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the
life and witnessof
p e t e r
Ly . HLy
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InterVarsity Press, USA APOLLOS (an imprint of Inter-Varsity Press, England)P.O. Box 1400 Norton Street
Downers Grove, IL 60515-1426, USA Nottingham NG7 3HR, England World Wide Web: www.ivpress.com Website: www.ivpbooks.com
Email : [email protected] Email : [email protected]
©2012 by Larry R. Hellyer
Larry R. Hellyer has asserted his right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act , 1988, to be identified as Author of this work.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced , stored in a ret rieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical , photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of InterVarsity Press.
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Inter-Varsity Press, England, is closely linked with the Universities and Colleges Christian Fellowship, a student movement connecting Christian Unions throughout Great Britain, and a member movement of the International Fellowship of Evangelical Students. Website: www.uccf.org.uk
Scripture quotations, unless otherwise noted, are from the N R S Vo of h Bl, copyright 1989 by the Division of Christian Education of the National Council of the Churches o f Christ in the USA. Used by
permission. All rights reserved.
Cover design: Cindy Kiple Images: St. Peter, from the Crypt of St. Peter, Byzantine School at St. Peter’s, Vatican , Rome, Italy /
The Bridgeman Art Library Interior design: Beth Hagenberg
USA ISBN 978-0-8308-3982-7 UK ISBN 978-1-84474-600-2
Printed in the United States of America ∞
InterVarsity Press is committed to protecting the environment and to the responsible use of natural resources. As a member of Green Press Initiative we use recycled paper whenever possible. To learnmore about the Green Press Initiative, visit <www.greenpressinitiative.org>.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Helyer, Larry R.The life and witness of Peter / Larry R. Helyer.
p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index . ISBN 978-8308-3982-7 (pbk. : alk. paper)1. Peter, the Apostle, Saint. 2. Bible. N.T. Peter—Criticism,
interpretation, etc. I. Title.BS2515.H35 2012
225.9’2—dc23
2012027651
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available f rom the British Library.
P 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Y 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12
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C
Ao 7
Pf 13
1 Bkou of So P 19
2 P h Gopl 32
PAR ON: Call to Confession
3 P h Gopl 49
PAR wO: Transfiguration to Resurrection
4 P h ly Chuh 69
The Book of Acts
5 P Pul’ L 91
6 1 P 105
