The Last Venetian Naval Victories in the Last and Lost war against the Ottoman Empire 1716-17

8/8/2019 The Last Venetian Naval Victories in the Last and Lost war against the Ottoman Empire 1716-17

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Relazioni del Console veneto a Otrantosulle

vittorie navalinellasettima e ultima guerra turco-venezianaCanale di Corf, 8 luglio 1716

Imbros, 12-16 giugno 1717


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Veduta di Corf. Archivio di Stato, Venezia.Disegno a inchiostro, acquerellato su

carta


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Action of July 8, 1716 (Corfu)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Date July 8, 1716Location Corfu

Result indecisive

Belligerents

Ottoman Empire Republic of Venice

Commanders and leaders

Canum Hoca Andrea Cornaro

Strength

~50 warships 27 warships

Casualties and losses

unknown 116 dead, 250 wounded

No ships were sunk in this action.


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This indecisive naval battle took place on 8 July 1716 during a Turkish attempt to capture the island ofCorfu (Kerkyra), off the west

coast of mainland Greece.Background War had been declared between Turkey and Venice on 9 December 1714, although it wasn't until June 1715 that aTurkish fleet left the Dardanelles Strait. Soon Venice had been forced out of almost all of the Morea. In 1716, the Turks goal was thecapture of the western Greek island of Corfu. This island forms a horseshoe shape, with the 2 ends close to the Greek mainland, and

forms a bay with 2 narrow entrances. On the island, midway between the 2 entrances, is the town also called Corfu. Because of theprevailing winds it is difficult for sailing fleets to sail into this bay from the south. The Turkish fleet, underKapudan Pasha Canum

Hoca left the Dardanelles Strait in May 1716 and made its way around the Morea and up the west coast. Meanwhile, Venetiancommander Andrea Cornaro had sailed south from Corfu to Sapienza with his sailing fleet, leaving the galley fleet behind, under

Andrea Pisani. As the Turks approached he withdrew northward to Zante (Zakinthos), where he was met by Pisani and the galleys.After a search for the Turks, he realised on 27 June that they had sailed past him further out to sea, and he proceeded back to Corfu,

sailing up the western side of the island so as to use the northern entrance. Pisani was already in the bay with 2 galleasses and 13galleys. The Turkish fleet had already rounded the island and was anchored across the northern channel, between the island and the

mainland. Pisani withdrew his vessels under the guns of the fortress, and later, on 5 July, he withdrew his vessels through thesouthern channel. On 8 July the Turks began landing troops from the mainland across to the north of the island. Meanwhile, Cornarohad reached Otranto, in southern Italy on 7 July, where he learned of the Turks presence at Corfu. He crossed to the Albanian coastwith his 27 ships and sailed south, sailing through the northern channel and attacking the Turkish fleet, which was anchored off the

town, at 1pm on 8 July.The battle The Turks had perhaps 62 vessels total, of which about 50 were proper warships. These included 1 96-gun battleship, 12battleships of up to 84 guns, and 10 African ships of 50 guns. The rest had 54 guns. The African ships stayed where they were, closeto the island, but the Turks weighed anchor and sailed north, Canum Hoca in the van attacking the Venetian van, under Cornaro, then

the rear, under Flangini. Cornaro turned to assist, then the Venetians turned to stay ahead of the wind, and attempted to launch afireship attack, which failed when the Turkish galleys towed their sailing ships out of action. The action lasted between about 2.30pm

and 7pm when approaching darkness and lack of wind stopped the battle. The Venetian fleet sailed south and anchored in a line justnorth of the town, with the Turks slightly to the north. No ships on either side were lost. Venetian casualties were 116 and 250wounded. This battle, although itself indecisive, showed that the Turkish sailing fleet could be faced, if not necessarily beaten, even

if in superior numbers.Aftermath On 10 July, the Turks resumed crossing troops to the island, and for the next 6 weeks the fleets largely sat idle even whilebattle raged continuously on land between the Turks and the troops protecting the town. Pisani sailed up the west coast of the island,

returning with the new battleshipLeone Trionfante 80, 2 troopships containing 1500 troops and a cargo ship containing food. On 21

July the Maltese reinforcement of 4 battleships, 5 galleys and 2 small craft arrived, and on 31 July 4 Papal, 5 Spanish, 3 Tuscan and 2Genoan galleys and 4 hired Papal battleships arrived. There was some attempt to attack, but this was not carried out largely due tolack of wind, and all that was done was to use galleys to support an assault from the town on 18/19 August. This failed, and there wasa Turkish counter-assault. On 21 August, 6 Spanish battleships, under the Marquis de Mari, arrived, and on the same day the Turkish

cavalry re-embarked. On 25 August the Turks sailed to the northern channel, leaving on 26 August.ReferencesNaval wars in the Levant 1559-1853 - R. C. Anderson ISBN 1-57898-538-2

Battle of Imbros (12-16 June 1717)From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Date 12 -16 June 1717

Location Imbros

Result indecisive


Flangini

Strength

44 warships 26 warships


unknown casualties, 6 ships damaged 1390 casualties, Colomba badly damaged

No ships were sunk in this action.

