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The Legacies of Imperial China and the Dawning of the Revolutionary 20th Century
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The Legacies of Imperial China and the Dawning of the Revolutionary 20th Century
Revolutionaries “seizing power” misnomer
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The Legacies of Imperial China and the Dawning of the Revolutionary 20th Century
Successful revolutions have multiple parts Breakdown of old
regime Creation of new
political order Ideology Organization Mass support
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States and Social Revolutions
Theda Skocpol: explaining social revolutions States are “Janus-faced”; they face
Domestic classes & groups International system of states & global economy
Breakdown of old state apparatus key part of revolutionary situation Domestically—domestic rebellion Internationally—defeat in international war
Creation of new political order key part of successful revolution (next class)
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States and Social Revolutions
What are the defining characteristics of revolution?
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Defining Characteristics of REVOLUTION
Fundamental change inpolitical structurenature of political elitesideological basis for ruleclass structurenature of societal elites
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Functioning and breakdown of old regime
Normal functions of imperial state
How they broke down through Internal decline External challenge
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Normal functions of the Qing State(progressively undermined)
Tax collection Maintenance of
public order Maintenance of
basic infrastructure Provision of minimal
social welfare and relief
Propagation of ideology and perpetuation of system of rule
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Confucian ideology
Ideal of social harmony
Through knowing one’s place 5 relationships
Ruler/ruled Father/son Husband/wife Elder/younger Friend/friend
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Confucian Ideology
Mandate of heaven
“Right to rebel”
The core functions of the Qing state were undermined by both internal and external sources of decline in the 19th Century.
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Long-term Causes of Revolutionary Change in 20th C China
Internal: decline of Qing imperial state
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Internal Sources of Decline in the 19th Century
“Phenomenal” population increase Increasing economic competition for
survival Corruption of regime Series of major rebellions
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Series of Major Rebellions in 19th C
Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864) Nian Rebellion (1853-1868) Others
suppressed by provincial armies outside of central state control
Est. 100 million deaths in rebellions
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Small Group Discussion Question
What’s the difference between a rebellion and a revolution?
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Small Group Discussion Question
What’s the difference between a rebellion and a revolution?
Perry (p.2) Revolution: violent process that both envisions and
achieves rapid political, social, economic, and cultural transformation
Rebellion: more common phenomenon of organized protest against the government—without any stipulation as to ideology, class consciousness, or political success
Blecher (p.39) Revolution: basic transformation of society’s state and
class structures—requires a leadership with an analysis of the past, a vision of the future, and a political strategy and organization to lead society from the former to the latter
i.e. ideology and organization: stay tuned for next class
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States and Social Revolutions
Theda Skocpol: explaining social revolutions Breakdown of old state apparatus key
part of revolutionary situation Domestically—domestic rebellion Internationally—defeat in international war
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Long-term Causes of Revolutionary Change in 20th C China
External: Western and Japanese challenges to Qing imperial state
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External Sources of Decline in the 19th Century
Defeat in wars with Western powers and Japan Opium Wars
1839-1842 1856-1860
Sino-Japanese War 1894-1895
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External Sources of Decline in the 19th Century
Fundamental challenge to belief system
Traditional exam system abolished 1905
Contrast: Macartney Mission 1793
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States and Social Revolutions
Theda Skocpol: explaining social revolutionsToday: Breakdown of old state apparatus key
part of revolutionary situation Domestically—domestic rebellion Internationally—defeat in international war
Next class: Creation of new political order key part
of successful revolution Ideology Organization Mass support