines, sightlines through the building, meeting areas

(participant 111, architect)”, “Perhaps a large hall from which you can see multiple departments

working on different levels (participant 112, architect)”. Some interviewees also indicate that not

everybody might be pleased with transparent buildings: “it may be that the staff does not appreciate it

that all and sundry can look at their workplace. Glass walls and vistas are used for social control more

than for transparency (participant 113, architect)”, consequently, transparency is not always the right

thing for every company “not to mention abattoirs and hospitals (participant 101, client)”.

Question 10 in the questionnaire deals with flexibility. How does one design a flexible building? Most

participants (both clients and architect) chose the column grid as the best option. Some interviewees

also though it important that workplaces are collective so that everybody can sit everywhere. Just one

person chose the option of the office building being accessible day and night. One client observed that

flexible workplaces are “a fashion thing. It ignores the fact that humans are mammals (participant

101)”

Question 12 is another test of one of the stimulus words: ONTMOETEN (to meet). How does one design

a building that facilitates meeting? Clients and architect chose all three options, that is to say:

employees and customers, and colleagues between themselves need to be able to see each other. This

requires a building with open spaces and plenty of glass; the building must be equipped with all sorts

of modern techniques so that colleagues and clients and colleagues between themselves can

communicate with each other in another part of the building, or if they are working at home; and by

ensuring that the building is open to customers so they feel welcome. One architect comments:

“employers do not like it if the staff constantly meets and communicates. That delays the work. So

plan meetings in a separate room and keep departments apart. Situations of ten years of war between

two departments or two heads are more normal than rare (participant 113)”.

The last question, question 13, deals with the textuality of the brief. Do the participants prefer a textual

brief, or do they prefer a brief that also contains images or icons? Here we see a difference: where

clients prefer images and photos in the brief, architects prefer a fully linguistic brief. Reasons clients

prefer images are that “pictures say more than words (participant 101)” and “icons look inspiring

(participant 107)”. Architects mainly prefer text, because “icons often already indicate a direction for

the solution, a brief must for one thing be precise, but for another thing also be open for unexpected

solutions (participant 108)”, “icons are a hype (participant 109)” and “icons often suggest too much.

And it is often about a feeling that cannot be captured in a picture (participant 112)”.

33

4.4 Text Analysis As the briefs are too voluminous to include them all as appendices, URL‟s of the PDF files are given

instead.

4.4.1 Het nieuwe (stads)kantoor (HNK)

PRC Bouwcentrum & Gemeente Delft (2008). Het nieuwe (stads)kantoor (HNK). Programma van

Eisen (een nadere uitwerking van het globaal Programma van Eisen d.d. 10 mei 2006). Delft:

Gemeente Delft. URL:

http://raad.delft.nl/commissies/Kennisnamestukken%20college_overigen/2008/bijlage%20nota/ro_200

8_018_bn.pdf

Step 1: Organisational targets and target groups of the text

What is the text about?

The subject of the text is het nieuwe stadskantoor (HNK): that is the new office where all of the Delft

municipal organisations will be accommodated. The text provides an analysis of all the technical,

spatial and esthetical requirements for the new building.

Who is the sender of the text?

The text is probably written by project management agency PRC (now taken over by ARCADIS), but

the actual sender is the municipality of Delft.

What organisational target does the sender have?

The organisational target of the sender is merely to govern the municipality of Delft. The

organisational targets of this particular brief can be found in chapter 1 of the brief. This brief is:

- a framework for the decision process by the bench of Mayor and Aldermen;

- a basis for cost estimations;

- a framework for the designing and executing parties;

- a means of communication for the internal organisation;

- an instrument to test the products provided at the end of each phase (outline design, scheme design,

etc.).

From this brief it is not clear if it is also a contract document for the designing and executing parties,

but as this is habitual with briefs it can be assumed that is the case.

Who constitutes the target group of the text?

The target group is constituted by the architectural firms and their advisors that will be competing in

the European public procurement. They will read this brief, and base the design on it. But the brief

furthermore is the guideline for all of the stakeholders, not only for designers but also for the

organisation of the client: the municipality of Delft, because the brief is a means of communication

between these parties. It is a means to check the building designed by the architect against the desired

and in this document defined level of quality.

http://raad.delft.nl/commissies/Kennisnamestukken%20college_overigen/2008/bijlage%20nota/ro_2008_018_bn.pdf

http://raad.delft.nl/commissies/Kennisnamestukken%20college_overigen/2008/bijlage%20nota/ro_2008_018_bn.pdf

34

Who is the reader persona?

The sender has chosen a reader persona who is familiar with Delft, and where it is located, as this is

not made explicit in the text. This information is considered to be known to the reader. However, the

reader is not considered to be familiar with het nieuwe stadskantoor and the other recent building

projects in Delft. Also, the reader is not seen as familiar with the activities of the municipality in

general, because this is explained in the brief in paragraphs 2.1 Visie gemeentelijke organisatie and 2.2

Organisatiestructuur.

Step 2: Communicative goals

In the first place the text has an informative goal. The sender informs the readers about het nieuwe

stadskantoor and all the requirements that are concerned with it.

The consecutive goal of the brief is the architect designing a new office building that will leave the

municipality of Delft satisfied.

Step 3: Texts acts

As units of analysis the several chapters of which the brief is made up are designated.

1. Inleiding (introduction)

The text act of chapter 1 can be characterised as the introduction of the brief.

2. De gemeentelijke organisatie (the municipal organisation)

This chapter is a description of the organisational structure of the municipality.

3. Huisvestingsvisie (our view on the accommodation)

This chapter is a description of the desired appearance of HNK and the ambition level with regard to

the functioning of the accommodation as a support of the municipal organisation. In addition, this

chapter is an argumentation, that can be identified by indicators like “omdat” (because) in the sentence

“Omdat het gebouw een behoorlijke omvang krijgt, is één van de belangrijke ontwerpopgaven om het

nieuwe pand te laten aansluiten op de veel kleinschaligere, bestaande bebouwing in de omgeving”

(Because the building will have a decent size, one of the important design issues for the new building

is to make sure it connects to the much smaller, existing buildings in the area). The sender gives

arguments why he wants the new office building to be realised in a certain architectural way.

4. Te huisvesten functies (functions to be accommodated)

This chapter is a description of which functions should be housed in the new office building and what

functional requirements a particular room has to meet.

5. Bouwfysische eisen (building physics requirements)

This is a description of the requirements for building physics. But also an incitement to the architects:

“Door de ontwerpende partij moet de financiële consequenties hiervan inzichtelijk gemaakt worden.”

(The financial consequences of this should be made clear by designing party.) The architect is incited

to get to work with the design.

35

6. Bouwkundige eisen (structural requirements)

This is a description of the structural requirements.

7. Werktuigbouwkundige eisen (mechanical requirements)

This is a description of the mechanical requirements. But also an incitement to the architects: “Van de

ontwerpende partij wordt verwacht dat alternatieven gepresenteerd worden voor de diverse

installatieonderdelen die op verschillende wijze kunnen worden gerealiseerd.” (It is expected of the

designing parties that alternatives are presented for the various installations that can be realised in

different ways). In other words, the architects are incited to come up with alternatives for the

mechanical installations. This also emerges for instance from the following sentence in paragraph

7.9.2 of the brief “De ontwerpende partij dient integraal de optimale oplossing te onderzoeken.” (The

designing party should integrally investigate the optimal solution.)

8. Elektrotechnische installaties (electrotechnical installations)

This is a description of the electrotechnical requirements. Just like the last chapter, this is also an

incitement.

9. Transportinstallaties (transport installations)

This is a description of the transport requirements.

Step 4: Evaluation

This text primarily is a description of all the requirements of HNK, but also - among others - a basis

for cost estimations and an incitement to the architect to start on the design. In this text it is striking

that some minor requirements in this early stage are sometimes very strictly defined, for example in

paragraph 7.6.3 of the brief “Nabij elk closet een messing verchroomde closetrolhouder en een

kledinghaakje aanbrengen, beide met verdekte bevestiging.” (Near each lavatory install a brass

chromed toilet roll holder and a coat hanger application, both with concealed suspension.) One could

wonder if in this stage, when the design has not even started it is important to know the exact

appearance of the toilet roll holder.

Moreover it is noticeable that the brief is sometimes tailored to the unique nature of the project “HNK

wordt gefundeerd op een spoortunnel” (HNK is founded on a railway tunnel) and sometimes very

general “Er moet op platte daken een blijvend, alzijdig afschot van ten minste 16 mm/m¹ worden

gerealiseerd” (On flat roofs there has to be realised a permanent pitch on all sides of at least 16 mm/m

¹). Every architect is familiar with the fact that on all flat roofs there has to be a pitch of 16 mm/m¹.

Likely this is put in the brief to make it serve as a contract document, but one can ask if this is

necessary for regulations that are so common. Phrases like this do not make the brief more readable.

The brief contains some concepts that are found to be ambiguous in the analysis of the word

associations (paragraph 4.2 on page 30), like VERKEERSRUIMTE (circulation space). For example in

paragraph 4.2.5 of the brief: “Per verdieping dienen nabij de verticale verkeersruimten voldoende

toiletruimten gesitueerd te worden.” (On each floor there should be sufficient toilet facilities, to be

located near the vertical circulation spaces). One might ask if the client knows that by “vertical

circulation spaces” the lifts and stairwells are meant.

Some descriptions about the appearance of the building seem to be contradictory. In paragraph 3.2 of

the brief, the sender states that the building has to be “sober en doelmatig” (austere and functional) and

36

also “experimenteel” (experimental). In the brief it is stated that these concepts are not incompatible

with each other, but many architects may see that differently.

Positive about this brief is the inclusion of “soft” information (Bogers, Van Meel, & Van der Voordt,

2008: 115) in chapter 3 of the brief concerning the culture, the attitudes, ambitions and desires of the

clients and the users, activities and business processes, scenarios and forecasts for development of the

business, and the “feel” for the project.

Furthermore the brief includes clear information concerning the budget for the project.

4.4.2 Stadhuis Almelo

Gemeente Almelo (2010). Programma van Eisen. Stadhuis Almelo. Almelo: Gemeente Almelo. URL:

http://www.almelo.nl/Stadhuis%20nieuw/10.12.20%20PvE%20nieuw%20Stadhuis%20Almelo.pdf



The subject of the text is the new town hall for the municipality of Almelo, which has to accommodate

all of the municipal organisations that were previously housed on separate locations, as was the case in

Delft. The text provides an analysis of all the technical, spatial and esthetical requirements for the new

building.


The text is probably written by a project management agency, but this is unclear. The actual sender is

the municipality of Almelo.


The organisational target of the sender is to govern the municipality of Almelo. The organisational

targets of this particular brief can be found in chapter 1. This brief is:

- a mirror for the client;

- a means of communication to the user and the designer;

- a basis for estimating investment and operating costs;

- a test instrument for the design;

- a contract document for the designer(s) and the builder(s);

- an inventory of the ambitions of the municipality of Almelo in relation to his own housing;

- a determination of the manner in which the public services, and the internal service can be

supported by the building and facilities;

- a provision of the preconditions for a “carried” work environment that is as generic as possible

(universal application);

- a definition of a work environment that best accommodates the development of organisation.

The definition of “een gedragen werkomgeving” (a carried work environment) was unclear to the

researcher. Upon inquiry with the management agency that was involved in this project it appeared

that the meaning is that “employees can feel comfortable and stick to the company they work for. The

employee must be included and involved in the development of the work environment”.

The rest of the organisational targets are very similar to the Delft brief.

http://www.almelo.nl/Stadhuis%20nieuw/10.12.20%20PvE%20nieuw%20Stadhuis%20Almelo.pdf

37


In paragraph 1.2 on page 8 of the brief it is stated that the present spatial, functional and technical brief

is suitable for contracting an architect. It can therefore be assumed that the architects that will be

competing in the public procurement are the main target group of this text.

Another target group is the municipality of Almelo, as this brief is a “mirror for the client” (q.v.

organisational targets).


The sender has chosen a reader persona who is familiar with Almelo, and where it is located, as this is

not made explicit in the text. This information is considered to be known to the reader. However, the

reader is not considered to be familiar with the new town hall. Also, the reader is not seen as familiar

with the activities of the municipality in general, because this is explained in the brief in chapters 2

and 3.


In the first place the text has an informative goal. The sender informs the readers about the new town

hall and all the requirements that are concerned with it.

The consecutive goal of the brief is the architect designing a new office building that will leave the

municipality satisfied.

Step 3: Texts acts



The text act of chapter 1 can be characterised as the introduction of the brief and as a criticism of the

old town hall: “Het huidige Stadhuis voldoet niet meer aan de arbo-eisen en komt niet in aanmerking

voor uitbreiding.” (The current Town Hall no longer meets the health and safety requirements and is

not eligible for extension).

2. De Gemeente Almelo (the municipality of Almelo)

This chapter is a description of the organisational structure of the municipality, of the desired

appearance and architectural feel of the town hall.

This chapter doubles in its text act as an argumentation, though less clearly so than the Delft brief

does. For example the sentence “Dubbelgebruik van representatieve ruimten wordt in het Stadhuis zo

veel mogelijk toegepast.” (Double use of representative areas in the Town Hall is being applied as

much as possible.) This sounds as if the town hall is already built, but the sender actually says: I want

that the representative areas in the town hall have a double use.

3. Bestuursfuncties (administrative functions)

This chapter is a description of the administrative functions, like the council chamber, and the

requirements thereof. Again, this is also an argumentation.

38

4. De publieksdienstverlening (the service to the public)

This chapter is a description of spaces designated to the service to the public, and the requirements

thereof. Again, this is also an argumentation.

5. De Interne dienstverlening (the internal service)

This chapter is a description of spaces designated to the service to the public, and the requirements

thereof. Again, this is also an argumentation. For example on page 39 of the brief several illustrations

can be found, being symbols for work processes and work environments.

6. Centrale ondersteunende voorzieningen (central supporting services)

This chapter is a description of the central supporting services, and the requirements thereof. Again,

this is also an argumentation.

7. Ruimtelijke uitgangspunten (spatial principles)

This chapter is a description of the parking lot, and the requirements thereof. Again, this is also an

argumentation.

8. Algemene eisen gebouw (general requirements of the building)

This chapter is a description of the general requirements of the building. Again, this is also an

argumentation.

9. Technische Programma van Eisen: Prestaties (technical brief: performances)

This chapter is a description of the performance requirements.

10. Gebouweisen – technische voorzieningen (Building Requirements - technical provisions)

This chapter is a description of the technical requirements.

Step 4: Evaluation

As regards the structure of text this brief is very similar to the Delft one. An important difference

however is that the Almelo brief is much more tailored to this specific project. The Delft brief

consisted mainly of an enumeration of very general regulations and concepts that are common

knowledge, like in the example of the roof pitch. The requirements in the Almelo brief show that the

writer of it had a thorough look into the organisation, as can be seen in the following sentence:

“Overigens wenst de Gemeente Almelo bij ieder klantcontactpunt betalingshandelingen te kunnen

verrichten. Dit om extra wachtrijen te voorkomen.” (Besides, the Municipality of Almelo wishes to be

able to carry out payment transactions at every customer contact point. This in order to avoid extra

queues.) This is spoken clearly; the architect now has a good view of how the organisation functions,

instead of having to read generalities.

Also, this brief does not go into detail about the finishing of the materials and functions, like in the

Delft example of the toilet roll holder. The brief gives suggestions for solutions, like: “Te denken valt

bijvoorbeeld aan beeldmateriaal, dat in het interieur naar wens kan worden aangebracht.” (One can

think for example of pictures, which can be applied in the interior to taste.) This leaves the architect

able to come up with innovative solutions, without stipulating where and how exactly the pictures

should be attached to the wall.

39

This brief also uses the stimulus words that were also used in the WAT in the present research. A

sentence like “Eenmaal binnen het gebouw dient een transparante indeling een eenvoudige herkenning

van functies mogelijk te maken” (Once inside the building a transparent lay-out should enable a

simple recognition of functions) on page 54 of the brief, leaves room for ambiguity. Like the WAT

shows, architects associate transparency often with glass or other see-through materials (52 out of 100

associations) whereas clients do so far les (25 out of 100 associations). A transparent lay-out does not

necessarily have to mean a glass house, but maybe architects will conceive it that way.

Generally spoken, this brief is clearer than the first one. But vague expressions like “een gedragen

werkomgeving” (a carried work environment) might be left out.

4.4.3 Brede Hoed praktijk te Diemen

Scope Bouwmanagement (2008). Programma van Eisen t.b.v.Brede Hoed praktijk te Diemen. Versie

P06. Almere: Scope Bouwmanagement. URL:

http://www.diemen.nl/fileadmin/user_upload/PDC/Bestanden/Samenleving/Kaderstellende_nota_s_W

mo/PvE%20Brede%20HOED.pdf



This brief is not about an office building in the traditional sense, but about a care centre where several

general practitioners will work, as well as other medical professionals. In Dutch this is called a HOED:

Huisartsen Onder Een Dak (general practitioners under one roof). As this centre will dispose of plenty

of offices, this brief is fit for the present research. The HOED will be located in Diemen, in

Amsterdam. This brief applies only to the HOED and the social functions. In the building apartments

will be realised as well, but they fall outside the scope of this brief.


The sender is Scope Bouwmanagement, a management agency. The actual sender, property developer

Delta Forte (now taken over by Rochedale), is only mentioned as being the client of Scope.


The organisational target of the sender (Delta Forte) is to develop property. The organisational goal of

this text is not mentioned. It can be assumed that this brief has the usual targets, being a contract

document, a framework for the decision process, and suchlike.


The target group is the architect that will be designing the HOED. From the brief it is not clear if there

will be a public procurement, or that Delta Forte has already selected an architect, but this is of minor

importance. As said, the brief is also used by the other stakeholders, like the client. Therefore, the

client is alto part of the target group.


As the HOED is very briefly introduced, the reader persona is a reader that is already familiar with

Diemen, the HOED and its context.

http://www.diemen.nl/fileadmin/user_upload/PDC/Bestanden/Samenleving/Kaderstellende_nota_s_Wmo/PvE%20Brede%20HOED.pdf

http://www.diemen.nl/fileadmin/user_upload/PDC/Bestanden/Samenleving/Kaderstellende_nota_s_Wmo/PvE%20Brede%20HOED.pdf

40


In the first place the text has an informative goal. The sender informs the reader about the HOED and

all the requirements that are concerned with it.

The consecutive goal of the brief is the architect designing a new building that will leave the client and

the end user – being the medical professionals – satisfied.

Step 3: Texts acts



The text act of chapter 1 can be characterised as the introduction of the brief. Likewise it is a reminder

of the former briefs and other documents that have already been framed.

2. Organisatieopzet gebruikers (organisational structure of the users)

This chapter is a description of the diverse organisations that have to be accommodated in the HOED,

like the general practitioners and the social consultant.

3. Algemene uitgangspunten (general points of department)

This chapter is a description of the building‟s requirements. The end users for example want the

building to appear non-medical.

4. Ruimtelijke eisen algemeen (general spatial requirements)

This chapter is a description of the requirements the various spaces have to meet.

5. Huisartsen (HOED) (general practitioners (HOED))

Another description of the spatial requirements, but now tailored to the general practitioners. For

example on page 18 of the brief several illustrations can be found that indicate the measures of the

waiting room.

6. OKC en CSP (parent child centre and central service point)

Another description of the spatial requirements, but now tailored to the OKC (parent child centre) and

CSP (central service point).

7. Bouwtechnische eisen (architectural requirements)

This is a description of the architectural requirements. Here the brief becomes very specific: in

paragraph 7.4.2 of the brief the exact type of floor covering per room is listed.

8. Elektrotechnische eisen (electrotechnical requirements)

This is a description of the electrotechnical requirements.

9. Werktuigbouwkundige eisen (mechanical requirements)

This is a description of the mechanical requirements.

41

10. Beveiliging (security)

This is a description of security measures that have to be implemented in the building.

11. Transportinstallaties (transport installations)

This is a very short, one-sentence, description of the transport requirements.

Step 4: Evaluation

This brief on the one hand leaves design decisions to the architect, for example in paragraph 3.1 of the

brief: “Behoud van de toren geldt als randvoorwaarde. Op welke wijze deze in het ontwerp wordt

geïntegreerd laat de opdrachtgever aan de architect.” (Preservation of the tower is a precondition. How

this is integrated into the design the client leaves to the architect.) But on the other hand the brief is

sometimes very specific. As said, paragraph 7.4.2 of the brief regulates the exact type of floor

covering per room.

Compared to the previous to briefs, this HOED brief contains relatively few of the vogue words that

served as stimulus words in the WAT, like FLEXIBILITEIT (flexibility) and TRANSPARANTIE

(transparency). A word that does emerge in the text is ONTMOETEN (to meet), but then it is always

made clear in the context who will meet who, for instance: “In de backoffice ontmoeten de

medewerkers van het OKC en het CSP elkaar…” (In the back office the staff of the OKC and the SPC

meet one another…) This in contrast to the Delft brief where sentences like “Door het hele kantoor

worden ontmoetingen gefaciliteerd” (Throughout the whole office meetings are facilitated) leave it to

the reader who should be meeting who.

4.4.4 Geclusterde voorziening voor zorg en opvang van verslaafden en daklozen te Zwolle

Brink Groep (2009). Ruimte voor ambitie. Geclusterde voorziening voor zorg en opvang van

verslaafden en daklozen te Zwolle. Programma van eisen. Leidschendam: Brink Groep. URL part 1:

http://bis.zwolle.nl/cms/Bis.nsf/0/532782f853fa6e0cc12576a400305932/$FILE/09003012-

6%20definitief%20PvE%20deel%201%20Inleiding%2015-10-2009.pdf, URL part 2:

http://bis.zwolle.nl/cms/Bis.nsf/0/532782f853fa6e0cc12576a400305932/$FILE/09003012-

6%20definitief%20PvE%20deel%201%20Inleiding%2015-10-2009.pdf, URL part 3:

http://anaconda15.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/09003012-7-definitief-pve-deel-3-

ontwerpuitgangspunten-1-12-2009.pdf



This is another brief concerning a care centre: a centre for the addicted and homeless in Zwolle. Like

the HOED, this centre encompasses plenty of offices.


