The Level of Empowerment of Overseas Filipino Women Workers

7/23/2019 The Level of Empowerment of Overseas Filipino Women Workers

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THE LEVEL OF EMPOWERMENT OF OVERSEASFILIPINO WOMEN WORKERS

____________________________

A Bachelor’s ThesisPresented to the Department of Arts and Sciences

Mindanao Kokusai DaigakuDavao City

____________________________

n Partial !ulfillment of the "e#uirements!or the Degree of Bachelor of Science in nternational Studies

Ma$or in %apanese &anguage and Studies

____________________________

by

'li(aer Christian ') Ca*ilan+isley S) Alcuire(

Angelyc M) Bonifacio

Charade A) &aguna,ei((y A*egail C) MainitMaria Chessa -) Paica

March ./00

APPROVAL SHEET



This thesis proposal entitled1 2THE LEVEL OF EMPOWERMENT OFOVERSEAS FILIPINO WOMEN WORKERS3 prepared and su*mitted *y Elizaer Christian E. Cabilan, Wisle S. Al!"irez, An#el! M. $%ni&a!i%, Chara'e A.

La#"na, Neiz Abe#ail C. Mainit, an' Maria Chessa (. Pai!a4 in partialfulfillment of the re#uirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science innternational Studies ma$or in %apanese &anguage and Studies4 has *eene5amined and is recommended for acceptance and approval for oral e5amination)

ESTRELLA RA)AM*T+RIN(AN, M.A.I.R Adviser

March 0.4 ./00 Date

666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666

PANEL OF EAMINERS

APPROVED by the Committee on Oral Examination with the descriptive

grade of Very Satisfactory on March 12, 2011.

NOEL (. CA$ALLES, ).M.Chair-an

LANIE PLAA* VER(ARA, R.N., M.E'. AL$ERT $. /+$ILO, E'.).

Me-ber Me-ber

666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666

ACCEPTE) AN) APPROVE) in partial fulfillment of the re#uirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in nternational Studies ma$or in %apanese

&anguage and Studies)

NIETO LATTORE VITTO, E'.). Dean of College

7777777777777777 Date



A$STRACT

T8' &'9'& :! 'MP:+'"M',T :! :9'"S'AS !&P,: +:M', +:"K'"S

*y

'&;A'" C8"STA, ') CAB&A,4 +S&'< S) A&C="';4 A,-'&<C M)B:,!AC:4 C8A"AD' &A-=,A4 ,';;< AB'-A& C) MA,T4 and MA"A

C8'SSA PACA

The study deals on determining the level of empo>erment of overseas

!ilipino >omen >orkers >ho have residence and >ho reside in Davao City4

Philippines) The research design used in this study is descriptive research

design)

This study used non6random sampling specifically purposive sampling

techni#ue in >hich overseas !ilipino >omen >orkers4 >ho >ork in human care

field4 >ere only surveyed)

Survey #uestionnaire >as used to determine the respondents’ Age4

'ducational Attainment and "ange of +age or Salary) The researchers used

internet *y using !ace*ook ?>>>) !ace*ook)com@ and e6mailed the respondents

*y using yahoomail ?>>>)yahoomail)com@ >ho are still in a*road *ut originally

live in Davao City to disseminate the survey #uestionnaire) Percentage4 mean

and t6test >ere the statistical treatment used in this study)

State-ent %& the Pr%ble-



The main o*$ective of this study is to kno> the level of gender

empo>erment of >omen :!+s) Specifically4 the study attempt to ans>er the

follo>ing #uestions1

0) +hat is the profile of the follo>ing respondents in terms of

0)0 Age

0). 'ducational *ackground

0) "ange of >age or salary and

0) :ccupation

.) +hat is the level of >omen empo>erment >ith regards to

.)0 'conomic and Social Participation

.). Access and control over economic resources and their use

) s there a significant difference in the level of >omen empo>erment

>ith regards to1

)0 Age

). 'ducational attainment

) "ange of >age or salary and

) :ccupation

N"ll H0%theses

H123 There is no significant difference *et>een level of >omen

empo>erment and age)

H143 There is no significant difference *et>een level of empo>erment and

educational attainment)




range of >age or salary)


occupation)

Fin'in#s

The data gathered revealed the follo>ing findings1

0) "espondents *elonged to ages / years old and a*ove ?.0/ or

E)EF@ >ere greater than those >ho >ere 0G6.H years old ?00 or

)GF@ and those >ho had no information ?E or 0)I.F@) A greater

num*er of respondents *elonged to College graduate and a*ove in

terms of educational attainment ?.0 or J/F@ than those >ho *elonged

to college graduate and *elo> ?H0 or .J)GIF@4 .).F or I respondents

>ere not a*le to fill up their profile regarding this matter) n addition4

0IG respondents or GE)/EF said that they >ere receiving Php

.J4//0)// and a*ove for their monthly salary and there >ere 0

respondents ?)F@ >ho said that they >ere receiving Php G40//)//6

.J4//0)// as their salary4 there >ere also . respondents ?)E0F@ >ere

not a*le to say their monthly salary) Moreover4 G0)G0F or 0J/

respondents said that their occupation are in line >ith human care field

and E)EJF or 0G respondents said that their >ork are in non human

care field4 only 0)I. F or E respondents >ere not a*le to say >hat kind

of occupation they *elonged to)



.) The mean of Age under 0G6.H years old is )00?Sometimes@ >ith

regards to the economic and social participation) And in terms of

access and control over economic income the mean is ).

?Sometimes@ and >hen the t>o domains >ere com*ined to get the

mean score of the empo>erment it >as ).J ?Sometimes@) Compared

to the first classification the mean of Age under / years old and a*ove

>ere higher4 >ith regards to the economic and social participation4 it

had a mean score of )I/ ?:ften@4 and in terms of access and control

over economic resources it had a mean score of )/ ?:ften@) )H.

>ere the mean scores >hen the means of t>o domains >ere

com*ined to get the empo>erment mean) Moreover4 high school

graduate and *elo> had a mean score of )G.?:ften@ in terms of

economic and social participation) :n the other hand it had a mean

score of )I?Sometimes@ >ith regards to the access and control over

economic resources resulting to a mean score of )G ?Sometimes@

>ith regards to the empo>erment mean) Mean>hile4 the college

graduate and a*ove classification had a mean score of )E ?:ften@

>hen analy(ed to the empo>erment domain of economic and social

participation and in terms of to the access and control over economic

resources it had a mean of )/G ?:ften@) )I?:ften@ >ere the

empo>erment mean score resulting from the com*ined mean of the

t>o indicators) !urthermore4 the mean of "ange of >age under the

classification of minimum >age ?Php 0G4///6.J4///@ >as )G



?Sometimes@ >ith respect to the first indicator of the empo>erment and

>ith regards to the second indicator or domain it had a mean score of

)G ?Sometimes@4 resulting to a mean score of )G?Sometimes@ in

terms of empo>erment) Moreover4 the mean of range of >age under

Php .J4//0)// and a*ove >hen analy(ed to the first domain of

empo>erment >as )EJ?:ften@ and >ith regards to the second domain

it had a mean of )0?:ften@ that resulted to the empo>erment mean

of )H0?:ften@) &astly4 non68uman care occupation got a mean score

of )GE ?:ften@ >hile the human care occupation got the mean score of

)E0 ?:ften@ making it the highest >ith regards to the first domain of

empo>erment) :n the other hand it had the opposite result >hen they

>ere analy(e to access and control over economic resources having a

mean score of )/. ?:ften@ >ho *elonged to the ,on6human care

group and )EI ?:ften@ for the human care group making the non6

human care group the greatest >hen it comes to the second domain of

empo>erment) n addition4 the empo>erment mean of the non6human

care group >as )JH ?:ften@ compared to the human care group

having a mean score of )E ?:ften@)

) ,ull hypothesis 80 is re$ected) There is a significant difference *et>een

the &evel of 'mpo>erment and Age) :n the other side4 null hypothesis

8. >as divided into t>o decisions) There is a significant difference

*et>een &evel of 'mpo>erment and 'ducational Attainment >ith

regards to the access and control over economic resources that is >hy



it is re$ected) 8o>ever4 there is no significant difference *et>een &evel

of 'mpo>erment and 'ducational Attainment >ith regards to economic

and social participation that is >hy it is accepted) The null hypothesis

8 is re$ected) There is a significant difference *et>een the &evel of

'mpo>erment and "ange of +age or Salary) !inally4 decision of null

hypothesis 8 >as also divided into t>o decisions) As measured *y the

access and control over economic resources4 the decision >as

accepted) Therefore4 there is a significant difference *et>een &evel of

'mpo>erment and :ccupation) :n the other hand4 >ith regards to

economic and social participation4 the decision >as accepted)

Therefore4 there is no significant difference *et>een the &evel of

'mpo>erment and :ccupation)

C%n!l"si%ns

Based from the given findings4 the researchers concluded that

0) Most of the respondents >ere ages / years old and a*ove4 >ho >ere

college graduate and a*ove4 >ho received an amount ranging from

Php .J4//0)// and a*ove as their monthly salary and are >orking in

line >ith human care field)

.) :verseas !ilipino >omen >orkers ages / years old and a*ove >ere

college graduate andor proceeded to Master’s or Doctoral received

Php .J4//0)// and a*ove as their monthly salary and >ere >orking in

non6human care field are empo>ered >ith regards to economic and



social participation and access to and control over economic

resources)

) :verall there is a significant difference on the &evel of +omen

'mpo>erment to the respondents’ age4 educational attainment4 range

of >age or salary and occupation >ith regards to the economic and

social participation and access to and control over economic resource

and their uses)

Re!%--en'ati%ns

Based on the conclusions and findings of this study4 the researchers

recommend the follo>ing1

0) !uture researchers are encouraged to conduct studies a*out the level

of empo>erment of !ilipino >omen >ho are >orking in the Philippines

to make a comparison of >ho is more empo>ered >ith regards to the

respondents’ profile and domains of this study)

.) The researchers highly recommend that future researchers may further

enhance this study using another type of domains or indicators to

determine the level of empo>erment)

) !or the convenience of the respondents from far places4 future

researchers may survey the respondents using social net>ork

>e*sites)



ACKNOWLE)(MENT

The researchers >ant to e5tend their gratitude and appreciation to the

follo>ing people >ho in one >ay or another contri*uted and e5tended their

valua*le assistance in the preparation and completion of this study)

To the researcher’s adviser 'strella "adam6Turingan >ho e5erted her

time and effort amidst of *eing *usy) The researcher >ould also like to recogni(e

her great efforts of helping throughout the researcher’s thesis6>riting period) The

researchers also appreciated her for providing good teachings and

encouragement to the researchers and for sharing her great ideas to them) The

researcher’s >ould have *een lost >ithout her guidance) And for having the

outcome of this study interpreted and analy(ed on time

To Dr) ,ieto &atorre 9itto for giving the researchers a challenge and

chance to make this study *eyond possi*le

To Dr) Al*ert B) %u*ilo for his supervision4 advice4 and guidance from the

very early stage of this research as >ell as giving the researcher’s e5traordinary

e5periences throughout the >ork



To Dr) ,oel Ca*alles4 >ithout his kno>ledge and assistance this study

>ould not have *een successful) !or his advice4 supervision4 and crucial

contri*ution

To &anie P) 9ergara for e5erting time to read and check the grammar of

this study to make it a relia*le one and for *eing one of the panelists

To the validators >ho checked and validated this study’s survey

#uestionnaire

To the P:'A staffs >ho allo>ed the researchers conduct their survey on

the :!+’s

To all the respondents >ho >ere in P:'A and in other places here and in

a*road especially those >ho >illingly and patiently ans>ered the survey

#uestionnaire made *y the researchers

To the researcher’s ever6supportive parents >ho al>ays understand at

times >hen the researcher’s have to sleep at different houses) A*ove all and the

most needed4 *y providing the researchers encouragement and support in

various >ays

To Alcuire( family and Manalo family >ho >ere a*undantly helpful *y

offering invalua*le assistance4 allo>ing the researchers to stay at their homes

overnight and for the support and guidance

And most especially to Almighty -od the !ather for giving the researchers

different talents4 skills4 intellect4 e5tra strength >hich has lead to the making of

this study possi*le and relia*le)