Encyclical to Exiles
7 P’ Choloy 128
8 Ch h Sp, Ch h Holy Sp 148
9 Suff fo Ju 162
10 h Popl of Go 184
11 2 P 205
Introductory Questions
12 holol h 2 P 217
13 h Ch Dy of h Fl h 238
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14 holoy of 2 P 255
15 h R of h Soy 272
Tradition
16 h R of h Soy 285
Legends About Peter
17 h R of h Soy 302
Peter’s Legacy
N Ix 308
Suj Ix 313
Spu Ix 318
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1
bCkg
m P
he gospels serve as ou py ou fo kh P’
ly y u hh h o pl h pol of
Ju h mh h hp o o lu, hol-
ophl oolol lu h Gopl h ho
lh o h kl
His Name
P o h pol’ ; Ju o h P
Gk ( petros ) “ok” o “o” (mk 3:16) H A
šim´ōn, oh lk “h” o “o”1 Bu
h lo y h oo Gk Simōn (ou y-f
h N), houh oolly h l o
Gk Symeōn, pll fl h A (A 15:14;
2 P 2:1 [joy of Gk mSS]) h f h h h oh A
Gk f; h lul l -
o h hly flu y Hll h p
of h Jul lou l h Ju’ pl “u-
u oy ” (A 4:13) poly “ o o h
h hy o of h f po of h l p-
o of h Jh oh”2
1Šim´ōn y u of šam‘a’el , “Go h h”2Rlph P m, “P,” ISBE 3:803 S lo Jo muphy-O’Coo, “Fh of m: wh w Ko of h F Dpl fo h Pofo,” BR 25/3 (1999): 22-27, 48-49
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20 H LIF AN D wIN SS OF PR
So o So popul h y y J of h
So pl po; l lu Jh hoy lo o
Fo h H Spu, o ll So, o o of hph Jo poo of h h I h
ly o uy ( 180 bc), B S, Jul h, hp-
oz o h u o of hh p
So3 I h -o uy bc, So mu h
o u ho u h ol lo o
h Slu h Jh popl o o h h up-
hoo of l h oh hh (ul of po o popl) hh p ( 140 bc) H hu u ol l-
hp oh h poll lou ph No uply,
Jh p fquly ho o h o So Ou
po u h ll-o u So
pl 4 Aoly, l ff popl, lu
So P, h h N5
Ju pply So h k “P” kp h
h ppop o o fo h O ll
H o h po of h, plly h
Go h o ho o h A l o
h lf, A (“xl fh”) o Ah (“o of
O Cull o h “yo ouh up Bh oul o oly h u-oo Gk, u oul lo h polh y ou h fo h h
o Gk ulu” (Peter: Disciple—Apostle—Martyr [ Floy V Flo; Phllph: w, 1953], p 22) By o, m Hl y, “w o o ko hh y fo u h P, ho o Gll fh, k ho o ly h ly o , ly o h ll of l o ko h Holy Spu, o po o p” (Saint Peter: The Underestimated Apostle [ ho F pp; G Rp: , 2010], p 12 35)3O h quo of h p y of h So, J C VK, From Joshua to Caiaphas: High Priests After the Exile (mpol: Fo, 2004), pp 137-574Of h 917 ou po y h S of Il, 231 h Of hh oly 72 ff Rkly, 16 op ful l 75 p of h - ollo h o fqu fl Jh Slo (Shlo, Shlozo), ou-
26 , h o fqu l , ly, Sh‘o, lo ou 26 S L Y Rh, A Catalogue of Jewish Ossuaries (Jul: Il Aqu Au-hoy h Il Ay of S Hu, 1994)
5S Nol J Oppll-Glluh, “So,” ISBE 4:515-16 I y o h Sho - lly popul o Il: fo p up of Il, Sho P
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Background of Simon Peter 21
ulu,” G 17:5) Jo (“h ho p h hl” o
Il (“Go ,” G 32:27-30; lo I 62:2; 65:15)6 A “m
of Rok” oo ho ol o ho you y p7 Bok po ol fouo o hh o ul (m 7:24-25;
ph 2:20) Alhouh P ul , h , h l up o
