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The LBJ Years. Lyndon B. Johnson 1908 – 1973 1908 – 1973 36 th President (1963-69) 36 th...

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The LBJ The LBJ Years Years
Transcript

The LBJ The LBJ YearsYears

Lyndon B. Lyndon B. JohnsonJohnson

1908 – 19731908 – 1973 3636thth President (1963-69) President (1963-69) Served in Congress for Served in Congress for

the state of Texas for 24 the state of Texas for 24 years before becoming years before becoming JFK’s Vice-PresidentJFK’s Vice-President

Assumed the presidency Assumed the presidency upon Kennedy’s deathupon Kennedy’s death

Dedicated himself to Dedicated himself to seeing Kennedy’s seeing Kennedy’s programs reach fruitionprograms reach fruition

LBJ’s “Great LBJ’s “Great Society”Society”

Johnson’s programs Johnson’s programs aimed at eliminating aimed at eliminating poverty and racial poverty and racial injustice – a rebirth of injustice – a rebirth of JFK’s “New Frontier”JFK’s “New Frontier”

Proposed major Proposed major reforms in civil rights, reforms in civil rights, welfare, education, welfare, education, health, arts & culture, health, arts & culture, and transportationand transportation

Civil RightsCivil Rights Civil Rights Act of 1964Civil Rights Act of 1964: :

Banned segregation of Banned segregation of public facilities, racial public facilities, racial discrimination in hiringdiscrimination in hiring

Voting Rights Act of 1965Voting Rights Act of 1965: : banned literacy testsbanned literacy tests

Immigration and Immigration and Nationality Services Act of Nationality Services Act of 19651965: abolished national-: abolished national-origin immigration quotasorigin immigration quotas

Civil Rights Act of 1968Civil Rights Act of 1968: : banned housing banned housing discrimination, provided discrimination, provided constitutional protections constitutional protections to Native Americansto Native Americans

““War on Poverty”War on Poverty” Johnson believed that Johnson believed that

the best way to deal the best way to deal with poverty was not with poverty was not simply to raise the simply to raise the incomes of the poor but incomes of the poor but to help them better to help them better themselves through themselves through education, job training, education, job training, and community and community development.development.

Between 1964 and Between 1964 and 1966, LBJ spent $3 1966, LBJ spent $3 billion on antipoverty billion on antipoverty programsprograms

Economic Opportunity Act of Economic Opportunity Act of 19641964

Office of Economic Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO)Opportunity (OEO): : oversaw community-based oversaw community-based antipoverty programsantipoverty programs

Neighborhood Youth CorpNeighborhood Youth Corp: : provided job experience to provided job experience to poor urban teens while poor urban teens while encouraging them to encouraging them to graduate high schoolgraduate high school

Job CorpsJob Corps: helped : helped disadvantaged youth gain disadvantaged youth gain marketable job skillsmarketable job skills

Volunteers In Service To Volunteers In Service To America (VISTA)America (VISTA): domestic : domestic version of the Peace Corpsversion of the Peace Corps

EducationEducation Head StartHead Start: offered pre-school : offered pre-school

for children of the poorfor children of the poor Upward BoundUpward Bound: program : program

which helps poor teens go to which helps poor teens go to collegecollege

Elementary & Secondary Elementary & Secondary Education Act of 1965Education Act of 1965: : provided federal money for provided federal money for schools to the states (current schools to the states (current form of program is called “No form of program is called “No Child Left Behind”)Child Left Behind”)

Higher Education Act of 1965Higher Education Act of 1965: : increased federal money to increased federal money to universities, provided money universities, provided money for scholarships for poor for scholarships for poor studentsstudents

Bilingual Education Act of Bilingual Education Act of 19681968: provided federal money : provided federal money for establishment of ESL for establishment of ESL programsprograms

HealthHealth Food StampsFood Stamps: provided : provided

assistance to low-assistance to low-income families by income families by subsidizing food subsidizing food expensesexpenses

MedicareMedicare: provides no-: provides no-cost health insurance cost health insurance to senior citizensto senior citizens

MedicaidMedicaid: subsidized : subsidized health care program health care program for poor or disabled for poor or disabled personspersons

Arts & CultureArts & Culture National Endowment for National Endowment for

the Artsthe Arts: provided federal : provided federal funds for arts educationfunds for arts education