E.C.E Cabilan



W.S Al7"irez

A.M $%ni&a!i%

C.A La#"na

N.A.C Mainit

M.C.( Pai!a

TA$LE OF CONTENTS

Page

TT&' ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) i

APP":9A& S8''T ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) ii

ABST"ACT )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) iii

ACK,:+&'D-M',T ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 5

TAB&' :! C:,T',TS ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 5ii

Chapter

,T":D=CT:, )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 0

Background of the Study )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 0

Statement of the Pro*lems )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))

,ull 8ypotheses )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))

Significance of the Study ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))

Scope and Delimitation of the Study))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) G

Definition of TermsL))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) E

"'9'+ :! "'&AT'D &T'"AT="' A,D ST=D'S )))))))))))))))))))))))) E



"elated &iterature and Studies )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) E

-ender 'mpo>erment )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) G

+omen 'mpo>erment ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) J

'mpo>erment )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 0/

Synthesis )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 0.

Theoretical !rame>ork )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 0

'mpo>erment Theory ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 0

Structurist Theory )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 0

8ousehold Strategy Theory )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 0

Conceptual !rame>ork )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 0

M'T8:D:&:-< )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 0E

"esearch Design )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 0E

"esearch &ocale )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 0E

"esearch "espondents )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 0J

"esearch nstruments )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 0J

"esearch Procedure )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 0J

Statistical Treatments ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 0I

9 "'S=&TS A,D DSC=SS:,

Profile of the "espondents)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 0H

Age))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 0H

'ducational Attainment)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) ./

"ange of +age or Salary))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) .0

:ccupation))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) ..



"espondents’ Profile According to 'mpo>erment ndicators))))))))))))) .

Age Classification))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) .

'ducational Attainment)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) .

"ange of +age or Salary))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) .

:ccupation))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) .G

Significant Difference of &evel of 'mpo>erment and

Age))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) .E

'ducational Attainment)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) .J

"ange of +age or Salary))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) .I

:ccupation))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) .H

9 S=MMA"<4 C:,C&=S:,S A,D "'CC:M',DAT:,S

!indings))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) .

Conclusions))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) G

"ecommendations)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) J

"'!'"',C'S )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) I

APP',DC'S

A) &etter to the 9alidators )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) /

B) &ist of 9alidators )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 0

C) 9alidation "esult of Survey uestionnaire)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) .

D) Survey Score Sheet ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))

') T6Test Ta*le for 'mpo>erment and Age)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))

!) T6Test Ta*le for 'mpo>erment and &evel of 'ducation))))))))))))) G

-) T6Test Ta*le for 'mpo>erment and "ange of Salary))))))))))))))))) E

8) T6Test Ta*le for 'mpo>erment and :ccupation))))))))))))))))))))))))) J



C=""C=&=M 9TA')))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) I

LIST OF FI(+RES

Fi#"re )es!ri0ti%n Pa#e

0Conceptual Model of the Study

0

. Map of Davao City4 Philippines 0E



LIST OF TA$LES

Table Description Pae

1 Profile of "espondents *y Age 19

2 Profile of the "espondents *y 'ducational Attainment 20

3 Profile of "espondents *y "ange of +age or Salary 21

Profile of "espondents *y :ccupation 22

!

'conomic and Social Participation4 Access to and Control over

'conomic "esources and 'mpo>erment >ith regards to"espondents’ Age Classification 23

"

'conomic and Social Participation4 Access to and Control over'conomic "esources and 'mpo>erment >ith regards to

"espondents’ 'ducational Attainment2"

#

'conomic and Social Participation4 Access to and Control over'conomic "esources and 'mpo>erment >ith regards to

"espondents’ "ange of >age or Salary2#

$

'conomic and Social Participation4 Access to and Control over'conomic "esources and 'mpo>erment >ith regards to"espondents’ :ccupation

2$

9 T6 Test on the Significant Difference *et>een &evel of'mpo>erment and Age

29

10 T6 Test on the Significant Difference *et>een &evel of'mpo>erment and 'ducational Attainment

30



11 T6 Test on the Significant Difference *et>een &evel of 'mpo>erment and "ange of +age or Salary

31

12 T6 Test on the Significant Difference *et>een &evel of'mpo>erment and :ccupation 32

Chapter 0

INTRO)+CTION

$a!8#r%"n' %& the St"'

-lo*ali(ation has contri*uted to an increasing flo> of migrant >orkers

from countries >ith limited economic opportunities to fill gaps in nations >ith a

d>indling la*our supply) +hile glo*ali(ation may foster the acceleration of trade

and investment4 it does not create an environment that protects migrant >orkers

economic4 social and physical security) This is even more so >hen it comes to

>omen migrant >orkers4 >hose num*ers have *een increasing4 no> constituting

G/F or more of the migrant >orkforce in Asia and &atin America)

<et4 >hile migration can *ring ne> employment and opportunities4 it also

*ears great risks for >omen 4Migrant >omen >orkers4 routinely lack access to

social services and legal protection and are su*$ected to a*uses such as harsh

>orking and living conditions4 lo> >ages4 illegal >ithholding of >ages and

premature termination of employment) The >orst a*uses force >omen into

se5ual slavery)



The role of >omen in the Philippines is e5plained *ased on the conte5t

of culture4 standards4 and mindsets) !ilipino >omen live in a culture that is

focused on the community4 >ith the family as the main unit of society) t is in

the Philippine hierarchical structure4 class differences4 religious $ustifications4 and

living in a glo*ally developing nation >herein !ilipino >omen struggle for respect)

Moreover4 they make crucial decisions that involve her family4 her home4 and her

children) Due to poverty present in the country4 !ilipinos4 mostly >omen4 migrate

and >ork outside the country to look for greener pasture) t is a fact that >ith

regards to human care profession4 >omen outnum*ered men) Philippine e5port

of >orkers has *een a great demand today and *y the time our fello> nationals

>ill return into their homeland4 changes >ill happen and >ould *e visi*le to

others) 8ence4 these changes may affect the relationship of their family and

empo>erment of their gender and role in the society and at home) !ilipino

>omen play an important role in the society and *eing :!+s they have the

capacity and authority in every decision making a family >ill do)

Davao City is kno>n to *e the most livea*le city in the Philippines and

G/)/F of Davao’s population are >omen ?Actual ,S: Survey4 .///@) Many

>omen decided to go outside the country to achieve the lives that they >anted

for their families *ut these things are still in #uestion *ecause it >ill conflict after

the time they came from >orking outside the country) Despite of this fact4 does

>omen empo>erment really e5ist in terms of economic and social participation

and access to and control over economic resources and their uses

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindset


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_people

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_people

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine



n line >ith these facts4 the researchers came up to make a study that

>ould help the country particularly Davao region to determine the level of >omen

empo>erment in the field of human care profession >ho is >orking outside the

Archipelago) The level of >omen empo>erment in the study depends on the

factors *eing mentioned)


The main o*$ective of this study is to kno> the level of empo>erment of

>omen :!+s) Specifically4 the study attempts to ans>er the follo>ing #uestions1


0)G Age

0)E 'ducational *ackground

0)J "ange of >age or salary and

0)I :ccupation


.)0'conomic and Social Participation and

.).Access to and control over economic resources and its uses


>ith regards to1

)0 Age

). 'ducational *ackground




) :ccupation

N"ll H0%theses








occupation)

Si#ni&i!an!e %& the St"'

The researchers strongly *elieve that this study >ill *enefit the follo>ing1

OFWs 9:%r8in# in the &iel' %& H"-an Care;. This study can give

information to :!+s >orking in the aspects of human care if >omen are

empo>ered >ith regards to the dimension of economic and social participation

and access to and control over economic resources and their uses)

OFWs 9:%r8in# in the %ther &iel's;. :!+s from other profession can

also *enefit from this study through kno>ing if >omen empo>erment does really

e5ist and >ill the dimensions could affect the said empo>erment)

N(Os. This is also intended to the ,-:s4 for them to kno> a*out >omen

empo>erment and its effects to their families) The ,-:s can also give help to



>omen :!+s to handle pro*lems regarding to their family >hen they are outside

the country)

C%--"nit. &astly4 this study is for the community for them to have

kno>ledge a*out their fello> !ilipinos >ho are >orking outside the country and

the level of empo>erment of >omen :!+s)

S!%0e an' )eli-itati%n

The researchers only focused their study on the level of empo>erment of

>omen :!+s) As for the respondents4 there >ere / >omen :!+s from

different parts of Davao City) This study used a survey #uestionnaire as its

instrument for data gathering) The scope of this study is limited to the >omen

:!+s’ perspectives in the level of their empo>erment) The study >as conducted

in the late #uarter of ./0/ and first #uarter of ./00)

)e&initi%n %& Ter-s

The follo>ing terms >ere conceptually and operationally defined)

E-0%:er-ent 6 A person’s a*ility to have access and control over a

certain thing)

OFW N !ilipinos >ho >ork a*road)

E!%n%-i! an' S%!ial Parti!i0ati%n 6 The a*ility of >omen :!+s to

participate in household matters and in the society)

E!%n%-i! Res%"r!es 6 ncome gained from the salary of :!+s)



OFWs W%r8in# in the Fiel' %& H"-an Care N !ilipinos >ho >ork outside

the country as nurses4 care givers4 teachers4 domestic helpers and other $o*s in

line >ith human care profession)

OFWs W%r8in# in the Fiel' %& N%n* H"-an !are N !ilipinos >ho >ork

a*road as engineers4 computer technicians4 drafts men4 and other $o*s that does

not *elong to the field of human care)

Chapter

REVIEW OF RELATE) LITERAT+RE AN) ST+)IES

This chapter >ill present significant literatures that >ill help support the

research hypotheses of the study) n this chapter4 related literatures and studies

of past researchers >ill *e mentioned) Theoretical frame>ork4 conceptual

frame>ork and definition of terms >ill *e also included)

E-0%:er-ent. Personal empo>erment vie>s empo>erment as focused

on individual strength and self6esteem to gain control over availa*le resources

and to e5ercise their right to o*tain #uality of life for themselves and their family

?Moyle4 Dollard4 O Bis>as4 .//E@) !urther4 Kishor ?.///@ has pointed out to

education and employment as the measurement of empo>erment) :n the other

hand4 employment is argued to improve individual’s empo>erment for similar

reasons4 i)e)4 *ecause it gives access to their o>n earnings or contri*utions to



family income that in turn increase their understanding of money4 right to

participate in financial decisions4 or financial independence ?Mason

and Smith4 .//@)