h of h o y h m8 Fo lh
pk, php pp So’ k y ll
h “Roky”9
h A qul of petros kēphās , h lh o,
“Cph,” ou h N P’ (J 1:42; 1 Co1:12; 3:22; 9:5; 15:5; Gl 1:18; 2:9, 11, 14) h fquy h hh
h pp h N (, P, So, So P, Cph)
f o h f ly Chy I h Syop h
ou 75 Joh, 35 k o ou h
N, f 181 ou, o h h of Pul/Sul
(177)10
Galilean Fisherman
H h y p oh o P’ kou
So Gll fh, h ho o Bh
(J 1:44)
Location of Bethsaida. A pol of fo , ho,
o fo oo h f loo, oy ko
-ll, y of o oqu h Io A
poly h pl of h ll A ll Ghu h
6“Bu h f po f o ju hly h of h f h Ju P h l I opo o Jh uo o hoo l o hh oho poo h po pu l uo ly olo o h ” Cull, Peter ,p 19
7Hl lk o u h ppllo “h m of Rok” o “P h Rok” Saint Peter , pp16-22
8“H l o ly ol of ok-lk f” (BDAG, p 654)9“o h of ou kol, h ‘Rok’ o oy pol h
H/A o Gk I oul o opl o h A k‘Roky’ hfo oul h o xpl, , h o ho h ouh o‘ouh’ h, Cop h ppllo maqqāb(āy ), ‘h(lk),’ o Jumu” Ryo Bo, Kl P Dof Joh Ru, , Peter in the NewTestament (mpol/N Yok: Auu/Pul, 1973), p 90, 210
10Hl, Saint Peter , pp 10-11
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22 H LIF AN D wIN SS OF PR
O (Joh 12:5; 13:11; 2 S 3:3, l) Du h Hll-Ro
, Gk y fo h -
of Gul I ppoxly ad 30, Ho Phlp Jul hoo of Auuu’ f Jul/L, ho ad 2911
oy, -ll l ou 15 klo o h oh of h hol, o
h k of h Jo R fo p o h oh-
qu of h S of Gll (ll K h O
[Nu 34:11] S of Gll, S of u [J 6:1] lk of
G [Lk 5:1] h N)12
h oh ll l-‘Aj, ll ll ly loh p-y hol of h h Jo R p
o h Gll I N , ho, h ly o h west of
h Jo u h h h ou o h u
C h o opo? Ao o Joh’ Gopl,
Phlp, o o P A, lo fo “Bh inGalilee ” (J 12:21, l ) k Joh ly, o h
p opoll oloy, fo l-‘Aj, u , o -ll,
lo Gll, u h juo of Ho Ap Bu
h ou of h Jo y h hf h f uy o h
P’ y, -ll f lo h of Gll O,
y h Joh o o lo Bh olly Aoh
ojo o fy -ll N Bh fo mk
8:22-23, hh Ju l l ho l Bh ou
h “ll” (kōmē ) O oul h xp mk o u h o
city ( polis ) kp h Bh’ y pl Bu
php h xp o po h u of h o h
J S u h l-‘Aj y l-
myh h of h fh ll of Bh
ll h opol of Ho Phlp’ Hll y of Jul13 h
11R, “Aholoy Gophy,” DJG , p 39, po ou h h N u oly h J-
h fo h pl h houl k o oo lu h of hGopl o I follo h l ou h Jophu o h h f h L h Auuu’ uh
12O h oloy u fo h S of Gll, R S Noly, “h S of Gll:Dlop of ly Ch opoy,” JBL 128 (2009): 183-88
13“Bh (Pl),” ABD 1:692-93
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Background of Simon Peter 23
follo uo off y G Shuh h 188014
A ly 1838, Roo f -ll N Bh-
mo xo u h o of R A uppoRoo’ : “Po o (ou po
) h p-y hol l-‘Aj, h oh o
Bh, h ho o h exclusively Byz po
l” Fuho, hquk ad 363 ul
f lo of fo o 9 klo oh of ll
uqu loo of h oh ho l o 2 klo-
o h ouh hu, Ju’ y, -ll uh lo o hS of Gll h oy15 S Noly, ho, ll o
o “h xpll of f-uy ” -ll,
olu h “fo h , h loo of Bh
quo”16
A y , h f uy, h Jo R h o
h of Gll h of Gul (o
Gol) Bh-Jul hu ly poll o—ju
h juo of Ho Phlp (Gul) ju o h of h