The sender is Brink Groep, a management agency. The actual senders are the municipality of Zwolle,

the Salvation Army and Tactus care and treatment of addicts.


The organisational target of the municipality of Zwolle is to govern Zwolle. The organisational target

the health department of the Salvation Army is the reception and assistance to the homeless in general,

http://bis.zwolle.nl/cms/Bis.nsf/0/532782f853fa6e0cc12576a400305932/$FILE/09003012-6%20definitief%20PvE%20deel%201%20Inleiding%2015-10-2009.pdf




http://anaconda15.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/09003012-7-definitief-pve-deel-3-ontwerpuitgangspunten-1-12-2009.pdf

http://anaconda15.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/09003012-7-definitief-pve-deel-3-ontwerpuitgangspunten-1-12-2009.pdf

42

and people without a helper in particular. The organisational target of Tactus is to help people who are

addicted or in danger of becoming addicted to alcohol, drugs, medicines, gambling, eating or a

combination thereof.

The organisational goals of the brief can be found in paragraph 01.04 of the brief:

- The brief provides the input for the future design process by VolkerWessels;

- For the design team, the various requirements in terms of spatial, functional and technical

principles are articulated in the brief as a basis for further design;

- The staff and clients of the institutions can be informed by the brief about the new housing plans.

- The preliminary design and final design will be tested against the provisions of the brief.


The target group consists of VolkerWessels, a construction-services business that will also engage in

the architectural design of the project. Another part of the target group is the group of clients.


This project is described in more details than was the HOED in Diemen. The reader persona is

therefore less acquainted with the project.


In the first place the text has an informative goal. The sender informs the reader about the HOED and

all the requirements that are concerned with it.

The consecutive goal of the brief is VolkerWessels designing a new HOED that will leave the client

and the end user – being the medical professionals – satisfied.

Step 3: Texts acts


Part 1:


The text act of chapter 1 can be characterised as the introduction of the brief.

Part 2:

1. Projectorganisatie (project organisation)

This chapter is a description of the project organisation.

2. Organen (organs)

This chapter is a description of the teams that are involved and of how they cooperate.

3. Projectfasering (project phasing)

This chapter is a description of the global planning and a warning that if the taxi base has to be

expropriated, there will be a delay of almost two years in the planning.

43

Part 3:


The text act of chapter 1 can be characterised as the introduction of the design principles.

2. Geclusterde voorziening (clustered facility)

This chapter is a justification of why the various medical and care facilities will be clustered, en also a

description of the facilities that form the cluster.

3. Algemene uitgangspunten (general principles)

This is a description of the general design principles and it contains several incitements to the

architect: “Het is straks de taak van de architect in het ontwerp te zorgen dat er geen overlastsituaties

worden gecreëerd: geen nissen, heldere looplijnen, transparantie.” (It will be the task of the architect to

ensure in the design that no nuisance situations are created: no niches, clear walk lines, transparency.)

4. Functionele en ruimtelijke uitgangspunten (functional and spatial principles)

This is a description of all the functions in the building with all the corresponding specifications.

Several illustrations of potential lay-outs can be found here too.

5. Bouwkundige uitgangspunten (structural requirements)

This is a description of the structural requirements.

6. Bouwfysische uitgangspunten (building physics requirements)

This is a description of the requirements for building physics.

7. Elektrotechnische uitgangspunten (electrotechnical requirements)

This is a description of the electrotechnical requirements.

8. Werktuigbouwkundige uitgangspunten (mechanical requirements)

This is a description of the mechanical requirements.

9. Inrichting (furnishing)

This is a description of the furnishing.

Step 4: Evaluation

This brief provides a good description of many of the multi-interpretable concepts. Paragraph 03.06 of

part 3 of the brief describes very clearly the type of flexibility that is wanted for the new building: the

structure has to be flexible, as well as the electro and hydrotechnical installations. Moreover the

building must be able to adapt itself to new users. The explanation in the said paragraphs gives a broad

concept like flexibility more footing.

Secondly the brief leaves design solutions by and large to the architect. On page 14 of part 3 of the

sender suggests: “vlakke, slijtvaste, makkelijk te onderhouden vloeren. Mogelijkheden zijn

bijvoorbeeld marmoleum, gietvloeren of tegelvloeren” (even, durable, maintenance friendly floors.

44

Possibilities include marmoleum, screed or tiled floors). Here the intentions of the client are manifest

without sending the architect in one direction, as does the HOED brief by listing the exact type of

floor covering per room.

The pointers the brief provides are useful for readers that are not familiar with the design of a centre

for the addicted and homeless, like the sentence “kleurgebruik moet zorgen voor het juiste gevoel

(bijvoorbeeld methadon: niet te aantrekkelijk, huiskamer: wel aantrekkelijk” (use of colour must

provide the proper emotion (e.g. methadone room: not too inviting, living room: inviting)).

Instructions like these reflect the particular knowledge of the care providers, and can help the architect

in the design process.

The brief is furnished with atmospheric images, starting on page 14 of part 2 of the brief, that come

with explanations of what it is about the image that the client finds attractive. On page 15 of the brief

for example there is a photograph of a living room with a red couch (figure 7 below). In the

explanation one can read that the client does not necessarily want a red couch, but that it is the

hominess and cosiness he finds alluring. Without this description, one could have thought all that is

needed is a red couch.

Figure 7: The explanation below the atmospheric image makes sure the reader knows what the client

wants the image to show. Otherwise the reader might think the client just wants a red couch.

The illustrations that show potential lay-outs (q.v. figure 8 below), for instance on page 36 of part 3 of

the brief, are also instructive, but possibly too constricted. The lay-outs are very detailed, even the axis

of rotation of the doors can be seen (the toilet doors are actually rotating the wrong way, they should

be opening outward instead of inward). These drawings, even though they can be useful, might

provide a false sense of the lay-out in the drawing being the proper solution, while in reality all the

possibilities are still open.

45

Figure 8: These illustrations of potential lay-out in de Zwolle brief are very detailed. They are much

more than schematic renderings, and might be too detailed for this phase in the design process.

In the brief there is one nominee for misunderstanding: “Het afwerkingsniveau heeft een goede

kwaliteit met duurzaam en degelijk materiaalgebruik.” (The finish has a good quality with

durable/sustainable and robust materials.) The Dutch word duurzaam can be translated as both durable

and sustainable, and in this sentence one might wonder which one the sender means. Later in the text

(paragraph 03.13 of the brief) it becomes clear that the client is not interested in sustainability and the

reader can derive that in the said sentence the meaning durable is intended.

46

5. Conclusion and Discussion

In this chapter, conclusions will be drawn from the results. A discussion is started and

recommendations are made.

The dissimilarity between clients and architect for the stimulus word in the WAT was not very

substantial. What the WAT did demonstrate was that some stimulus words are more multi-

interpretable than others, and that clients are more familiar with building jargon than one might

expect. Differences between clients and architects in the WAT could be found for the word

VERKEERSRUIMTE (circulation space), which is merely a matter of jargon; for the word

ARCHITECTUUR (architecture) which clients interpreted more negatively than architects and for the

word TRANSPARANTIE (transparency) which architects associated a lot with glass and other see-

through materials whereas clients did so far less.

The negative associations of the interviewed managers and CEO‟s with architecture might be seen as

alarming, as they are the future clients if it comes to workspace design. The cause of this negative

view is beyond the scope of this research, but certainly warrants future investigation. Of course it is

not all of the clients who think negatively, there are enough positive views.

The questionnaire also brought some interesting results. If a building project does not turn out as the

client had hoped it might, that can be caused by multiple reasons, like budget problems,

communication problems, etc. Clients and architects agreed on that. Other things they agreed on is that

architects are not merely decorators or engineers, they are (or should be) both and that hiring an

architect is usually a necessity when in need of new workspaces and offices. When asked how to

design office buildings that reflect transparency, both clients and architects came up with several, very

diverse, suggestions, not all of them including glass, so that can be dropped as a necessity for

transparency. Another “vogue word”, FLEXIBILITEIT (flexibility), can best be achieved through the use

of a column grid, but on how to achieve a building that facilitates ONTMOETEN (to meet) opinions

differed. The last question, do participants prefer purely textual briefs or do they prefer a combination

of text and images, split up the two groups: clients preferred pictures; architects preferred only words,

as words can leave open various solutions whereas images point in one direction.

The last research method, the text analysis on four briefs exposed positive and negative features a brief

can have. Below these matters are described. They might serve as an advice and recommendation on

how to write a legible brief.

A negative characteristic may be the highly detailed descriptions of finishing in some briefs. One

might wander what causes this. What brings a client (or a management agency composing the brief) to

write that the toilet roll holder should be brass chromed (in the Delft brief), or that the floor covering

in the archives room should be linoleum (in the HOED brief)? Probably there is something behind

these utterances, like that the toilet has to have a distinguished look, and that the archives room has to

be easy to clean. But would there be other ways to express that, while leaving options open?

Perchance it is better to phrase the ambiance or usability the client has in might, or let him chose

several pictures he likes (equipped with descriptions) or use a type of Likert scale to indicate the

choice between for example luxury and budget. A good architect might also keep asking questions in

the design process, about why a client has certain wishes, and then together come up with a different

solution, perhaps a floor coating in the archive room, instead of linoleum that eventually might leave

the client happier than with the solution he himself considered. A good architect is a professional that

helps the client think further.

47

Something else that is not contributing to a readable brief is the enumeration of principles every

architect is familiar with, like the pitch of the roof that has to be 16 mm/m¹. This provides extra

paperwork and does not tell something new. A good brief provides information that is unique for the

project, not information everybody is already familiar with.

Briefs that use multi-interpretable words without explaining them, like saying that a building has to

facilitate ONTMOETEN (to meet) as some briefs did without explaining how, where or whom, might

cause confusion to the reader. This is the case with words that have more than one meaning. Like the

word “duurzaam” in Dutch can mean both durable and sustainable, so one has to explain what is

meant.

Moreover, a brief should not contradict itself. A building can be luxurious, but probably not at the

same time austere. A hallway can be budget-proof, but then one should not desire marble as a floor

covering.

So how does one compose a good brief? Firstly it is important to include “soft” information. Not only

the surface area and the number of people working somewhere are important, but also the ambiance

the client has in mind, and the type of organisation that has to be accommodated. This obviates ending

up with an ancient Greek inspired building when one had a modern, sleek look in mind.

It can be a good thing to include drawings of possible lay-outs, but they can easily contain too much

information and make it impossible to think of other solutions. Or they might contain “wrong”

information, like the Zwolle brief that had the doors opening the wrong way.

Positive about most of the briefs analysed was the presence of an indication of the budget. This gives

the architect working on the sketch design a good perception of the possibilities.

Another “do” is to leave design solutions open that can be left open. The client can indicate that he

wants images in the entrance hall, but where they are placed, and how they should be attached might

be left to the architect.

The Zwolle brief showed the usefulness of asking experts, whether that be the lavatory attendant or the

manager, and incorporate that in the brief. This brief gives very specific, practical tips concerning the

methadone room only experts working with methadone can know.

Also the Zwolle brief provides photographs the client finds attractive, and most importantly, gives

descriptions with them that tell what part of the photographs is appealing to the client. Without that,

one might think it is the big red couch the client wants, whereas actually the client just likes the

cosiness the photograph beamed out and does not like the red couch at all.

What this research has not completely taken in mind is that the client, during the building process, is

becoming more and more familiar with the building jargon. Many of the clients that have been

interviewed have never been part of a building process. The ones that have, can be seen as more

involved in the language of architects, as already demonstrated in the analysis (chapter 4).

A final word on the text analysis: the terms “sender” for the client and “reader” for the architect are

used there. As already said, this is the case only in theory, because usually a specialist consultant

writes the brief, and both the architect and the client are just as much both readers.

48

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50

Appendix I: Translations English – Dutch

Translations of Dutch Architectural concepts, as used in the present research.

Architectural brief - programma van eisen Client - opdrachtgever Sketch design - schetsontwerp Outline design - voorlopig ontwerp Scheme design - definitief ontwerp Working design - werktekeningen European public procurement - Europese aanbesteding

51

Appendix II: Word Associations

Table 1: Client‟s Associations for Dutch workspace design brief words.

* A number of participants requested anonymisation of the organisation where they are employed.

Clients

Pa

rti

cip

an

t

Ag

e

Gen

der

Pro

vin

ce o

f

resi

den

ce

Ed

uca

tio

na

l

lev

el

Po

siti

on

Org

an

isa

tion

Sti

mu

lus

wo

rd

s

Ass

ocia

tion

1

Ass

ocia

tion

2

Wo

rd

mis

sin

g

1. 52 M Fries

land

Mas

ter

Orga

nisati

eadvi

seur

Think too

Organisatie

-adviseurs

(formerly at

Friesland

Bank)

KENNISDELING meer leuk /

FLEXIBILITEIT los verantwoor

delijk

ONTMOETEN meeten nieuw

OPPERVLAKTE groot leeg

VERKEERSRUIMTE plein druk

ARCHITECTUUR huis stijl

TRANSPARANTIE zicht plastic

UITSTRALING persoon telt

FUNCTIONEEL werkt niets

RUIMTE leeg rust

2. 62 M Geld

erlan

d

Bac

helo

r

Afdel

ingsh

oofd

Reest &

Wieden

Water

Board

KENNISDELING samenwerki

ng

internet beren

FLEXIBILITEIT techniek starheid

ONTMOETEN digitaal leuk

OPPERVLAKTE horizon scope

VERKEERSRUIMTE bewegingsvr

ijheid

regels

ARCHITECTUUR lastig ICT

TRANSPARANTIE noodzakelijk communic

atie

UITSTRALING charmant wens

FUNCTIONEEL praktisch applicaties

52

RUIMTE veel flexibel

3. 46 M Dren

the

Mas

ter

Leidi

ngge

vend

e

Anonymise

d *

KENNISDELING continuïteit samenwerk

en

virtuee

l

FLEXIBILITEIT openstaan grenzen

ONTMOETEN interessant virtueel

OPPERVLAKTE meters horizontaal

VERKEERSRUIMTE weg politie

ARCHITECTUUR Gaudí geschieden

is

TRANSPARANTIE doorzichtig plastic

UITSTRALING kracht zon

FUNCTIONEEL nuttig schroef

RUIMTE geest muren

4. 48 M Gron

inge

n

Bac

helo

r

Direc

teur

Koning &

Drenth

Transport

KENNISDELING collega‟s vertrouwen /

FLEXIBILITEIT zzp cao

ONTMOETEN brancheorga

nisatie

hotel

OPPERVLAKTE loods industrieter

rein

VERKEERSRUIMTE Julianaplein files

ARCHITECTUUR duur lelijk

TRANSPARANTIE vertrouwen boekhoudi

ng

UITSTRALING logo vertrouwen

FUNCTIONEEL kantoor mobiel

RUIMTE loods nodig

5. 43 V Dren

the

Mas

ter

Adju

nct-

direct

eur

Koninklijke

Van

Gorcum

KENNISDELING samen groeien (techni

sche)

infrastr

uctuur

FLEXIBILITEIT ruimte efficiency

ONTMOETEN samen creëren

OPPERVLAKTE ruimte warmte

VERKEERSRUIMTE rust snelheid

ARCHITECTUUR strak fris

TRANSPARANTIE belangrijk efficiency

53

UITSTRALING warmte zakelijk

FUNCTIONEEL voorwaarden

scheppend

ondersteun

end

RUIMTE interactie rust

6. 64 M Utre

cht

Mas

ter

Alge

meen

direct

eur

Koninklijke

Bibliotheek

KENNISDELING informatie ontmoeting

FLEXIBILITEIT mobiliteit faciliteiten

ONTMOETEN faciliteiten gemak

OPPERVLAKTE ruimte overzicht

VERKEERSRUIMTE voetgangers ov

ARCHITECTUUR transparant functioneel

TRANSPARANTIE open ruimte

UITSTRALING karakter transparant

FUNCTIONEEL inzichtelijk eenvoud

RUIMTE open beweging

7. 45 M Dren

the

Mas

ter

Regi

odire

cteur

Atos KENNISDELING wiki smoelenbo

ek

Thuisv

oelen

FLEXIBILITEIT enthousiast veranderin

g

ONTMOETEN gezellig persoonlijk

OPPERVLAKTE ruimte maat

VERKEERSRUIMTE beweging files

ARCHITECTUUR schoonheid ontwerpen

TRANSPARANTIE openheid glas

UITSTRALING trots extravert

FUNCTIONEEL saai doelmatig

RUIMTE vrijheid Kuipers ;-)

8. 55 M Lim

burg

Mas

ter

Direc

teur

GGZ Oost

Brabant

KENNISDELING samen transparant

ie

belevin

g FLEXIBILITEIT creativiteit zijn

ONTMOETEN samen begrijpen

OPPERVLAKTE maat vlak

54

VERKEERSRUIMTE auto drukte

ARCHITECTUUR kunst gebouwen

TRANSPARANTIE open synergie

UITSTRALING imago zonneschij

n

FUNCTIONEEL toepasselijk toepasbaar

RUIMTE veiligheid ontwikkeli

ng

9. 39 M Geld

erlan

d

Mas

ter

Afdel

ingsh

oofd

Gemeente

Enschede

KENNISDELING leren modieus inspirat

ie FLEXIBILITEIT slim modern

ONTMOETEN praten netwerken

OPPERVLAKTE ruimte eigen

VERKEERSRUIMTE gedoe bus

ARCHITECTUUR uitstraling chic

TRANSPARANTIE open ramen

UITSTRALING professionee

l

nieuw

FUNCTIONEEL praktisch gemak

RUIMTE delen licht

10. 57 M Gron

inge

n

Bac

helo

r

Alge

meen

direct

eur

WTC Expo

Leeuwarde

n

KENNISDELING ervaring samenwerk

ing

/

FLEXIBILITEIT noodzaak actie

ONTMOETEN plaats aangenaam

OPPERVLAKTE voldoende intimiteit

VERKEERSRUIMTE ontmoetings

mogelijkheid

beweging

ARCHITECTUUR modern slim

TRANSPARANTIE essentieel samenwerk

ing

UITSTRALING modern licht

FUNCTIONEEL indeling creativiteit

RUIMTE vriendelijk aangenaam

11. 49 V Utre

cht

Sec

ond

ary

edu

cati

Direc

teur

uitvo

ering

UWV

Gegevensdi

ensten

KENNISDELING verbinding toegankelij

kheid

/

FLEXIBILITEIT regelruimte werkbelast

ing

ONTMOETEN verbinden communic

eren

55

on OPPERVLAKTE onopgevuld werkplekk

en

VERKEERSRUIMTE bereikbaarhe

id

garage

ARCHITECTUUR mooi doel

TRANSPARANTIE openheid noodzakeli

jk

UITSTRALING passend inspirerend

FUNCTIONEEL vanzelfsprek

end

divers

RUIMTE open onafgebak

end

12. 55 M Utre

cht

Mas

ter

Regi

odire

cteur

Staatsbosbe

heer

KENNISDELING ontwikkeling verbreding werkpl

ek FLEXIBILITEIT kantoor soepel

ONTMOETEN koffieautom

aat

nietmoeten

OPPERVLAKTE aarde maan

VERKEERSRUIMTE gang rotonde

ARCHITECTUUR Mies Calatrava

TRANSPARANTIE raam glas

UITSTRALING kachel sympathie

FUNCTIONEEL design praktisch

RUIMTE heelal glas

13. 41 M Gron

inge

n

Bac

helo

r

Afdel

ingsh

oofd

SNS

klantenserv

ice

KENNISDELING medewerker

s

systemen werkpl

ek FLEXIBILITEIT soepel buigbaar

ONTMOETEN mogen netwerken

OPPERVLAKTE M2 omvang

VERKEERSRUIMTE meterkast pc‟s

ARCHITECTUUR bouwstijl nep

TRANSPARANTIE open delen

UITSTRALING identiteit zien

FUNCTIONEEL prettig werkbaar

RUIMTE lucht space

14. 47 V Gron

inge

Mas

ter

Waar

neme

nd

Hanzehoge

school etc.

KENNISDELING netwerk praktisch inspirat

ie FLEXIBILITEIT drukte afwisseling

56

n dean/

proje

ctleid

er/bel

eidsa

dvise

ur

ONTMOETEN gezellig toeval

OPPERVLAKTE textuur ruimte

VERKEERSRUIMTE knooppunt routing

ARCHITECTUUR schoonheid megaloma

an

TRANSPARANTIE helder duidelijk

UITSTRALING warm prettig

FUNCTIONEEL zakelijk handig

RUIMTE creativiteit neutraal

15. 45 M Utre

cht

Mas

ter

Direc

teur

Zestgroup KENNISDELING mensen trainen manag

ement FLEXIBILITEIT ruimte verantwoor

delijkheid

ONTMOETEN reëel virtueel

OPPERVLAKTE werkplek m2

VERKEERSRUIMTE vergaderplek wegenkrui

sing

ARCHITECTUUR gebouwen IT

TRANSPARANTIE communicati

e

openheid

UITSTRALING gedrag schoonheid

FUNCTIONEEL ontwerp gedrag

RUIMTE vrijheid flexplek

16. 29 M Over

ijssel

Bac

helo

r

Alge

meen

mana

ger

IVIO@Sch

ool

KENNISDELING innovatie onderwijs MVO

FLEXIBILITEIT ambitie HNW

ONTMOETEN netwerk klantgerich

t

OPPERVLAKTE productiehal kantoor

VERKEERSRUIMTE A2 verkeerspl

ein

ARCHITECTUUR theater kunst

TRANSPARANTIE communicati

e

dichtbij

UITSTRALING professionali

teit

ambitie

57

FUNCTIONEEL website werkplek

RUIMTE licht open

17. 54 M Gron

inge

n

Mas

ter

Bestu

urder

HBO-raad,

VNO-

NCW, etc.