According to Sen and Batli>ala ?.///@4 2'mpo>erment is the process *y

>hich the po>erless gain greater control over the circumstances of their lives) n

addition4 Strom#uist ?.//.@ said that empo>erment consists of four dimensions4

each e#ually important *ut none sufficient *y itself to ena*le >omen to act on

their o>n *ehalf) These are the cognitive ?critical understanding of one’s reality@4

the psychological ?feeling of self6esteem@4 the political ?a>areness of po>er

ine#ualities and the a*ility to organi(e and mo*ili(e@ and the economic ?capacity

to generate independent income@)

Based on a revie> of literature on the definition and measurement of

empo>erment4 Malhotra4 Schuler and Boender ?.//.@ conclude that

empo>erment is a process that marks change over a period of time and re#uires

that the individual *eing empo>ered is involved as a significant agent in that

change process)

Bennett ?.//.@ has developed a frame>ork in >hich 2empo>erment3 and

2social inclusion3 are closely related *ut separate concepts) Dra>ing on ,arayan

?.//.@4 Bennett descri*es empo>erment as 2the enhancement of assets and

capa*ilities of diverse individuals and groups to engage4 influence and hold

accounta*le the institutions >hich affect them)3 Social inclusion is defined as 2the

removal of institutional *arriers and the enhancement of incentives to increase

the access of diverse individuals and groups to assets and development



opportunities)3 Bennett notes that *oth of these definitions are intended to *e

operational4 and descri*e processes rather than end points) The empo>erment

process4 as she characteri(es it4 operates 2from *elo>3 and involves agency4 as

e5ercised *y individuals and groups) Social inclusion4 in contrast4 re#uires

systemic change >hich may *e initiated 2from a*ove)3 As ,arayan ?.//.@ and

"avallion and Chen ?.//04 in their discussion of 2pro6poor gro>th3@ also argue4

systemic change is necessary to sustain empo>erment over time) t is through

the process of social inclusion that the 2rules of the game3 are modified and

institutions transformed so that economic gro>th is >idely shared) Bennett

argues that the distinction *et>een empo>erment and social inclusion is

important *ecause the +orld Bank’s comparative advantage is at the system or

policy level)

Pradhan4 B) ?.//@ argues that >hile these #uantitative socio6economic

measures of empo>erment are useful indicators as a first appro5imation4 they

are not sensitive enough to capture the nuances of gender po>er relations) This

is *ecause #uantitative methods alone are una*le to capture the interactive

processes through >hich those in a >eaker position strategise >ays of gaining

from the une#ual relationship) Therefore in order to understand the socio6cultural

conte5t >ithin >hich >omen’s *ehaviour in social interaction and gender

relationships takes place4 an in6depth anthropological method is essential)

(en'er E-0%:er-ent. According to Alsop4 ") and 8einsohn4 ,) ?.//G@,

empo>erment is defined as a person’s capacity to make effective choices and to

transform choices into desired actions and outcomes) The e5tent to >hich a



person is empo>ered is influenced *y personal agency ?the capacity to make a

purposive choice@ and opportunity structure ?the institutional conte5t in >hich

choice is made@) This is the definition of empo>erment used in this paper) To

determine degrees of empo>erment various indicators are suggested1 for

agency4 asset endo>ments 6 psychological4 informational4 organi(ational4

material4 social4 financial or human for opportunity structure4 the presence and

operation of formal and informal institutions4 including the la>s4 regulatory

frame>orks4 and norms governing *ehavior)

Mason and Smith ?.//G@ stated that4 empo>erment is a*out the e5tent to

>hich some categories of people are a*le to control their o>n destinies4 even

>hen the people >ith >hom they interact oppose their interests) Thus4 according

to her4 people are not empo>ered or disempo>ered in a vacuum) "ather4 they

are empo>ered or disempo>ered relative to other people of groups >hose lives

intersect >ith theirs and >hose interests differ from theirs4 at least in part)

Moreover4 as cited from Basu and Kool>al study ?.//G@4 'mpo>erment is

also often seen only partially4 through the outcomes of increased autonomy and

freedom) ,evertheless4 empo>erment also implies additional responsi*ility

responsi*ility >hich may not necessarily *e >elfare6enhancing) !or e5ample4

>omen’s greater mo*ility and visi*ility often leads to increased e5posure to

violence >omen’s increased role in decision6making may cause men to take less

responsi*ility and even >ithdra> support for critical decisions like health care

seeking) Thus4 empo>erment *rings >ith it *oth rights and responsi*ilities4 and

may lead to some freedoms *eing curtailed)



W%-en E-0%:er-ent. 8uman Development in South Asia ?.///@4

stressed out that >omen empo>erment is a change in the conte5t of a >omen’s

life4 >hich ena*les her increased capacity for leading a fulfilling human life)

+omen empo>erment is one of the essential factors that promote human

development)

+hile empo>erment is relevant to *oth se5es4 >omen’s empo>erment

necessarily is more complicated *y the fact that they face additional

disadvantages *ecause of their se54 and the fact that household and intra6familial

relationships are a ma$or source of >omen’s disempo>erment) ?Malhotra and

Schuler4 .//G@) :n the article >ritten *y Kishore4 &alit ?.//@4 he said that the

e5perts on gender issues hold that >omens advancement involves the process

of empo>erment and define it as a process4 *y >hich >omen achieve increased

control over pu*lic decision making) The male domination of society and

government are often seen for the purpose of serving male interests and in the

continued su*ordination of >omen) The e5perts also inform that there are five

levels of the >omens empo>erment frame>ork4 namely6 >elfare4 access4

conscientisation4 mo*ili(ation and control) But one needs to understand that

these five levels of >omen’s empo>erment are not really a linear progression *ut

helical and circular along >ith *eing interconnected) The empo>erment occurs

>hen >omen achieve increased control and participation in decision making that

leads to their *etter access to resources4 and therefore4 improved socio6

economic status)



9i$ayanthi ?.//.@ emphasi(ed in his study that education is one of the

most important means of empo>ering >omen and of giving kno>ledge4 skills and

the self6confidence necessary to *e full partners in the developmental process)

-ustav "anis and !rancis Ste>art ?.//G@ mentioned in their article that a study

in Cote de voire reveals that increased female share in household income leads

to increased spending on human development enhancing items) They also

vie>ed female literacy as an important input of the production function ?i)e)

human development improvement function@) +hile Blum*erg4 "ae &esser ?.//G@

vie>ed that economic empo>erment of >omen >as the key to achieve gender

e#uality as >ell as >ealth and >ell *eing of nation) The author opined that

financial autonomy >ould enhance >omen’s capacity of decision making in

various arenas of life) Moreover4 it >ould lead to less corruption4 less armed

conflict and less violence against female in the long run)

According to Deshmukh6"anadive4 %) ?.//@4 +omen’s empo>erment

does not necessarily take place >hen incomes are generated4 >hen livelihoods

are enhanced or >hen groups are formed) This is *ecause >ithin families and

households4 hierarchies and structures do not alter) n fact4 pu*lic interventions

>hich result in ne> social activity or ne> avenues of income generation can

actually accentuate tensions >ithin households) Moghadam4 9)M) and Senftova4

&) ?.//G@ stressed out that there have *een many attempts to measure >omen’s

empo>erment in the development field4 *ut these have had various

shortcomings) There is confusion over concepts4 a lack of disaggregated data4

and limited information on household dynamics) Measurements and indicators to



date have focused more on civil and political rights4 >hat are kno>n as first

generation’ human rights4 than on Qsecond generation’ economic4 social and

cultural rights) n hisher paper4 empo>erment is defined as a multi6dimensional

process of civil4 political4 social4 economic4 and cultural participation and rights)

To analyse these4 a frame>ork using si5 key domains is presented) These are

used to assess >omen’s participation ?referring to an active social condition@4

rights ?referring to a formal4 legal condition@ and capa*ilities ?preconditions for the

en$oyment of rights and enhancement of participation@) The domains are1 socio6

demographic indicators4 *odily integrity and health4 literacy and educational

attainment4 economic participation and rights4 political participation and rights4

cultural participation and rights) ndicators include1 life e5pectancy at *irth4 se5ual

and physical a*use against >omen4 literacy rates4 amount of maternity leave4

and num*er of feminist resources in the print and electronic media)

n the paper of Ka*eer4 ,) ?.//G@4 he discusses the third Millennium

Development -oal ?MD-@ on gender e#uality and >omen’s empo>erment and

highlights >ays in >hich the indicators associated >ith this goal N >omen’s

access to education4 share of non6agricultural >age employment4 and political

participation N can contri*ute to >omen’s empo>erment) 'ach of these indicators

has the potential to *ring a*out immediate changes in >omen’s lives4 along >ith

long6term transformations in patriarchal po>er structures) But unless provision is

made to ensure that policy changes are implemented in >ays that allo> >omen

themselves to participate4 monitor4 and hold policy makers and corporations

accounta*le for their actions4 the potential for >omen’s empo>erment >ill *e



limited) !or e5ample4 >hile >omen’s access to education may improve their

chances of a good marriage4 unless it also provides them >ith the courage to

#uestion un$ust practices4 its potential for change >ill *e limited) Similarly4 >hile

>omen’s access to paid >ork may give them a greater sense of self6reliance and

greater purchasing po>er4 if it is undertaken in conditions that damage >omen’s

health its costs may out>eigh its *enefits) The #uestion4 therefore4 is to >hat

e5tent the international community is prepared to provide support for >omen at

the grassroots N support >hich >ill ensure that they have the collective capacities

necessary to participate in the policy process)

Snthesis

Based on the related literature and studies presented4 gender

empo>erment is not only o>n *y male *ut *y female as >ell) And as every

individual possesses empo>erment4 they must also have the capa*ility to control

and *e responsi*le in every action that they >ill do)

!urthermore4 people are empo>ered >ith regards to their individual

strength and self6 esteem that may correspond >ith regards to their age4

educational attainment4 income and occupation) These >ill signify that people

can participate and can control their income as these are some of the indicators

of empo>erment)

The%reti!al Fra-e:%r8s

P%:er C%ntr%l The%r. The theory has *een e5tended into adult social

roles as >ell) Stratified *ehaviors typically associated >ith males4 particularly

those in authoritative positions4 are no> *eing seen more fre#uently in females



attaining po>erful roles) And like their male counterparts4 their po>er is used to

control those persons in su*ordinate roles)

Str"!t"rist The%r. This theory vie>s international migration as a form of

e5ploitation of the peripheral nations *y the 2core3 nations in the international

system) +orkers in developing countries are structurally pulled into the

secondary la*or markets in industriali(ed countries >hich are characteri(ed *y

lo> >ages4 less prefera*le >orking conditions and lack of $o* security)

H%"seh%l' Strate# The%r. 8ousehold strategy theorists contend that

migration decisions are not made *y individuals *ut *y households) According to

the proponents of this approach4 people act collectively not only to ma5imi(e

e5pected income *ut also to minimi(e risks for the mem*ers of the kinship unit)

8ouseholds control risks to their economic >ell6*eing *y diversifying the

allocation of household resources such as family la*or)