juo of Ho Ap (Gll) Alo ly po
uo off Goo p fo o ophy o oh
uj o uy “ophy” Gk u o -
o x , php qul o ouy o h
h p of oll, x uy ollo lo h
ly pol o fo h l S Bh-Jul h
pl of Gul, ou off l h, ,
Ho Phlp’ hy h y l Gl popu-
lo, fl oh Jh o-Jh flu17 h
14R L Al, “Bh,” ZPEB 1:542-43, hoz h ofl xul y u- h “php h fh l f oup h ho poo [-Aj], hh y h Ho Phlp ul [ l] lo o ou o h N hfo oul ol o of h quo p h opl ou ll ho of h ul ho”
15R A, “Bh (-ll),” NEAEHL 5:1611-12 (l )16Php fuu xo ll ol h quo Ao F Ry R S Noly,
The Sacred Bridge: Carta’s Atlas of the Biblical World (C: Jul, 2006), p 35917I B -ll, xo u up h of lo l h f o
fu , h So pl po, lo o uupl o ul puy hu “po of Jh p” A, “Bh (-ll),” NAHL 5:1615
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24 H LIF AN D wIN SS OF PR
h f oo h Gl o oqul p of
P’ kou, plly h o h h ply h
l ol op h oo fo Gl o h huh (A 10:1–11:18; 15:7-14)
The fishing industry in Galilee. h ooy of Bh, lk h
of oh o ll lo h lk, p hly o h
fh uy, o y u of fh hook,
l h, ho, l l oh o
h fh uo A of -ll, ppoply ll h
“Hou of h Fh” I f, fh po p of h oooo f of f-uy Pl Jophu, h
ly hpo po of h o of Gll h S of
G, o “ u of hp” ploy y h Jh
l h p o f h Ro ( J W 3101 §465; f
3109 §531) I 1986, h kl oy of o
o h f uy ad ouh Jophu’ f o lf h o-
ll “Ju Bo” y h o of ho ol h
l o h lk h Jh u h Ro h
u of ad 67
oy, h k of l f u fo oh fh
poo h of Ju h “Ju o,” 255 f lo, 75
f 41 f hh, of f u oul hol up o
ff p Ily, h o h , ly llu-
h mk ou of o o h lk: “Ju
h , lp o uho” (mk 4:38 tniv)18 I uh l,
l of h pol, fo h ll o ph h opl, p lo
hou o h lk k ou l Rll So’ po o Ju’
o o l o h : “m, ’ ok h ll h
h’ uh yh” (Lk 5:4-5 tniv) I l o, Ju
h pl fquly o h lk u h Gll
y (mk 4:35; 5:21; 6:32, 53; 8:10, 13)
h Bh “Hou of h Fh,” h oof ml Nuy (ml h N), o h oh ho
18Fo ou of h oy oy of h l, Shlly wh, “h Gl-l Bo 2,000 Y-Ol Hull Ro I,” BAR 14/5 (1988): 18-33
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Background of Simon Peter 25
of h lk, “Fh o,” poly f o oo
uu hh fh - ml lo ll -
h, Gk o oh lk “Pl of Sl Fh,” of fh-po fly ju f l fo Cpu,
hh lo pp o h fo l fh Po fh
fo h Gll o Jul ol k,
y h Fh G poxl Jul (Nh 3:3)19 ml
Nu h o ff o x ho lo lo h
hol of h lk, ll o h So pl po,20 o of
h o p of hh h ll of Cpu, loly lo ll Hu21 No uply, Nu lo fou o
poxy o Bh
So P h oh A pp p o-
fh u h Z h o o,
J Joh (Lk 5:7, 9-10)22 So o o of h o (Lk
5:3), php o h h fo h fh h fly u,
lo Cpu, ploy h h o y lo (mk 1:20;
f m 20:1-16) h x h y o o,
hl l, y h l o
fh w houl o uppo f k ooy
o h Gopl Suh o lkly h 23 h Z
19S S Fy, Galilee, Jesus and the Gospels: Literary and Historical Approaches to the Gospels (Phllph: Fo, 1988), p 50, 44, muphy-O’Coo, “Fh of m,” pp22-27, 48-49 Fo lluo o h fh-pkl uy h, So, Geogr
1624520ml Nu, “Po of Gll,” BAR 25/4 (1999): 8-3121uu’ Onomasticon lo Cpu 2 l fo Choz, hh f ll Hu,