KENNISDELING Hanzehoges

chool

lector Bureau

of

werkpl

ek FLEXIBILITEIT gedrag agenda

ONTMOETEN ruimte collega

OPPERVLAKTE campus m2

VERKEERSRUIMTE parkeren wegen

ARCHITECTUUR uitstraling gebouwen

TRANSPARANTIE zichtlijn uitkijk

UITSTRALING trots mooi

FUNCTIONEEL gebruiker specifiek

RUIMTE kamer buiten

18. 54 M Fries

land

Bac

helo

r

Direc

teur

Academie

Minerva

KENNISDELING construeren context samen

werken FLEXIBILITEIT samenwerke

n

effectief

ONTMOETEN delen versterken

OPPERVLAKTE maatschappij ruimte

VERKEERSRUIMTE beweging sharing

ARCHITECTUUR ruimte imago

TRANSPARANTIE eerlijkheid vertrouwen

UITSTRALING jezelf stralen

FUNCTIONEEL holisme handig

RUIMTE vrijheid openheid

19. 49 M Zuid

-

Holl

and

Mas

ter

Bestu

ursvo

orzitt

er/reg

iodire

cteur

Jones Lang

LaSalle

KENNISDELING mensen flow Samen

werkin

g &

produc

tiviteit

FLEXIBILITEIT verandering dagelijks

ONTMOETEN gesprek mensen

OPPERVLAKTE ruimte meten

VERKEERSRUIMTE lopen donker

ARCHITECTUUR vorm beeld

58

TRANSPARANTIE glas openheid

UITSTRALING kleur kwaliteit

FUNCTIONEEL doelmatig ondersteun

end

RUIMTE open licht

20. 49 M Noor

d-

Holl

and

Mas

ter

Mana

ger

Schiphol KENNISDELING ontsluiten delen gebou

w FLEXIBILITEIT meebewegen rekbaar

ONTMOETEN kennismaken benieuwd

OPPERVLAKTE nen2580 sgis

VERKEERSRUIMTE Schiphol tekenen

ARCHITECTUUR BCN Barcelona

TRANSPARANTIE duidelijkheid communic

eren

UITSTRALING gevoel kracht

FUNCTIONEEL werkbaar noodzakeli

jk

RUIMTE hemel kamer

21. 52 M Lim

burg

Mas

ter

Afdel

ingsh

oofd

Loyalis KENNISDELING samenwerki

ng

automatise

ring

inrichti

ng FLEXIBILITEIT adhoc klantvraag

ONTMOETEN wandelgange

n

videoconfe

rencing

OPPERVLAKTE indeling ruimte

VERKEERSRUIMTE privacy opstopping

ARCHITECTUUR functionalite

it

vormgevin

g

TRANSPARANTIE openheid modewoor

d

UITSTRALING imago trots

FUNCTIONEEL gebruiksvrie

ndelijk

effectivitei

t

RUIMTE openheid zichtbaarh

eid

22. 62 M Noor

d-

Holl

and

Mas

ter

Proje

ctdire

cteur

Schiphol KENNISDELING communicati

e

luisteren gebrui

ksgem

ak FLEXIBILITEIT open mind veranderin

gsbereid

59

ONTMOETEN verrijking blij

OPPERVLAKTE ruimte dimensie

VERKEERSRUIMTE ordening onvrede

ARCHITECTUUR schoonheid tijdloos

TRANSPARANTIE kwetsbaar leiderschap

UITSTRALING kracht stevigheid

FUNCTIONEEL nietszeggend praktisch

RUIMTE vol weids

23. 40 V Over

ijssel

Mas

ter

Mana

ger

Tauw KENNISDELING samenwerke

n

collega prettig

FLEXIBILITEIT rietje privé

ONTMOETEN geloof niets

OPPERVLAKTE ha surface

VERKEERSRUIMTE kruispunt weg

ARCHITECTUUR gebouw eye

TRANSPARANTIE glas vertrouwen

UITSTRALING mooi groen

FUNCTIONEEL handig aanrecht

RUIMTE werk Kuipers

24. 49 V Geld

erlan

d

Mas

ter

Mana

ger

Alliander KENNISDELING leuk continu concen

tratie FLEXIBILITEIT eigen kansen

ONTMOETEN werken afleiding

OPPERVLAKTE groot ruim

VERKEERSRUIMTE onzin fiets

ARCHITECTUUR tochtvrij openramen

TRANSPARANTIE balans privacy

UITSTRALING duurzaam milieu

FUNCTIONEEL zeker comfortabe

l

RUIMTE daglicht kleur

60

25. 52 M Noor

d-

Holl

and

Bac

helo

r

Direc

teur

Ballast

Nedam

Infra

KENNISDELING informatie website arbeid

FLEXIBILITEIT karakter jong

ONTMOETEN koffiezetauto

maat

collegae

OPPERVLAKTE ruimte leegstand

VERKEERSRUIMTE file doorrijden

ARCHITECTUUR duur sprekend

TRANSPARANTIE open houding

UITSTRALING glamour aard

FUNCTIONEEL simpel noodzaak

RUIMTE oppervlakte ademen

26. 22 V Noor

d-

Brab

ant

Still

in

univ

ersit

y

Gene

ral

mana

ger

UniPartners KENNISDELING voordelen sociaal comfor

t FLEXIBILITEIT tijd leuk

ONTMOETEN handschudde

n

leuk

OPPERVLAKTE groot vormen

VERKEERSRUIMTE verkeersbord

en

lucht

ARCHITECTUUR gebouw vormen

TRANSPARANTIE doorzichtig duidelijk

UITSTRALING vrolijk groots

FUNCTIONEEL handig ruimte

RUIMTE vrijheid groot

27. 54 M Noor

d-

Holl

and

Bac

helo

r

Proje

ctdire

cteur

Rijkswaters

taat

KENNISDELING internet braindrain kabinet

scrisis FLEXIBILITEIT werken2.0 ik

ONTMOETEN koffieappara

at

moeilijk

OPPERVLAKTE tuin ha

VERKEERSRUIMTE parkeerplek snelweg

ARCHITECTUUR ICT ontbreekt

TRANSPARANTIE glas eerlijk

61

UITSTRALING leiderschap Obama

FUNCTIONEEL specificeren onmogelijk

RUIMTE ontplooiing Ockels

28. 49 M Geld

erlan

d

Bac

helo

r

Direc

teur

Eijkelkamp

Agrisearch

Equipment

KENNISDELING ontwikkelen samenwerk

en

commu

nicatie FLEXIBILITEIT proces standaard

ONTMOETEN leuk mensen

OPPERVLAKTE benutten ruimte

VERKEERSRUIMTE ruimte bewegen

ARCHITECTUUR mooi gevoel

TRANSPARANTIE helder geest

UITSTRALING gevoel prettig

FUNCTIONEEL gebruik mooi

RUIMTE gebruiken vrijheid

29. 46 M Zuid

-

Holl

and

Mas

ter

CFO TIE

Holding

etc.

KENNISDELING opleiding overdracht collega

FLEXIBILITEIT aanpassen buigzaam

ONTMOETEN afspraak succes

OPPERVLAKTE kantoor meeteenhei

d

VERKEERSRUIMTE parkeren snelweg

ARCHITECTUUR schoonheid gebouw

TRANSPARANTIE helderheid IFRS

UITSTRALING personality warmte

FUNCTIONEEL gemak toegankelij

kheid

RUIMTE leefbaar inhoud

30. 57 M Gron

inge

n

Mas

ter

Direc

teur

IVN

instituut

voor

natuureduc

atie &

duurzaamh

eid

KENNISDELING ICT samenwerk

ing

mense

n

FLEXIBILITEIT karakter faciliteiten

ONTMOETEN nieuwsgierig leren

OPPERVLAKTE aarde natuur

VERKEERSRUIMTE wegen overbevolk

ing

62

ARCHITECTUUR bouwen leefbaarhei

d

TRANSPARANTIE helder open

UITSTRALING beelden enthousias

me

FUNCTIONEEL doeltreffend raak

RUIMTE space fris

31. 53 M Dren

the

Mas

ter

Interi

m-

bestu

urder

Nima KENNISDELING slim leren conflic

t FLEXIBILITEIT gemak wisselen

ONTMOETEN spannend koffie

OPPERVLAKTE groot ruimte

VERKEERSRUIMTE zebrapad rotonde

ARCHITECTUUR gebouw mooi

TRANSPARANTIE helder verzekeren

UITSTRALING aura licht

FUNCTIONEEL zinnig goed

RUIMTE licht plezierig

32. 52 M Utre

cht

Mas

ter

Regi

odire

cteur

GITP KENNISDELING intelligentie drive toekom

stgeric

ht FLEXIBILITEIT wendbaar soepel

ONTMOETEN mensen warmte

OPPERVLAKTE ruimte rust

VERKEERSRUIMTE uitlaatgassen milieu

ARCHITECTUUR mooi compromis

TRANSPARANTIE eerlijk consequent

UITSTRALING hedendaags onbegrens

d

FUNCTIONEEL saai handig

RUIMTE rust inspiratie

33. 58 V Noor

d-

Brab

Mas

ter

Regi

odire

Kentalis KENNISDELING innovatie kwaliteit vernieu

wing FLEXIBILITEIT Inzetbaarhei

d

medewerk

er

63

ant cteur ONTMOETEN dialoog verbonden

heid

OPPERVLAKTE ruimte m2

VERKEERSRUIMTE noodzakelijk onnodig

ARCHITECTUUR design aansluiten

TRANSPARANTIE inzicht verantwoor

delijkheid

UITSTRALING identiteit imago

FUNCTIONEEL efficiency indeling

RUIMTE letterlijk figuurlijk

34. 58 M Geld

erlan

d

Mas

ter

Regi

odire

cteur

Slachtoffer

hulp

KENNISDELING kwaliteit vakmansch

ap

identite

it FLEXIBILITEIT spankracht innovatie

ONTMOETEN inspirerend samen

OPPERVLAKTE ruimtelijk doelmatig

VERKEERSRUIMTE parkeren doorstromi

ng

ARCHITECTUUR functioneel uitdagend

TRANSPARANTIE zichtbaar open

UITSTRALING lef betrouwba

ar

FUNCTIONEEL professionee

l

logisch

RUIMTE mooi uitnodigen

d

35. 50 M Noor

d-

Holl

and

Mas

ter

Alge

meen

direct

eur

Randstad KENNISDELING ingewikkeld belangrijk schoon

heid FLEXIBILITEIT must prioriteit

ONTMOETEN leuk meestal

OPPERVLAKTE ruim groot

VERKEERSRUIMTE weinig file

ARCHITECTUUR mooi imposant

TRANSPARANTIE goed trend

UITSTRALING belangrijk indruk

FUNCTIONEEL handig efficiënt

RUIMTE nodig veel

36. 33 V Noor Mas Regi Randstad KENNISDELING inhoud netwerk klimaat

64

d-

Holl

and

ter odire

cteur

FLEXIBILITEIT beweging vernieuwin

g

ONTMOETEN contact interactie

OPPERVLAKTE plat statisch

VERKEERSRUIMTE kamer saai

ARCHITECTUUR ingewikkeld gekunsteld

TRANSPARANTIE duidelijkheid gelijkwaar

digheid

UITSTRALING passie impact

FUNCTIONEEL doelmatig bruikbaar

RUIMTE lucht vrijheid

37. 44 M Dren

the

Mas

ter

Recto

r

Bogerman KENNISDELING groep collega gebou

w FLEXIBILITEIT wendbaarhei

d

buigzaam

ONTMOETEN gesprek dialoog

OPPERVLAKTE ruimte water

VERKEERSRUIMTE weg hal

ARCHITECTUUR gebouw kleur

TRANSPARANTIE glas water

UITSTRALING imago fris

FUNCTIONEEL sober strak

RUIMTE ruimtevaart toegang

38. 34 V Noor

d-

Holl

and

Mas

ter

Regi

odire

cteur

ING KENNISDELING leren intranet ambian

ce FLEXIBILITEIT gemakkelijk vrij

ONTMOETEN mensen koffie

OPPERVLAKTE ruim vloerbedek

king

VERKEERSRUIMTE garage leeg

ARCHITECTUUR gebouw Zuidas

TRANSPARANTIE open glas

UITSTRALING mooi ogen

65

FUNCTIONEEL goed efficiënt

RUIMTE open plek

39. 50 M Dren

the

Mas

ter

Direc

teur

RTV Noord KENNISDELING durven samenwerk

ing

samen

hang

FLEXIBILITEIT soepel kosten

ONTMOETEN plek vrienden

OPPERVLAKTE ruimte wiskunde

VERKEERSRUIMTE file lelijk

ARCHITECTUUR gebouwen stad

TRANSPARANTIE open eerlijk

UITSTRALING schoonheid karakter

FUNCTIONEEL nuttig bruikbaar

RUIMTE vrijheid spelen

40. 52 M Zuid

-

Holl

and

Mas

ter

Direc

teur/b

estuu

rder

Ministerie

van

Algemene

Zaken

KENNISDELING nodig moeilijk doel

FLEXIBILITEIT containerbeg

rip

nodig

ONTMOETEN leuk waar?

OPPERVLAKTE dun druk

VERKEERSRUIMTE chaotisch lawaaiig

ARCHITECTUUR mooi snobs

TRANSPARANTIE containerbeg

rip

irritatie

UITSTRALING mooi belangrijk

FUNCTIONEEL goed passend

RUIMTE lucht inrichten

41. 59 M Geld

erlan

d

Mas

ter

Lid

raad

van

bestu

ur

Anonymise

d *

KENNISDELING belangrijk autonomie kosten

FLEXIBILITEIT werkplekcon

cept

efficiënt

ONTMOETEN samenwerke

n

cultuur

OPPERVLAKTE geld ruimte

VERKEERSRUIMTE communicati

e

minimaal

66

ARCHITECTUUR nieuwbouw uitstraling

TRANSPARANTIE ontmoeting imago

UITSTRALING imago positie

FUNCTIONEEL geld medewerk

er

RUIMTE flexibel inrichting

42. 36 M Dren

the

Bac

helo

r

Vesti

gings

direct

eur

Timing

Uitzendbur

eau

KENNISDELING vermeerdere

n

informatie balans

FLEXIBILITEIT HNW 9-5

ONTMOETEN mensen sociaal

OPPERVLAKTE ruimte diepte

VERKEERSRUIMTE files tekort

ARCHITECTUUR gebouwen functionali

teit

TRANSPARANTIE doorzichtig helder

UITSTRALING sfeer prettig

FUNCTIONEEL praktisch relationeel

RUIMTE leeg mogelijkhe

den

43. 41 M Gron

inge

n

Bac

helo

r

Direc

teur

relati

eman

agem

ent

ABN

AMRO

KENNISDELING meerwaarde samenwerk

ing

/

FLEXIBILITEIT bereidheid buigzaam

ONTMOETEN vinden treffen

OPPERVLAKTE ruimte afmeting

VERKEERSRUIMTE kruispunt traffic

ARCHITECTUUR pracht praal

TRANSPARANTIE helderheid doorzichtig

UITSTRALING imago look

FUNCTIONEEL praktisch toepasselij

k

RUIMTE kamer vertrek

44. 57 V Geld

erlan

d

Mas

ter

Hoof

dinge

nieur

-

direct

Rijkswaters

taat

KENNISDELING wetenschap netwerk netwer

k FLEXIBILITEIT trend werknemer

ONTMOETEN congres netwerk

67

eur OPPERVLAKTE vloer maat

VERKEERSRUIMTE rotonde open

ARCHITECTUUR stedenbouw kunstwerk

TRANSPARANTIE doorschijnen

d

water

UITSTRALING guts power

FUNCTIONEEL toepasbaar gebruik

RUIMTE plein autonomie

45. 57 M Geld

erlan

d

Bac

helo

r

Hoof

d

ontwi

kkeli

ng

P&O

SNS KENNISDELING leren winst toekom

st FLEXIBILITEIT makkelijk wendbaar

ONTMOETEN verrijkend gezellig

OPPERVLAKTE maat buitenkant

VERKEERSRUIMTE wegen file

ARCHITECTUUR stijlvol apart

TRANSPARANTIE helder licht

UITSTRALING inspirerend aantrekkeli

jk

FUNCTIONEEL makkelijk handig

RUIMTE bewegingsvr

ijheid

oneindig

46. 54 M Over

ijssel

Mas

ter

Voor

zitter

Centr

ale

Direc

tie

Pius X

College en

Scholenge

meenschap

St.-

Canisius

KENNISDELING onderwijs Europa sfeer

FLEXIBILITEIT jongeren techniek

ONTMOETEN vakantie familie

OPPERVLAKTE zand water

VERKEERSRUIMTE autobaan hal

ARCHITECTUUR modern kleur

TRANSPARANTIE Facebook media

UITSTRALING kleur kapper

FUNCTIONEEL jas TomTom

RUIMTE natuur zee

47. 45 M Dren Bac Direc Openbaar KENNISDELING winst tijd exploit

68

the helo

r

teur/b

estuu

rder

basisonder

wijs

Midden-

Drenthe

etc.

FLEXIBILITEIT soms moeilijk atie

ONTMOETEN graag zinvol

OPPERVLAKTE ruim vrijheid

VERKEERSRUIMTE niet effectief

ARCHITECTUUR onbelangrijk duur

TRANSPARANTIE essentieel fijn

UITSTRALING onbelangrijk doelmatigh

eid

FUNCTIONEEL prioriteit handig

RUIMTE effectief multifuncti

oneel

48. 51 V Fries

land

Mas

ter

Locat

iedire

cteur

CSG

Comenius

KENNISDELING organisatie mensen inspirat

ie FLEXIBILITEIT rubber mensen

ONTMOETEN mensen café

OPPERVLAKTE ruimte uitzicht

VERKEERSRUIMTE kruispunt wegen

ARCHITECTUUR gebouw Barcelona

TRANSPARANTIE doorzichtig besturen

UITSTRALING mooi gezicht

FUNCTIONEEL efficiënt gebouw

RUIMTE gevoel openheid

49. 65 M Zuid

-

Holl

and

Mas

ter

Voor

zitter

colle

ge

van

bestu

ur

Politieacad

emie

KENNISDELING willen faciliteren geborg

enheid FLEXIBILITEIT netwerk inschikken

ONTMOETEN tijd aandacht

OPPERVLAKTE ruimte benutten

VERKEERSRUIMTE handig structuur

ARCHITECTUUR sober functioneel

TRANSPARANTIE duidelijkheid integriteit

UITSTRALING doelmatig trots

FUNCTIONEEL betaalbaar nut

69

RUIMTE besloten rust

50. 42 M Over

ijssel

Bac

helo

r

Adju

nct-

regio

direct

eur

Natuurmon

umenten

KENNISDELING nodig groei duurza

am FLEXIBILITEIT prettig slagvaardi

g

ONTMOETEN kroeg stad

OPPERVLAKTE ruimte natuur

VERKEERSRUIMTE beperken fiets

ARCHITECTUUR vet! ruimtelijk

TRANSPARANTIE goed glas

UITSTRALING belangrijk zon

FUNCTIONEEL Excel collega‟s

RUIMTE natuur universum

70

Table 2: Architect‟s Associations for Dutch workspace design brief words.

* As many architects work in one-man businesses, the organisations where they are employed are not

mentioned for privacy reasons.

Architects

Pa

rti

cip

an

t

Ag

e

Gen

der

Pro

vin

ce o

f

resi

den

ce

Ed

uca

tio

na

l

lev

el

Po

siti

on

*

Sti

mu

lus

wo

rd

s

Ass

ocia

tion

1

Ass

ocia

tion

2

Wo

rd

mis

sin

g

51. 37 M Gronin

gen

Mast

er

Architect KENNISDELING samen tafel geur

FLEXIBILITEIT rubber aanpassen

ONTMOETEN plek tijd

OPPERVLAKTE ruw glad

VERKEERSRUIMTE snel recht

ARCHITECTUUR simpel duidelijk

TRANSPARANTIE open diffuus

UITSTRALING houding licht

FUNCTIONEEL orde gemak

RUIMTE plek sfeer

52. 29 M Noord-

Brabant

Mast

er

Architect KENNISDELING communicati

e

schrift daglich

t

FLEXIBILITEIT lenig tijdsdruk

ONTMOETEN mensen handen

OPPERVLAKTE m2 vlak

VERKEERSRUIMTE gang tekst

ARCHITECTUUR volume werk

TRANSPARANTIE helder licht

UITSTRALING stralen mooi

FUNCTIONEEL effectief praktisch

RUIMTE 3D wanden

53. 51 M Noord-

Holland

Mast

er

Architect KENNISDELING tijd efficiëntie budget

FLEXIBILITEIT ruimte noodzaak

71

ONTMOETEN gelegenheid informeel

OPPERVLAKTE overzicht rust

VERKEERSRUIMTE multifunctio

neel

tijd

ARCHITECTUUR noodzaak onbegrip

TRANSPARANTIE handig onrust

UITSTRALING zichtbaarhei

d

visie

FUNCTIONEEL efficiëntie geld

RUIMTE adem concentrati

e

54. 25 M Utrecht Mast

er

Architect KENNISDELING school debat gebrui

k FLEXIBILITEIT vrijheid openheid

ONTMOETEN interactie plein

OPPERVLAKTE ruimte vloer

VERKEERSRUIMTE snelweg Rotterdam

ARCHITECTUUR opleiding architect


UITSTRALING ontwerp maatschap

pij

FUNCTIONEEL gebruik indeling

RUIMTE zien architectuu

r

55. 33 M Noord-

Holland

Mast

er

Architect KENNISDELING verder meer wens

(wat

wil je

met

een

werkpl

ek?)