C%n!e0t"al Fra-e:%r8

The +omen :!+s4 >ho >ere also the respondents4 >as considered

independent varia*le in this study) +hile the "espondent’s profile >hich includes

the Age that >as divided into t>o categories1 0G to .H years old and those >ho

>ere / years old and a*ove 'ducational Background >hich >as also divided in

t>o levels those respondents >ho >ere 8igh school graduate and *elo> and

college graduate and a*ove and "ange of >age or salary of the respondent

>hich >as also categori(ed into t>o1 those >ho received Php G40// up to Php)

.J4 ///)// and those >ho received .J4//0)// and a*ove and :ccupation that

>as also divided into t>o types1 the human care and the non6human care >ere



utili(ed as the intervening varia*le of this study) The manipulative varia*le in this

study >ere the &evel of +omen 'mpo>erment and its t>o domains that *ecame

factors that measured the level of empo>erment namely the 'conomic and

social participation and Access to and control over economic resources and its

uses)

As illustrated in !igure 04 the dependent varia*le >as administered to the

independent varia*le >ith its t>o categori(ed domains) !urthermore4 the

intervening varia*les >ere correlated if there >ere significance to the said

varia*le >ith regards to the independent varia*le >hich then resulted to the level

of empo>erment of the respondents and if they >ere empo>ered or not)

O<erseas Fili0in%W%-en W%r8ers

Le<el %& E-0%:er-ent

6'conomic and Social participation

6 Access to and control over

economic resources and its uses)

A#e60I6/ or 0 and a*ove

E'"!ati%nal $a!8#r%"n'68igh School -raduate and *elo> or

College -raduate and a*ove

Ran#e %& Wa#e %r Salar6/4/// and *elo> or 04/// and

a*ove

O!!"0ati%n68uman Care and ,on68uman Care



!igure 0) Conceptual Model of the Study

Chapter

METHO)OLO(=

This chapter presents the methods that the researchers used on ho> the

study has *een conducted) t also gave the information a*out the research

design4 research instruments4 research locale4 sampling techni#ue4 statistical

treatments and data analysis method)

Resear!h )esi#n

This study investigated the empo>erment of >omen :!+s) The study

used a descriptive research design that determined the empo>erment of >omen

:!+)

Resear!h L%!ale

Davao City is part of "egion R and is located and the center of the region)

t is the largest city on the island of Mindanao and can *e found in the



Archipelago of the Philippines) The city >as also a>arded *y the department of

Tourism as the Most &iva*le City in the country)

!igure .) Map of Davao City4 Philippines

Resear!h Res0%n'ents

This study used a non6random purposive sampling techni#ue to the

respondents) t had a total of / >omen :!+ respondents from Davao City)

Resear!h Instr"-ents

The researchers used a survey #uestionnaire that determined the profile

of the respondents specifically the age4 occupation4 the respondents’ educational

*ackground and their respective monthly >age or salary)

Through this instrument the respondents’ level of empo>erment had *een

measured *y the researchers)

The research instrument has *een authenticated *y the validators in order

to *e relia*le *efore the researchers conducted the survey)

Resear!h Pr%!e'"res

The steps that the researchers undergone on gathering the data >ere the

follo>ing1



(atherin# %& In&%r-ati%n. The researchers gathered the information through

the survey #uestionnaire that the researchers gave to the >omen :!+s in Davao City)

A'-inisterin# %& S"r<e S!%re Sheets. The researchers6made survey

#uestionnaire >as *een disseminated directly to the >omen :!+s on the locations

*ased on the information that has *een gathered)

Tab"latin#, Inter0retatin# an' Analzin# %& the )ata. The data that has *een

gathered >as presented in forms of ta*le4 graphs andor figures) These >ere interpreted

and analy(ed using the different applica*le statistical tools)

Statisti!al Treat-ent

The follo>ing statistical treatment have *een used in interpreting and

analy(ing the data gathered1

Per!enta#e. This statistical treatment >as used in determining the profile

of the respondents in terms of Age4 :ccupation4 and 'ducational Background

and in determining the level of empo>erment of >omen)

Mean. This >as used to get the mean scores of the respondents’ profile

>hen it >as correlated to the dimensions)

T*test. This tool >as used to determine if >hether or not there is a

significant difference on empo>erment of overseas !ilipino >omen >orkers >hen

correlated to Age4 'ducational Attainment4 "age of >age or salary4 and

:ccupation)

Since the respondents of this study >ere female :!+s there >as no need

to include Se5 in this statistical treatment)



Chapter 9

RES+LTS AN) )ISC+SSION

This chapter contains the interpretation and analyses of the results of the

survey #uestionnaire ac#uired from the overseas !ilipino >omen >orkers from

Davao City from %anuary .I4 ./00 up to !e*ruary .E4 ./00) The results >ere

also discussed comprehensively *y the researchers through e5planations and

through supplementation of appropriate ta*les and or figures presented in this

chapter)

Pr%&ile %& the Res0%n'ents

A#e. The distri*ution of the respondents *ased on their age is sho>n in

Ta*le 0) t sho>s the percentage and the e#uivalent num*er of each)

Ta*le 0

Profile of "espondents *y Age



A#e Fre7"en! Per!enta#e

0G6 .H years old 00 )G

/ years old and *elo> .0/ E)E

,o information E 0)I.

Total / 0//

+ith regards to the respondent’s age4 most of the respondents >ere from

ages / years old and a*ove >ith a total num*er of .0/ or E)E percent

follo>ed *y 0G6.H years of age >ith a total of 00 respondents >hich is

e#uivalent to )G percent) The figure also sho>s that there >ere E respondents

having a percentage of 0)I. >ho chose not to check or share their information

regarding this matter) This outcome is unavoida*le since the researchers also

respect their o>n privacy)

Therefore4 :verseas !ilipino >omen >orkers4 ages / years old and

a*ove had the most num*er of respondents)

E'"!ati%nal Attain-ent. Ta*le . sho>s the percentage distri*ution of the

respondents’ 'ducational Attainment) The level is divided into t>o1 those >ho

>ere 8igh school graduate and *elo> >hich means they >ere not a*le to finish

tertiary education *ut >ere a*le to graduate in secondary education andor

elementary graduate and those >ho >ere College graduate and a*ove4 meaning

to say those >ho >ere a*le to graduate in tertiary education and or >ere a*le to

*e enrolled to a graduate school)

Ta*le .

Profile of the "espondents *y 'ducational Attainment

E'"!ati%nal Attain-ent Fre7"en! Per!enta#e

8igh School -raduate and Belo> H0 .J)GI



College -raduate and A*ove .0 J/

,o nformation I .).

Total / 0//

,inety one respondents or .J)GI percent >ere a*le to graduate only in

8igh School *ut not in tertiary andor finished the elementary level only andor

not secondary level) And J/percent >hich is e#ual to .0 respondents >ere a*le

to finished tertiary level andor >ere also a*le to enrolled and finished in a

graduate school) And there >ere I respondents >hich is e#uivalent to .).

percent >ho chose no to share their information >ith regards to the certain profile

asked) Since the researchers respect the respondents’ privacy4 this result is

unavoida*le)

!urthermore4 according to this data4 ma$ority of the respondents >ho >ere

a*le to a*le graduate in college or people >ho graduated from Masters or PhD

are >orking a*road) :verseas !ilipino >omen >orkers >ho >ere under high

school graduate and *elo> had no choice than to *e migrant >orkers for the

reason that they cannot find $o*s in the Philippines)

Ran#e %& Wa#e %r Salar. The percentage distri*ution of the "ange of

+ag or Salary4 in Philippine Currency4 of respondents is presented in Ta*le )

Ta*le

Profile of "espondents *y "ange of +age or Salary

Ran#e %& Wa#e %r Salar Fre7"en! Per!enta#e

Php G40//6 .J4/// 0 )

Php .J4//0 and a*ove 0IG GE)/E

,o information . )E0

Total / 0//



t is sho>n that 0 respondents >ith a percentage of ) percent

received a minimum >age of Php G40//)//6 .J4///)// >hile GE)/E percent or

0IG respondents have a salary of Php .J4//0)// and a*ove) T>o respondents

>hich is e#uivalent to )E0 percent >ere not a*le to ans>er this certain domain

*ecause they chose not to tell their respective salary)

Moreover4 >hen analy(ed according to >hether respondents >ith regards

to >hat course they studied in college andor they graduated in graduate schools

taking a Master’s degree or Doctorate4 respondents >ho received a >age of Php

G40//)//6 .J4///)// mostly >ork as a domestic helper >hile respondents

receiving .J4//0)// and a*ove >ere >orking as a professional >orkers)

O!!"0ati%n. The respondents >ere divided into t>o >ith regards to their

occupation or field4 either they >ere in human care or in non6human care) The

percentage of the respondents >ith regards to their occupation is presented in

Ta*le )

Ta*le

Profile of "espondents *y :ccupation

O!!"0ati%n Fre7"en! Per!enta#e

8uman Care 0J/ G0)G0

,on68uman Care 0G E)EJ

,o nformation E 0)I.

Total / 0//

:ne hundred seventy or G0)G0 percent of the respondents >ere >orking in

line >ith human care people such as domestic helpers4 caregivers4 nurses4

teachers4 doctors4 tutors4 teacher aids4 and other allied medical professions



+hile4 E)EJ percent or 0G respondents >ere >orking in non human care4 or

those dealing other than the ones mentioned under the field of human care)

=nfortunately there >ere E respondents >hich is e#uivalent to 0)I. percent >ho

did not ans>er the certain profile)

Res0%n'ent>s Pr%&ile A!!%r'in# t% E-0%:er-ent In'i!at%rs

Presented in Ta*le G are 'conomic and Social Participation and Access to

and Control over 'conomic "esources’ means and its ver*al description ?9D@

according to the "espondents’ age classification) The mean scores of t>o

empo>erment indicators and its respective ver*al description >ere also included

in this ta*le)

Ta*le G

'conomic and Social Participation4 Access to and Control over 'conomic"esources and 'mpo>erment >ith regards to "espondents’ Age

Classification

'conomic andSocial Participation

Access O Controlover 'conomic"esources

'mpo>erment

AgeClassification

Mean 9D Mean 9D Mean 9D

0G6.H )00 Sometimes ). Sometimes ).J Sometimes

/ and a*ove )I/ :ften )/ :ften )H. :ften

A#e Classi&i!ati%n. Economic and Social Participation. The 0G6.H years

of age classification had a mean of )00) :n the other hand4 / years old and

a*ove classification had a mean of )I/) Based on the results from Ta*le G4

respondents >ith ages / years old and a*ove sho>ed to *e more participative

>hen it comes to economic and social participation) They are given enough or



full authority in their household and sometimes in >ork4 they are old enough to

decide things and they are more kno>ledgea*le >hen it comes to decision

making4 and free from domestic violence or a*uses such as ver*al4 se5ual4

physical and emotional >hether they are in household or in >ork) This could *e

the reason >hy they are active >hen it comes to participation in our economy

and society)

Access to and Control over Economic Resources. The 0G6.H years of age

classification had a mean of ).4 >hile the / years old and a*ove classification

had a mean of )/)

According to the results4 those overseas !ilipino >omen >orkers >ho

have ages from / years old and a*ove can have the access and control over

economic resources or the income) Most of the >omen >ho *ecame the

respondent’s >ere already married and have their o>n child children and since

the role of the mother is to keep the finances and have the sole authority to

control the income of the family despite of >orking a*road they still have the

authority of doing their role in their family) Since they are the ones >ho are

>orking a*road and gain high income to sustain the family they are given the full

authority of accessing and controlling the income and ho> the family use the said

income4 thus they are entitled to it)

Empowerment. The mean score of the t>o economic indicators >ithin

accordance to the classification of respondents’ age >ere )J. and )H.)