h xo h (h you “P’ hou”) uppo h fo S HG A, “Cpu,” ZPEB 1:747 R, “Aholoy Gophy,” DJG , p 39,y, “xo of y lh yo y ou h Cpu o -f h h of h u l-Hu”
22 h Gk o u fo “p” (Lk 5:7) metochois , Luk 5:10, koinōnoi Foh l h p lll h Ah Ppy: “H h fh kColu h p” (koinōnos ) S BAGD, pp. 439-40 Fuho, h Colu pol p fo h xh h of ul fo fh o
lk (mm 351)23“ fh ho y h o h o o p of ul, l-pof-
p, oplx of oo lohp h ypo of ‘ ooy’ h o y, oo h m o -p y h ‘f k,’ f , ok xh, ozo, h lk, o f o pl y” K C Ho, “h Gll Fh ooy
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26 H LIF AN D wIN SS OF PR
fh u p of o ooy u h
opp ool of l, h , h Ro l o
of Ho Ap h o fl ho uppo h, poly h oup ll h Ho (mk 3:6; 12:13)
Ho’ o ly x x k, h , p-
of h h, po l f o fh l o h
Gll fh24 Fuho, lol fh qu o
py ho u f
h ho o y Nu lo h ho of h S of Gll
of uh u o k ulkly ul ou o h hy qu ou ll yo h p-
ly of lol f h25 I ho, h o f h -
fuu y ly u f So o o oll
u, L y h oll l l f h x
ooh Cpu (m 9:9) h poly u of oll
x ollo Cpu u , lk Bh, u
x o o p o oph (mk 2:15 o “y
x ollo” L’ py) Opp y lk h -
ou h ly ou oo ll , u
oly ff, po ou x f ( J W 24)26
Ful o o oo h x
fly h fuo h pou ou u Khp
ul fu of ul o hp Rl -l
ok oh x fly h pouo of oo
fully p po qu holo whh
houl pk of h fh l-l pu o Gl-
l p oo po27 Joh (Joh), So A’
h Ju o,” BTB 27 (1997): 99-11124 Ap x o h of h h h o o hlf of ll oh po-
u (, p 111)25Nu, “Po of Gll,” p 22, y, “h ouo of h ho qu ozol
kll oo pl Bk ul f, follo y p po,
p hop fo o, ul, ohou, ollhou, ho oh fl m , of ou, y, h k oully p l o”
26I27muphy-O’Coo ll h l-l fly; Ho hy p R Al Culppp y, “h uff o ho h hy o h fl
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Background of Simon Peter 27
fh (m 16:17; J 1:42; 21:15-17),28 Z, fh of J
Joh, u p h o h h php
h l o oju So (1 Co 9:5), hoh--l l Cpu (mk 1:30) houh h
o f , I o f So o o of Z-
’ uh If o, h oh--l o oh h h
oh of J Joh, h u y h po
Slo, o of h o o h o (f m 27:56 h
mk 15:40; 16:1; J 19:25) Php A oh Z
uh If o, h Z-Joh fly fh u uly ll h fly!29
No o olook ll h h f h fou, poly ,
of h l pol p of oo ok lk o h
Gll fh uy Rll h Phlp lo fo Bh
(J 1:44) Nhl ho pp pouo
fh u h So P (J 21:1-3), qu ff fo
fh oy h o l—h kll qu o op
l o pk up o k ou! If L (mh)
oll l ho u f Cpu, h o
l f, poly h, of h l pol ho, fo h ll,
o ll o p of h llhoo o h fh uy o h
Gll h qu kl
Status of fishermen in Palestinian society. h u of Gll
fh h Jh oy fful o h N po-
o o o o y o h oh I Jh ulu -
lly, ul lo o (b. Ketub 59; b. Ned 49)
of h upp l, u h hy h h p lo of h y lo-” ( John, the Son of Zebedee [Colu: Uy of Souh Col P, 1994], p 15)
28 h xul lly fo h “Joh” oh Joh 1:42 Joh 21:15-17 h o oou olu o o h ff poy o Luk Joh Joh Joh uffly ff A H o plu Joh u- of Joh I y h ly o h ofuo ou h o fly If
