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The Legacy of Спутникand “Friendly” Competition between
Human and Robotic Approach
Roald Sagdeev
University of Maryland
Konstantin Eduardovitch Tsiolkovsky1857-1935
Master equation of Rocketry (Tsiolkovsky)
VROCKET /VFUEL == Ln M1 /M2
From Tsiolkovsky to Sputnik and beyond
• Late 19th century – 1920th (Early romanticism of the Pioneers)
• 1924 – 1945 (small scale experimentation and engineering, first mass production of military rockets /“Katyusha”)
• Werner von Braun (WWII): V-2• 1945 – 1957 (Build up of rocket industry)• Call of International Geophysical Year 1957-1958• October 4, 1957 (Beginning of the Space Age)
October 4, 1957 – SPUTNIK –1 opened
the Space Age.
It was a byproduct of military rocketry.
How much Soviets got from Germans after WWII ?
The secrecy around Sputnik;
The name of Korolev was kept confidential;
Official publications praised two anonymous persons:
The Chief Designer and Chief Theorist of Cosmonautics;
(Sergey Korolev and Mstislav Keldysh)
Sputnik-3 (April, 1958) was promised as the first scientific satellite;
It carried a package of particle detectors to study cosmic rays in space;
If successful it was well equipped to run on Van Allen radiation belts
Almost a year after Sputnik-1
Korolev opened a series of launches of small probes
In direction of Moon, Mars and Venus.
Luna-3 reached the surface of Moon (1959)
From Sputnik to Lunar race
• 1961 (Gagarin - First man in space)
• Early 1960th (rapid development of manned flights, followed by Tereshkova flight)
• 1969 (N-1 superrocket failure)
• 1960eth (Lunar robotic missions, Lunokhod and Lunar sample return / L-1 to L-24)
Second unsuccessful launch of N-1 (1969);
Terminated after 50+ seconds.
LUNAR MISSIONSLUNAR MISSIONSHISTORICAL REVIEWHISTORICAL REVIEW
Landing vehicles("Luna”-9,-13,-15,-16,-17,-18,-20,-21,-23,-24)
Artificial Moon satellites("Luna”-10,-11,-12,-14,-19,-22)
Vehicles for the lunar sample return"Luna”-15,-16,-18,-20,-23,-24)
Mobile lunar laboratories - "Lunokhod-1,2“("Luna"-17,-21)
1966-1976
1967-1984
Descent vehicle
Landing vehicles("Venera”-4,-5,-6,-7,-8,-9,-10,-
11,-12,-13,-14)
Venus artificial satellites("Venera”-9,-10,-15,-16)
Fly-by vehicles (“Venera”-11,-12,-13,-14)
VENUS MISSIONSVENUS MISSIONSHISTORICAL REVIEWHISTORICAL REVIEW
VEGA (1984-1986)
Balloonprobe
Multipurpose interplanetary stations for studying Venus (balloon probes and landing vehicles) and Halley’s comet fly-by vehicles ("Vega”-1,-2)
VENUS MISSIONSVENUS MISSIONSHISTORICAL REVIEWHISTORICAL REVIEW
MARS MISSIONSMARS MISSIONSHISTORICAL REVIEWHISTORICAL REVIEW
1971-1974
Landers ("Mars"-2,-3,-6,-7) Orbiters ("Mars"-4,-5)Spacecraft with landers("Mars"-2,-3,-6,-7)
PROGNOZ-1,..-10, INTERBALL (1972 – 1996)
Earth satellites designed for studying the processes of solar activitiy, their influence on interplanetary space
and the Earth's magnetosphere
EARTH SCIENTIFIC SATELLITESEARTH SCIENTIFIC SATELLITESHISTORICAL REVIEWHISTORICAL REVIEW
ASTRON (1983 – 1989 )
Orbital astro-physical UV-spacecraft
GRANAT (1989 – 1999)
International orbital astro-physical X-ray and gamma spacecraft
ASTROPHYSICAL SPACECRAFTASTROPHYSICAL SPACECRAFT
HISTORICAL REVIEWHISTORICAL REVIEW
The peak of Soviet success in a deep space exploration –
-Encounter with the Halley’s comet (following release of atmospheric balloons on Venus / VEGA mission)
Soyuz
• Major Soviet/Russian workhorse for manned flights;
• Launch Site: Baikonur (510)– ESA commissioned Soyuz for Science Missions /
Cluster & Mars Express;
– Reliable transport to International Space Station.
Geopolitical
International Co-operation
Societal
Economic
Market
Technology
SPACE
Security Civil
Commercial
World Space activity in Global terms
World economic activity U$ 30 x 1012
Space Economic activity U$ 90 x109
$1 in $330 of economic activity spent on space
Space Revenues (U$109) in 2000Source: International Space Business Council
• Infrastructure 53.6
• Telecom 28.9
• Use of Space Data and Assets 9.6
• Support Services 3.9
• Total 96.0
Government is largest customer of infrastructure at about
$34 billion (Military $15 B, Civil $19 B)
U.S. Use of Space: Air-to-Ground Munitions (approximate; excluding HARM)
9,251
7,000 32%GPS-guided
32%UnguidedIraq, 03
68%19,948Guided(Iraqi Freedom)
27%
41%
3%
31%
66%
8%92%
6,000Laser/EO-guided(Enduring Freedom)
9,000UnguidedAfghanistan, 01-02
700GPS-guided
7,000Laser/EO-guided(Allied Force): 78 Days
16,000UnguidedSerbia, 1999
20,450Laser/EO-guided(Desert Storm): 37 Days245,000UnguidedKTO, 1991
НИЦ им. ГН БАБАКИНА
МАРС-ВОЛНАМАРС-ВОЛНА
2003
ИКИ РАН
Moon will soon become a busy place for robotic spacecraft.
• Europe's SMART-1 mission, a technology test of low-thrust ion propulsion, is currently on a 16-month journey to the Moon. SMART-1 will measure the chemical composition of the lunar surface, including the polar regions.
• Japan is developing two missions: Lunar-A, an orbiter that will fire penetrators into the surface, and SELENE, an orbiter with two sub-satellites.
• India also is planning a lunar orbiter, Chandrayaan-1. NASA
agreed to participate with its science instruments.
• China introduces its lunar program Cheng'e with two missions - an orbiter and a lander.
Supernova as a “Standard Candle”
SN 030410 02 (HUBBLE)
The “Younger Sister” of Crab Nebula / Supernova Cassiopeya A / exploded in 1680/ in X-Rays by Chandra