The result argues to the study according to Deshmukh6"anadive4 %)

?.//@4 stressing that +omen’s empo>erment does not necessarily take place



>hen incomes are generated4 >hen livelihoods are enhanced or >hen groups

are formed) This is *ecause >ithin families and households4 hierarchies and

structures do not alter) n fact4 pu*lic interventions >hich result in ne> social

activity or ne> avenues of income generation can actually accentuate tensions

>ithin households) 8o>ever4 it correlates to the study of Moyle4 Dollard4 O

Bis>as ?.//E@4 stating that personal empo>erment vie>s empo>erment as

focused on individual strength and self6esteem to gain control over availa*le

resources and to e5ercise their right to o*tain #uality of life for themselves and

their family) t can also *e correlated and implied to the theory of po>er control4

stratified *ehaviors typically associated >ith males4 particularly those in

authoritative positions4 are no> *eing seen more fre#uently in females attaining

po>erful roles) And like their male counterparts4 their po>er is used to control

those persons in su*ordinate roles)

Ta*le E presents the mean scores and their respective ver*al description

>ith regards to 'ducational Attainment >hen analy(ed >ith 'conomic and Social

Participation and Access and Control over 'conomic "esources)

E'"!ati%nal Attain-ent. Economic and Social Participation. The mean

score of 8igh school graduate and *elo> >as )G. and the college graduate and

a*ove had a mean of )E >ith regards to the 'conomic and Social Participation)

People >ho graduated from college andor continued to study in Master’s

or Doctoral are highly participative >ith regards to the participation in economy

and in society than those >ho >ere only 8igh school graduate and *elo>)



People >ho *elonged to the College graduate and a*ove can sho> great

confidence in sho>ing their skills and sharing their kno>ledge for the reason that

they graduated tertiary education4 moreover since they are >ell educated they

cannot *e easily controlled *y the other and they have the authority to decide

>hatever decisions are to *e made)

Access and Control over Economic Resources. The 8igh school graduate

and *elo> and College graduate and a*ove had a mean scores of )I and )/G

respectively)

The means for the empo>erment levels for the respondents >ho >ere

college graduates and a*ove are usually higher than those for the high school

graduates and *elo>)

Ta*le E

'conomic and Social Participation4 Access to and Control over 'conomic"esources and 'mpo>erment >ith regards to "espondents’ 'ducational

Attainment

)'conomic andSocialParticipation

Access and Controlover 'conomic"esources

'mpo>erment

'ducational Attainment

Mean 9D Mean 9D Mean 9D

8) S) -raduateand *elo>

)G. :ften )I Sometimes )G Sometimes

College-raduate anda*ove

)E :ften )/G :ften )I :ften

Empowerment. The mean scores of *oth empo>erment domains >ere

com*ined >ith regards to their respective classification namely 8igh school



graduate and *elo> and College graduate and a*ove and their means scores in

terms of empo>erment >ere )G and )I)

The result can *e correlated to the study of Kishor ?.///@ that pointed out

to education and employment as the measurement of empo>erment) n addition4

it can also *e correlated to the study of 9i$ayanthi ?.//.@ emphasi(ing that

education is one of the most important means of empo>ering >omen and of

giving kno>ledge4 skills and the self6confidence necessary to *e full partners in

the developmental process)

Presented in Ta*le J are the mean scores and ver*al description of the

'mpo>erment indicators >ith regards to the respondents’ range of >age or

salary)

Ran#e %& Wa#e %r Salar. Economic and Social Participation. The mean

scores of G40//6.J4/// pesos as their salary and .J4//0 pesos and a*ove in

accordance to economic and social participation >ere )G and )EJ)

"espondents >ho received .J4//0 pesos and a*ove as their monthly

salary get the highest mean score) People >ho received Php .J4//0)// and

a*ove as their monthly salary can actively participate >ith regards to economical

and social compared to those >ho received G40// pesos up to .J4/// pesos)

They o*viously have more participation *ecause they have *igger amount of

>age)

Access and Control over Economic Resources. +ith regards to this

domain in terms of salary people >ho received .J4//0 pesos and a*ove had a

mean of )04 mean>hile4 those >ho received minimum >age >hich is G40//6



.J4/// pesos had a mean score of )G) Those people >ho >ere a*ove the

minimum >age can easily access and control the income of the family *ecause

they >ere the one’s >ho received the certain amount of money and they can use

the income >hatever they >ant to do it)


com*ined >ith regards to their range of >age or salary) "espondents >ho

received Php G4 0//)//6 .J4///)// had a mean of )G >hile respondents >ho

received Php .J4//0)// and a*ove had a mean score of )H0)

Ta*le J

'conomic and Social Participation4 Access to and Control over 'conomic"esources and 'mpo>erment >ith regards to "espondents’ "ange of

>age or Salary

'conomic andSocial Participation


'mpo>erment

"ange of +age Mean 9D Mean 9D Mean 9D

Php G40//6

.J4///

)G Sometimes )G Sometimes )G Sometimes

Php .J4//0and a*ove

)EJ :ften )0 :ften )H0 :ften

The results can *e implied to the vie> of "ae &esser Blum*erg ?.//G@4

that economic empo>erment of >omen >as the key to achieve gender e#uality

as >ell as >ealth and >ell *eing of nation) The author opined that financial

autonomy >ould enhance >omen’s capacity of decision making in various

arenas of life) Moreover4 it >ould lead to less corruption4 less armed conflict and

less violence against female in the long run)



Ta*le I sho>s the mean scores and their respective ver*al description of

:ccupation >hen analy(ed >ith 'conomic and Social Participation and Access

and Control over 'conomic "esources)

O!!"0ati%n. Economic and Social Participation. 8uman Care had a mean

score of )E0 >hile the ,on68uman had a mean score of )GE4 making 8uman

care the greatest) Since most of !ilipino >omen >orkers >ere >orking in line >ith

human care such as domestic helpers4 teachers4 teacher aids4 nurses4 doctors4

caregivers and other allied medical profession4 one of their $o* is to interact >ith

different people everyday that is >hy4 may*e4 they get the highest mean score)

Ta*le I

'conomic and Social Participation4 Access to and Control over 'conomic"esources and 'mpo>erment >ith regards to "espondents’ :ccupation

'conomic andSocialParticipation


'mpo>erment

:ccupation Mean 9D Mean 9D Mean 9D8uman Care )E0 :ften )EI Sometimes )E :ften

,on68umanCare

)GE :ften )/. :ften )JH :ften

Access and Control over Economic Resources. The 8uman care type

occupation and non human care type had the mean scores of )EI and )/.)

This means those >ho >ere >orking in the non6human care field have the

highest level of empo>erment in terms of access and control over economic

resources) t has opposite results >ith regards to the economic and social

participation) +omen >ho >ere >orking in non6human care field mostly received



a high salary >ith regards to the human care type that is >hy they are more

empo>ered to access and control over their income)


com*ined in terms of their occupation) "espondents >ho >ork in 8uman care

had a mean score of )E) :n the other hand those >ho >ork in ,on6human care

had a mean score of )JH)

The result can *e implied to the vie> of Kishor ?.///@ >ho has pointed out

to education and employment as the measurement of empo>erment) :n the

other hand4 it argues to the statement of Mason and Smith ?.//G@4 stating that

employment is argued to improve >omen’s empo>erment for similar reasons4

i)e)4 *ecause it gives >omen access to their o>n earnings or contri*utions to

family income that in turn increase their understanding of money4 right to

participate in financial decisions4 or financial independence)

Si#ni&i!ant )i&&eren!e %& the Le<el %& E-0%:er-ent an'

A#e. Presented on Ta*le H is the T6test on the significance *et>een &evel

of 'mpo>erment and Age)

At )/0 percent level of confidence4 or a t>o tailed test of /)//G4 the4 t ta*le

value is 6.)GJE on the left tail4 and .)GJE on the right tail) +hile4 t computed

values >ere 6J)0E04 6E)0E and 6J)J.) Since the t6computed values are in the

re$ection region4 then4 >e re$ect the null hypothesis that there is no significant

difference *et>een the level of >omen empo>erment and age) The researchers4

then4 accept the alternative hypothesis that there is a significant difference

*et>een level of empo>erment and age group of respondents)!urthermore4 the



researchers are HH percent confident that the older age group of :!+s4 a*ove

/ years old4 are usually more empo>ered than the younger age group4 0G6.H

years old)

Ta*le H

T6 Test on the Significant Difference *et>een &evel of 'mpo>erment and Age

A#e

E-0%:er-ent In'i!at%r

)e!isi%n%n H1 E-0%:er-ent

)e!isi%n%n H1

E!%n%-i! ?S%!ialParti!i0ati%n

A!!ess ?C%ntr%l%<erE!%n%-i!

Res%"r!es

T <al"e 6J)0E0 6E)0E Re@e!t 6J)J. Re@e!t

E'"!ati%nal Attain-ent. Ta*le 0/ sho>s the T6test results on the

significance of &evel of 'mpo>erment and 'ducational Attainment)

At )/0 level of confidence4 or a t>o tailed test of /)//G4 the4 t ta*le value is

6.)GJE on the left tail4 and .)GJE on the right tail) The T computed value is

60)/.I) The t ta*le value at )/G level of confidence or a t>o tailed test at /)/.G is

60)HE/ and 0)HE/) The t computed value for economic and social participation

lies on the acceptance region of the t distri*ution) The researchers4 then4 accept

the null hypothesis that there is no significant difference *et>een the level of

empo>erment as measured *y economic and social participation of the

respondents and her educational attainment) +hen it comes to economic and

social participation there is no significant impact of empo>erment >ith regards to

educational attainment *ecause regardless of *eing college graduate or high



school graduate and *elo>4 everyone has the right and are o*lige to participate

*oth in economical participation and social participation) This means they have

their important roles as citi(ens and as migrant >orkers)

:n the indicators access and control4 the t6computed values >hich >ere 6

E)JH and 6)/E >ere in the re$ection region of the t distri*ution at )/0 percent

level of confidence) The researchers4 then4 re$ect the null hypothesis that there is

no significant difference *et>een level of >omen empo>erment and educational

attainment as measured *y access and control of resources and empo>erment

indicators) The researchers4 then4 accept the alternative hypothesis that there is

a significant difference *et>een level of empo>erment and educational

attainment of respondents)

Ta*le 0/

T6 Test on the Significant Difference *et>een &evel of 'mpo>erment and'ducational Attainment

E'"!.Att.


)e!isi%n

A!!ess?C%ntr%l%<er E.R.