National Endowment for National Endowment for the Humanitiesthe Humanities: provided : provided federal funds for federal funds for humanities (English, humanities (English, History) educationHistory) education

Public Broadcasting Service Public Broadcasting Service (PBS)(PBS): provides : provides noncommercial educational noncommercial educational television programmingtelevision programming

National Public Radio National Public Radio (NPR)(NPR): provides : provides noncommercial educational noncommercial educational radio programmingradio programming

TransportationTransportation National Traffic and Motor National Traffic and Motor

Vehicle Safety Act of 1966Vehicle Safety Act of 1966 Highway Safety Act of 1966Highway Safety Act of 1966 Both set new federal Both set new federal

guidelines for safety in guidelines for safety in automobile design and road automobile design and road design and constructiondesign and construction

Largely the result of Largely the result of increased public awareness increased public awareness of traffic safety due to Ralph of traffic safety due to Ralph Nader’s Nader’s Unsafe at Any SpeedUnsafe at Any Speed which exposed car makers’ which exposed car makers’ reluctance to improve safety reluctance to improve safety due to increased costsdue to increased costs

LBJ & Civil LBJ & Civil RightsRights

President Kennedy was President Kennedy was assassinated before he assassinated before he could gain passage of could gain passage of the new civil rights bill, the new civil rights bill, but President Johnson, but President Johnson, a Southerner, a Southerner, committed himself to committed himself to pushing the bill through pushing the bill through in Kennedy’s memory in Kennedy’s memory and had the and had the connections in connections in Congress to make it Congress to make it happen.happen.

Civil Rights Act of Civil Rights Act of 19641964

Made segregation illegal Made segregation illegal in public facilities such in public facilities such as restaurants, parks, as restaurants, parks, libraries, and theaterslibraries, and theaters

Allowed US Attorney Allowed US Attorney General to prosecute General to prosecute violatorsviolators

Banned discrimination Banned discrimination in the workplace and in the workplace and created the Equal created the Equal Employment Employment Opportunity Opportunity Commission (EEOC) to Commission (EEOC) to monitor discriminationmonitor discrimination

2424thth Amendment Amendment Ratified in 1964Ratified in 1964 Specifically Specifically

banned the use of banned the use of poll taxes (a tax poll taxes (a tax that must be paid that must be paid in order to vote) a in order to vote) a common way of common way of preventing poor preventing poor blacks from voting blacks from voting in Southern statesin Southern states

Selma March & Bloody Selma March & Bloody SundaySunday

19651965 Dr. King led a Dr. King led a

demonstration in Selma, AL demonstration in Selma, AL to register black votersto register black voters

White law enforcement White law enforcement attacked, beat, and arrested attacked, beat, and arrested over 2000 demonstratorsover 2000 demonstrators

In protest, King organized a In protest, King organized a march from Selma to march from Selma to Montgomery, but the Montgomery, but the marchers were attacked marchers were attacked and beaten by law officers and beaten by law officers while kneeling in prayer – while kneeling in prayer – an attack now known as an attack now known as “Bloody Sunday” – all on “Bloody Sunday” – all on national televisionnational television

Voting Rights Act of Voting Rights Act of 19651965

Allowed the Attorney Allowed the Attorney General to circumvent General to circumvent local voting examiners local voting examiners in cases where in cases where discrimination is discrimination is suspectedsuspected

Banned literacy tests Banned literacy tests as a voting as a voting requirementrequirement

Highly successful - by Highly successful - by the end of 1965 alone, the end of 1965 alone, more than 250,000 more than 250,000 Southern blacks had Southern blacks had registered to voteregistered to vote

Watts RiotWatts Riot Poor living conditions for Poor living conditions for

blacks in American urban blacks in American urban areas led to high racial areas led to high racial tensionstensions

In August 1965, a race riot In August 1965, a race riot broke out in the Watts broke out in the Watts neighborhood of Los neighborhood of Los Angeles over police Angeles over police brutality, killing 34 and brutality, killing 34 and doing over $45 million in doing over $45 million in damage before order was damage before order was restored by 14,000 restored by 14,000 National GuardsmenNational Guardsmen

Violent riots would follow in Violent riots would follow in other major US cities over other major US cities over the next 3 yearsthe next 3 years