For the 1918 battle seeBattle of Imbros (1918)TheBattle of Imbros took place on 12 , 13 and 16 June 1717 nearImbros in the Aegean Sea. It was a tough but ultimately fairly

indecisive battle between a Venetian fleet, under Flangini, and a Turkish fleet. The Venetians had left Corfu on 10 May 1717 with 25battleships, and were joined on 18 May by Gloria Veneta. On about 24 May they left for the Dardanelles Strait, anchoring off Imbros

on 8 June. On 10 June at 9am scouts reported that the Turks were leaving the Dardanelles with 38 battleships and 6 galliots. Strongwinds damaged some Venetian ships and they anchored again. It was impossible to weather Imbros so Flangini formed a line on the

starboard tack heading toward Thasos. In the meantime the Turkish fleet had anchored just outside the Dardanelles. For 2 days

Flangini tried to reach a favorable position but gave up because of strong winds and anchored in lee of Imbros about 12pm on 12June. The wind then suddenly became ENE and the Turks sailed. Because of the current, they reached the Venetians before there wastime to form a correct line and Flangini signalled to form up in any order. At 3:30pm fighting began in the Rear with 8 Turkish ships

attacking Colomba, Trionfo (2nd flag of Diedo) and San Lorenzo. Colomba was hit by 2 huge stone shot and, leaking badly, left the


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line after 1 hour. By then the other ships were in a position to help, and by about 7pm the Turkish ships retreated, after their fireship

was sunk by Trionfo. In the Van, the Venetians had formed a good line of 1st-rates. At about 5pm these were attacked by the maingroup of Turkish ships, the fighting lasting till about 9pm. That night, the Venetians, heavily damaged, sailed westward. Germantroops aboard the nearly sinking Colomba mutinied. Venetian casualties so far were about 570. On 13 June the Venetians were nearthe western end of Lemnos, with the Turks to the north. Flangini formed a line on the starboard tack. Colomba was to leeward, its

place taken by Corona. Toward evening the Turks sailed before a north wind and nearly cut offTrionfo and San Lorenzo, which haddropped back. Flangini turned to support them, and a change of wind to the west put him to windward, and the Turks retired after

only 2 of them had opened fire. On 14 June the Venetians were between Lemnos and Mt Athos, with the Turks to the NNW. TheVenetians sailed westward, the Turks eastward. On 15 June the Venetians were becalmed between Mt Athos and Strati. They sailed

north slightly in an attempt to get the wind gauge, but on 16 June the Turks appeared to windward (NE). Flangini tried to form a NNW line but some ships couldn't keep station and he formed an ESE line instead. At about 9am fighting began in the Van and

included all of the line in about 30 minutes. After 5 hours of fighting the Turks withdrew with 6 ships badly damaged. Flangini wasunconscious and no attempt was made by the Venetians to get the wind gauge, and they retired to Thermia. Venetian casualties were

about 840, making about 1390 for the whole battle. On 22 June the Turks attacked the Venetian scouts. Flangini formed a battle lineand the Turks withdrew. Flangini died later that day.

Ships involved:Venice (Flangini) 26 battleships

Turkey 38 battleships 6 galliotsReferencesNaval wars in the Levant 1559-1853 - R. C. Anderson ISBN 1-57898-538-2

Battle of Matapan

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Date 19 July 1717

Location NearCape Matapan, southern Greece

Result Strategically indecisive; Tactical Christian allied victory.