)e!isi%nE-0%:er-ent

)e!isi%n

T<al"e

60)/.I A!!e0t 6E)JH Re@e!t 6)/E Re@e!t

The researchers are HH percent confident that :!+s >ith higher the

educational attainment like college graduates are usually more empo>ered than

those >ith lo>er educational attainment such as those >ho are high school

graduates >hen >e use access and control of resources as indicator)



Ran#e %& Wa#e %r Salar. Ta*le 00 presents the T6test results *et>een

the Significance &evel of 'mpo>erment and "ange of +age or Salary)

At )/0 percent level of confidence4 or a t>o tailed test of /)//G4 the4 t ta*le

value is 6.)GJE on the left tail4 and .)GJE on the right tail) The values of t

computed values >ere 6.).JJ4 6J)IGE and 6G).HE4 as sho>n on the ta*les a*ove

are in the re$ection region of the t distri*ution) The researchers4 then4 re$ect the

null hypothesis that there is no significant difference *et>een level of >omen

empo>erment and >ages of the respondents and accept the alternative

hypothesis that there is a significant difference *et>een level of empo>erment

and range of >age and salary)

Ta*le 00

T6 Test on the Significant Difference *et>een &evel of 'mpo>erment and'ducational Attainment

Ran#e%& Wa#e


)e!isi%n%n H1 E-0%:er-ent

)e!isi%n%n H1


A!!ess ?C%ntr%l%<erE!%n%-i!Res%"r!es

T <al"e 6.).JJ 6J)IGE Re@e!t 6G).HG Re@e!t

O!!"0ati%n. Presented on Ta*le 0. is the T6test result on the Significant

Differences *et>een &evel of 'mpo>erment and :ccupation)

At )/0 level of confidence4 or a t>o tailed test of /)//G4 the4 t ta*le value is

6.)GJE on the left tail4 and .)GJE on the right tail) The value of t computed values

>hich >ere )GJ0 and 60)E.0 and as sho>n on the ta*le a*ove is at the re$ection



region of the t distri*ution *oth for )/0 and )/G confidence level) The researchers4

then4 accept the null hypothesis that there is no significant difference *et>een

the level of empo>erment *ased on economic and social participation and the

type of occupation of respondents

:n the indicators access and control4 the t6computed value >hich is 6)EJG

>as in the re$ection region of the t distri*ution) The researchers re$ect the null

hypothesis that there is no significant difference *et>een level of >omen

empo>erment as measured *y access and control of resources and

empo>erment indicators and the type of occupation of the :!+s) +e4 then4

accept the alternative hypothesis that there is a significant difference *et>een

level of empo>erment and type of occupation of respondents)

Ta*le 0.

T6 Test on the Significant Difference *et>een &evel of 'mpo>erment and:ccupation

O!!"0ati%nE!%n%-i! ?S%!ialParti!i0ati%n

)e!isi%n

A!!ess?C%ntr%l%<er E.R.

)e!isi%nE-0%:er-ent

)e!isi%n

T <al"e )GJ0 A!!e0t 6)EJG Re@e!t 60)E.0 A!!e0t

The researchers are HH percent confident that :!+s >ho are engaged in non

human care profession such as computer engineers4 consultants4 office >orkers

are usually more empo>ered than those >ith human care related occupations

such as those >ho are nurses4 caregiver4 >hen >e use access and control of

resources as indicator)



Chapter 9

S+MMAR=, CONCL+SIONS AN) RECOMMEN)ATIONS

The study deals on determining the level of empo>erment of overseas

!ilipino >omen >orkers >ho have residence and >ho reside in Davao City4

Philippines) The research design used in this study is descriptive research

design)

This study used non6random sampling specifically purposive sampling

techni#ue in >hich overseas !ilipino >omen >orkers4 >ho >ork in human care

field4 >ere only surveyed)

Survey #uestionnaire >as used to determine the respondents’ Age4

'ducational Attainment and "ange of +age or Salary) The researchers used

internet *y using !ace*ook ?>>>) !ace*ook)com@ and e6mailed the respondents

*y using yahoomail ?>>>)yahoomail)com@ >ho are still in a*road *ut originally

live in Davao City to disseminate the survey #uestionnaire) Percentage4 mean

and t6test >ere the statistical treatment used in this study)


The main o*$ective of this study is to kno> the level of gender

empo>erment of >omen :!+s) Specifically4 the study attempt to ans>er the

follo>ing #uestions1


0)H Age

0)0/ 'ducational *ackground



0)00 "ange of >age or salary and

0)0. :ccupation


.)0 'conomic and Social Participation

.). Access and control over economic resources and their use


>ith regards to1

)0 Age

). 'ducational attainment


) :ccupation

N"ll H0%theses








occupation)



Fin'in#s

The data gathered revealed the follo>ing findings1

0) "espondents *elonged to ages / years old and a*ove ?.0/ or

E)EF@ >ere greater than those >ho >ere 0G6.H years old ?00 or

)GF@ and those >ho had no information ?E or 0)I.F@) A greater

num*er of respondents *elonged to College graduate and a*ove in

terms of educational attainment ?.0 or J/F@ than those >ho *elonged

to college graduate and *elo> ?H0 or .J)GIF@4 .).F or I respondents

>ere not a*le to fill up their profile regarding this matter) n addition4

0IG respondents or GE)/EF said that they >ere receiving Php

.J4//0)// and a*ove for their monthly salary and there >ere 0

respondents ?)F@ >ho said that they >ere receiving Php G40//)//6

.J4//0)// as their salary4 there >ere also . respondents ?)E0F@ >ere

not a*le to say their monthly salary) Moreover4 G0)G0F or 0J/

respondents said that their occupation are in line >ith human care field

and E)EJF or 0G respondents said that their >ork are in non human

care field4 only 0)I. F or E respondents >ere not a*le to say >hat kind

of occupation they *elonged to)

.) The mean of Age under 0G6.H years old is )00?Sometimes@ >ith

regards to the economic and social participation) And in terms of

access and control over economic income the mean is ).

?Sometimes@ and >hen the t>o domains >ere com*ined to get the



mean score of the empo>erment it >as ).J ?Sometimes@) Compared

to the first classification the mean of Age under / years old and a*ove

>ere higher4 >ith regards to the economic and social participation4 it

had a mean score of )I/ ?:ften@4 and in terms of access and control

over economic resources it had a mean score of )/ ?:ften@) )H.

>as the mean score >hen the means of t>o domains >ere com*ined

to get the empo>erment mean) Moreover4 high school graduate and

*elo> had a mean score of )G.?:ften@ in terms of economic and

social participation) :n the other hand it had a mean score of

)I?Sometimes@ >ith regards to the access and control over

economic resources resulting to a mean score of )G ?Sometimes@

>ith regards to the empo>erment mean) Mean>hile4 the college

graduate and a*ove classification had a mean score of )E ?:ften@

>hen analy(ed to the empo>erment domain of economic and social

participation and in terms of to the access and control over economic

resources it had a mean of )/G ?Sometimes@) )I?:ften@ >as the

empo>erment mean score resulting from the com*ined mean of the

t>o indicators) Mean>hile4 the mean of "ange of >age under the

classification of minimum >age ?Php 0G4///6.J4///@ >as )G

?Sometimes@ >ith respect to the first indicator of the empo>erment and

>ith regards to the second indicator or domain it had a mean score of

)G ?Sometimes@4 resulting to a mean score of )G?Sometimes@ in

terms of empo>erment) Moreover4 the mean of range of >age under



Php .J4//0)// and a*ove >hen analy(ed to the first domain of

empo>erment >as )EJ?:ften@ and >ith regards to the second domain

it had a mean of )0?:ften@ that resulted to the empo>erment mean

of )H0?:ften@) &astly4 ,on68uman care occupation got a mean score

of )GE ?:ften@ >hile the human care occupation got the mean score of

)E0 ?:ften@ making it the highest >ith regards to the first domain of

empo>erment) :n the other hand it had the opposite result >hen they

>ere analy(e to access and control over economic resources having a

mean score of )/. ?:ften@ >ho *elonged to the ,on6human care

group and )EI ?:ften@ for the human care group making the non6

human care group the greatest >hen it comes to the second domain of

empo>erment) n addition4 the empo>erment mean of the non6human

care group >as )JH ?:ften@ compared to the human care group

having a mean score of )E ?:ften@)

) ,ull hypothesis 80 is re$ected) There is a significant difference

*et>een the &evel of 'mpo>erment and Age) :n the other side4 null

hypothesis 8. >as divided into t>o decisions) There is a significant

difference *et>een &evel of 'mpo>erment and 'ducational Attainment

>ith regards to the access and control over economic resources that is

>hy it is re$ected) 8o>ever4 there is no significant difference *et>een

&evel of 'mpo>erment and 'ducational Attainment >ith regards to

economic and social participation that is >hy it is accepted) The null

hypothesis 8 is re$ected) There is a significant difference *et>een the



&evel of 'mpo>erment and "ange of +age or Salary) !inally4 decision

of null hypothesis 8 >as also divided into t>o decisions) As measured

*y the access and control over economic resources4 the decision >as

accepted) Therefore4 there is a significant difference *et>een &evel of

'mpo>erment and :ccupation) :n the other hand4 >ith regards to

economic and social participation4 the decision >as accepted)

Therefore4 there is no significant difference *et>een the &evel of

'mpo>erment and :ccupation)

C%n!l"si%ns

Based from the given findings4 the researchers concluded that

0) Most of the respondents >ere ages / years old and a*ove4 >ho >ere

college graduate and a*ove4 >ho received an amount ranging from

Php .J4//0)// and a*ove as their monthly salary and are >orking in

line >ith human care field)

.) :verseas !ilipino >omen >orkers ages / years old and a*ove >ere

college graduate andor proceeded to Master’s or Doctoral received

Php .J4//0)// and a*ove as their monthly salary and >ere >orking in

non6human care field are empo>ered >ith regards to economic and

social participation and access to and control over economic

resources)

) :verall there is a significant difference on the &evel of +omen

'mpo>erment to the respondents’ age4 educational attainment4 range



of >age or salary and occupation >ith regards to the economic and

social participation and access to and control over economic resource

and their uses)

Re!%--en'ati%ns

Based on the conclusions and findings of this study4 the researchers

recommend the follo>ing1

0) !uture researchers are encouraged to conduct studies a*out the level

of empo>erment of !ilipino >omen >ho are >orking in the Philippines

to make a comparison of >ho is more empo>ered >ith regards to the

respondents’ profile and domains of this study)

.) The researchers highly recommend that future researchers may further

enhance this study using another type of domains or indicators to

determine the level of empo>erment)

3. !or the convenience of the respondents from far places4 future

researchers may survey the respondents using social net>ork

>e*sites)



REFERENCES

Alsop4 "uth and ,ina 8einsohn ?.//G@) Measuring 'mpo>erment in Practice1Structuring Analysis and !raming ndicators) +orld Bank Policy "esearch+orking Paper G0/4 !e*ruary .//G4 +ashington DC)

Basu4 A) M)4 and -)B) Kool>al ?.//G@ QT>o concepts of female empo>erment1Some leads from D8S data on >omens status and reproductive health’4in S) Kishor ?ed)@ A focus on gender1 Collected papers on gender usingD8S data4 pp) 0G6G) Calverton4 MD1 :"C Macro)

Bennett ?.//.@ ) Measuring +omen’s 'mpo>erment as a 9aria*le nternationalDevelopment) "etrieved %anuary G4 ./00 from

http1siteresources)>orld*ank)org,T-',D'""esourcesMalhortaSchulerBoender)pdf

Blum*erg4 "ae &esser ?.//G@) +omen 'mpo>erment in Assam A8uman Development Approach6By1 Bidisha Mahanta4 Decem*er .//I)"etrieved %anuary G4 ./00 from http1 >>>)col)orgSiteCollectionDocuments+'&&6scan6=ttarakhand)pdf