FLEXIBILITEIT kunnen willen

ONTMOETEN interessant gezellig

OPPERVLAKTE platform textuur

VERKEERSRUIMTE lopen transport

ARCHITECTUUR noodzaak onderschat

TRANSPARANTIE schijn privacy

UITSTRALING mooi goed

FUNCTIONEEL uiteraard ontwikkeli

ng

RUIMTE veranderlijk extra

72

56. 33 M Noord-

Holland

/New

York

Mast

er

Architect KENNISDELING internet openheid organis

atie FLEXIBILITEIT aanpasbaar makkelijk

ONTMOETEN netwerken sociaal

OPPERVLAKTE materiaal m2

VERKEERSRUIMTE gang trap

ARCHITECTUUR ontwerp gebouwen

TRANSPARANTIE glas overzicht

UITSTRALING publiciteit charisma

FUNCTIONEEL essentieel basis

RUIMTE ontwerp kantoor

57. 34 M Gronin

gen

Mast

er

Architect/dir

ecteur

KENNISDELING meerwaarde multidiscip

linair

werkpl

ek FLEXIBILITEIT noodzakelijk kracht

ONTMOETEN netwerk sociaal

OPPERVLAKTE ruimte maat

VERKEERSRUIMTE ruim functioneel

ARCHITECTUUR kunst kunde

TRANSPARANTIE zicht licht

UITSTRALING elan cachet

FUNCTIONEEL praktisch gebruikers

vriendelijk

RUIMTE lucht schaal

58. 39 M Noord-

Holland

Mast

er

Architect KENNISDELING samen bibliotheek progra

mma FLEXIBILITEIT vrij beweeglijk

ONTMOETEN mensen koffie

OPPERVLAKTE tafel afmetingen

VERKEERSRUIMTE parkeergarag

e

gang

ARCHITECTUUR ruimte tijdschrift


UITSTRALING radioactivitei

t

glans

FUNCTIONEEL nuttig bruikbaar

73

RUIMTE open luchtig

59. 41 M Zeeland Mast

er

Architect KENNISDELING cursus Wikipedia /

FLEXIBILITEIT laptop Wi-Fi

ONTMOETEN grandcafé bijeenkom

st

OPPERVLAKTE overzichtelij

k

compact

VERKEERSRUIMTE kort licht

ARCHITECTUUR functioneel neutraal

TRANSPARANTIE gedeeltelijk diffuus

UITSTRALING zakelijk informeel

FUNCTIONEEL flexibel duurzaam

RUIMTE hoog open

60. 39 M Noord-

Holland

Mast

er

Architect KENNISDELING vooruitgang innovatie Omgev

ing/uit

zicht FLEXIBILITEIT hedentijds menselijk

ONTMOETEN noodzakelijk sociaal

OPPERVLAKTE groot hoog

VERKEERSRUIMTE ruim efficiënt

ARCHITECTUUR bouwkunst bruikbaar

TRANSPARANTIE privacy regelbaar

UITSTRALING gemoedelijk fris

FUNCTIONEEL onderhoud kosten

RUIMTE vrij licht

61. 31 V Noord-

Holland

Mast

er


e

interesse interie

ur FLEXIBILITEIT mogelijkhed

en

toekomst

ONTMOETEN mensen uitwisselin

g

OPPERVLAKTE afmetingen ruimte

VERKEERSRUIMTE beweging ontmoeting

ARCHITECTUUR vorm ontwerp

TRANSPARANTIE zicht openheid

74

UITSTRALING sfeer materialen

FUNCTIONEEL praktisch gebruiksge

mak

RUIMTE lucht indeling

62. 30 M Gronin

gen

Mast

er

Directeur/eig

enaar

architectenb

ureau

KENNISDELING informatie nuttig duurza

amheid FLEXIBILITEIT duurzaam constructie

f

ONTMOETEN kennisdeling interactie

OPPERVLAKTE m2 functie

VERKEERSRUIMTE tarra integraal

ARCHITECTUUR cultuur imago

TRANSPARANTIE betrouwbaar noodzakeli

jk

UITSTRALING imago bedrijfscult

uur

FUNCTIONEEL compact doelgericht

RUIMTE volume functie


er

Architect/pr

ojectleider

KENNISDELING mensen innovatie ontwer

p FLEXIBILITEIT aanpassen veelzijdig

ONTMOETEN gezellig samen

OPPERVLAKTE gebouw ruimte

VERKEERSRUIMTE lopen hal

ARCHITECTUUR architect gebouw

TRANSPARANTIE glas helder

UITSTRALING uitgesproken vormgeven

FUNCTIONEEL gebruik nuttig

RUIMTE vrijheid gebruik

64. 36 M Gronin

gen

Mast

er

Architect KENNISDELING samenwerki

ng

onderzoek licht

FLEXIBILITEIT voordeel vrijheid

ONTMOETEN kennismaken koffie

OPPERVLAKTE glad tastbaar

75

VERKEERSRUIMTE multifunctio

neel

helderheid

ARCHITECTUUR inspiratie ruimtelijkh

eid

TRANSPARANTIE zichtbaarhei

d

helderheid

UITSTRALING klasse contrast

FUNCTIONEEL noodzaak combinere

n

RUIMTE onbegrensd uitnodigen

d

65. 50 M Gronin

gen

Mast

er

Architect KENNISDELING netwerk integraal thuis

FLEXIBILITEIT vrijheid innovatie

ONTMOETEN café community

OPPERVLAKTE meten grootte

VERKEERSRUIMTE ontmoeten route

ARCHITECTUUR mens dynamiek

TRANSPARANTIE helder eenduidig

UITSTRALING minimalistis

ch

mooi

FUNCTIONEEL meetkundig materialise

ring

RUIMTE mens beleving

66. 39 M Zuid-

Holland

Mast

er

Architect KENNISDELING essentieel continuïteit werken

FLEXIBILITEIT veelzijdig saai

ONTMOETEN praatje koffie

OPPERVLAKTE plat M2

VERKEERSRUIMTE beweging geluid

ARCHITECTUUR bijdrage doordacht

TRANSPARANTIE licht overzicht

UITSTRALING huiselijk zakelijk

FUNCTIONEEL belangrijk werken

RUIMTE aangenaam ruimtelijkh

eid

67. 41 V Zuid-

Holland

Mast

er


e

informeel geluid

76

FLEXIBILITEIT keuze rek

ONTMOETEN praten kijken

OPPERVLAKTE m2 water

VERKEERSRUIMTE licht geluid

ARCHITECTUUR ruimte materiaal

TRANSPARANTIE glas open

UITSTRALING verzorgd toegankelij

k

FUNCTIONEEL gebruik ergonomie

RUIMTE vloer uitzicht

68. 51 M Frieslan

d

Mast

er

Architect KENNISDELING mensen samenwerk

en

/

FLEXIBILITEIT open wijzigbaar

ONTMOETEN hé samen

OPPERVLAKTE ruimte omgeving

VERKEERSRUIMTE onnodig verspilling

ARCHITECTUUR nodig wow

TRANSPARANTIE fijn licht

UITSTRALING zeggingskrac

ht

representat

ie

FUNCTIONEEL natuurlijk uiteraard

RUIMTE vrijheid space

69. 28 V Zuid-

Holland

Mast

er

Architect/co

ördinator

onderwijs

KENNISDELING internet netwerk Gebrui

k

(associ

aties

eten/dr

inken

en

werken

)

FLEXIBILITEIT houding ruimte

ONTMOETEN handen uitwisselin

g

OPPERVLAKTE textuur kleur

VERKEERSRUIMTE stoplicht beweging

ARCHITECTUUR mens omgeving

TRANSPARANTIE zichtbaar overzichtel

ijk

77

UITSTRALING image kwaliteit

FUNCTIONEEL praktisch handig

RUIMTE afkadering beschermi

ng

70. 43 M Noord-

Brabant

Mast

er

Architect KENNISDELING doeltreffend sociaal persoo

nlijk FLEXIBILITEIT noodzakelijk resultaat

ONTMOETEN gezellig tijd

OPPERVLAKTE gevoel sfeer

VERKEERSRUIMTE ruim transport

ARCHITECTUUR leven essentieel

TRANSPARANTIE reflectie donker

UITSTRALING image kleur

FUNCTIONEEL praktisch mooi

RUIMTE essentieel beleving

71. 35 M Overijs

sel

Mast

er

Architect KENNISDELING BIM communic

atie

duurza

amheid FLEXIBILITEIT kantoren multifuncti

oneel

ONTMOETEN gezellig café

OPPERVLAKTE 12m2 bouwbeslu

it

VERKEERSRUIMTE gang deur

ARCHITECTUUR hobby schoonheid

TRANSPARANTIE glas doorzichtig

UITSTRALING gebouw architectuu

r

FUNCTIONEEL plattegronde

n

opdrachtge

ver

RUIMTE kamer openheid

72. 33 M Noord-

Holland

Mast

er

Architect KENNISDELING universiteit traktaat vorm

FLEXIBILITEIT onzin adaptatie

ONTMOETEN vrijheid handdruk

OPPERVLAKTE glad continu

VERKEERSRUIMTE gang beweging

78

ARCHITECTUUR ambacht representat

ie

TRANSPARANTIE translucentie reflectie

UITSTRALING tastzin rust

FUNCTIONEEL basaal passend

RUIMTE differentiatie dynamiek

73. 48 M Gelderl

and

Mast

er

Architect KENNISDELING samenwerke

n

kantoor belevin

g FLEXIBILITEIT indeling eigenschap

ONTMOETEN hal kennismak

en

OPPERVLAKTE vloer grootte

VERKEERSRUIMTE gang bouwbeslu

it

ARCHITECTUUR gebouwen ik


UITSTRALING helder gezicht

FUNCTIONEEL effectief goed

RUIMTE groot kamer

74. 39 M Zuid-

Holland

Mast

er

Architect KENNISDELING open tafel mens

FLEXIBILITEIT buigzaam transparant

ONTMOETEN mensen hand

OPPERVLAKTE meters ruimte

VERKEERSRUIMTE bouwbesluit lopen

ARCHITECTUUR ultiem ruimte

TRANSPARANTIE flinterdun fake

UITSTRALING licht vormloos

FUNCTIONEEL werkend onuitgespr

oken

RUIMTE open geluid

75. 41 V Noord-

Brabant

Mast

er

Architect KENNISDELING noodzakelijk moeilijk kwalite

it FLEXIBILITEIT duurzaam handig

ONTMOETEN plezier mensen

OPPERVLAKTE genoeg plat

79

VERKEERSRUIMTE weinig delen

ARCHITECTUUR bouwen 3D

TRANSPARANTIE doorzichtig ondoorzich

tig

UITSTRALING belangrijk rust

FUNCTIONEEL absoluut handig

RUIMTE vlakken licht

76. 39 M Overijs

sel

Mast

er

Architect KENNISDELING samenwerke

n

voorwaard

e

sfeer

FLEXIBILITEIT must ruimtegebr

uik

ONTMOETEN gezellig effectief

OPPERVLAKTE klein functioneel

VERKEERSRUIMTE weinig informeel

ARCHITECTUUR gaaf belangrijk

TRANSPARANTIE open samen

UITSTRALING functioneel werksfeer

FUNCTIONEEL compact efficiency

RUIMTE efficiënt minimaal

77. 30 M Zuid-

Holland

Mast

er

Architect

gespecialisee

rd in

omgevingsps

ychologie

KENNISDELING openminded progressief mense

n FLEXIBILITEIT aanpasbaar duurzaam

ONTMOETEN mensen trap

OPPERVLAKTE ruimte projectont

wikkelaar

VERKEERSRUIMTE gang trap

ARCHITECTUUR bril gebouw

TRANSPARANTIE glas kantoor

UITSTRALING architecten façadearch

itectuur

FUNCTIONEEL gebruikers wensen

RUIMTE atmosferen licht

78. 59 V Noord- Mast Architect/ste KENNISDELING tafel vertrouwen afzond

80

Holland er denbouwkun

dige

FLEXIBILITEIT open veroveren eren

ONTMOETEN soft tijd

OPPERVLAKTE ruimte veel

VERKEERSRUIMTE gebruiken lopen

ARCHITECTUUR mooi abstract

TRANSPARANTIE gordijnen eerlijkheid

UITSTRALING marketing fris

FUNCTIONEEL OK slim

RUIMTE volume energie

79. 26 M Gronin

gen

Mast

er

Architect KENNISDELING educatie netwerken routing

FLEXIBILITEIT laptop freelance

ONTMOETEN openbaar kantoortui

n

OPPERVLAKTE begrenzinge

n

omtrek

VERKEERSRUIMTE gang daglicht?

ARCHITECTUUR gebouw omgeving

TRANSPARANTIE lichtdoorlate

ndheid

luchtigheid

UITSTRALING effect kleur

FUNCTIONEEL bruikbaarhei

d

tevredenhe

id

RUIMTE open gesloten

80. 45 M Noord-

Holland

Mast

er

Architect KENNISDELING groep school gebou

w FLEXIBILITEIT schuimrubbe

r

slang

ONTMOETEN hand Evoluon

OPPERVLAKTE m2 lijn

VERKEERSRUIMTE kruispunt lucht

ARCHITECTUUR boek gevel

TRANSPARANTIE glas politiek

UITSTRALING warmte mens

81

FUNCTIONEEL school modernen

RUIMTE hoogte verhouding

en

81. 29 M Limbur

g

Mast

er

Architect/on

derzoeker

KENNISDELING essentieel web klimaat

FLEXIBILITEIT buigzaam ontdekken

d

ONTMOETEN praten leren

OPPERVLAKTE plattegrond meters

VERKEERSRUIMTE weggegooid transit

ARCHITECTUUR overal onderzoek

TRANSPARANTIE licht helder

UITSTRALING ondergeschi

kt

functioneel

FUNCTIONEEL essentieel flexibel

RUIMTE muur leefgebied

82. 45 V Gronin

gen

Mast

er

Architect KENNISDELING overdracht groei belevin

g FLEXIBILITEIT overmaat uitrekbaar

ONTMOETEN contact gezien

OPPERVLAKTE ruimte begrensd

VERKEERSRUIMTE stoplicht functioneel

ARCHITECTUUR identiteit evenwicht

TRANSPARANTIE doorkijk raam

UITSTRALING aantrekkings

kracht

identiteit

FUNCTIONEEL fiets doorgang

RUIMTE leven gedachten

83. 29 V Flevola

nd

Mast

er

Architect KENNISDELING management adviseurs bouwe

n FLEXIBILITEIT wonen innovatie

ONTMOETEN pleinen familie

OPPERVLAKTE formaat prijs

VERKEERSRUIMTE gang weg

ARCHITECTUUR belangrijk mooi

82

TRANSPARANTIE glas kijken

UITSTRALING macht persoonlijk

heid

FUNCTIONEEL praktisch keuken

RUIMTE lucht persoonlijk


er

Architect KENNISDELING samen voordeel samen

werkin

g FLEXIBILITEIT wisselend snel

ONTMOETEN tijdelijk gezamenlij

k

OPPERVLAKTE plat maat

VERKEERSRUIMTE recht duidelijk

ARCHITECTUUR doordacht goed

TRANSPARANTIE helder duidelijk

UITSTRALING identiteit eenmalig

FUNCTIONEEL werkend slim

RUIMTE plek open

85. 40 M Gronin

gen

Mast

er

Zelfstandig

architect

KENNISDELING samenwerke

n

toekomst collecti

ef

FLEXIBILITEIT praktisch lenig

ONTMOETEN ontspannen leerzaam

OPPERVLAKTE mogelijkhed

en

schetsen

VERKEERSRUIMTE dubbelgebrui

k

snelheid

ARCHITECTUUR langzaam voorspelba

ar

TRANSPARANTIE uitzicht privacy

UITSTRALING neutraal persoonlijk

FUNCTIONEEL praktisch frustrerend

RUIMTE collectief openbaar

86. 32 M Noord-

Holland

Mast

er

Architect/dir

ecteur

KENNISDELING platform communic

atie

Rust /

privé /

stilte FLEXIBILITEIT ruimte multifuncti

oneel

83

ONTMOETEN contact locatie

OPPERVLAKTE functie verhouding

VERKEERSRUIMTE contact structuur

ARCHITECTUUR functie vorm

TRANSPARANTIE open contact

UITSTRALING karakter imago

FUNCTIONEEL flexibel logisch

RUIMTE licht zicht

87. 39 M Zuid-

Holland

Mast

er

Architect KENNISDELING opensource vertrouwen samen

werkin

g FLEXIBILITEIT mobiel 24/7

ONTMOETEN overal koffie

OPPERVLAKTE m2 ruimte

VERKEERSRUIMTE zichtlijnen gelaagdhei

d

ARCHITECTUUR vakmanscha

p

innovatie

TRANSPARANTIE vertrouwen openheid

UITSTRALING identiteit karakter

FUNCTIONEEL praktisch bruikbaar

RUIMTE comfort licht

88. 38 M Drenthe Mast

er

Architect/do

cent

KENNISDELING manager samenwerk

en

vriends

chap

FLEXIBILITEIT karakter rubber

ONTMOETEN vrienden verlaten

OPPERVLAKTE wiskunde groot

VERKEERSRUIMTE bewegen gang

ARCHITECTUUR geborgen ruimte

TRANSPARANTIE doorzichtig glas

UITSTRALING gebouw mooi

FUNCTIONEEL logisch analyse

84

RUIMTE lucht massa

89. 56 M Noord-

Holland

Mast

er

Architect KENNISDELING internet ingenieurs creativi

teit FLEXIBILITEIT zzp creativiteit

ONTMOETEN kroeg excursie

OPPERVLAKTE water ballon

VERKEERSRUIMTE gang kruispunt

ARCHITECTUUR bouwen stilte

TRANSPARANTIE vitrage glas

UITSTRALING zon karakter

FUNCTIONEEL saai kaal

RUIMTE rust stilte


er

Architect KENNISDELING nodig vrijheid inspirat

ie FLEXIBILITEIT levensvoorw

aarde

ontwikkele

n

ONTMOETEN rijkdom vrijheid

OPPERVLAKTE structuur voorwaard

e

VERKEERSRUIMTE noodzakelijk integratie

ARCHITECTUUR schoonheid tragedie

TRANSPARANTIE rijkdom verbinding

UITSTRALING onzinnig leeg

FUNCTIONEEL voorwaarde rijkdom

RUIMTE inspiratie hoogte

91. 47 V Utrecht Mast

er

Architect KENNISDELING zaal koffie concen

tratie FLEXIBILITEIT ruimte luisteren

ONTMOETEN hand informeel

OPPERVLAKTE wit plat

VERKEERSRUIMTE lopen richting

ARCHITECTUUR smaak sfeer

TRANSPARANTIE glas zicht

85

UITSTRALING sober warm

FUNCTIONEEL handig doeltreffen

d

RUIMTE lucht helder

92. 38 M Overijs

sel

Mast

er

Architect KENNISDELING internet school werkpl

ek FLEXIBILITEIT rubber zelfstandig

e

ONTMOETEN zien praten

OPPERVLAKTE m2 glad

VERKEERSRUIMTE verlies gang

ARCHITECTUUR mooi vernieuwe

nd


UITSTRALING stijl strak

FUNCTIONEEL praktisch eenvoudig

RUIMTE open verbinding

93. 34 V Noord-

Holland

Mast

er

Architect KENNISDELING internet papier koffie

FLEXIBILITEIT snel makkelijk

ONTMOETEN café koffie

OPPERVLAKTE weinig NEN2580

VERKEERSRUIMTE rennen kijken

ARCHITECTUUR Herman scholen

TRANSPARANTIE glas lucht

UITSTRALING warm kerncentral

e

FUNCTIONEEL werkplek auto

RUIMTE lucht Kuipers


er

Architect/do

cent

KENNISDELING kennis samen Geen

idee;

het

verban

d

ontgaat

FLEXIBILITEIT indeling ruimte

ONTMOETEN mensen plek

OPPERVLAKTE vloeropp afmetingen

86

VERKEERSRUIMTE bewegen gang me

ARCHITECTUUR mooi gebouwen

TRANSPARANTIE doorzichtigh

eid

glas

UITSTRALING gevel overkomen

FUNCTIONEEL bruikbaar nuttig

RUIMTE ruimte vertrek

95. 36 M Gronin

gen

Mast

er

Architect KENNISDELING BIM internet interfer

entie FLEXIBILITEIT licht slim

ONTMOETEN open warm

OPPERVLAKTE dynamisch bepaald

VERKEERSRUIMTE overal onbepaald

ARCHITECTUUR concept tijdloos

TRANSPARANTIE onderschat overschat

UITSTRALING helder identiteit

FUNCTIONEEL logisch leidend

RUIMTE onverwacht verfrissend

96. 26 M Zuid-

Holland

Mast

er

Architect KENNISDELING internet googledocs sfeer

FLEXIBILITEIT werken indeling

ONTMOETEN café gezellig

OPPERVLAKTE plattegrond huis

VERKEERSRUIMTE gang trappenhui

s

ARCHITECTUUR huizen werk

TRANSPARANTIE glas ramen

UITSTRALING mooi herkenbaar

FUNCTIONEEL glas product

RUIMTE space vrijheid


er

Architect KENNISDELING leren samen duurza

am FLEXIBILITEIT snel persoonlijk

87

ONTMOETEN open mensen

OPPERVLAKTE ruimte bouwen

VERKEERSRUIMTE ontmoeten passeren

ARCHITECTUUR bouwen ontwerpen

TRANSPARANTIE licht open

UITSTRALING esthetisch eenvoudig

FUNCTIONEEL doel programm

a

RUIMTE open licht

98. 65 M Gelderl

and

Mast

er

Architect KENNISDELING normcommis

sie

forum onduid

elijk FLEXIBILITEIT elastiek improviser

en

ONTMOETEN netwerken juxtapositi

on

OPPERVLAKTE sproeidichth

eid

m2

VERKEERSRUIMTE ordinary-

hazard

ontmoeting

ARCHITECTUUR monumentaa

l

morpholog

y


UITSTRALING charisma geweldig

FUNCTIONEEL vorm eenvoud

RUIMTE omspannen brandovers

lag

99. 72 M Limbur

g

Mast

er

Gepensionee

rd architect

KENNISDELING samen opvolging betrok

kenhei

d FLEXIBILITEIT beweeglijkh

eid

ruimte

ONTMOETEN primair gezamenlij

k

OPPERVLAKTE plaats LxB

VERKEERSRUIMTE anoniem verlies

ARCHITECTUUR beleving complexite

it

TRANSPARANTIE wezenlijk helderheid

UITSTRALING duidelijkheid power

FUNCTIONEEL primair dienstverle

nend

88

RUIMTE plek lucht

100. 64 M Noord-

Brabant

Mast

er

Architect/dir

ecteur

KENNISDELING educatie samenwerk

en

/

FLEXIBILITEIT geest werkplek

ONTMOETEN samen relaxen

OPPERVLAKTE meters vloer

VERKEERSRUIMTE onnodig verbinden

ARCHITECTUUR kunst uitstraling

TRANSPARANTIE doorzichtig helder

UITSTRALING waarde karakter

FUNCTIONEEL gebruik handig

RUIMTE essentie geluk

89

Table 3: Associations for Dutch KENNISDELING categorised.

