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The Legendary Genius..
Development of Gonads
-During 5th week: gonadal development occurs.
-Until 7th week: gonads are similar in both sexes .
Development of Gonads
Gonads are derived from 3 sources :
Indifferent Gonads
Indifferent Gonads the initial period of genital development is
referred to as the indifferent stage of sexual development.
The initial stages of gonadal development occur during the fifth week ( 5 th )
A thickened area of mesothelium develops on the medial side of the
mesonephros
Gonadal ridge: a bulge on the medial side of mesonephros produced by:
• Proliferation of mesothelium (cortex)• Proliferation (condensation ) of mesenchyme
(medulla)
Finger like epithelial cords or Gonadal cords soon grow into the underlying mesenchyme
The indifferent gonad now consists of:1- an external cortex 2 - an internal medulla
Indifferent Gonads
In embryos with an XX sex chromosome complex, the cortex differentiates into an ovary and the medulla regresses
In embryos with an XY sex chromosome complex, the medulla differentiates into a testis and the cortex regresses
Except for vestigial remnants .
Primordial Germ Cells
These large, spherical cells are visible early in the fourth week among the endodermal cells of the yolk sac near the allantois
During folding of the embryo, the dorsal part of the yolk sac is incorporated into the embryo
the primordial germ cells migrate along the dorsal mesentery of the hindgut to the gonadal ridges
Primordial Germ Cells During the sixth week the primordial germ cells enter the
underlying mesenchyme and are incorporated in the gonadal cords
oThe migration of the primordial germ cells is regulated by the genes :1- stella2- fragilis3- BMP-4.
o If they fail to reach the ridges, the gonad remain indifferent or is absent…
Sex Determination
Sex Determination Chromosomal and genetic sex is determined
at fertilization
It depends upon whether an X-bearing sperm or a Y-bearing sperm fertilizes the X-bearing ovum
The type of gonads develop is determined by the sex chromosome complex of the embryo (XX or XY)
Sex Determination Before the seventh week, the gonads of the two
sexes are identical in appearance called indifferent gonads
Development of the male phenotype requires a Y chromosome
The SRY gene for a testes-determining factor (TDF) has been localized in the sex-determining region of the Y chromosome ( on the short Arm of this chromosome )
Two X chromosomes are required for the development of the female phenotype
Sex Determination The Y chromosome has a testes-determining effect on
the medulla of the indifferent gonad
The absence of a Y chromosome results in the formation of an ovary
Testosterone, produced by the fetal testes, determines the maleness
Primary female sexual differentiation in the fetus does NOT depend on hormones
It occurs even if the ovaries are absent
Expression of the Sox9 and Fgf9 genes is involved in the formation of the seminiferous cords.
Development of Testes
Development of Testes Embryos with a Y chromosome usually develop
testes
The SRY gene for TDF on the short arm of the Y chromosome acts as the switch that directs development of indifferent gonad into testes
TDF induces the gonadal cords to condense and extend into the medulla of indifferent gonad, where they form rete testes
The connection of gonadal cords or seminiferous cords with the surface epithelium is lost as tunica albuginea develops
Development of Testes
The development of a dense tunica albuginea is the characteristic feature of testicular development in a fetus
The enlarging testis separates from the degenerating mesonephros and becomes suspended by its own mesentery called mesorchium
The seminiferous cords develop into the seminiferous tubules, tubuli recti, and rete testis
The seminiferous tubules are separated by mesenchyme that gives rise to the interstitial cell of Leydig
Development of Testes By the eighth week, these cells(Leydig) begin to
secrete testosterone and androstenedione
These hormones induce masculine differentiation of the mesonephric ducts and external genitalia
Testosterone production is stimulated by HCG which reaches peak amounts during the 8- to 12-week period.
Fetal testes also produces a glycoprotein called antimullerian hormone (AMH) or mullerian inhibiting substance (MIS)
AMH is produced by sustentacular cells of Sertoli
•AMH suppresses development of the paramesonephric ducts
•Seminiferous tubules remain solid until puberty
Development of Testes The walls of seminiferous tubules are
composed of two kinds of cells :
1. Sertoli cells, supporting cells derived from the surface epithelium on the testis
2 . Spermatogonia, primordial sperm cells derived from the primordial germ cells
The rete testis becomes continuous with 15 to 20 mesonephric tubules that become efferent ductules
- These ductules are connected with the mesonephric duct
- It becomes the duct of the epididymis
In Summary…
Development of Genital Ducts
Development of Genital Ducts Both male and female embryos have two pairs of genital
ducts
The mesonephric ducts (wolffian ducts) play an important role in the development of the male reproductive system
The paramesonephric ducts (mullerian ducts) have a leading role in the development of the female reproductive system
Till the end of sixth week, the genital system is in an indifferent state, when both pairs of genital ducts are present
Distal to the epididymis, the mesonephric duct acquires a thick investment of smooth muscle and becomes the ductus deferens
A lateral outgrowth from the caudal end of each mesonephric duct gives rise to the seminal gland or vesicle
The secretion from this pair of glands nourishes sperms
The mesonephric duct between the duct of this gland and the urethra becomes the ejaculatory duct
Prostate Multiple endodermal outgrowths arise from the
prostatic part of the urethra
Grow into surrounding mesenchyme
The glandular epithelium of the prostate differentiates from these endodermal cells
The associated mesenchyme differentiates into the dense stroma and smooth muscle of the prostate
Bulbourethral Glands pea-sized structures develop from
paired outgrowths from the spongy part of the urethra .