Belligerents

Ottoman Empire

Republic of Venice Kingdom of Portugal

Knights of Malta Papal States


Kapudan Pasha Ibrahim Pasha Lopo Furtado de Mendona, 1st Count of Rio Grande

Strength

52 ships

4 galleys

33 ships24 galleys

2 others


14 shipsUnknown, but heavy[1]

3 ships1,824 casualties[1]

The naval Battle of Matapan took place on 19 July 1717 off the Cape Matapan, on the coast of the Mani Peninsula in southern

Greece, between the combined naval forces ofVenice, Portugal, the Papal States and Malta and the Ottoman fleet, underKapudanPashaIbrahim Pasha[disambiguation needed]. It was strategically indecisive although the Turks lost 14 ships and had many badly damaged,while the Christian allies lost only 3 ships.Events Diedo's 24 sailing ships met up with Pisani's 24 galleys and Maltese leader Belle Fontaine's 9 Portuguese-Maltese ships nearCape Matapan on 2 July. After trying separately to find an advantageous position with respect to the Turks for several weeks,occasionally having to land to find water, the Allied force went to Marathonisi, near the top of the Gulf of Matapan, to water. They

had tried to make it to Sapienza but winds were against them and they took the risk of being caught in the gulf. Despite having the

galleys tow the sailing ships south, there were not enough galleys, and the Turks, with 52 sailing ships, including about 44battleships, and 4 galleys, were seen to the south, at the west side of the bay entrance, on 19 July. With a light wind from the SSE,this meant that they had the advantage. Diedo, unable to sail to the west of the Turks, decided to sail slowly east, across the bay. Thefleet was in 4 divisions: Diedo was in the Van, which was led by his 2nd in command, Correr. The 3rd or Rear Division was

commanded by Dolfin. The 4th or Allied Division was commanded by Belle Fontaine. Ibrahim with 6 ships attacked the Rear

Division at about 6am, while the rest of his fleet went ahead and attacked the Van and Center. At about 12pm the fleets were

approaching the east side of the bay, and shortly after the leading ships turned, the wind turned from the SE, putting the leadingVenetian ships to windward of some of the Turks for the first time. Taking advantage of this, Diedo attacked them and the tough

battle continued. At about 3pm the Turks retired, sailing for the Cervi-Cerigo passage, while the Allies sailed for Cape Matapan.Neither side wished to continue the fight. Each Allied state gave their own ships complete credit for any achievements. Some of these


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accounts are almost totally unreliable due to a variety of reasonsfor example, their inclusion of forces which were not actually

present for the battle. The Venetians lost one battleship being used as a hospital ship and one fireship and many vessels were badlydamaged. Their casualties were 223 killed and 357 wounded (some slight dispute over figures). The Turks lost 14 ships.

Ships involved

Christian Allies

Van Division

Madonna della Salute (Correr)

Madonna dell' Arsenal70/80Costanza 76/80

Trionfo 70/80 (flag)San Pio V70/80Aquila ValieraLeone Trionfante 80San Francesco 60?? (fireship, captain Trivisan) - Scuttled

Center and Rear Divisions

San Andrea 60

Sacra Lega 60Valor Coronato 54Nettuno 50/60San Lorenzo Giustinian 70/80

Rosa 60Fenice 56Fede Guerriera 56Corona 70/80Columba d'Oro 70/80

Terror70/80Aquileta 50/60San Pietro Apostolo 60?Gloria Veneta 70/80Grand Alessandro 70/80 (Rear flag of Dolfin)

Fourth Division

(first 7 Portuguese, last 2 Maltese)Conceio 80

Nossa Senhora do Pilar84Assuno 66/70

Nossa Senhora das Necessidades 66Santa Rosa 66/70

Rainha dos Anjos 56/58So Loureno 56Fortuna Guerreira Santa Caterina 70San Raimondo 46Unknown divisionNostra Signora del Rosario/Madonna del Rosario (converted from 60? to hospital ship) - Sunk

Galleys

13 Venetian

5 Maltese4 Papal

2 Tuscan

Ottomans

52 sailing ships, including about 44 battleships4 galleysReferences ^ ab Lane (1973), p. 411

Sources

Histria da Marinha de Portugal, Editora das Foras Armadas Anderson, Roger Charles (1952).Naval wars in the Levant 1559-1853. University of Michigan Press. ISBN1-57898-538-

2.