Bold type is used for associations that are clearly different. The number behind the association

indicates the number of participants that had this same association.

* Emotions and value judgments are put together in one category because the line between them is

sometimes difficult to draw. Does one feel stupid, or value KENNISDELING as stupid thing? Does

someone feel good, or value KENNISDELING as a good thing?

GROUP 1

L1 DUTCH

Clients

100

GROUP 2

L1 DUTCH

Architects

100

Number of associations

per category

(1) ASSOCIATIONS WITH AUGMENTATION OR EXPANSION

meer (= more), groeien (= grow),

ontwikkeling (= development),

verbreding (= broadening),

construeren (= construct),

ontwikkelen (= develop),

vermeerderen (= increase), groei

(growth)

verder (= further), meer (= more),

vooruitgang (= progress),

progressief (= progressive), groei

(= growth)

8 + 5 = 13

(2) ASSOCIATIONS WITH INNOVATION

innovatie 2 (= innovation), innovatie 2 (= innovation), 2 + 2 = 4

(3) ASSOCIATIONS WITH CONTINUITY OF KNOWLEDGE

continuïteit (= continuity), continu

(= continuous), ervaring (=

erperience)

continuïteit (= continuity),

opvolging (= succession)

3 + 2 = 5

(4) ASSOCIATIONS WITH CONTEXT

context (= context) 1 + 0 = 1

(5) ASSOCIATIONS WITH INTENTIONS

durven (= venture), willen (=

want), faciliteren (= facilitate)

3 + 0 = 3

(6) ASSOCIATIONS WITH INFORMALITY

informeel (= informal) 0 + 1 = 1

(7) ASSOCIATIONS WITH POSITIVE EMOTIONS OR POSITIVE VALUE

JUDGMENTS *

90

leuk 2 (= nice), kwaliteit 2 (=

quality), belangrijk 2 (=

important), nodig 2 (= necessary),

winst 2 (= benefit), vertrouwen (=

confidence), praktisch (=

practical/handy), flow (= flow),

voordelen (= advantages), slim (=

clever), intelligentie (=

intelligence), drive (= drive),

vakmanschap (=

skill/craftsmanship), meerwaarde

(= surplus value)

vertrouwen 2 (= confidence),

essentieel 2 (= essential),

efficiëntie (= efficiency),

meerwaarde (= surplus value),

interesse (= interest), nuttig (=

useful), integraal (= integral),

doeltreffend (= effective),

voorwaarde (= necessary

condition), voordeel (=

advantage), nodig (= necessary),

vrijheid (= freedom),

noodzakelijk (necessary)

19 + 15 = 34

(7A) ASSOCIATIONS WITH NEGATIVE EMOTIONS OR NEGATIVE VALUE

JUDGMENTS *

braindrain (= brain drain),

ingewikkeld (= complicated),

moeilijk (= difficult)

moeilijk (= difficult) 3 + 1 = 4

(7,7A) 22 + 16 = 38

(8) ASSOCIATIONS WITH MODERNITY

modieus (= fashionable) 1 + 0 = 1

(9) ASSOCIATIONS WITH WORKING WITH OTHER PEOPLE

samenwerking 7 (= cooperation),

netwerk 3 (= network), mensen 3

(= people), samenwerken 2 (=

cooperate), collega 2 (= colleague),

samen 2 (= together), collega‟s (=

colleagues), medewerkers (=

employees), sociaal (= social),

groep (= group), organisatie (=

organisation), ontmoeting (=

meeting), verbinding (=

connection)

samen 6 (= together),

samenwerken 6 (= cooperate),

mensen 2 (= people), netwerk 2

(= network), platform (=

platform), multidisciplinair (=

multidisciplinary), samenwerking

(= cooperation), sociaal (=

social), netwerken (=

networks/networking), groep (=

group), forum (= forum)

26 + 23 = 49

(9A) ASSOCIATIONS WITH WORKING ALONE

autonomie (= autonomy) 1 + 0 = 1

(9B) ASSOCIATIONS WITH GROUPS OF PEOPLE

management (=

management/board), adviseurs (=

advisers), manager (= manager),

ingenieurs (= engineers),

normcommissie (= committee for

0 + 5 = 5

91

standards)

(9,9A,9B) 27 + 28 = 55

(10) ASSOCIATIONS WITH IT

internet 2 (= internet), wiki (=

wiki), systemen (= systems),

automatisering (= automation),

website (= website), ICT (= ICT),

intranet (= intranet)

internet 7 (= internet), BIM 2

(=BIM: Building Information

Modelling), Wikipedia (=

Wikipedia), opensource (= open

source), Googledocs (=

Googledocs), web (= web)

8 + 13 = 21

(11) ASSOCIATIONS WITH LEARNING OR TEACHING

leren 4 (= learn/teach), onderwijs 2

(= education), trainen (= train),

Hanzehogeschool (= Hanze

University), lector (= university

lecturer), opleiding (= education)

school 3 (= school), educatie 2 (=

education), cursus (= course),

universiteit (= university), leren

(= learn/teach)

10 + 8 = 18

(12) ASSOCIATIONS WITH SCIENCE AND RESEARCH

wetenschap (= science) onderzoek (= research) 1 + 1 = 2

(13) ASSOCIATIONS WITH SHARING INFORMATION AND OPENNESS

informatie 3 (= information),

inhoud (= content), communicatie

(= communication),

toegankelijkheid (= accessibility),

ontsluiten (= open up), delen (=

share), luisteren (= listen),

overdracht (= transfer)

communicatie 5 (=

communication), informatie (=

information), debat (= debate),

openheid (= openness), open (=

open), openminded (= open

minded), overdracht (= transfer)

10 + 11 = 21

(14) ASSOCIATIONS WITH TIME

tijd (= time) tijd (= time), toekomst (= future) 1 + 2 = 3

(15) ASSOCIATIONS WITH FURNITURE

tafel 3 (= table) 0 + 3 = 3

(16) ASSOCIATIONS WITH PLACES

Europa (= Europe) kantoor (= office), zaal (= room) 1 + 2 = 3

(17) ASSOCIATIONS WITH SOURCES OF INFORMATION

smoelenboek (= facebook, not the

website)

bibliotheek (= library), traktaat (=

treatise), schrift (= writing),

papier (= paper)

1 + 4 = 5

92

(18) ASSOCIATIONS WITH BEVERAGES

koffie (= coffee) 0 + 1 = 1

(19) ASSOCIATIONS WITH ONE OF THE OTHER STIMULUS WORDS

transparantie (= transperancy) 1 + 0 = 1

(20) NEAR SYNONYMS/ANTONYMS

kennis (= knowledge) 0 + 1 = 1

(21) COLLOCATIONS

(22) OTHER

93

Table 4: Associations for Dutch FLEXIBILITEIT categorised.

GROUP 1

L1 DUTCH

Clients

100

GROUP 2

L1 DUTCH

Architects

100


per category


ontwikkelen (= develop) 0 + 1 = 1

(2) ASSOCIATIONS WITH INNOVATION

innovatie (= innovation),

vernieuwing (=

renovation/innovation)

innovatie 2 (= innovation) 2 + 2 = 2

(3) ASSOCIATIONS WITH INTENTIONS

kunnen (= can), willen (= want) 0 + 2 = 2


JUDGMENTS *

enthousiast (= enthusiastic), slim

(= clever), noodzaak (= necessity),

effectief (= effective), kansen (=

opportunities), leuk (= nice),

gemak (= comfort), must (= must),

prioriteit (= priority), gemakkelijk

(= easy), nodig (= necessary),

efficiënt (= efficient), makkelijk (=

easy), prettig (= pleasant),

efficiency (= efficiency)

makkelijk 2 (= easy),

noodzakelijk 2 (= necessary),

noodzaak (= necessity), voordeel

(= advantage), handig (= handy),

must (= must), praktisch (=

practical/handy),

levensvoorwaarde (= vital

condition), slim (= clever)

15 + 10 = 25


JUDGMENTS *

kosten (= costs), moeilijk (=

difficult)

saai (= boring), onzin (=

nonsense)

2 + 2 = 4

(4,4A) 17 + 12 = 29


dagelijks (= daily), tijd (= time), 9-

5 (= 9-5), soms (= sometimes),

agenda (= agenda)

snel 3 (= quick), tijdsdruk (= time

pressure), toekomst (= future),

24/7 (= 24/7)

5 + 6 = 11

94

(5A) ASSOCIATIONS WITH MODERNITY

modern (= modern), trend (=

trend/fashion)

hedentijds (= comtemporary) 2 + 1 = 3

(5,5A) 7 + 7 = 14

(6) ASSOCIATIONS WITH LOOSENESS AND OPENNESS

los (= loose), openstaan (= be

open), open mind (=open mind)

open 2 (= open), openheid (=

openness)

3 + 3 = 6

(7) ASSOCIATIONS WITH BOUNDARIES

grenzen (= boundaries), standaard

(= standard)

2 + 0 = 2

(8) ASSOCIATIONS WITH MOVEMENT

wendbaar 2 (=manoeuvrable),

beweging (= movement),

wendbaarheid (= manoeuvrability),

mobiliteit (= mobility),

meebewegen (= move along)

lening 2 (=limber), beweeglijk (=

agile), beweeglijkheid (= agility),

mobiel (= mobile)

6 + 5 = 11

(9) ASSOCIATIONS WITH FREEDOM

vrij (= free) vrijheid 3 (= freedom), vrij (=

free)

1 + 4 = 5

(10) ASSOCIATIONS WITH ELASTICITY

soepel 4 (= supple), buigzaam 3 (=

bendable), buigbaar (= bendable),

spankracht (= tension/elasticity),

rekbaar (= elastic)

buigzaam 2 (= bendable), rek (=

elasticity), uitrekbaar (=

stretchable)

10 + 4 = 14

(11) ASSOCIATIONS WITH WORKING

HNW 2 (= new ways of working),

samenwerken (= cooperate),

netwerk (= network), zzp (= self-

employed person), inzetbaarheid

(= availability), medewerker (=

employee), werknemer (=

employee), werken2.0 (= working

2.0), werkplekconcept (=

workplace concept), cao (=

collective labour agreement),

werkbelasting (= workload)

freelance (= freelance), zzp (=

self-employed person),

zelfstandige (= self-employed

person), werken (= working),

werkplek (= workplace)

12 + 5 = 17

95

(12) ASSOCIATIONS WITH TRANSPARENCY

transparant (= transparent) 0 + 1 = 1

(13) ASSOCIATIONS WITH RESPONSIBILITY

verantwoordelijk (= responsible),

verantwoordelijkheid (=

responsibility)

2 + 0 = 2

(14) ASSOCIATIONS WITH RESULTS

resultaat (= result) 0 + 1 = 1

(15) ASSOCIATIONS WITH TECHNICS

techniek 2 (= technics) 2 + 0 = 2


laptop 2 (= laptop), Wi-Fi (= Wi-

Fi)

0 + 3 = 3

(17) ASSOCIATIONS WITH SPACES

regelruimte (= adaptation space),

kantoor (= office)

kantoren (= offices),

ruimtegebruik (= use of space)

2 + 2 = 4

(18) ASSOCIATIONS WITH FACILITIES

faciliteiten 2 (= facilities) mogelijkheden (= possibilities) 2 + 1 = 3

(19) ASSOCIATIONS WITH CHOICE

keuze (= choice) 0 + 1 = 1

(20) ASSOCIATIONS WITH ADAPTATION TO CHANGE

verandering 2 (= change), adhoc (=

ad hoc), wisselen (= change),

afwisseling (= change/variation),

veranderingsbereid (= willing to

change), aanpassen (= adapt)

aanpasbaar 2 (= adaptable),

aanpassen 2 (= adapt), veelzijdig

2 (= versatile), multifunctioneel

2 (= multifunctional), adaptatie (=

adaptation), wijzigbaar (=

alterable), wisselend (= changing)

7 + 11 = 18

(21) ASSOCIATIONS WITH CREATIVITY

creativiteit (= creativity) creativiteit (= creativity) 1 + 1 = 2

(22) ASSOCIATIONS WITH ATTITUDE

houding (= attitude) 0 + 1 = 1

96

(23) ASSOCIATIONS WITH SHARING INFORMATION

luisteren (= listen) 0 + 1 = 1

(24) ASSOCIATIONS WITH ACTION

actie (= action) 1 + 0 = 1

(25) ASSOCIATIONS WITH CONFORMATION

inschikken (= conform to) 1 + 0 = 1

(26) ASSOCIATIONS WITH IMPROVISATION

improviseren (= improvise) 0 + 1 = 1

(27) ASSOCIATIONS WITH WORKLOAD

drukte (= busyness/work pressure) 1 + 0 = 1

(28) ASSOCIATIONS WITH AM BITION

ambitie (= ambition) 1 + 0 = 1

(29) ASSOCIATIONS WITH PERSONAL CHARACTER AND BEHAVIOUR

karakter 2 (= character), gedrag (=

behaviour)

eigenschap (= characteristic),

karakter (= character), geest (=

spirit)

3 + 3 = 6

(30) ASSOCIATIONS WITH A WILLINGNESS

bereidheid (= willingness) 1 + 0 = 1

(31) ASSOCIATIONS WITH EXPLORING

ontdekkend (= exploring) 0 + 1 = 1

(32) ASSOCIATIONS WITH SUSTAINABILITY

duurzaam 3 (= sustainable) 0 + 3 = 3

(33) ASSOCIATIONS WITH BUILDINGS

indeling 3 (= lay-out),

constructief (= constructional),

overmaat (= oversize), licht (=

light), wonen (= dwell)

0 + 7 = 7

(34) ASSOCIATIONS WITH A FLEXIBLE OBJECTS AND MATERIALS

rietje (= straw), rubber (= rubber) rubber 4 (= rubber), schuimrubber

(= foam rubber), slang (= hose),

2 + 7 = 9

97

elastiek (=rubber band)

(35) ASSOCIATIONS WITH PRIVACY AND ONESELF

privé (= private), eigen (= -self), ik

(= I)

persoonlijk (= personally) 3 + 1 = 4

(36) ASSOCIATIONS WITH PEOPLE

mensen (= people) menselijk (= human) 1 + 1 = 2

(36A) ASSOCIATIONS WITH YOUNG PEOPLE

jong (= young), jongeren (= young

people)

2 + 0 = 2

(36,36A) 3 + 1 = 4

(37) ASSOCIATIONS WITH PROCESSES

proces (= proces) 1 + 0 = 1

(38) ASSOCIATIONS WITH POWER

slagvaardig (= ready for battle) kracht (= power), veroveren (=

conquer)

1 + 2 = 3


ruimte 2 (= space) ruimte 6 (= space) 2 + 6 = 8


starheid (= rigidity) 1 + 0 = 1

(41) COLLOCATIONS

(42) OTHER

klantvraag (= costumer question),

containerbegrip (= all-embracing

concept), zijn (= being)

3 + 0 = 3

98

Table 5: Associations for Dutch ONTMOETEN categorised.

GROUP 1

L1 DUTCH

Clients

100

GROUP 2

L1 DUTCH

Architects

100


per category

(1) ASSOCIATIONS WITH NOVELTY

nieuw (= new) 1 + 0 = 1


informeel 2 (= informal) 0 + 2 =2


JUDGMENTS *

leuk 5 (= nice), gezellig 3 (=

enjoyable), interessant (=

interesting), gemak (= comfort),

aangenaam (= pleasant), verrijking

(= enrichment), blij (= happy),

succes (= success), warmte (=

warmth), inspirerend (= inspiring),

verrijkend (= enriching), graag (=

gladly), zinvol (= meaningful)

gezellig 6 (= enjoyable),

interessant (= interesting),

noodzakelijk (= necessary),

plezier (= fun), effectief (=

effective), rijkdom (= richness),

warm (= warmth)

19 + 12 = 31


JUDGMENTS *

moeilijk (= difficult) soft (= soft approach/softy) 1 + 1 =2

(3B) ASSOCIATIONS OF EXITEMENT

spannend (= exciting) 1 + 0 =1

(3,3A,3B) 21 + 13 = 34

(4) ASSOCIATIONS WITH OPENNESS

open 2 (= open) 0 + 2 = 2


meestal (= mostly), tijd (= time) tijd 3 (= time), tijdelijk (=

temporary)

2 + 4 = 6

(6) ASSOCIATIONS WITH BEING PUBLIC

99

openbaar (= public) 0 + 1 = 1

(7) ASSOCIATIONS WITH ORGANISATIONS

brancheorganisatie (= trade

organisation)

1 + 0 = 1


mensen 6 (= people), college (=

colleague), collegae (= colleagues),

vrienden (= friends), familie (=

family)

mensen 8 (= people), familie (=

family), vrienden (= friends)

10 + 10 = 20

(9) ASSOCIATIONS WITH TOGETHERNESS

samen 3 (= together),

samenwerken (= working

together/cooperate), sociaal (=

social),

samen 3 (= together), sociaal 3 (=

social), gezamenlijk 2 (=

together)

5 + 8 = 13


virtueel 2 (= virtual), reëel * (=

real), digital (= digital),

videoconferencing (=

videoconferencing)

*participant 15 mentions both

virtueel and reëel

community (= virtual

community)

5 + 1 = 6

(11) ASSOCIATIONS WITH LEAVING

verlaten (= leave/abandon) 0 + 1 = 1

(12) ASSOCIATIONS WITH ATTENTION

aandacht (= attention) 1 + 0 = 1

(13) ASSOCIATIONS WITH SPACES (PLACES WHERE PEOPLE MEET)

hotel (= hotel), plaats (= place),

koffieautomaat (= coffee machine),

wandelgangen (= corridors),

koffiezetautomaat (= coffee

machine), koffieapparaat (= coffee

machine), plek (= place/spot),

waar? (= where), café (= café),

kroeg (= pub), stad (= city)

café 4 (= café), plek 2 (=

place/spot), gelegenheid (=

place/occasion), plein (= square),

grandcafé (= grandcafé), hal (=

hall), trap (= stairs), kantoortuin

(= open-plan office), Evoluon (=

Evoluon), pleinen (= squares),

locatie (= location), overal (=

everywhere), kroeg (= pub)

11 + 17 + 28

100

(13A) ASSOCIATIONS WITH EVENTS (EVENTS WHERE PEOPLE MEET)

congres (= congress), vakantie (=

holiday)

excursie (= excursion) 2 + 1 =3

(13,13A) 13 + 18 = 31

(14) ASSOCIATIONS WITH FACILITIES

faciliteiten (= facilities) 1 + 0 = 1

(15) ASSOCIATIONS WITH FINDING

vinden (= find) 1 + 0 = 1

(16) ASSOCIATIONS WITH SHAKING HANDS

handschudden (= shake hands) hand 3 (= hand), handen 2 (=

hands), handdruk (= handshake)

1 + 6 = 7

(17) ASSOCIATIONS WITH COINCIDENCE

toeval (= coincidence) 1 + 0 = 1

(18) ASSOCIATIONS WITH FAITH

geloof (= faith) 1 + 0 = 1

(19) ASSOCIATIONS WITH APPOINTMENTS

afspraak (= appointment) 1 + 0 = 1


leren (= learn/teach) leren (= learn/teach), leerzaam (=

instructive)

1 + 2 = 3

(21) ASSOCIATIONS WITH RELAXATION

ontspannen (= relax), relaxen (=

relax)

0 + 2 = 2

(22) ASSOCIATIONS WITH CULTURE

cultuur (= culture) 1 + 0 = 1

(23) ASSOCIATIONS WITH GETTING TO KNOW SOMEONE

kennismaken (= get acquainted) kennismaken 2 (= get acquainted) 1 + 2 = 3

(24) ASSOCIATIONS WITH DISTRACTION

afleiding (= distraction) 1 + 0 = 1

101


vrijheid 2 (= freedom) 0 + 2 = 2

(26) ASSOCIATIONS WITH CURIOSITY

benieuwd (= curious), nieuwsgierig

(= curious)

2 + 0 = 2

(27) ASSOCIATIONS WITH GATHERINGS

bijeenkomst (= gathering) 0 + 1 = 1

(28) ASSOCIATIONS WITH EXCHANGE

uitwisseling 2 (= exchange) 0 + 2 = 2

(29) ASSOCIATIONS WITH COMMUNICATION

gesprek 2 (= conversation), dialoog

2 (= dialogue), praten (= talk),

communiceren (= communicate),

contact (= contact), interactie

(=interaction)

praten 3 (= talk), interactie 2

(=interaction), contact 2 (=

contact), praatje (= chat),

8 + 8 = 16

(30) ASSOCIATIONS WITH LOOKING

kijken (= look), gezien (= seen),

zien (= see)

0 + 3 = 3

(31) ASSOCIATIONS WITH SALUTATIONS

hé (= hi) 0 + 1 = 1

(32) ASSOCIATIONS WITH WORKING

werken (= werken) 1 + 0 = 1

(33) ASSOCIATIONS WITH CREATION

creëren (= create) 1 + 0 = 1

(34) ASSOCIATIONS WITH UNDERSTANDING

begrijpen (= understand) 1 + 0 = 1


persoonlijk (= personally) 1 + 0 = 1

(36) ASSOCIATIONS WITH NETWORKING

netwerken 2 (=

networks/networking), netwerk 2

netwerken 2 (=

networks/networking), netwerk (=

4 + 3 = 7

102

(= network) network)

(37) ASSOCIATIONS WITH SHARING

delen (= share) 1 + 0 = 1

(38) ASSOCIATIONS WITH CONNECTING

verbinden (= connect),

verbondenheid (= connection)

2 + 0 = 2

(39) ASSOCIATIONS WITH ENCOUNTERING

treffen (= encounter) 1 + 0 = 1

(40) ASSOCIATIONS WITH JUXTAPOSITIONS

juxtaposition (= juxtaposition) 0 + 1 = 1

(41) ASSOCIATIONS WITH COSTUMERS

klantgericht (= costumer-oriented) 1 + 0 = 1

(42) ASSOCIATIONS WITH POWER

versterken (= empower) 1 + 0 = 1

(43) ASSOCIATIONS WITH BEVERAGES

koffie 2 (= coffee) koffie 5 (= coffee) 2 + 5 = 7


ruimte (= space) kennisdeling (= sharing of

knowledge)

1 + 1 = 2


meeten (= meet), nietmoeten (= the

Dutch ONTMOETEN can jokingly be

explained as not being obliged to),

mogen (q.v. previous comment)

3 + 0 = 3

(46) COLLOCATIONS

(47) OTHER

niets (= nothing) primair (= primary) 1 + 1 = 2

103

Table 6: Associations for Dutch OPPERVLAKTE categorised.