Deshmukh6"anadive4 %) ?.//@ Placing -ender '#uity in the !amily CentreStege1 =se of QKala %atha’4 'conomic and Political +eekly4 .E April .//)"etrieved %anuary G4 ./00 from http1old)*ridge)ids)ac)ukreports**0)pdf

-ustav "anis and !rancis Ste>art ?.//G@) +omen 'mpo>erment in Assam A8uman Development Approach6By1 Bidisha Mahanta4 Decem*er .//I)"etrieved %anuary G4 ./00 from http1 >>>)col)orgSiteCollectionDocuments+'&&6scan6=ttarakhand)pdf

8uman Development in South Asia ?.///@) +omen 'mpo>erment in Assam A8uman Development Approach6By1 Bidisha Mahanta4 Decem*er .//I)"etrieved %anuary G4 ./00 from http1 >>>)col)orgSiteCollectionDocuments+'&&6scan6=ttarakhand)pdf

Ka*eer4 ,) ?.//G@ -ender '#uality and +omen’s 'mpo>erment1 A Critical Analysis of the Third Millennium Development -oal4 -ender andDevelopment4 0)04 March .//G) "etrieved %anuary 004 ./00 fromhttp1old)*ridge)ids ac)ukreports**0)pdf

Kishor ?.///@) The 'ffect of +omen’s Socio6demographic9aria*les on their 'mpo>erment ./0/) "etrieved %anaury G4 ./00from http1>>>)$ofamericanscience)org$ournalsam6

http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTGENDER/Resources/Malhorta

http://www.col.org/SiteCollection%20Documents/WELL-scan-Uttarakhand.pdf



http://old.bridge.ids.ac.uk/reports/bb14.pdf







http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/%20http://old.bridge.ids%20%20ac.uk/reports/bb14.pdf

http://www.jofamericanscience.org/journals/am-sci/am0611/50_3774am0611_426_434.pdf

http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTGENDER/Resources/Malhorta













sciam/E00G/7JJam/E007.E7)pdf

Kishore4 &alit) .//H)+hat is >omens empo>erment all a*out "etrieved%anuary E4 ./00 fromhttp1>>>)merine>s)comarticle>hat6is6>omensempo>erment6all6a*out0GJG0E)shtml

Malhotra4 Schuler and Boender ?.//.@) Promises to Keep1 Achieving -ender'#uality and the 'mpo>erment of +omen4 April 0I4 .//) "etrieved%anuary E4 ./00 http1>>>)unmillenniumpro$ect)org documentstf/genapr0I)pdf

Mason and Smith4 .//) The 'ffect of +omen’s Socio6demographic9aria*les on their 'mpo>erment ./0/) "etrieved %anaury G4 ./00from http1>>>)$ofamericanscience)org$ournalsam6sciam/E00G/7JJam/E007.E7)pdf

Moghadam4 9)M) and Senftova4 &) ?.//G@% Measuring +omen’s 'mpo>erment1Participation And "ights n Civil4 Political4 Social4 'conomic4 AndCultural Domains4 nternational Social Science %ournal4 G

pp) IH60.?.@) "etrieved %anuary E4 ./00 fromhttp1old)*ridge)ids)ac)ukreports**0)pdf

Moyle4 Dollard4 O Bis>as) .//E) The 'ffect of +omen’s Socio6demographic9aria*les on their 'mpo>erment ./0/) "etrieved %anaury G4 ./00from http1>>>)$ofamericanscience)org$ournalsam6sciam/E00G/7JJam/E007.E7)pdf

,ana :ishi4 March .//.) -ender and Migration1 An ntegrative Approach 8ousehold Strategy Theory and Structurist Theory4 March .//.)"etrieved "etrieved %anuary G4 ./00 fromError! "yperlin# reference not $ali%.

Pradhan4 B) ?.//@) Measuring 'mpo>erment1 A Methodological Approach4Society for nternational Development ?>>>)sidint)org@ 0/006EJ/ E1.G06GJ /G// Palgrave Macmillan) "etrieved %anuary E4./00 fromhttp1old)*ridge)ids)ac)ukreports**0)pdf

Strom#uist ?.//.@) +omen 'mpo>erment in Assam A8uman Development Approach6By1 Bidisha Mahanta4 Decem*er .//I)"etrieved %anuary G4 ./00 from http1 >>>)col)orgSiteCollectionDocuments+'&&6scan6=ttarakhand)pdf

9i$ayanthi4 .//.) The 'ffect of +omen’s Socio6demographic9aria*les on their 'mpo>erment ./0/) "etrieved %anaury G4 ./00from http1>>>)$ofamericanscience)org$ournalsam6sciam/E00G/7JJam/E007.E7)pdf

http://www.merinews.com/article/what-is-womens%09empowerment-all-about/15751346.shtml





















A00en'i A

Letter t% the Vali'at%rs

Min'ana% K%8"sai )ai#a8" Angliongto Ave)4 &anang4 Davao City

Date1 7777777777777777

Dear SirMadame1

+e4 the rd <ear students of Mindanao Kokusai Daigaku taking the course of Bachelor of Science in nternational Studies ma$or in %apanese &anguage andStudies4 >ill *e >riting a Bachelor’s Thesis entitled The Le<el %& E-0%:er-ent%& O<erseas Fili0in% W%-en W%r8ers.

This study aims to determine the level of empo>erment of >omen :!+ >orkingin the human care field)

+ith this regard4 >e >ould >ant to ask for your intellectual assistance in theassessment and validation of our score sheet >hich >ill *e used in gathering the

necessary data for the reali(ation of our *achelor’s thesis)

f you >ish to revise or change an items4 feel free to >rite your corrections on theseparate evaluation sheet attached here>ith) +e >ould gladly appreciate your comments and suggestions for the *etterment of our study)

Thank you very much

Sincerely yours4

,oted *y1

ELIAER CHRISTIAN E. CA$ILANWISLE= S. ALC+IREAN(EL=C M. $ONIFACIOCHARA)E A. LA(+NANEI= A$E(AIL C. MAINITMARIA CHESSA (. PAICA



ESTRELLA RA)AM*T+RIN(AN, M.A.&.R. Adviser

Appen%i' (

)ist of Vali%ators

1. Sally *. Aro

&asters of 'rts in (asic Ed)cation &a*or in English

+avao del ,orte -tate College of +avao City. /nc%. 2009

2. Me%ilyn (. +ton

&asters in echnology Ed)cation

+avao del ,orte -tate College of +avao City. /nc%. 200!

. Mirasol O. -abna

&asters of -cience in echnology &a*or in &athematics

+avao del ,orte -tate College of +avao City. /nc%. 200$

/. Eleanor A. Mallabo

&asters of 'rts in Ed)cational &anagement

'teneo de +avao niversity of +avao City. /nc%

. Rosen%o M. Ayaay

&asterrs in Economics

niversity of -o)th Eastern hilippines



A00en'i C

VALI)ATION RES+LT OF THE S+RVE= B+ESTIONNAIRE

Vali'at%r Ratin# E7"i<alent

0) Sall C. Ar% ).I '5cellent

.) Me'iln $. +t%n# G '5cellent

) Miras%l O. Fab"na )IG 9ery -ood

) Elean%r A. Mallab% G '5cellent

G) R%sen'% M. Aaa 9ery -ood

Average )J '5cellent

Average "ating Scale1

)./ N G)// '5cellent)/ N )0H 9ery -ood.)E/ N )H -ood0)I/ N .)GH Poor ?=naccepta*le@0)// N 0)JH 9ery Poor ?=naccepta*le@



A00en'i )

Sr$ey estionnaire

We, the 3rd Year students (BS International Studies major in Japanese Language andStudies) will be having a research entitled The Level of Empowerment of Overseas Filipino Women Workers. This study aims to determine the level of empowerment of women OW.

ill in all applicable spaces. !ar" all appropriate bo#es with an $%.

B A C K G R O U N ! N F O R " A T ! O N

&. 'ame (Optional) . ge

&*+

3- and ab

3.

Occupation /. 0ducational ttainment

1igh 2chool raduateand 4elow

5ollege raduate andbove

*. ddress



6 7ange of Wage or 2alary (8n 9hilippine 5urrency)

9hp *,&--.-- + 6,---.-- 9hp 6,--&.-- and above

ollowing are several statements:situations about your perceptionsor preferences regarding the given conditions. These conditionsare divided into ;ve (*) di<erent dimensions. 5hoose the answerthat best describes you. 5hec" == your choice.

With this, we humbly as" for your time, patience and sincerity in answering this>uestionnaire. We are hoping for your cooperation as this would greatly a<ect theoutcome of our study.

# $ Alwa%s& ' $ (er% often& ) $ *ometimes& + $ Rarel%& , $ Never

E-onomi- an. *o-ial /arti-ipation

* / 3 &

&. 8 am the one who holds and controls the income of my family.

. 8 have the authority to limit the wants of my family.

3. 8 decide on important matters such as selling and buyingproperties such as house:s and land:s.

/. 8 am the one who decide where my child:children will bestudying.

*. 8 am the one who ma"e and lead the household rules.

?. 8 have the power to give orders:command of what will myfamily do with regards to household chores.

* / 3 &

6. 8 have the right to decide whatever decisions should beapplied as long as it is for the good of my family.

@. 8 am the one who "eep all the important documents of myfamily.

. 8 have the right to use the things that can be found in ourhouse and possessions belonging to my family withoutpermission.

&-.

8 have the right to ma"e a decision in my household on theaspect of family planning.

&&.

8 have the right to choose and decide who and when will mychildren be having a relationship to opposite se#.

&.

8 have the right to choose and decide who will be mychild:childrenAs spouse.

&

3.

8 have the right to choose what "ind of religion 8 :my family will

be engaged in and will practice.&

/.8 am free from any domestic violence (se#ual abuse, physicalabuse, and emotional abuse).

A--ess to an. -ontrol over e-onomi- reso0r-es an. their0se



* / 3 &

&. 8 receive my salary on the day it is really given.

. 8 am the one who decide when to pay our revenues or ta#es.

3. 8 am the one who decides on my familyAs consumptione#penditure.

/. 8 can use the house, lot:s and other valuable possessions ascollateral:s for loans and other purposes.

*. !y familyAs ban" account is under my name and 8 have thecontrol of it.

?. 8 have the full control and access of my credit card:s.

6. 8 have the sole authority in deciding how much money 8 canborrow from the ban".

@. The household properties such as land:s, house:s and otherassets are under my name.

. 8 can monitor and have full "nowledge about the ;nancialsituation of the household.

&-.

8 am the one who must ;rst "now where my familyAs e#penseswent.

&&.

8 have the full authority of my child: childrenAs education.

&.

8 have the authority of giving my child:childrenAs $baon% andhow much it will cost.

&3.

8 have the full authority what "ind of products will they buywith regards to their basic needs.

&/.

8 am the one who decide where and when my family spends avacation.



A00en'i E

T*Test Table &%r E-0%:er-ent an' A#e

E-0%:er-entIn'i!at%r

A#e In'i!at%r N Mean St'.)e<iati%n

T test

'conomic OSocialParticipation

-roup 01 0G6.H-roup .1 a*ove/

00.0/

)00)I/

)IE)I0

*.2D2+ith degrees of freedom U ..