Lane, Frederic Chapin (1973). Venice, a Maritime Republic. JHU Press. ISBN9780801814600


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Bataglia di Matapan (http://www.maquetland.com/v2/index.php?page=vision&id=1128

Article crit par : Claude Balmefrezol, "La Rale de France" con eccellenti immagini della ricostruzione della galera

francese "La Rale"

Soldato delle Truppe Oltremarine (Schiavoni) - Collezione Vinkhuijzen


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http://s3.zetaboards.com/nationstates/topic/7274632/1/

http://stjohnsportofview.com/reale.html


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Seventh OttomanVenetian War

(17141718)From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Date 17141718

Location Peloponnese, Ionian Islands, DalmatiaResult Ottoman victory

Territorial changes Morea ceded back to Ottoman Empire

Belligerents

Republic of Venice Kingdom of Portugal

Order of Malta Papal States

Kingdom of Spain[1] Himariotes

Ottoman Empire


Geronimo DelphinoJohann Matthias von der Schulenburg Silahdar Damat Ali Pasha

The Seventh OttomanVenetian War was fought between the Republic of Venice and the Ottoman Empire between 1714 and

1718. It was the last conflict between the two powers, and ended with an Ottoman victory and the loss of Venice's major possessionin the Greek peninsula, the Peloponnese (Morea). Venice was saved from worse by the intervention ofAustria in 1716. The Austrian

victories led to the signing of the Treaty of Passarowitz in 1718, which ended the war. This war was also called the Second MoreanWar,[2] the Small War or, in Croatia, the War ofSinj.[3]Background For more details on this topic, see Morean War. In the Great Turkish War (16841699) the Ottoman Empire wasforced to make several territorial concessions to Austria and Venice, including the Morea peninsula. The Ottomans were determined

to reverse these losses, and Venice, as the weaker of the two, was chosen as the first target. The time was judged as ripe in 1714: theOttomans had just emerged from a successful conflict with Russia, and Austria was embroiled in the War of the Spanish Succession.The Ottoman conquest of the Morea The Ottomans declared war on 9 December 1714, using some transgressions of Venetianmerchants as a pretext. During the early months of 1715, they assembled an army of ca. 70,000 men in Macedonia under the Grand

Vizier Silahdar Damat Ali Pasha. The Grand Vizier marched south, reaching the main camp in Thebes in early June. In themeantime, the Ottoman Fleet, numbering 80 warships under Canum Hoca, had captured the last Venetian possessions in the Aegean,the islands ofTinos and Aigina.[4]The Venetians, who did not have any standing army and relied mainly on mercenaries, could onlymuster 8,000 men and 42 mostly small ships, under the command of the Captain General Geronimo Delphino. [5] This force was not

only insufficient to meet the Ottoman army in the field, but also inadequate to man the many fortifications that the Venetians had built or enhanced during the past decades. In addition, the local Greek population disliked Venetian rule, something Damad Aliexploited, by ensuring that his troops respected their safety and property. Thus he was able to count on the Greeks' good will, whoprovided his troops with ample provisions,[6] while the Venetians, who hoped to recruit a militia amongst the native population, were

left isolated in their forts. On 25 June, the Ottoman army crossed the Isthmus of Corinth and entered the Peloponnese. The citadel ofAcrocorinth, which controlled the passage to the peninsula, surrendered after a brief siege, on terms of safe passage for the garrison

and the civilians. However, some Janissaries, eager for plunder, disobeyed Damat Ali's orders and entered the citadel. A large part ofthe garrison, including the provedditore Giacomo Minoto, and most of the civilians were massacred or sold to slavery. Only 180Venetians were saved and transported to Corfu.[7] These tragic events later inspired Lord Byron's poem The Siege of Corinth. After

Corinth, the Ottomans advanced againstNafplion (Napoli di Romagna), the main base of Venetian power in the Morea. Nafplion waswell-protected by several strong forts and had a garrison of 2,000 men. However, on 20 July, after only 9 days of siege, the Ottomansexploded a mine under the bastions ofPalamidi and successfully stormed the fort. The Venetian defenders panicked and retreated,

leading to a general collapse of the defence. [8]The Ottomans then advanced to the southwest, where the forts ofNavarino and Koroni

were abandoned by the Venetians, who gathered their remaining forces at Methoni (Modon). However, being denied effectivesupport from the sea by Delfino's reluctance to endanger his fleet by engaging the Ottoman navy, the fort capitulated. [9] The

remaining Venetian strongholds, including the last remaining outposts on Crete (Spinalonga and Souda), likewise capitulated inexchange for safe departure. Within a hundred days, the entire Peloponnese had been re-taken by the Ottomans. [6]

The Siege of Corfu

After their success in the Morea, the Ottomans moved against the Venetian-held Ionian Islands. They occupied the island ofLefkada