GROUP 1

L1 DUTCH

Clients

100

GROUP 2

L1 DUTCH

Architects

100


per category

(1) ASSOCIATIONS WITH QUANTITY

groot 5 (= big), ruim 4 (=

spacious/large), voldoende (=

sufficient), omvang (= magnitude),

groot 2 (= big), compact (=

compact), genoeg (= sufficient),

klein (= small), veel (= a lot),

weinig (= a little)

11 + 7 = 18

(2) ASSOCIATIONS WITH EM PTINESS

leeg (= empty), onopgevuld (=

empty/not filled in), leegstand (=

vacancy/lack of occupancy)

3 + 0 = 3

(3) ASSOCIATIONS WITH SCOPE

horizon (= horizon), scope (=

scope)

2 + 0 = 2

(4) ASSOCIATIONS WITH AREA MEASURES

m2 4 (= square metre), ha 2 (=

hectare), meters (= meters),

meeteenheid (= unit of measure),

afmeting (= dimension)

m2 9 (= square metre), afmetingen

3 (= dimensions), meters 3 (=

meters), grootte 2 (= size), 12 m2

(= 12 square metre), format (=

size), LxB (= LxW)

9 + 20 = 29

(4A) ASSOCIATIONS WITH MEASURING

meten (= measuring) meten (= measuring) 1 + 1 = 2

(4,4A) 10 + 21 = 31

(5) ASSOCIATIONS WITH FLATNESS AND HORIZONTALITY

horizontaal (= horizontal), vlak (=

flat), plat (= flat), dun (= thin)

plat 4 (= flat), vlak (= flat) 4 + 5 = 9

(6) ASSOCIATIONS WITH SPACE AND THREE-DIMENSIONALITY

ruimtelijk (= spatial), diepte (=

depth), vormen (= shapes)

hoogte (= height) 3 + 1 = 4

(7) ASSOCIATIONS WITH PARTICULAR SPACES OR OBJECTS (THAT HAVE

104

A SURFACE AREA)

aarde 2 (= earth), natuur 2 (=

nature), kantoor 2 (= office), loods

(= hangar), industrieterrein (=

industrial zone), werkplekken (=

workplaces), maan (= moon),

werkplek (= workplace),

productiehal (= production hall),

campus (= campus), tuin (=

garden), vloer (= floor), zand (=

sand), vloerbedekking (= wall-to-

wall carpeting)

vloer 3 (= floor), platform (=

platform), gebouw (= building),

vloeropp (= floor area), huis (=

house), plaats (= place), tafel (=

table)

17 + 9 =26


overzicht (= survey/view), uitzicht

(= view/vista)

overzicht (= survey/view),

overzichtelijk (= surveyable)

2 + 2 = 4


eigen (= -self), intimiteit (=

intimacy)

2 + 0 = 2

(10) ASSOCIATIONS WITH A SUPERFICIAL SOCIETY

maatschappij (= society) 1 + 0 = 1

(11) ASSOCIATIONS WITH REGULATIONS FOR SURFACE AREAS

NEN2580 (= Dutch standard for

surface areas of grounds and

buildings)

bouwbesluit (= Dutch building

decree), NEN2580 (= Dutch

standard for surface areas of

grounds and buildings),

sproeidichtheid (= rule for the

amount of sprinklers per m2)

1 + 3 = 4

(12) ASSOCIATIONS WITH BUILDING PROJECTS

SGIS (= Schiphol geluidsisolatie: a

project for sound insulation of

Schiphol airport)

bouwen (= build),

projectontwikkelaar (= property

developer)

1 + 2 = 3

(13) ASSOCIATIONS WITH ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS

indeling (= lay-out) plattegrond 2 (= floor plan),

schetsen (= sketches)

1 + 3 = 4

(14) ASSOCIATIONS WITH DIMENSIONS

dimensie (= dimension) 1 + 0 = 1

105

(15) ASSOCIATIONS WITH UTILISATION OF POSSIBILITIES

benutten 2 (= make use of) mogelijkheden (= possibilities) 2 + 1 = 3

(16) ASSOCIATIONS WITH PEACE AND QUIET

rust (= rest/relaxation) rust (= rest/relaxation) 1 + 1 =2

(17) ASSOCIATIONS WITH FUNCTIONS AND FUNCTIONALITY

doelmatig (= suitable/functional) functie 2 (= function) 1 + 2 = 3


dynamisch (= dynamical) 0 + 1 = 1

(19) ASSOCIATIONS WITH STATICS

statisch (= static) 1 + 0 = 1

(20) ASSOCIATIONS WITH MATHEMATICS

wiskunde (= mathematics) wiskunde (= mathematics) 1 + 1 = 2

(21) ASSOCIATIONS WITH BUSYNESS

druk (= busy) 1 + 0 = 1

(22) ASSOCIATIONS WITH FINANCES

geld (= money) prijs (= price) 1 + 1 = 2

(23) ASSOCIATIONS WITH THE EXTERIOR AND SURROUNDINGS

buitenkant (= exterior) omgeving (= surroundings) 1 + 1 = 2


vrijheid (= freedom) 1 + 0 = 1

(25) ASSOCIATIONS WITH SURFACE TEXTURE AND COLOUR

glad 4 (= polished), ruw (=

rough), kleur (= colour), wit (=

white)

0 + 7 = 7

(26) ASSOCIATIONS WITH TANGIBILITY

tastbaar (= tangible) 0 + 1 = 1

(27) ASSOCIATIONS WITH FEELINGS

gevoel (= feeling), sfeer (=

ambiance)

0 + 2 = 2

106

(28) ASSOCIATIONS WITH BOUNDARIES

begrenzingen (= boundaries),

omtrek (= perimeter), begrensd

(= limited), bepaald (= fixed)

0 + 4 = 4

(29) ASSOCIATIONS WITH PROPORTIONS

verhouding (= proportion) 0 + 1 = 1


ruimte 22 (= space) functioneel (= functional), ruimte

11 (= space)

22 + 12 = 34


surface (= surface) 1 + 0 = 1

(32) COLLOCATIONS

maat 4 (= measure. Collocation:

oppervlaktemaat (= area measure)),

water 2 (=water. Collocation:

oppervlaktewater (= surface

water)), textuur (= texture.

Collocation: oppervlaktetextuur (=

surface texture)), warmte (=

warmth. Collocation:

oppervlaktewarmte (= surface

warmth))

textuur 2 (= texture. Collocation:

oppervlaktetextuur (= surface

texture)), maat 2 (= measure.

Collocation: oppervlaktemaat (=

area measure)), water 2 (=water.

Collocation: oppervlaktewater (=

surface water)), materiaal (=

material. Collocation:

oppervlaktemateriaal (= surface

material)), structuur (= structure.

Collocation: oppervlaktestructuur

(= surface texture))

8 + 8 = 16

(33) OTHER

continu (= continuous), lijn (=

line), ballon (= balloon),


condition)

0 + 4 = 4

107

Table 7: Associations for Dutch VERKEERSRUIMTE categorised.

GROUP 1

L1 DUTCH

Clients

100

GROUP 2

L1 DUTCH

Architects

100


per category

(1) ASSOCIATIONS WITH CARS AND OTHER TRAFFIC IN THE OUTDOOR

SPACE

file 4 (= traffic jam), wegen 4 (=

roads), weg 3 (= road), parkeren 3

(= park), kruispunt 3 (= junction),

files 3 (= traffic-jams), rotonde 3

(= roundabout), garage 2 (=

garage), fiets 2 (= bicycle),

snelweg 2 (= motorway), plein (=

square), politie (= police),

Julianaplein (= Julianaplein),

voetganger (= pedestrian), ov (=

public transport), auto (= car), bus

(= bus), knooppunt (= junction),

wegenkruising (= road junction),

A2 (= Dutch motorway),

verkeersplein (= roundabout),

Schiphol (= Schiphol airport),

opstopping (= traffic jam),

doorrijden (= keep on driving),

verkeersborden (= road sign),

parkeerplek (= parking place),

zebrapad (= crosswalk),

uitlaatgassen (= exhaust fumes),

doorstroming (= circulation),

traffic (= traffic), autobaan (=

motorway), lucht (= sky/air),

milieu (= environment)

transport 2 (= transport), stoplicht

2 (= traffic light), kruispunt 2 (=

junction), snelweg (= motorway),

Rotterdam (= Rotterdam),

parkeergarage (= car park), route

(= route), lucht (= sky/air),

transit (= transit), weg (= road)

52 + 13 = 65

(2) ASSOCIATIONS WITH CIRCULATION SPACE IN BUILDINGS

hal 2 (= hall), gang (= corridor),

meterkast (= meter box), routing (=

routing), vergaderplek (= meeting

place), kamer (= room), lopen (=

walk)

gang 14 (= corridor), lopen 5 (=

walk), multifunctioneel 2 (=

multifunctional), trap 2 (= stairs),

bouwbesluit 2 (= Dutch building

decree), tarra = (difference

between gross floor area and net

floor area), hal (= hall), deur (=

door), dubbelgebruik (= dubble

8 + 34 = 42

108

use), gelaagdheid (=

stratification), intergratie (=

integration), rennen (= run),

trappenhuis (= stairwell),

ordinary-hazard (= fire hazard

classification for buildings)

(3) ASSOCIATIONS WITH LIGHT AND SOUND

lawaaiig (= noisy) licht 2 (= light), geluid 2 (=

sound), daglicht? (= daylight)

1 + 5 = 6


pc‟s (= pc‟s) 1 + 0 = 1


JUDGMENTS *


effectief (= effective), handig

(=handy)

efficient (= efficient),

noodzakelijk (= necessary)

3 + 2 = 5


JUDGMENTS *

gedoe (= trouble), onvrede (=

dissatisfaction), onzin (=

nonsense), onnodig (=

unnecessary), saai (= boring), lelijk

(= ugly), niet (= not)

onnodig 2 (= unnecessary),

verlies 2 (= loss), verspilling (=

waste), weggegooid (= waste)

7 + 6 = 13

(5,5A) 10 + 8 = 18


tijd (= time), snel (= quick) 0 + 2 = 2

(7) ASSOCIATIONS WITH BUSYNESS

druk (= busy), drukte (= busyness),

chaotisch (= chaotic)

3 + 0 = 3


beweging 3 (= movement),

bewegen (= move),

bewegingsvrijheid (= freedom of

movement), snelheid (= speed),

beweging 4 (= movement),

bewegen 2 (= move), snelheid (=

speed), richting (= towards)

6 + 8 = 14

(9) ASSOCIATIONS WITH REST

109

rust (= rest/relaxation) 1 + 0 = 1

(10) ASSOCIATIONS WITH RULES

regels (= rules) 1 + 0 = 1

(11) ASSOCIATIONS WITH MEETING PEOPLE AND COM MUNICATIING

ontmoetingsmogelijkheid (=

meeting possibility), communicatie

(= communication)

ontmoeting 2 (= meeting), contact

(= contact), verbinden (=

connect)

2 + 4 = 6

(12) ASSOCIATIONS WITH ACCESSIBILITY

bereikbaarheid (= accessibility) 1 + 0 = 1


sharing (= sharing) 1 + 0 = 1

(14) ASSOCIATIONS WITH THE DARK

donker (= dark) 1 + 0 = 1

(15) ASSOCIATIONS WITH DRAWING

tekenen (= draw) 1 + 0 = 1


privacy (= privacy) anoniem (= anonymous) 1 + 1 = 2

(17) ASSOCIATIONS WITH ORGANISATION

ordening (=

regulation/organisation)

1 + 0 = 1


weinig (= a little), minimaal (=

minimal), tekort (= shortage),

beperken (= reduce)

ruim 3 (= spacious/large), weinig

2 (= a little), kort (= short),

overal (= everywhere)

4 + 7 = 11


leeg (= empty) 1 + 0 = 1


open (= open) onbepaald (= undetermined) 1 + 1 = 2

(21) ASSOCIATIONS WITH CLARITY

helderheid (= clarity), duidelijk (= 0 + 2 = 2

110

clear)

(22) ASSOCIATIONS WITH STRUCTURE

structuur (= structure) structuur (= structure) 1 + 1 = 2

(23) ASSOCIATIONS WITH INTEGRALITY

integraal (= integral) 0 + 1 = 1


delen (= share) 0 + 1 = 1


informeel (= informal) 0 + 1 = 1

(26) ASSOCIATIONS WITH MAKING USE OF

gebruiken (= use) 0 + 1 = 1


zichtlijnen (= sightlines), kijken

(= look)

0 + 2 = 2

(28) ASSOCIATIONS WITH PASSING THROUGH

passeren (= passing through) 0 + 1 = 1


ruimte (= space) functioneel 2 (= functional),

ontmoeten 2 (= meeting)

1 + 4 = 5


(31) COLLOCATIONS

(32) OTHER

overbevolking (= overpopulation) recht 2 (= straight), tekst (= text) 1 + 3 = 4

111

Table 8: Associations for Dutch ARCHITECTUUR categorised.

GROUP 1

L1 DUTCH

Clients

100

GROUP 2

L1 DUTCH

Architects

100


per category


JUDGMENTS *

mooi 6 (= beautiful), schoonheid 4

(= beauty), fris (= fresh), chic (=

chic), slim (= clever), tijdloos (=

timeless), sprekend (= expressive),

vet! (= great!)

mooi 4 (= beautiful), noodzaak 2

(= necessity), doordacht 2 (= well

thought-out), schoonheid 2 (=

beauty), belangrijk 2 (=

important), onderschat (=

underestimated), kunde (= skill),

bijdrage (= contribution), nodig

(= necessary), wow (= wow),

essentieel (= essential), ambacht

(= craft), ultiem (= ultimate), gaaf

(= fabulous), evenwicht (=

balance), goed (= good),

vakmanschap (=

skill/craftsmanship), geborgen (=

feeling secure), sfeer (=

ambiance), tijdloos (= timeless),

cultuur (= culture), leven (= life)

16 + 29 = 45


JUDGMENTS *

duur 3 (= pricey), lastig (=

troublesome), lelijk (= ugly), nep

(= fake), megalomaan (=

megalomaniacal), ontbreekt (=

lacks), compromis (=

compromise), ingewikkeld (=

complicated), gekunsteld (=

affected/artificial), snobs (=

snobs), pracht * (= with pomp and

circumstance, praal * (=with pomp

and circumstance), apart (= odd),

onbelangrijk (= unimportant)

*participant 43 mentions both

pracht and praal, which translates

as with pomp and circumstance)

onbegrip (= imcomprehension),

tragedie (= tragedy)

16 + 2 = 18

112

(1,1A) 32 + 31 = 63


ICT 2 (= ICT), IT (= IT) 3 + 0 = 3

(3) ASSOCIATIONS WITH BUILDINGS AND BUILDING

gebouw 7 (= building), gebouwen

5 (= buildings), huis (= house),

theater (= theatre), Eye (=EYE

Film Institute Netherlands),

tochtvrij (= draught-free),

openramen (= open windows),

bouwen (= build), nieuwbouw (=

newly built)

gebouwen 3 (= buildings),

gebouw 3 (= building), bouwen 3

(= build), huizen (= houses),

gevel (= building‟s façade)

19 + 11 = 30


Barcelona 2 (= Barcelona), Zuidas

(= Zuidas Amsterdam), stad (=

city), stedenbouw (=

urbanism/town planning)

overal (= everywhere) 5 + 1 = 6

(5) ASSOCIATIONS WITH ARCHITECTS

Gaudí (= Antoni Gaudí), Mies (=

Mies van der Rohe), Calatrava (=

Santiago Calatrava)

Herman (= Herman Hertzberger),

ik (= I)

3 + 2 = 5

(6) ASSOCIATIONS WITH STYLE AND TASTE

stijl (= style), strak (= sleek),

bouwstijl (= architectural style),

stijlvol (= stylish)

abstract (= abstract), smaak (=

taste)

4 + 2 = 6

(7) ASSOCIATIONS WITH HISTORY

geschiedenis (= history) 1 + 0 = 1

(8) ASSOCIATIONS WITH FORM

vorm (= form/shape), vormgeving

(= modelling), vormen (=

forms/shapes)

vorm 2 (= form/shape),

morphology (= morphology)

3 + 3 = 6

(9) ASSOCIATIONS WITH FUNCTION

functionaliteit 2 (= functionality),

doel (= goal), sober (= austere)

simpel (= simple), bruikbaar (=

useable), functie (= function)

4 + 3 = 7

(10) ASSOCIATIONS WITH DESIGN

113

ontwerpen (= design), design (=

design)

ontwerp 2 (= design), concept (=

concept), ontwerpen (= design),

2 + 4 = 6

(11) ASSOCIATIONS WITH ART AND FEELING

kunst 2 (= art), gevoel (= feeling),

kunstwerk (= work of art),

leefbaarheid (= livability)

kunst 2 (= art), bouwkunst (= the

art of building), inspiratie (=

inspiration), beleving (=

experience/live through)

5 + 5 = 10

(12) ASSOCIATIONS WITH MODERNITY AND NEWFANGLEDNESS

modern 2 (= modern), uitdagend (=

defiant)

innovatie(= innovation),

vernieuwend (= innovative)

3 + 2 = 5

(13) ASSOCIATIONS WITH IMAGE

imago (= image), beeld (=

image/picture)

imago (= image), representative

(= representation), identiteit (=

identity)

2 + 3 = 5

(14) ASSOCIATIONS WITH STATELINESS

imposant (=impressive) monumentaal (= monumental) 1 + 1 = 2

(15) ASSOCIATIONS WITH COLOUR

kleur 2 (= colour) 2 + 0 = 2

(16) ASSOCIATIONS WITH SPACE AND THREE-DIMENSIONALITY

ruimtelijk (= spatial) volume (= volume),

ruimtelijkheid (= spatiality), 3D

(= 3D)

1 + 3 = 4

(17) ASSOCIATIONS WITH CLARITY

transparant (= transparent) duidelijk (= clear), neutraal (=

neutral), voorspelbaar (=

predictable)

1 + 3 = 4

(18) ASSOCIATIONS WITH WORK OR HOBBY

werk 2 (= work), hobby (=

hobby)

0 + 3 = 3


opleiding (= education), scholen

(= schools)

0 + 2 = 2

(20) ASSOCIATIONS WITH SCIENCE AND RESEARCH

114

onderzoek (= research) 0 + 1 = 1

(21) ASSOCIATIONS WITH BOOKS AND MAGAZINES

tijdschrift (= journal/magazine),

boek (= book)

0 + 2 = 2


mens 2 (= person) 0 + 2 = 2

(23) ASSOCIATIONS WITH MOVEMENT OR THE LACK OF IT

dynamiek (= dynamics),

langzaam (= slow)

0 + 2 = 2

(24) ASSOCIATIONS WITH MATERIALS

material (= material) 0 + 1 = 1

(25) ASSOCIATIONS WITH THE EXTERIOR AND SURROUNDINGS

omgeving 2 (= surroundings) 0 + 2 = 2


stilte (= silence) 0 + 1 = 1

(27) ASSOCIATIONS WITH COMPLEXITY

complexiteit (= complexity) 0 + 1 = 1


uitstraling 3 (= aura/character),

functioneel 3 (= functional), ruimte

(= space)

ruimte 4 (= space), functioneel (=

functional), uitstraling (=

aura/character)

7 + 6 = 13


architect 2 (= architect) 0 + 2 = 2

(30) COLLOCATIONS

(31) OTHER

BCN (= Barcelona? Bussines

Centre Nederland? BCN

Drachten?), aansluiten (=

connect/join)

bril (= glasses) 2 + 1 = 3

115

Table 9: Associations for Dutch TRANSPARANTIE categorised.