Kerner Kerner CommissionCommission

President Johnson President Johnson appointed a commission appointed a commission to study the causes for to study the causes for urban unrest and to make urban unrest and to make recommendations for recommendations for preventing future riotspreventing future riots

The commission The commission concluded that white concluded that white racism was to blame and racism was to blame and recommended the recommended the creation of inner-city jobs creation of inner-city jobs and the construction of and the construction of affordable inner-city affordable inner-city housing to ease economic housing to ease economic burdens on urban blacksburdens on urban blacks

Chicago Chicago MovementMovement

Dr. King also Dr. King also attempted to enact attempted to enact economic reforms in economic reforms in poor, black urban poor, black urban areas by moving into areas by moving into an urban slum in an urban slum in Chicago in 1965, but Chicago in 1965, but met with little success met with little success other than empty other than empty promises about promises about improving the slums improving the slums from city officials from city officials

Black PowerBlack Power As the gains of the civil As the gains of the civil

rights movement began to rights movement began to slow, many blacks, slow, many blacks, especially those in the especially those in the urban North, began to urban North, began to question the non-violent question the non-violent tactics of Dr. King and his tactics of Dr. King and his supporterssupporters

Many also began to call Many also began to call for the expulsion of whites for the expulsion of whites from civil rights groups from civil rights groups like CORE and the SNCC like CORE and the SNCC and for blacks to take sole and for blacks to take sole power over civil rights power over civil rights movements into their own movements into their own handshands

Nation of IslamNation of Islam Founded in 1930Founded in 1930 Sometimes called the Sometimes called the

“Black Muslims,” they “Black Muslims,” they preached black preached black nationalism and that nationalism and that blacks should separate blacks should separate themselves from white themselves from white society and its society and its trappingstrappings

Attempted to create Attempted to create their own separate their own separate society within a societysociety within a society

Malcolm XMalcolm X 1925 – 19651925 – 1965 Joined the Nation of Islam Joined the Nation of Islam

while in prison, dropping while in prison, dropping his “white” last name of his “white” last name of Little in favor of his family’s Little in favor of his family’s lost African name, replaced lost African name, replaced by Xby X

Became famous for his Became famous for his endorsement of winning endorsement of winning equality “by any means equality “by any means necessary” (even violence)necessary” (even violence)

Traveled to Mecca in 1964, Traveled to Mecca in 1964, where he had a religious where he had a religious awakening and returned awakening and returned encouraging racial encouraging racial cooperationcooperation

Assassinated for criticizing Assassinated for criticizing the Nation of Islamthe Nation of Islam

Stokely Stokely CarmichaelCarmichael

1941 – 19981941 – 1998 Participated in the Freedom Participated in the Freedom

Rides and other civil rights Rides and other civil rights activities, but over time activities, but over time became more radical and became more radical and more involved with the Black more involved with the Black Power movementPower movement

As president of SNCC, he As president of SNCC, he expelled all white members, expelled all white members, not out of racism, but out of not out of racism, but out of the belief that the two groups the belief that the two groups had separate interestshad separate interests

Later became involved with Later became involved with the Black Panthers and began the Black Panthers and began to endorse violent tactics in to endorse violent tactics in retaliation to police brutalityretaliation to police brutality

Ended his days living in Africa Ended his days living in Africa supporting a new Pan-African supporting a new Pan-African movementmovement

Black PanthersBlack Panthers Founded in 1966Founded in 1966 Believed that only an armed Believed that only an armed

revolution against white revolution against white society would force whites to society would force whites to grant true civil rights to grant true civil rights to blacksblacks

Called on African-Americans Called on African-Americans to take control of services to take control of services such as schools and law such as schools and law enforcement within their own enforcement within their own communitiescommunities

More radical elements More radical elements became involved in drug became involved in drug trafficking as a way to fund trafficking as a way to fund the movement and resorted the movement and resorted to violent confrontations with to violent confrontations with policepolice

Movement dissipated in the Movement dissipated in the mid-1970smid-1970s

Civil Rights Act of Civil Rights Act of 19681968

Banned Banned discrimination in the discrimination in the sale, rental, or sale, rental, or financing of housing financing of housing due to race, due to race, ethnicity, or colorethnicity, or color

Passed in response Passed in response to many blacks being to many blacks being forced to live in poor-forced to live in poor-quality slums due to quality slums due to no other housing no other housing being open to thembeing open to them