(Santa Maura), which the Venetians had taken in 1684, and the fort of Butrinto opposite the city of Corfu. On 8 July 1716, anOttoman army of 33,000 men landed on Corfu, the most important of the Ionian islands.[10] Despite an indecisive naval battle on the

same day, the Ottoman land army continued its disembarkment and advanced towards the city of Corfu. On 19 July, after capturingthe outlying forts of Mantouki, Garitsa, Avrami and of the Saviour, the siege began. [11] The defence was led by Count JohannMatthias von der Schulenburg, who had roughly 8,000 men at his command. The extensive fortifications and the determination of the

defenders withstood several assaults. After a great storm on 9 Augustwhich the defenders attributed to the intervention of Corfu's

patron saint, Saint Spyridon caused great casualties among the besiegers, the siege was broken off on 11 August and the lastOttoman forces withdrew on 20 August.[11]Austrian intervention and conclusion of the war Main article: Austro-Turkish War of 17161718 In the summer of 1715, the pasha ofBosnia marched against the Venetian possessions in Dalmatia, with an army that reputedly numbered 40,000 men. The

Ottomans were defeated at Sinj, but the Ottoman threat to Dalmatia played a role in Austria's decision to intervene. With PopeClement XI providing financial support and France guaranteeing Austrian possessions in Italy, Austria felt ready to intervene. On 13

April 1716, EmperorCharles VI renewed his alliance with Venice, whereupon the Ottomans declared war on Austria. The Austrianthreat forced the Ottomans to direct their forces away from the remaining Venetian possessions, but the Serenissima was too weak to


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mount any large-scale counter-offensive. Only its navy resumed a more aggressive stance, with naval actions between the Venetian

and Ottoman fleets taking place in the Aegean Sea, such as the Battle of Imbros and the Battle of Matapan a month later, but thesewere generally indecisive and did not affect the outcome of the war. [2] The only permanent Venetian success was the capture of thefortresses ofPreveza and Arta in 1717. With the Austrian victories at the Battle of Petrovaradin and the Siege of Belgrade, however,the Ottomans were forced to sign the Treaty of Passarowitz. Although the Ottomans lost significant territories to Austria, they

maintained their conquests against Venice in the Peloponnese and Crete, with the exception of Preveza (fell in 1717 to Venetians)and a few forts in Herzegovina.

References1. ^Cesreo Fernndez Duro,Armada espaola desde la unin de los reinos de Castilla y de Len, Est. tipogrfico Sucesores

de Rivadeneyra, Madrid, 1902, Vol. VI, p. 1182. ^ ab Lane (1973), p. 4113. ^Matica hrvatska Josip Ante Soldo: Sinjska krajina u 17. i 18. stoljeu (knjiga prva), Matica hrvatska ogranak Sinj, Sinj,

1995, ISBN: 953-96429-0-6

4. ^ Finlay, p. 2645. ^ Finlay, p.2656. ^ ab L.S. Stavrianos, The Balkans since 1453, p. 1817. ^ Finlay, pp.266-2688. ^ Finlay, pp.270-2719. ^ Finlay, pp.272-27410. ^ J. Norwich,A History of Venice, 57911. ^ abThe history of Corfu at corfuweb.gr

Sources History of the Hellenic Nation, Vol. XI, Ekdotiki Athinon 1975 Finlay, George (1856). The History of Greece under Othoman and Venetian Domination. London: William Blackwood and

Sons. http://books.google.com/books?id=GwkBIt2jxkYC .

Lane, Frederic Chapin (1973). Venice, a Maritime Republic. JHU Press. ISBN9780801814600.http://books.google.com/books?id=PQpU2JGJCMwC .

Setton, Kenneth Meyer (1991). Venice, Austria, and the Turks in the Seventeenth Century. DIANE Publishing.ISBN0871691922.

Shaw, Stanford Jay; Shaw, Ezel Kural (1976). History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. Cambridge UniversityPress. pp. 231234. ISBN978-0521291637. http://books.google.com/books?id=UVmsI0P9RDUC .

16 giugno 1717 - nello scontro navale tra la flotta veneta e quella turca, avvenuto nei pressi dell'arcipelago di Santo

Strati, essendo rimasto ferito a morte il duce supremo, il veneto Lodovico Flangini, il cap. rovignese Antonio Benussi,comandante della "Fede", si distinguer tanto da meritare la nomina a Cavaliere di S. Marco. In uno dei tanti scontri

navali tra le due flotte, nei pressi di Cerigo, si distinse anche il cap. rovigneseNiccol Facchinetti, che rimase ferito, al

comando della sua nave la "Sacra lega".

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The Last Venetian Naval Victories in the Last and Lost war against the Ottoman Empire 1716-17

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