GROUP 1

L1 DUTCH

Clients

100

GROUP 2

L1 DUTCH

Architects

100


per category

(1) ASSOCIATIONS WITH SIGHT AND SEE-THROUGH MATERIALS

glas 8 (= glass), doorzichtig 5 (=

see-through), plastic 2 (= plastic),

water 2 (= water), zicht (= sight),

ramen (= windows), raam (=

window), zichtlijn (= sightline),

uitkijk (= look-out), zichtbaar (=

visible), doorschijnend (=

translucent), licht (= light)

glas 18 (= glass), licht 6 (= light),

doorzichtig 4 (= see-through),

zicht 3 (= sight), diffuus 2 (=

difuse), overzicht 2 (=

survey/view), zichtbaarheid (=

visibility), zichtbaar (= visible),

overzichtelijk (= surveyable),

translucentie (= translucency),

flinterdun (= paper-thin),

ondoorzichtig (= non-see-

through), gordijnen (= curtains),

lichtdoorlatendheid (=

translucency, luchtigheid (=

airiness), doorkijk (= view

through), raam (= window),

kijken (= look), uitzicht (=

view/vista), vitrage (=net curtain),

lucht (= air), doorzichtigheid (=

see-trough), ramen (= windows)

25 + 52 = 77

(2) ASSOCIATIONS WITH TRANSPARENCY AND TRUST BETWEEN PEOPLE

AND TRANSPARENCY IN ORGANISATIONS

helder 6 (= clear), communicatie 3

(=communication), vertrouwen 3

(= confidence), duidelijkheid 3 (=

clarity), eerlijk 3 (= honest),

helderheid 2 (= clarity),

boekhouding (= accounting),

samenwerking (= cooperation),

delen (= share), duidelijk (= clear),

eerlijkheid (= honesty),

communiceren (= communicate),

kwetsbaar (= vulnerable),

leiderschap (= leadership), balans

(= balans), houding (= attitude),

geest (= spirit), IFRS (= IFRS),

verzekeren (= insure), consequent

helder 6 (= clear), helderheid 2

(= clarity), reflectie 2 (=

reflection), betrouwbaar (=

reliable), eenduidig (= univocal),

samen (= together), eerlijkheid (=

honesty), politiek (= politics),

duidelijk (= clear), contact (=

contact), vertrouwen (=

confidence), verbinding (=

connection)

43 + 19 = 62

116

(= consistent), inzicht (=

view/inspect),

verantwoordelijkheid (=

responsibility), gelijkwaardigheid

(= equality), ontmoeting (=

meeting), imago (= image),

Facebook (= Facebook), media (=

media), besturen (=

boards/management), integriteit (=

integrity)


JUDGMENTS *

noodzakelijk 2 (= necessary),

essentieel 2 (= essential), goed 2 (=

good), belangrijk (= important),

efficiency (= efficiency), synergie

(= synergy), duidelijk (= clear),

fijn (= nice)

handig (= handy), noodzakelijk (=

necessary), fijn (= nice), rijkdom

(= richness), onderschat (=

underestimated), wezenlijk (=

essential)

11 + 6 = 17


JUDGMENTS *

irritatie (= irritation) onrust (= unrest), schijn (=make-

believe), fake (= fake), overschat

(= overestimated)

1 + 4 = 5

(3,3A) 12 + 10 = 22

(4) ASSOCIATIONS WITH MODERNITY AND NEWFANGLEDNESS

modewoord (= vogue word), trend

(= trend/fashion)

2 + 0 = 2


open 9 (= open), openheid 5 (=

openness)


openness)

14 + 12 = 26

(6) ASSOCIATIONS WITH PROXIMITY

dichtbij (= close by) 1 + 0 = 1


privacy (= privacy) privacy 3 (= privacy) 1 + 3 = 4

(8) ASSOCIATIONS WITH AJUSTIBILITY

gedeeltelijk (= partly), regelbaar 0 + 2 = 2

117

(= adjustable)


kantoor (= office) 0 + 1 = 1


ruimte (= space) 1 + 0 = 1


(12) COLLOCATIONS

(13) OTHER

containerbegrip (= all-embracing

concept)

donker (= dark) 1 + 1 = 2

118

Table 10: Associations for Dutch UITSTRALING categorised.

GROUP 1

L1 DUTCH

Clients

100

GROUP 2

L1 DUTCH

Architects

100


per category


person (= person), jezelf (=

yourself), Obama (= Obama), ogen

(= eyes), kapper (= hairdresser),

gezicht (= face)

gezicht (= face), architecten (=

architects), mens (= person)

6 + 3 = 9

(2) ASSOCIATIONS WITH ORGANISATIONS

logo (= logo) bedrijfscultuur (= corporate

culture), werksfeer (= work

climate)

1 + 2 = 3

(3) ASSOCIATIONS WITH AURA AND CHARACTER IN GENERAL

imago 6 (= image), karakter 2 (=

character), identiteit 2 (= identity),

gedrag (= behaviour), aard (=

disposition), personality (=

personality), aura (= aura), indruk

(= impression), positie (=

position), sfeer (= ambiance), look

(= look)

karakter 4 (= character), identiteit

4 (= identity), charisma 2 (=

charisma), image 2 (= image),

houding (= attitude), visie (=

vision), elan (= zest), cachet (=

cachet), sfeer (= ambiance),

imago (= image), representatie (=

representation), persoonlijkheid

(= personality), persoonlijk (=

personal), imago (= image), stijl

(= style), overkomen (= come

across as)

18 + 24 = 42

(4) ASSOCIATIONS WITH DIVERSE AURAS AND CHARACTERS

mooi 5 (= beautiful), trots 4 (=

proud), kracht 3 (= power), prettig

3 (= pleasant), warmte 2 (=

warmth), professioneel 2 (=

professional), licht 2 (= light),

schoonheid 2 (= beauty), charmant

(= charming), vertrouwen (=

confidence), transparant (=

transparent), extravert (=

outgoing), nieuw (= new), modern

(= modern), passend (= suitable),

mooi 5 (= beautiful), licht 2 (=

light), zakelijk 2 (=professional),

fris 2 (= fresh), rust 2 (=

rest/relaxation), helder 2 (= clear),

warm 2 (= warm), stralen (=

shine), zichtbaarheid (=

visibility), goed (= good), glans

(=gleam), informeel (= informal),

gemoedelijk (= agreeable),

uitgesproken (= clear-cut), klasse

(= class), contrast (= contrast),

58 + 45 = 103

119

inspirerend (= inspiring),

sympathie (= sympathy), warm (=

warm), professionaliteit (=

professionalism), ambitie (=

ambition), stralen (= shine),

kwaliteit (= quality), stevigheid (=

solidity), groen (= green),

duurzaam (= sustainable), milieu

(= environment), glamour (=

glamour), vrolijk (= cheerful),

groots (= grand), leiderschap (=

leadership), enthousiasme

(=enthusiasm), hedendaags

(contemporary), onbesgrensd (=

unlimited), lef (= guts),

betrouwbaar (= reliable), passie (=

passion), fris (= fres), guts (= guts),

power (= power), inspirerend (=

inspiring), aantrekkelijk (=

attractive), doelmatigheid

(=suitability/functionality),

doelmatig (=suitable/functional)

minimalistisch (= minimalistic),

huiselijk (= homelike), verzorgd

(= well kept), toegankelijk (=

accessible), zeggingskracht (=

expressiveness), kwaliteit (=

quality), vormloos (= shapeless),

warmte (= warmth),

aantrekkingskracht (= attraction),

macht (= power), neutraal (=

neutral), sober (= austere), strak

(= sleek), herkenbaar (=

recognisable), esthetisch (=

aesthetic), eenvoudig (= simple),

geweldig (= terrific),

duidelijkheid (= clarity), power (=

power)

(5) ASSOCIATIONS WITH THE IMPORTANCE OR UNIMPORTANCE OF A

GOOD IMAGE

belangrijk 3 (= important), telt (=

counts), impact (= impact),

onbelangrijk (= unimportant)

belangrijk (= important), effect (=

effect), ondergeschikt (=

subsidiary), onzinnig (=

nonsensical), leeg (= empty),

waarde (= merit)

6 + 6 = 12

(6) ASSOCIATIONS WITH WISHES

wens (= wish) 1 + 0 = 1

(7) ASSOCIATIONS WITH RADIATION

zon 2 (= sun), zonneschijn (=

sunshine), kachel (= stove)

radioactiviteit (= radioactivity),

zon (= sun), kerncentrale (=

nuclear power station)

4 + 3 = 7


zien (= see) 1 + 0 = 1


kleur 2 (= colour) kleur 2 (= colour) 2 + 2 = 4

120

(10) ASSOCIATIONS WITH FEELINGS

gevoel 2 (= feeling) 2 + 0 = 2

(11) ASSOCIATIONS WITH IM AGES

beelden (= images) 1 + 0 = 1


ontwerp (= design), vormgeven

(= model)

0 + 2 = 2

(13) ASSOCIATIONS WITH PUBLICITY

publiciteit (= publicity),

marketing (= marketing)

0 + 2 = 2


materialen (= materials) 0 + 1 = 1


gebouw 2 (= building),

façadearchitectuur (= façade

architecture), gevel (= façade)

0 + 4 = 4


functioneel 2 (= functional),

architectuur (= architecture)

0 + 3 = 3


(18) COLLOCATIONS

(19) OTHER

maatschappij (= society), tastzin

(= tactile sense), eenmalig (= one-

off)

0 + 3 =3

121

Table 11: Associations for Dutch FUNCTIONEEL categorised.

GROUP 1

L1 DUTCH

Clients

100

GROUP 2

L1 DUTCH

Architects

100


per category


JUDGMENTS *

goed 3 (= good),

voorwaardenscheppend (=

favourable), prettig (= pleasant),


noodzaak (= necessity), mooi (=

beautiful), zinnig (= sensible),

prioriteit (= priority)

uiteraard 2 (= of course),

essentieel 21 (= essential), slim

21 (= clever), noodzaak (=

necessity), belangrijk (=

important), natuurlijk (=

naturally), mooi (= beautiful),

goed (= good), OK (= OK),


condition), rijkdom (= richness),

leidend (= leading)

10 + 15 = 25


JUDGMENTS *

saai 2 (= boring), niets (= nothing),

nietszeggend (= meaningless),

onmogelijk (= imposible)

frustrerend (= frustrating), saai (=

boring), kaal (= meagre)

5 + 3 = 8

(1,1A) 15 + 18 = 33

(2) ASSOCIATIONS WITH PRACTICALITY

handig 8 (= handy), praktisch 6 (=

practical/handy), nuttig 2 (=

useful), gemak 2 (=comfort), nut

(= usefulness)

praktisch 95 (= practical/handy),

handig 42 (= handy), nuttig 32 (=

useful), gemak (=comfort)

19 + 17 = 36

(3) ASSOCIATIONS WITH EFFECTIVENESS

doelmatig 3 (= suitable/functional),

efficiënt 3 (= efficient),

doeltreffend (= effective), raak (=

hit the mark), efficiency (=

efficiency), effectiviteit

(=effectiveness),

effectief 2 (= effective),

efficiëntie (= efficiency),

doelgericht (= goal-oriented),

efficiency (= efficiency),

doeltreffend (= effective), doel (=

goal)

10 + 7 = 17


122

applicaties (= applications),

website (= website)

2 + 0 = 2

(5) ASSOCIATIONS WITH FUNCTIONAL MATTERS

schroef (= screw), kantoor (=

office), mobiel (= mobile phone),

werkplek (= workplace), aanrecht

(= worktop), jas (= coat), TomTom

(= TomTom), Excel (= Excel),

fiets (= bicycle), keuken (=

kitchen), werkplek (= workplace),

auto (= car), glas (= glass),

product (= product), school (=

school)

8 + 7 = 15

(6) ASSOCIATIONS WITH SUPPORT

ondersteunend 2 (= supporting) dienstverlenend (= servicing) 2 + 1 = 3

(7) ASSOCIATIONS WITH SIMPLICITY

inzichtelijk (= easy to understand),

eenvoud (= simple), simpel (=

simple), sober (= austere), strak (=

sleek)

basis (= basis), basaal (= basal),

eenvoudig (= simple), eenvoud (=

simplicity)

5 + 4 = 9


indeling 2 (= lay-out), gebouw (=

building)

indeling (= lay-out),

plattegronden (= floor plans)

3 + 2 = 5


creativiteit (= creativity) 1 + 0 = 1


design (= design), ontwerp (=

design)

2 + 0 = 2

(11) ASSOCIATIONS WITH PROFESSIONALISM

zakelijk (=professional),

professioneel (= professional)

2 + 0 = 2

(12) ASSOCIATIONS WITH BEHAVIOUR

gedrag (= behaviour) 1 + 0 = 1

(13) ASSOCIATIONS WITH USER-FRIENDLINESS

toepasselijk 2 (= apt), toepasbaar 2

(= usable), gebruik 2 (= use),

bruikbaar 2 (= useable), gebruiker

(= user), gebruiksvriendelijk (=

user-friendly), medewerker (=

gebruik 3 (= use), bruikbaar 21 (=

useable), gebruiksvriendelijk (=

user-friendly), gebruik (= use),

gebruiksgemak (= user-

friendliness), gebruikers (= users),

bruikbaarheid (= usability),

12 + 13 = 25

123

employee), makkelijk (= easy) tevredenheid (= satisfaction),

bruikbaar (= useable), ergonomie

(= ergonomics)

(14) ASSOCIATIONS WITH SPECIFIC PLACES FOR SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS

specifiek (= specific), specificeren

(= specify)

2 + 0 = 2

(15) ASSOCIATIONS WITH FLEXIBLE PLACES FOR FLEXIBLE FUNCTIONS

divers (= divers) flexibel 31 (= flexible),

onuitgesproken (=not clear-cut)

1 + 4 = 5

(16) ASSOCIATIONS WITH LOGIC

logisch (= logical),

vanzelfsprekend (= obvious)

logisch 3 (= logical) 2 + 3 = 5

(17) ASSOCIATIONS WITH HOLISM

holisme (= holism) 1 + 0 = 1

(18) ASSOCIATIONS WITH WORK

werkbaar 2 (= workable), werkt (=

works), collega’s (=colleagues)

werkend 21 (= working), werken

(= work)

4 + 3 = 7

(19) ASSOCIATIONS WITH CERTAINTY

zeker (= certain) absoluut (= absolutely) 1 + 1 = 1

(20) ASSOCIATIONS WITH COMFORT

comfortabel (= comfortable) 1 + 0 = 1

(21) ASSOCIATIONS WITH ACCESSIBILITY

toegankelijkheid (= accessibility) 1 + 0 = 1

(22) ASSOCIATIONS WITH FITTING

passend (= fitting) passend (= fitting) 1 + 1 = 2

(23) ASSOCIATIONS WITH FINANCES

geld (= money), betaalbaar (=

affordable)

geld (= money), kosten (= costs) 2 + 2 = 2

(24) ASSOCIATIONS WITH RELATIONS

relationeel (= relational) combineren (= combine) 1 + 1 = 2

124

(25) ASSOCIATIONS WITH ORDER

orde (= order) 0 + 1 = 1


ontwikkeling (= development) 0 + 1 = 1

(27) ASSOCIATIONS WITH SUSTAINABILITY

duurzaam (= sustainable) 0 + 1 = 1

(28) ASSOCIATIONS WITH MAINTENANCE

onderhoud (= maintenance) 0 + 1 = 1

(29) ASSOCIATIONS WITH COMPACTNESS

compact 2 (= compact) 0 + 2 =2

(30) ASSOCIATIONS WITH MATHEMATICS

meetkundig (= geometrical) 0 + 1 = 1


materialisering (=materialisation) 0 + 1 = 1

(32) ASSOCIATIONS WITH THE CLIENT

opdrachtgever (= client) 0 + 1 = 1

(33) ASSOCIATIONS WITH WISHES

wensen (= wishes) 0 + 1 = 1

(34) ASSOCIATIONS WITH ART AND ARCHITECTURAL MOVEMENTS

modernen (= moderns) 0 + 1 = 1

(35) ASSOCIATIONS WITH ANALYSES

analyse (= analysis) 0 + 1 = 1

(36) ASSOCIATIONS WITH FORM

vorm (= form/shape) 0 + 1 = 1




125

(39) COLLOCATIONS

(40) OTHER

doorgang (= passageway),

programma (=programme),

primair (= primary)

0 + 3 = 3

126

Table 12: Associations for Dutch RUIMTE categorised.

GROUP 1

L1 DUTCH

Clients

100

GROUP 2

L1 DUTCH

Architects

100


per category


leeg 2 (= empty) 1 + 0 = 1

(1A) ASSOCIATIONS WITH FULLNESS

vol (= full) 1 + 0 = 1

(1,1A) 2 + 0 = 2


rust 4 (= rest/relaxation) rust (= rest/relaxation), stilte (=

silence)

4 + 2 = 6


veel 2 (= a lot), groot (= big) hoogte 2 (= height), schaal (=

scale), hoog (= high), groot (=

big), minimaal (= minimal)

3 + 6 = 9


ontwikkeling (= development),

ontplooiing (= development of

one's personality)

extra (= extra) 2 + 1 = 3

(5) ASSOCIATIONS WITH SPECIFIC, ENCLOSED PLACES FOR SPECIFIC

FUNCTIONS

kamer 3 (= room), muren (=

walls), vertrek (= room),

autonomie (= autonomy), besloten

(= enclosed)

kamer 2 (= room), wanden (=

walls), indeling (= lay-out),

functie (= function), afkadering

(= delineation), differentiatie (=

differentiation), gesloten (=

closed), muur (= wall),

persoonlijk (= personally), vertrek

(= room), kantoor (= office),

omspannen (= enclose)

7 + 13 = 20

(5A) ASSOCIATIONS WITH FLEXIBLE, OPEN PLACES FOR FLEXIBLE

FUNCTIONS

127


openness), flexibel 2 (= flexible),

neutraal (= neutral), flexplek (=

flexible workplace),

mogelijkheden (= possibilities),

multifunctioneel (=

multifunctional), onafgebakend (=

undelineated), glas (= glass), weids

(= vast/open), oneindig (= infinite)

open 6 (= open), veranderlijk (=

variable), luchtig (= airy),

onbegrensd (= unlimited),

openheid (= openness), collectief

(= collective), openbaar (=

public), helder (= clear)

18 + 13 = 31

(6) ASSOCIATIONS WITH PARTICULAR PLACES THAT ARE SPACIOUS

loods (= hangar), plein (= square) 2 + 0 = 2


JUDGMENTS *

nodig 2 (= necessary), vriendelijk

(= friendly), aangenaam (=

pleasant), plezierig (= delightful),

mooi (= beautiful), uitnodigend (=

inviting)

uitnodigend (= inviting),

aangenaam (= pleasant),

essentieel (= essential), essentie

(= essence)

7 + 4 = 11

(8) ASSOCIATIONS WITH SHARING INFORMATION

interactie (= interaction), delen (=

share)

2 + 0 = 2


beweging (= movement),

bewegingsvrijheid (= freedom of

movement)

dynamiek (= dynamics) 2 + 1 = 3


vrijheid 7 (= freedom) vrijheid 3 (= freedom), vrij (=

free)

7 + 4 = 11

(11) ASSOCIATIONS WITH OUTER SPACE

space 2 (= space/cosmos), Kuipers

;) (= André Kuipers), heelal (=

cosmos), hemel (= heavens),

Kuipers (= André Kuipers), Ockels

(= Wubbo Ockels), ruimtevaart (=

space travel), universum (=

universe)

space 2 (= space/cosmos),

atmosferen (= atmospheres),

Kuipers (= André Kuipers)

9 + 4 = 13

(12) ASSOCIATIONS WITH SAFETY

128

veiligheid (= safety) bescherming (= protection) 1 + 1 = 2

(12) ASSOCIATIONS WITH FIRE SAFETY

vrandoverslag (= fire transfer) 0 + 1 = 1

(13) ASSOCIATIONS WITH LIGHT AND SOUND

licht 4 (= light), daglicht (=

daylight)

licht 6 (= light), geluid (= sound) 5 + 7 = 12


creativiteit (= creativity) 1 + 0 = 1

(15) ASSOCIATIONS WITH THE OUTDOORS

natuur 2 (= nature), buiten (=

outdoors), zee (= sea)

4 + 0 = 4

(16) ASSOCIATIONS WITH BREATHING AIR

lucht 3 (= air/sky), ademen (=

breathe)

lucht 8 (= air/sky), adem (=

breath)

4 + 9 = 13

(17) ASSOCIATIONS WITH SIGHT

zichtbaarheid (= visibility) zien (= see), uitzicht (=

view/vista), zicht (= sight)

1 + 3 = 4

(18) ASSOCIATIONS WITH WORK

werk (= work) 1 + 0 = 1


kleur (= colour) 1 + 0 = 1

(20) ASSOCIATIONS WITH EFFICIENT USE OF THE SPACE AVAILABLE

gebruiken (= use), effectief (=

effective)

gebruik (= use), efficiënt (=

efficient)

2 + 2 = 4

(21) ASSOCIATIONS WITH LIFE

leefbaar (= livable) beleving 2 (= experience/live

through), leefgebied (= habitat),

mens (= person)

1 + 4 = 5

(22) ASSOCIATIONS WITH FLATNESS AND HORIZONTALITY

vloer (= floor) 1 + 0 = 1

129

(23) ASSOCIATIONS WITH THREE-DIMENSIONALITY

inhoud (= volume) volume 2 (= volume), 3D (= 3D),

ruimtelijkheid (= spatiality),

vlakken (= faces), massa (=

mass)

1 + 6 = 7

(24) ASSOCIATIONS WITH INSPIRATION

inspiratie (= inspiration) inspiratie (= inspiration) 1 + 1 = 2

(25) ASSOCIATIONS WITH ENTRANCES

toegang (= entrance) doorgang (= passageway) 1 + 1 = 2

(26) ASSOCIATIONS WITH A SPOT

plek (= place/spot) plek 4 (= place/spot) 1 + 4 = 5

(27) ASSOCIATIONS WITH PLAYING

spelen (= play) 1 + 0 = 1

(28) ASSOCIATIONS WITH FURNISHING

inrichten (= furnish), inrichting (=

furnishing)

2 + 0 = 2

(29) ASSOCIATIONS WITH THE AMBIANCE OF A SPACE

gevoel (= feeling) sfeer (= ambiance), geluk (=

happiness)

1 + 2 = 3

(30) ASSOCIATIONS WITH CONCENTRATION

concentratie (= concentration) 0 + 1 = 1


ontwerp (= design) 0 + 1 = 1

(32) ASSOCIATIONS WITH ENERGY

energie (= energy) 0 + 1 = 1

(33) ASSOCIATIONS WITH PROPORTIONS

verhoudingen (= proportions) 0 + 1 = 1

(34) ASSOCIATIONS WITH COMFORT

comfort (= comfort) 0 + 1 = 1

(35) ASSOCIATIONS WITH RELATIONS

130

verbinding (= connection) 0 + 1 = 1


oppervlakte (= surface area) architectuur (= architecture) 1 + 1 = 2

(35) ASSOCIATIONS WITH THE UNEXPECTED

onverwacht (= unexpected),

verfrissend (= refreshing)

0 + 2 = 2



(38) COLLOCATIONS

(39) OTHER

geest (= spirit), fris (= fresh),

letterlijk (= literally), figuurlijk (=

metaphorical)

fiets (= bicycle) 4 + 1 = 5

131

Table 13: Missing words categorised.

* The number of words per category is not counted because not all participants gave missing words, so

the total number is not equal.