The smooth muscle fibers and the stroma differentiate from the adjacent mesenchyme.
The secretions of these glands contribute to the semen.
Development of External Genitalia
Development of External Genitalia Up to the seventh week of development the
external genitalia are similar in both sexes
Distinguishing sexual characteristics begin to appear during the ninth week
External genitalia are not fully differentiated until the twelfth week
Early in the fourth week, proliferating mesenchyme produces a genital tubercle in both sexes at the cranial end of the cloacal membrane
Labioscrotal swelling and urogenital folds soon develop on each side of the cloacal membrane
The genital tubercle soon elongates to form a primordial phallus
Development of External Genitalia When the urorectal septum fuses with the
cloacal membrane, it divides it into :1. A dorsal anal membrane 2. A ventral urogenital (Urethral) membrane
The urogenital membrane lies in the floor of a median cleft, the urogenital groove, which is bounded by urogenital folds
Development of Male External Genitalia
Development of Male External Genitalia
Masculization of the indifferent external genitalia is induced by testosterone
The phallus enlarges and elongates to become the penisThe urogenital folds form the lateral
walls of the urethral groove on the ventral surface of the penis to form the spongy urethra
The surface ectoderm fuses in the median plane of the penis, forming a penile raphe and enclosing the spongy urethra within the penis
At the tip of the glans of the penis, an ectodermal ingrowth forms a cellular ectodermal cord
It grows towards the root of the penis to meet the spongy urethra
Development of Male External Genitalia This cord canalizes and joins the previously
formed spongy urethra
This completes the terminal part of the urethra and moves the external urethral orifice to the tip of the glans of the penis
During the twelfth week, a circular ingrowth of ectoderm occurs at the periphery of the glans penis
Development of Male External Genitalia When this ingrowth breaks down, it forms the
prepuce (foreskin)
It is adherent to the glans for some time
Usually not easy to retract at birth
Corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum of the penis develop from mesenchyme in the phallus
The labioscrotal swellings grow towards each other and fuse to form the scrotum
The line of fusion of these folds is clearly visible as the scrotal raphe
Development of Male External Genitalia
Agenesis of scrotum is an extremely rare anomally
Development of Inguinal Canals Inguinal canals develop in both the sexes
The gubernaculum passes obliquely through the developing anterior abdominal wall at the site of future inguinal canal
The gubernaculum attaches caudally to the internal surface of the labioscrotal swellings
The processus vaginalis develops ventral to the gubernaculum and herniates through the abdominal wall along the path formed by the gubernaculum
Development of Inguinal Canals
The vaginal process carries extensions of the layers of the abdominal wall before it, which form the walls of the inguinal canal
In males, these layers also form the coverings of the spermatic cord and testis
The opening in the transversalis fascia produced by the vaginal process becomes the deep inguinal ring
The opening created in the external oblique aponeurosis forms the superficial inguinal ring
Testicular descent is associated with:
Descent of Testes
Descent of Testes By 26 weeks the testes have descended
retroperitoneally to the deep inguinal rings
This change in position occurs as the fetal pelvis enlarges and the trunk of the embryo elongates
Little is known about cause of testicular descent
The process is controlled by androgens
Descent of Testes Passage of testis through the inguinal canal
may also be aided by the increase in intra-abdominal pressure resulting from growth of abdominal viscera
Descent of testes through the inguinal canals into the scrotum usually begins during 26th week
It takes 2 to 3 days
Descent of Testes More than 97% of full-term newborn males have
both testes in the scrotum
During the first 3 months after birth, most undescended testes descend into the scrotum
Spontaneous testicular descent does not occur after the age of one year
When the testis descends, it carries its ductus deferens and vessels with it
DESCENT OF TESTIS Fate of gubernaculum testis:
degenerates & disappears Fate of processus vaginalis:
During perinatal period:1. The stalk normally obliterates2. The caudal part forms the peritoneal
sac surrounding the testis (tunica vaginalis)
ANOMALIESFemale ducts in male: Paramesonephric ducts develop in male
(it should disappear in males ) Cause: failure of development of testes
& absence of müllerian inhibiting substance
ANOMALIESHypospadius: Most common anomaly of penis
Causes: inadequate production of androgens and/or inadequate receptor sites for hormones
External urethral orifice opens on ventral surface of glans or body of penis (80% of cases) Why ?
due to failure of canalization of ectodermal cord in glans and/or failure of fusion of urogenital folds
In perineal hypospadius: labioscrotal swellings fail to fuse & the orifice is located
between unfused halves of scrotum
ANOMALIESCryptorchidism (undescended testis): Occurs in up to 30% of premature malesand in approximately 3% to 4% of full-term males.
Cause: deficiency of androgens
May be unilateral or bilateral
In most cases, testes descend by the end of 1st year, if not , atrophy occurs .
Men with a history of cryptorchidism have an increased risk of developing testicular cancer. (risk of developing germ cell tumors, especially in cases of abdominal cryptorchidism. )
Cryptorchid testes may be in the abdominal cavity or anywhere along the usual path of descent of the testis, but they are usually in the inguinal canal
CHRYPTORCHIDISM