MLK AssassinatedMLK Assassinated April 4, 1968April 4, 1968 King was shot while King was shot while

standing on the standing on the balcony at the hotel balcony at the hotel he was staying at in he was staying at in Memphis, TNMemphis, TN

The killing triggered The killing triggered race riots across the race riots across the United StatesUnited States

Escaped convict James Escaped convict James Earl Ray was Earl Ray was convicted of the convicted of the murder, but murder, but controversy surrounds controversy surrounds his convictionhis conviction

The Counter-The Counter-cultureculture

Upper and middle class Upper and middle class white youth began to white youth began to abandon the mores of their abandon the mores of their parents’ generation and parents’ generation and create a new society, one create a new society, one that promoted the virtues that promoted the virtues of “sex, drugs, and rock of “sex, drugs, and rock and roll”and roll”

Sometimes these “hippies” Sometimes these “hippies” lived and worked together lived and worked together in classless communes, in classless communes, pursuing the ideals of pursuing the ideals of tolerance and cooperation, tolerance and cooperation, or pursuing new religious or pursuing new religious experiences such as experiences such as Unification (a messianic Unification (a messianic cult) or Hare Krishna (an cult) or Hare Krishna (an offshoot of Hinduism)offshoot of Hinduism)

The BeatlesThe Beatles 1960 – 19701960 – 1970 Rock group who led the Rock group who led the

“British Invasion” of “British Invasion” of English musical acts English musical acts which became popular in which became popular in the USthe US

The band would reflect The band would reflect the youth culture of the the youth culture of the ’60s – fairly innocent and ’60s – fairly innocent and clean-cut at the clean-cut at the beginning of the decade beginning of the decade and heavily immersed in and heavily immersed in the anti-Vietnam War, the anti-Vietnam War, pro-peace drug culture pro-peace drug culture at the endat the end

Bob DylanBob Dylan 1941 – Present1941 – Present Singer-songwriter Singer-songwriter

who began to move who began to move rock away from the rock away from the innocent sounds of innocent sounds of the 1950s and early the 1950s and early ’60s to a format ’60s to a format used to promote used to promote real social change real social change and to protest and to protest injusticesinjustices

Students for a Democratic Students for a Democratic SocietySociety

Organization run by Organization run by college students which, in college students which, in its 1962 Port Huron its 1962 Port Huron Statement, urged ordinary Statement, urged ordinary Americans to stop idly Americans to stop idly standing by while the standing by while the nation was run by wealthy nation was run by wealthy elites and powerful elites and powerful corporations who corporations who oppressed the poor and oppressed the poor and other minority groupsother minority groups

Carried out protests Carried out protests against the Vietnam War, against the Vietnam War, racism, poverty, and a racism, poverty, and a variety of other social variety of other social injusticesinjustices

Free Speech Free Speech MovementMovement

In 1964, the Univ. of In 1964, the Univ. of California moved to restrict California moved to restrict students’ rights to distribute students’ rights to distribute literature and recruit for literature and recruit for political causes on campuspolitical causes on campus

Students responded by Students responded by boycotting classes and boycotting classes and staging a sit-in at the staging a sit-in at the school’s administration school’s administration building, prompting police to building, prompting police to arrest over 700 protestersarrest over 700 protesters

Eventually, the Supreme Eventually, the Supreme Court upheld the students’ Court upheld the students’ right to free speech on right to free speech on campuscampus

The Gulf of TonkinThe Gulf of Tonkin In August 1964, US warships In August 1964, US warships

off the Vietnamese coast off the Vietnamese coast were attacked by North were attacked by North Vietnamese torpedo boatsVietnamese torpedo boats

The US ships had been The US ships had been assisting the South in assisting the South in espionage against the espionage against the North, but were attacked North, but were attacked without direct provocationwithout direct provocation

Aug. 7, 1964: Congress Aug. 7, 1964: Congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, authorizing Resolution, authorizing President Johnson to take President Johnson to take “all necessary measures” to “all necessary measures” to repel any threat to US repel any threat to US forces in the regionforces in the region

Operation Rolling Operation Rolling ThunderThunder

Johnson decided to Johnson decided to respond to attacks respond to attacks on US forces with a on US forces with a sustained bombing sustained bombing campaign against campaign against the North, the North, beginning in March beginning in March 19651965