GROUP 1

L1 DUTCH

Clients

100

GROUP 2

L1 DUTCH

Architects

100

(1) WORDS CONCERNING IT

virtueel (= virtual), technische infrastructuur (=

technical infrastructure)

(2) WORDS CONCERNING FEELINGS

inspiratie 3 (= inspiration), beleving (=

experience/live through), ambiance (= ambiance),

sfeer (= ambiance), geborgenheid (= feeling

secure)

beleving 2 (= experience/live through), sfeer 2 (=

ambiance), vriendschap (= friendschip),

inspiratie (= inspiration)

(3) WORDS CONCERNING HOMINESS

thuisvoelen (= feeling at home) thuis (= home)

(4) WORDS CONCERNING THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

werkplek 2 (= workplace), gebouw 2 (= building),

bureau of werkplek (= desk or workplace),

inrichting (= furnishing)

werkplek 2 (= workplace), omgeving (=

surroundings), uitzicht (= view/vista), interieur

(= interior), gebouw (= building)

(5) WORDS CONCERNING PEOPLE ONE WORKS WITH

management (= management), collega (=

colleague), mensen (= people), samenwerken (=

cooperate), samenwerking (= cooperation),

network (= network)

samenwerking 2 (= cooperation), mens (=

person), mensen (= people), collectief (=

collective)

(6) WORDS CONCERNING CSR

MVO (= CSR)

(7) WORDS CONCERNING PRODUCTIVITY

productiviteit (= productivity)

(8) WORDS CONCERNING BUILDING

bouwen (= building)

132

(9) WORDS CONCERNING USABILITY

gebruiksgemak (user-friendliness) gebruik (= use), gebruik: associaties met

eten/drinken en werken (= use: associations with

eat/drink and work)

(10) WORDS CONCERNING POSITIVE EMOTIONS OR POSITIVE VALUE JUDGMENTS *

prettig (= pleasant), schoonheid (= beauty) kwaliteit (= quality)

(11) WORDS CONCERNING CONCENTRATION

concentratie (= concentration) concentratie (= concentration)

(12) WORDS CONCERNING WORK

arbeid (= labour) werken (= work)

(13) WORDS CONCERNING COM FORT

comfort (= comfort)

(14) WORDS CONCERNING COM MUNICATION

communicatie (= communication)

(15) WORDS CONCERNING CONFLICT

conflict (= conflict)

(16) WORDS CONCERNING THE FUTURE

toekomstgericht (= forward-looking), toekomst (=

future)

(17) WORDS CONCERNING INNOVATION

vernieuwing (= renovation/innovation)

(18) WORDS CONCERNING (CORPORATE) IDENTITY

identiteit (= identity)

(19) WORDS CONCERNING SUSTAINABILITY

klimaat (= climate), duurzaam (= sustainable) duurzaamheid 2 (= sustainability), klimaat (=

climate), duurzaam (= sustainable)

(20) WORDS CONCERNING COHERENCE

samenhang (= coherence)

(21) WORDS CONCERNING TARGETS

133

doel (= target)

(22) WORDS CONCERNING FINANCES

kosten (= costs) budget (= budget)

(23) WORDS CONCERNING BALANCE

balans (= balance)

(24) WORDS CONCERNING EXPLOITATION

exploitatie (= exploitation)

(25) WORDS CONCERNING LIGHT ODOUR

geur (= smell), daglicht (= daylight), licht (=

light), geluid (= sound)

(26) WORDS CONCERNING WISHES

wens: wat wil je met een werkplek? (= wish:

what do you want with a workplace?)

(27) WORDS CONCERNING ORGANISATIONS

organisatie (= organisation)

(28) WORDS CONCERNING PROGRAMMES

programma (= programme)

(29) WORDS CONCERNING DESIGN

ontwerp (= design)

(30) WORDS CONCERNING PRIVACY AND ONESELF

persoonlijk (= personally), afzonderen (=

withdraw oneself), rust /privé /stilte (=

rest/private/silence)

(31) WORDS CONCERNING FORM

vorm (= form/shape)

(32) WORDS CONCERNING ROUTING

routing (= routing)

(33) WORDS CONCERNING CREATIVITY

creativiteit (= creativity)

134

(34) WORDS CONCERNING BEVERAGES

koffie (= coffee)

(35) WORDS CONCERNING INTERFERENCE

interferentie (= interference)

(36) WORDS CONCERNING COM MITMENT

betrokkenheid (= commitment)

(37) OTHER

beren (= bears), kabinetscrisis (= fall of the

government)

Geen idee; het verband ontgaat me (= no idea; I

fail to grasp the connection), onduidelijk (=

unclear)

135

Appendix III: Completed Questionnaires

III.I Introduction In this appendix the completed questionnaires can be found. The answers of the participants are

marked in red.

III.II Clients

Participant 101: male, 59 years old, lives in Drenthe and is editor in chief of a daily newspaper.

Educational level: master.







e. Anders, namelijk: alle vier. Er kan ook onduidelijkheid zijn bij de opdrachtgever over de eigen

behoeften of de eigen toekomst. Interessant is of de echte gebruikers ook een stem in het

kapittel krijgen. In consensusland Nederland is dat psychologisch sowieso verstandig. Het kan

ook helpen om onduidelijkheden te voorkomen.




c. Anders, namelijk: dat mooie jasje is niet de hoofdzaak. Het gaat om twee dingen. Een gebouw

maken dat de werkprocessen zo gunstig mogelijk laat verlopen en een gebouw dat de

arbeidssatisfactie stimuleert.


komen?

a. Ja, want dat is gebleken. De rol van de architect is echter onmisbaar. Die kan ook door

verschillende personen worden vervuld.

b. Nee, want--------------------------------




Dat hangt van de organisatie of het bedrijf af. Voor een bank gelden andere regels dan voor een krant,

om een voorbeeld te noemen. Om van abattoirs en ziekenhuizen maar niet te spreken. Heel basaal: er

moet ook wat te zien zijn. Een kantoortuin is aardig, maar niet meer. Een repetitielokaal is prachtig -

maar misschien is het voor de gebruikers juist weer niet prettig. Belangrijk is ook wie het gebouw

bezoeken. Als dat het grote publiek is, is transparantie belangrijk of in ieder geval een pre. Als het

bezoek puur zakelijk is, kan de boodschap bij het binnentreden heel anders zijn. Uiteindelijk bepaalt

het doel van de organisatie welke mate van transparantie ideaal is. Denk ik.



136

a.

Door een kolommenstructuur toe te passen, dan zijn er geen dragende wanden en kan het gebouw steeds aangepast worden aan de behoeften. Is een optie. Maar niet zaligmakend.

b.

Door te zorgen dat iedereen overal kan zitten. Geen persoonlijke kantoren. Mode. Negeert het feit dat mensen zoogdieren zijn.

c.

Door te zorgen dat het gebouw dag en nacht toegankelijk is, zodat iedereen kan werken wanneer hij wil. Dit staat los van het ontwerp.

d. Anders, namelijk: --------------------------------


a.

De techniek: het beton, de boutjes en de moertjes, de bouwkundige inventiviteit.

b.

De kunst: het uiterlijk van een gebouw, dat wat een gebouw uitstraling geeft.

137

c.


d. Anders, namelijk: een vertaling in steen en glas van de werkprocessen en de behoeften van de gebruikers, gericht op efficiëntie en comfort/gemak.


moeten zien?

a.

Werknemers en klanten, en collega‟s onderling moeten elkaar kunnen zien. Dat vraagt om een gebouw met open ruimten en veel glas.

b.

Het gebouw moet voorzien zijn van allerhande moderne technieken, zodat collega‟s en klanten en collega‟s onderling met elkaar kunnen communiceren in een ander deel van het gebouw, of als zij thuis werken.

c.

Door te zorgen dat het gebouw openstaat voor klanten, zodat zij zich welkom voelen.

d. Anders, namelijk: het kan allemaal. Bepalend is de aard van het bedrijf.

Vraag 13: Stel dat u, als werkgever of manager, betrokken zou zijn bij het ontwerp van een nieuw

kantoorgebouw, hoe zou u het programma van eisen dan het liefst zien: volledig talig, of voorzien van

tekeningen of bijvoorbeeld icoontjes zoals in de drie vragen hierboven?

138

Met tekeningen en impressies. Beelden zeggen meer dan woorden. En met getallen, de taal waarin het

gebouw en het gebruik ervan uiteindelijk in worden geschreven.

139

Participant 102: male, 54 years old, lives in Noord-Holland and is editor in chief of a national

newspaper. Educational level: master.













komen?

a. Ja, want--------------------------------

b. Nee, want--------------------------------




Een duidelijke en toegankelijke ingang en ontvangst.



a.

Door een kolommenstructuur toe te passen, dan zijn er geen dragende wanden en kan het gebouw steeds aangepast worden aan de behoeften.

b.

Door te zorgen dat iedereen overal kan zitten. Geen persoonlijke kantoren.

140

c.

Door te zorgen dat het gebouw dag en nacht toegankelijk is, zodat iedereen kan werken wanneer hij wil.



a.


b.


c.




moeten zien?

141

a.


b.


c.






???

142

Participant 103: female, 50 years old, lives in Gelderland and is a manager at Zozijn.








e. Anders, namelijk: het ontbreken van visie, zin doordrijven van zowel architect als

opdrachtgever, beperkt budget. Er wordt dan te vaak op de verkeerde onderdelen bezuinigd.

(bijv. op klimaatbeheersing in relatie tot veel ramen).




c. Anders, namelijk: architect moet meegenomen worden in de visie van het te bouwen object.

Feeling krijgen met bijvoorbeeld de zorg. Praten met cliënten, medewerkers e.e.a. om te weten

wat de zorg inhoud.


komen?

a. Ja, want--------------------------------

b. Nee, want dat denk ik niet. Elke deskundige heeft zijn eigen specialisme, Ik heb al te vaak

ervaren dat wanneer er geen visie of commitment is het helemaal fout gaat. Je hebt elkaar

nodig en moet veel communiceren en mensen (gebruikers) meenemen in het gedachtegoed.




Door met medewerkers op alle onderdelen, dus van gastvrouw tot directeur te praten over de zorg en

wat zij daar tegenkomen. Ook het spreken van cliënten is voorwaarde. Zij zijn de gebruikers als het

gaat om veiligheid, sfeer e.d.



a.


143

b.


c.


d. Anders, namelijk: combi van flexwerken en verplaatsbare wanden.


a.


b.


c.


d. Anders, namelijk: een combinatie van A en B en C. C is voor mij het belangrijkste en dat is dat medewerkers en cliënt zich herkennen in het gebouw.

144


moeten zien?

a.


b.


c.


d. Anders, namelijk: combi van B en C.




Volledig schriftelijk uitgewerkt en aan de hand van tekeningen voorbeelden geven.

145

Participant 104: female, 50 years old, lives in Zuid-Holland and is Chief HR Officer at a large

landline and mobile telecommunications company. Educational level: master.







e. Anders, namelijk: onvoldoende inzicht van de organisatie in wat exact nodig is voor een goede

werkplekorganisatie.




c. Anders, namelijk: A + B.


komen?

a. Ja, want--------------------------------

b. Nee, want onvoldoende technische expertise.




Met name de ingang is van belang en de mogelijkheid tot makkelijke toegang tot werkplekken. Geen

hokjes.



a.


b.


146

c.


d. Anders, namelijk: B - maar dan zodanig uitgevoerd dat dit voor medewerkers goed te doen is.


a.


b.


c.




moeten zien?

147

a.


b.


c.


d. Anders, namelijk: A en B en C.




Beschrijvingen en tekeningen - icoontjes zijn niet altijd even duidelijk.

148

Participant 105: male, 60 years old, lives in Gelderland and is a manager at PostNL. Educational

level: master.











c. Anders, namelijk: het gehele bouwproces van begin tot eind regelen conform de wensen van

de klant met inachtneming van de technische vereisten en binnen de wettelijke kaders.


komen?

a. Ja, want--------------------------------

b. Nee, want onvoldoende technische kennis / kennis van de wettelijke kaders.




Door de organisatie, haar values, doelstelling en werkwijze goed te begrijpen / door goed te luisteren

naar de wensen van de opdrachtgever.



a.


b.


149

c.




a.


b.


c.




moeten zien?

150

a.


b.


c.






151

Participant 106: female, 35 years old, lives in Utrecht and is a departmental manager at Eneco.

Educational level: bachelor.













komen?

a. Ja, mits de eigenaar de gebruikseisen kan omturnen naar technische bouweisen voor de

bouwer.

b. Nee, want--------------------------------




Kantoortuinen, veel gebruikmaken van glas, open ruimtes



a.


b.


152

c.




a.


b.


c.




moeten zien?

153

a.


b.


c.


d. Anders, namelijk: A, B en C!




Symbolen en tekeningen.

154

Participant 107: male, 54 years old, lives in Groningen and is a district manager at ANWB.














komen?

a. Ja, want--------------------------------

b. Nee, want de ideeën van de opdrachtgever moeten technisch vertaald worden (en creatief).




Wanneer je aan de buitenkant zou kunnen zien wat het onderwerp is dat binnen wordt behandeld. Dat

kan door de vormgeving van de buitenkant, de entree, verwijzingen in het materiaalgebruik,

kenmerkende vergaderruimtes of bijvoorbeeld een etalage of showroom.



a.


b.


155

c.




a.


b.


c.




moeten zien?

156

a.


b.


c.






Het uiteindelijke programma van eisen moet volledig talig zijn. Ook vanwege de juridische status

ervan. In het voortraject zou je met icoontjes kunnen werken, ziet er inspirerend uit.

157

III.II Architects

Participant 108: male, 56 years old, lives in Zuid-Holland and is an architect and owner/editor in

chief of an architecture website. Educational level: master.




soms


soms


soms


zelden





c. Anders, namelijk: voor elke opdracht kan de rol anders zijn, maar alleen voorzien van een

mooi jasje komt gelukkig zelden voor. In het ideale geval begeleidt de architect het hele

proces. Mar dat is zeker niet altijd de realiteit


komen?

a. Ja, want het is niet uitgesloten dat er anderen zijn die het zelfde ruimtelijk inzicht en

organisatievermogen van een architect hebben. Maar het is een hoge uitzondering, en bij

grotere opdrachten niet verstandig

b. Nee, want--------------------------------




Dat is voor elke organisatie anders, maar in elk geval betekent een transparant gebouw niet

automatische een transparant bedrijf (en omgekeerd). In algemene zin valt hier weinig meer over te

zeggen.



158

a.


b.


c.


d. Anders, namelijk: sterk afhankelijk van de organisatie, meestal een combinatie van 1 of meer van bovenstaande opties.


a.


b.


159

c.


d. Anders, namelijk: een combinatie van esthetiek, duurzaamheid (zowel technisch als ecologisch), functionaliteit/comfort en contextualiteit (het moet passen in de omgeving).


moeten zien?

a.


b.


c.


d. Anders, namelijk: werknemers en klanten moeten kunnen communiceren, de manier waarop (bouwkundig en/of technisch) kan beide.

160

Vraag 13: Hoe zou u, als architect, het programma van eisen voor een nieuw te bouwen

kantoorgebouw het liefst zien: volledig talig, of voorzien van tekeningen of bijvoorbeeld icoontjes

zoals in de drie vragen hierboven?

Liever talig, die icoontjes geven vaak al een oplossingsrichting aan, een PvE moet enerzijds precies

zijn, maar anderzijds ook openstaan voor onverwachte oplossingen.

161

Participant 109: male, 32 years old, lives in Noord-Brabant and is an architect. Educational

level: master.







e. Anders, namelijk: eigenwijsheid en onkunde opdrachtgever






komen?

a. Ja, waarschijnlijk wel, maar de weg ernaartoe zal veel moeilijker zijn (ervaring speelt een

belangrijke rol)

b. Nee, want--------------------------------




De opdrachtgever EN werknemers betrekken in het ontwerp (klankbordgroepen).



a.


b.


162

c.




a.


b.


c.




moeten zien?

163

a.


b.


c.


d. Anders, namelijk: A, B en C, en veel glas.




Een geschreven programma van eisen, zorgvuldig samengesteld door de opdrachtgevers +

klankbordgroepen (iconen zijn een hype).

164

Participant 110: male, 35 years old, lives in Gelderland and is an architect and owner of an

architectural firm. Educational level: master.







e. Anders, namelijk: dat zal per opgave verschillend liggen




c. Anders, namelijk: antwoord B, inclusief meedenken over het programma van eisen


komen?

a. Ja, want het ligt aan waar de prioriteit ligt

b. Nee, want--------------------------------




Heldere uitstraling, overzichtelijk gebouw, kortom: duidelijkheid.



a.


b.


165

c.


d. Anders, namelijk: A, B en C


a.


b.


c.




moeten zien?

166

a.


b.


c.


d. Anders, namelijk: A en C




Volledig talig, met referentie-afbeeldingen, tekeningen zoals hierboven voegen niet zoveel toe. Het

aanhalen van goede voorbeelden geeft een duidelijker beeld van de verwachtingen.

167

Participant 111: male, 47 years old, lives in Noord-Brabant and is an architect and owner of an














komen?

a. Ja, want--------------------------------

b. Nee, want de vormgeving van een goed gebouw bestaat uit een grote diversiteit van facetten

(o.a. esthetica, constructie, installaties, logistiek, ergonomie, regelgeving). Het overzien van

deze facetten is een taak van de architect.




Ruimtelijke structuur, heldere looplijnen, zichtlijnen door het gebouw, ontmoetingsruimtes



a.


b.


168

c.


d. Anders, namelijk: combinatie van a en b (c is een praktische oplossing)


a.


b.


c.




moeten zien?

169

a.


b.


c.






Volledig talig.

170

Participant 112: male, 54 years old, lives in Overijssel and is an architect and owner of an












c. Anders, namelijk: zorgen voor ontwerp en omgevingsvergunning


komen?

a. Ja, want er zijn veel aannemers /ontwikkelaars die het al vaak gemaakt hebben

b. Nee, want--------------------------------




Aan de buitenzijde kun je dat niet kenbaar maken, glas is vaak net zo ondoorzichtig als baksteen.

Misschien een grote hal van waaruit je meerdere afdelingen ziet werken op verschillende niveaus.



a.


b.


171

c.




a.


b.


c.




moeten zien?

172

a.


b.


c.






Volledig in geschreven tekst. ( iconen suggereren vaak te veel ) en het gaat vaak over een gevoel wat

niet altijd te pakken is in een plaatje.

173

Participant 113: male, 61 years old, lives in Noord-Brabant and central France and is a self-

employed architect. Educational level: master.







e. Anders, namelijk: c en d. Komt eigenlijk niet voor want een ontwerp wordt minstens drie keer

tot op de millimeter nauwkeurig doorgespit en uitvoerig in detail besproken. Elk ontwerp moet

eerst voldoen aan het bestemmingsplan, welstandsnota en het bouwbesluit, en eventueel

milieuvergunning. Je kunt dus niet alles willen. Als na tien jaar het bedrijf verhuist staat het

kantoor leeg en moet het daarna ook weer geschikt zijn voor een andere functie.




c. Anders, namelijk: bij elk utiliteitsgebouw is er een hele groep deskundigen die meebeslist. De

architect creëert een ruimte met een esthetische vorm voor een gegeven functie.


komen?

a. Ja, als het voldoet aan het bestemmingsplan, welstandsnota en bouwbesluit krijg je een

bouwvergunning. Maar dan val je in het niet bij je concurrenten. Een architect kan met iets

komen dat het oog streelt en functioneel veel slimmer in elkaar steekt.

b. Nee, want--------------------------------




Het kan zijn dat het personeel het niet op prijs stelt dat Jan en alleman op hun werkplek kan kijken.

Glazen wanden en doorkijkjes worden meer gebruikt voor sociale controle dan voor transparantie.



a.


174

b.


c.


d. Anders, namelijk: met de verplaatsbare kantoorscheidingwanden heb je elke gewenste flexibiliteit, kolommen en/of draagmuren staan slechts daar waar het constructief noodzakelijk is


a.


b.


c.


d. Anders, namelijk: architectuur draait om de vorm en functie,

175

met het zo optimaal mogelijk gebruik van materialen in een slimme constructie en een esthetische vormgeving.


moeten zien?

a.


b.


c.


d. Anders, namelijk: werkgevers houden er niet van dat het personeel alsmaar ontmoet en communiceert. Dat houdt het werk op. Werkbesprekingen in een aparte kamer, afdelingen gescheiden houden. Situaties van tien jaar oorlog tussen twee afdelingen of twee hoofden zijn eerder normaal dan zeldzaam.




176

Ik denk dat je eerst met het bestemmingsplan moet beginnen, dat is volledig talig met een plankaart.

Daarin staat wat er maximaal mogelijk is, lengte, breedte, hoogte. Daarna de Welstandsnota en daarna

het Bouwbesluit. Dat definieert de minimumeisen voor Gezondheid, Veiligheid, Bruikbaarheid en

Energiezuinigheid. Binnen dat raamwerk heb je pas ontwerpvrijheid. Ik denk dat je dan eerst eens

moet gaan kijken hoe personeel functioneert in een kantoortuin, diverse afdelingen enz. Niet elke

werknemer ontvangt klanten op zijn werkplek, dat doet slechts de receptie en het afdelingshoofd.

Daarvoor heb je aparte spreekkamers. Kantoren met strakke vloeren, wanden en systeemplafonds met

tl-verlichting hebben meer ziekteverzuim dan kantoren met geïntegreerde flora en fauna en stromend

regenwater.

177

Participant 114: male, 32 years old, lives in Noord-Brabant and is architect and director.












c. Anders, namelijk: een functie-onafhankelijk gebouw maken dat gebruikt kan worden als

kantoor


komen?

a. Ja, want--------------------------------

b. Nee, want een goed werkklimaat komt niet tot stand als je het zuiver overlaat aan

ontwikkelaars en minimumdenkers




In het dubbelgebruik van de ruimte. De gebruiker moet er goed zijn plaats kunnen vinden. Het gebouw

moet veranderingen binnen de organisatie aankunnen. Het gebouw zou de organisatie zelfs kunnen

doen veranderen.



a.


b.


178

c.




a.


b.


c.




moeten zien?

179

a.


b.


c.






Gewoon een heldere omschrijving van functies, m2 en relatieschema‟s werkt nog altijd het beste....

Vanuit dit overzicht wat de opdrachtgever levert kan de architect trachten een structuur te ontwikkelen

die verder gaat dan wat de opdrachtgever hem levert. Een goed gebouw ontstaat door een prikkelende

wisselwerking tussen architect, aannemer, overheid en opdrachtgever. A.u.b. geen icoontjesdenken!

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