Access O Control:ver "esources

-roup 01 0G6.H 00 ). )H. *D.52D

-roup .1 a*ove/

.0/ )/ )JI +ith degrees of freedom U ..

'mpo>erment -roup 01 0G6.H 00 ).J )I *.54



-roup .1 a*ove/

.0/ )H. )J.+ith degrees offreedom U ..

A00en'i F

T*Test Table &%r E-0%:er-ent an' E'"!ati%nal Attain-ent


E'"!ati%nIn'i!at%r

N Mean St'.)e<iati%n

T test


-roup01 8S-rad OBelo>

H0 )G. )I 60)/.I+ithdegrees of freedomU./

-roup .1College-rad O

A*ove

.0 )E )II



Access OControl :ver"esources

-roup01 8S-rad OBelo>

H0 )I )I 6E)JH+ithdegrees of freedomU./

-roup .11

College-rad O

A*ove

.0 )/G )JI

'mpo>erment -roup01 8S-rad OBelo>

H0 )G )JI 6)/E+ithdegrees of freedomU./

-roup .11College-rad O

A*ove

.0 )I )JJ

A00en'i (

T*Test Tables &%r E-0%:er-ent an' Ran#e %& Salar


E'"!ati%nIn'i!at%r


T test


-roup01Php G40//6.J4///

0 )G )II6.).JJ+ithdegrees of freedomU.E

-roup .1PhP.J4//0and a*ove

0IG )EJ )II

Access O -roup01 0 )G )IJ 6J)IGE



Control :ver"esources

Php G40//6.J4///

+ithdegrees of freedomU.E

-roup .1PhP.J4//0

and a*ove

0IG )0 )J

'mpo>erment -roup01Php G40//6.J4///

0 )G )I0 6G).HG+ithdegrees of freedomU.E

-roup .1PhP.J4//0and a*ove

0IG )H0 )JG

A00en'i H

T* Test Tables &%r E-0%:er-ent an' T0e %& O!!"0ati%n


E'"!ati%nIn'i!at%r


T test


-roup018umanCare

0J/ )E0 )I )GJ0+ithdegrees of freedomU..

-roup .1,on 8umanCare

0G )GE )HG

Access O -roup01 0J/ )EI )I0 6)EJG



Control :ver"esources

8umanCare

+ithdegrees of freedomU..

-roup .1,on 8uman

Care

0G )/. )H/

'mpo>erment -roup018umanCare

0J/ )E )JG 60)E.0+ithdegrees of freedomU..

-roup .1,on 8umanCare

0G )JH )IJ



C+RRIC+L+M VITAE

,ame1 ELIAER CHRISTIAN E. CA$ILAN

Date of Birth1 March ..4 0HH0

Civil Status1 Single

-ender1 Male

"eligion1 "oman Catholic

City Address1 00 Concorde St) %)&)A) Su*d)4 &anang4 Davao City

Parents

!ather1 <aco* =y ?Stepfather@

Mother1 %ocelyn Ca*ilan

E)+CATIONAL ATTAINMENT

Pre6school1 Philippine ,ikkei %in Kai4 nc) Angliongto Ave)4 &anang4 Davao City

0HHE60HHI

'lementary1 Philippine ,ikkei %in Kai nternational School

Tam*ongon "oad4 &asang4 Davao City

0HHI N .//

Secondary1 Philippine ,ikkei %in Kai nternational School Tam*ongon "oad4 &asang4 Davao City

.// N .//I

Tertiary1 Mindanao Kokusai DaigakuBachelor of Science in nternational Studies

Ma$or in %apanese &anguage and Studies Angliongto Ave)4 &anang4 Davao City

.//I N ./0.

OR(ANIATIONS

MKD -akusei %ichikai .nd <ear "ep) .//H6./0/

rd <ear "ep) ./0/6./00

"otaract Clu* of MKD Mem*er .//I6./0/



Mem*er ./0/6./00

MKD ,ihongo Clu* Secretary .//H6./0/

Mem*er ./0/6./00

MKD MultiMedia Society Mem*er .//I6.//H

MKD Koto Clu* Mem*er .//I

MKD College < Mem*er .//H6./0/

President ./0/6./00

MKD Civitan Mem*er ./0/6./00

EAMINATIONS PASSE)

Title Date

%apanese &anguage Proficiency Test ?%&PT@ &evel Decem*er 4 .//I

%apanese &anguage Proficiency Test ?%&PT@ &evel Decem*er J4 .//H

SEMINARS AN) TRAININ( ATTEN)E)

&eadership Training +orkshop ?Davao City@ %anuary .4 ./0/!irst +orld Phiippines nitiative ?Davao City@ %uly .4 .//H0Gth Annual ,atonal PACS Convention for Student

&eaders ?Baguio City@

,ovem*er .E6.H4 ./0/

Student &eadership Summit ?Davao City@ %anuary 060G4./00

,ame1 WISLE= S. ALC+IRE



Date of Birth1 May .4 0HH0


-ender1 !emale


City Address1 Block . &ot 8ouse ,o) St) Anthony 9illage &anang

Davao City

Parents

!ather1 Mac Arthur Alcuire(

Mother1 Susan Solon


'lementary1 Davao Christian 8igh School

9) Mapa Street Davao City

=niversity of the mmaculate Concepcion

Ba$ada Davao City

0HHHN.//.

.//.N.//

Secondary1 =niversity of the mmaculate Concepcion

Ba$ada Davao City

Philippine ,ikkei6%in Kai

Angliongto Ave)4 &anang4 Davao City

.// N .//G

.//G N .//J

Tertiary1 Mindanao Kokusai Daigaku

Bachelor of Science in nternational Studies



.//J N ./00

OR(ANIATIONS



"otaract Clu* of MKD Mem*er .//I6 Present

,ame1 AN(EL=C M. $ONIFACIO



Date of Birth1 ,ovem*er 04 0HH0


-ender1 !emale


City Address1 Blue %ay Street Belisario 8ieghts Ba$ada Davao City

Parents

!ather1 %erry Bonifacio

Mother1 Maria Celia Manalo


'lementary1 Philippine ,ikkei6%in Kai

Angliongto Ave)4 &anang4 Davao City 0HHI6.//

Secondary1 Philippine ,ikkei6%in Kai

Angliongto Ave)4 &anang4 Davao City .// N .//J





.//J N ./00

OR(ANIATIONS

"otaract Clu* of MKD

Kaugmaon 9olunteers’ Clu*

Mem*er .//I6 Present

Mem*er ./0/6Present

EAMINATIONS PASSE)



Title Date

%apanese &anguage Proficiency Test ?%&PT@ &evel Decem*er E4 .//H

,ame1 CHARA)E A. LA(+NA



Date of Birth1 :cto*er 04 0HH.


-ender1 !emale

"eligion1 Southern Baptist Church ?Protestant@

City Address1 %uan &una Street4 Bansalan4 davao del Sur

Parents

!ather1 9ismar D) &aguna

Mother1 'lsalyn Alvare(


'lementary1 Barayong Central 'lemntary School

Barayong4 Magsaysay4 Davao del Sur 0HHI6.//

Secondary1 Barayong ,ational 8igh School

Barayong4 Magsaysay4 Davao del Sur .// N .//I





.//I N ./0.

OR(ANIATIONS



-akuse %ichikai

"otaract Clu* of MKD

9ice President

Mem*er

./0/6Present

.//I6 Present

MKD College6< Clu* Mem*er ./0/6Present

MKD Civitan Clu* Mem*er ./0/6Present

,ihongo Clu* Mem*er .//H NPresent

MKD De*ating Clu* Mem*er .//H NPresent

EAMINATIONS PASSE)

Title Date

%apanese &anguage Proficiency Test ?%&PT@ &evel Decem*er E4 .//H%apanese &anguage Proficiency Test ?%&PT@ , Decem*er G4 ./0/


0Gth Annual ,atonal PACS Convention for

Student &eaders ?Baguio City@

,ovem*er .E6.H4 ./0/

Student &eadership Summit ?Davao City@ %anuary 060G4 ./00

,ame1 NEI= A$E(AIL C. MAINIT

Date of Birth1 !e*ruary .E4 0HH.




-ender1 !emale


City Address1 BlkG &. Ph. "oseville Su*division4 &anang4 Davao City

Parents

!ather1 'rnesto D) Mainit

Mother1 'lenita Castrodes


Pre6school1 Philippine ,ikkei %in Kai4 nc) Angliongto Ave)4 &anang4 Davao City

0HHE60HHI

'lementary1 Philippine ,ikkei %in Kai nternational School Tam*ongon "oad4 &asang4 Davao City

0HHI N .//

Secondary1 Philippine ,ikkei %in Kai nternational School Tam*ongon "oad4 &asang4 Davao City

.// N .//I


Bachelor of Science in nternational Studies Ma$or in %apanese &anguage and Studies


.//I N ./0.

OR(ANIATIONS

"otaract Clu* of MKD Mem*er .//I6./0/

President ./0/6./00

"otaract Mindanao Council Secretary .//H6./0/

MKD MultiMedia Society Mem*er .//I6.//H

MKD Koto Clu* Mem*er .//I

American !ield Service 9olunteer .//I6present



?A!S@ Philippines

MKD College < Mem*er ./0/6present

EAMINATIONS PASSE)

Title Date

%apanese &anguage Proficiency Test ?%&PT@ &evel Decem*er 4 .//I

%apanese &anguage Proficiency Test ?%&PT@ &evel Decem*er J4 .//H

%apanese &anguage Proficiency Test ?%&PT@ , Decem*er G4 ./0/


"otaract District Assem*ly NAugust 06.4 .//I ?Tagum City@

"otaract District Conference N May 064 .//H ?Davao City@

"otaract District Assem*ly N August 6G4 .//H ?-eneral Santos City@

A!S &iaison Training N %une E6H4 .//H ?ue(on City@

"otaract 0st Council Seminar6Septem*er .E6.J4 .//H ?Tagum City@

"otaract .nd Council Seminar :cto*er 06Septem*er 04 .//H ?Digos City@

"otaract rd Council Seminar6Decem*er .06..4 .//H ?Davao City@

"otaract District Conference N April /6May 4 ./0/ ?Dumaguete City@

"otaract District Assem*ly N%uly 06August 04 .//0/ ?Tagum City@

,ame MAR&A *"ESSA PA&*A

+ate of (irth ,ovember 1$. 1991



Civil -tat)s -ingle

4ender 5emale

6eligion 6oman Catholic

City 'ddress +amosa. 7anang +avao City

arents

5ather 6ogelio aica

&other 'delfa 4ono

ED+*AT&O3A) ATTA&3ME3T

Elementary &ag)gpo ilot Central Elementary

-chool. ag)m City 199$82003

-econdary niversity of &indanao

ag)m City 2003 200#

ertiary &indanao :o;)sai +aiga;)

(achelor of -cience in /nternational -t)dies

&a*or in <apanese 7ang)age and -t)dies

'ngliongto 've%. 7anang. +avao City

200# 2011

OR4A3&5AT&O3S

:a)gmaon =ol)nteers> Cl)b &ember 200$ 2010



,ihongo Cl)b &ember 200$ 2010

6otaract Cl)b of &:+ &ember 200$82010

E6AM&3AT&O3S PASSED

itle +ate

<apanese 7ang)age roficiency est ?<7@ 7evel +ecember #. 2009

<apanese 7ang)age roficiency est ?<7@ , +ecember !. 2010

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