The same month, The same month, Johnson ordered US Johnson ordered US combat troops into combat troops into VietnamVietnam

Vietcong TacticsVietcong Tactics Hit-and-run Hit-and-run

Guerrilla warfareGuerrilla warfare Booby traps, land Booby traps, land

mines, and suicide mines, and suicide bombingsbombings

Often wore no Often wore no military uniforms military uniforms so that they could so that they could blend in with the blend in with the local populationlocal population

The Ho Chi Minh The Ho Chi Minh TrailTrail

Network of jungle Network of jungle paths which allowed paths which allowed for arms, supplies, and for arms, supplies, and soldiers to move south soldiers to move south out of North Vietnam, out of North Vietnam, often through the often through the neighboring nations of neighboring nations of Laos or CambodiaLaos or Cambodia

US could not strike at US could not strike at the these supply lines the these supply lines because they passed because they passed through countries not through countries not involved in the warinvolved in the war

US Tactics in US Tactics in ResponseResponse

Napalm: jellied Napalm: jellied gasoline which gasoline which explodes on contact, explodes on contact, coating everything it coating everything it contacts with a contacts with a burning gelburning gel

Agent Orange: Agent Orange: chemical defoliant chemical defoliant which stripped which stripped leaves from trees, leaves from trees, destroying the destroying the Vietcong’s coverVietcong’s cover

Underestimating the Underestimating the EnemyEnemy

North had a North had a willingness to willingness to accept huge accept huge numbers of numbers of casualtiescasualties

North received North received extensive military extensive military support from both support from both the Chinese and the Chinese and the Sovietsthe Soviets

US Policy Makes the War US Policy Makes the War UnwinnableUnwinnable

President Johnson was President Johnson was unwilling to order a unwilling to order a full-scale invasion of full-scale invasion of North Vietnam due to North Vietnam due to fears that it would fears that it would provoke China into provoke China into entering the war entering the war directlydirectly

Johnson’s refusal to act Johnson’s refusal to act to cut off the Ho Chi to cut off the Ho Chi Minh Trail meant that Minh Trail meant that supplies would supplies would continue to flow continue to flow uninterrupteduninterrupted

The “Television The “Television War”War”

Public support for the Public support for the war had been high in war had been high in the mid-60s, but as the the mid-60s, but as the reality of the war was reality of the war was displayed nightly on displayed nightly on television news television news programs, American’s programs, American’s enthusiasm quickly enthusiasm quickly erodederoded

Viewers had to decide Viewers had to decide whether to believe the whether to believe the government’s claims government’s claims that we were winning, that we were winning, or trust what they saw or trust what they saw on TV – they chose on TV – they chose televisiontelevision

““Hawks” vs. Hawks” vs. “Doves”“Doves”

Hawks supported Hawks supported escalating the war as escalating the war as a noble fight against a noble fight against communism, buying communism, buying into the “domino into the “domino theory” that if Vietnam theory” that if Vietnam fell, so would all of fell, so would all of Southeast AsiaSoutheast Asia

Doves opposed the Doves opposed the war and called on the war and called on the government to pull out government to pull out of Vietnam completelyof Vietnam completely

Teach-InsTeach-Ins Beginning with the Beginning with the

University of Michigan University of Michigan and spreading to and spreading to hundreds of college hundreds of college campuses nationwide, campuses nationwide, professors and students professors and students joined together in joined together in abandoning their abandoning their courses in favor of courses in favor of holding serious debates holding serious debates over whether or not the over whether or not the war in Vietnam was war in Vietnam was ethicalethical

The DraftThe Draft College students (who College students (who

tended to be from white, tended to be from white, middle or upper-class middle or upper-class families) could win draft families) could win draft deferments, while those deferments, while those who could not afford who could not afford college (many from poor college (many from poor minorities) found minorities) found themselves more at risk of themselves more at risk of being drafted and being drafted and deployed to Vietnamdeployed to Vietnam

African Americans made African Americans made up about 10% of the US up about 10% of the US population, but accounted population, but accounted for 20% of US casualties for 20% of US casualties during the warduring the war

Draft-dodgingDraft-dodging Many publicly Many publicly

burned their draft burned their draft cards or refused to cards or refused to registerregister

Some chose to leave Some chose to leave the US, fleeing to the US, fleeing to Canada or EuropeCanada or Europe

Some refused to Some refused to serve when drafted, serve when drafted, choosing to do time choosing to do time in prison over in prison over fightingfighting

High Profile High Profile ProtestsProtests

April 1965: SDS April 1965: SDS organized a march on organized a march on Washington of more Washington of more than 20,000 protestorsthan 20,000 protestors

April 1967: MLK spoke April 1967: MLK spoke out in protest of the out in protest of the war, especially its high war, especially its high toll on poor minoritiestoll on poor minorities

Oct. 1967: A second Oct. 1967: A second protest in Washington protest in Washington drew thousands more drew thousands more than the one two than the one two years beforeyears before

The Tet OffensiveThe Tet Offensive January 1968January 1968 During the holiday During the holiday

season of Tet season of Tet (Vietnamese New (Vietnamese New Year) the Vietcong Year) the Vietcong launched a surprise launched a surprise attack, hitting attack, hitting nearly every US nearly every US base and major base and major South Vietnamese South Vietnamese city at the same city at the same timetime

Tet Attack on US Tet Attack on US EmbassyEmbassy

The Vietcong even The Vietcong even attacked the US attacked the US Embassy in the capital Embassy in the capital of Saigonof Saigon

The Tet Offensive was a The Tet Offensive was a costly failure for the costly failure for the Vietcong, costing them Vietcong, costing them huge casualties, but the huge casualties, but the American public was American public was deeply shocked that deeply shocked that such an attack could such an attack could have occurred from an have occurred from an enemy the government enemy the government claimed was nearly claimed was nearly beatenbeaten

The Media Turns Against the The Media Turns Against the WarWar

The Wall Street Journal The Wall Street Journal began to openly criticize began to openly criticize the war as a failurethe war as a failure

CBS Evening News CBS Evening News anchorman Walter anchorman Walter Cronkite declared “It is Cronkite declared “It is more certain than ever more certain than ever that the bloody that the bloody experience in Vietnam experience in Vietnam is to end in a stalemate”is to end in a stalemate”

President Johnson’s President Johnson’s approval rating approval rating plummeted to 26%plummeted to 26%

LBJ Declines to Run LBJ Declines to Run AgainAgain

Due to the unpopular war in Due to the unpopular war in Vietnam, the Democratic Vietnam, the Democratic Party was badly divided, with Party was badly divided, with no one (including LBJ) no one (including LBJ) appearing to be the front appearing to be the front runner for the 1968 runner for the 1968 presidential nominationpresidential nomination

The expense of the war was The expense of the war was keeping LBJ from being able keeping LBJ from being able to fund his Great Society to fund his Great Society programs sufficiently enough programs sufficiently enough to make them successfulto make them successful

Johnson surprised everyone Johnson surprised everyone when he announced in when he announced in March 1968, "I shall not March 1968, "I shall not seek, and I will not accept, seek, and I will not accept, the nomination of my party the nomination of my party for another term as your for another term as your President.“President.“

Robert Kennedy Robert Kennedy AssassinationAssassination

The top candidate to The top candidate to win the Democratic win the Democratic nomination, JFK’s nomination, JFK’s younger brother Robert, younger brother Robert, was shot and killed on was shot and killed on June 6, 1968 by a June 6, 1968 by a Palestinian who was Palestinian who was angry over Kennedy’s angry over Kennedy’s support of Israelsupport of Israel

““Some men see things Some men see things as they are and say as they are and say why. I dream things why. I dream things that never were and that never were and say why not.”say why not.”

Election of 1968Election of 1968 After a tumultuous After a tumultuous

Democratic National Democratic National Convention in Chicago, Convention in Chicago, which saw widespread which saw widespread protests and violent clashes protests and violent clashes with police by antiwar with police by antiwar protestors, the Democratic protestors, the Democratic Party nominated LBJ’s Vice-Party nominated LBJ’s Vice-President Hubert HumphreyPresident Hubert Humphrey

The Republicans nominated The Republicans nominated Richard NixonRichard Nixon

George Wallace ran as an George Wallace ran as an independent, pro-independent, pro-segregation candidatesegregation candidate

Nixon won by a wide Nixon won by a wide marginmargin


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