Joh h fly of So A, h o hou o oy O llh h k, h poph fo Gh Hph Gll, h fy ou h f h
29muphy-O’Coo, “Fh of m,” p 27, u ff o fo So A-’ o fo Bh o Cpu: o o x x l o o of Gll Php oh o ply p
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28 H LIF AN D wIN SS OF PR
fh jo o h h o Bu
p u of ul puy fo, fo xpl, h
uy (A 9:43) Fh oul l h of ul puy u, u h o fy poy ul puy,
h o o h fh o oly ul I
yp, “h S o h ” fo u h h fh
h “ o l h y (oh) pofo”30 Clo
(h o o uy bc), h Ro Pluu o h lo
u of fh (Rudens 290-305) I h h uy ad, Ah-
u lup fho h oyl o huou, lhy h (Deipnosophistai 6226, ; 6228; 7309)
Ho, h po of fh fo h ooy of
Pl J, I hk ol o u h fh p-
p, u poly o hhly oupo31
Capernaum and Simon’s house. Ju lh Cpu h
hqu fo h Gll y (m 4:13; Lk 4:31) mk’
Gopl o hou lo o So A (mk 1:29)
B o h holol of f-uy hou x
ju o h ouh of h you Cpu, h hou h
poly lo “P’ hou” p of l oplx of
oo o hou h o y, “l fl l oh
phl fho, h h ouy h x”32
Ao o mk 1:29, f l h you Cpu,
Ju, J Joh “ h hou of So A” h
Z Joh/Joh fl poly oup oo (“hou”)
uou h l ouy33 P A, o
Bh, l Cpu u Ju’ y, h
30 J A wlo, ANET , pp 433-3431mhl G o h “h [fh pkl] ol , o
oly fo h h of h o, h fh-hop of Jul, u lo fo hRo y of oupo, h o of h Ro p ou Pl” Saint Peter: A Biography (N Yok: S, 1995), p 56
32Slo Loff, “Cpu—Ju’ O Cy,” Bible and Spade 10/1 (1981): 5 Ah-olo uh insula
33“h hou hz y l ou uou y ll ll h hlf of x fly ou oul ou I h ou o, - fo o h oof, oly o x o h ” Vlo zf, “Cpu,”
NEAEHL 1:292
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Background of Simon Peter 29
o hh Z h o pl h fh Ju, o
o hou hlf (m 8:20; Lk 9:58), So A’
u u h Gll y (mk 1:36)34 h of lo fly xp y Ju h Gll pol
poly oh h p o of h Gopl, p-
lly Noh A ho pz h py p I
lo oh o h, p h xoy l Ju p-
fo oh Bh Cpu, h ou Choz,
Bh Cpu fo h flu o p (m 11:20-24; Lk
10:13-15) First-century fishing techniques and the Gospels. h hqu of
fh o h lk ol h h o l
Boh of l h fo oul op y o po
lo h ho o fo o h y h
h h h, u o k p f fh (m
4:18) h o l , y o, qu o l
popl o op ffly Af h o o offho o p
, l h f lo o h op h o h
oo l ou llo o k fo ly l ll
fo h uf o h lk oo h o h o, plll
o h ho, h h l h fo lo ll h
o h ouh o ho, o l h oh
of h u o h ho h h Dp
o h z of h , h oul qu l popl o oh o-
l A o o h h l l l
foo ou h p o l y f fh A f lo
oul h ou h ou of h l o h
uf o o pu fh h o jup o h op of h
l h ko h ho I o, o
oul l o h l of h l ploy I h
, o u o h o h fh fo h h
y h h po of ulou f of fh Luk 5:1-11ou lk h hqu h fl p
34Fo floo pl of h hou houh o P’, J F S Hhl Shk,“H h Hou wh Ju Sy Cpu B Fou?” BAR 8/6 (1982): 26-37
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30 H LIF AN D wIN SS OF PR
lo , qu h o o l ul
l fh (m 13:47-50) h y k fo fh h
o ll of Gll (J 6:9) o o h o of P Ju o h ouh35
Al, fh y of l hook, o uko
o o h Gopl of mh h h po -
ol h pl x (m 17:24-27) A Ju’ qu, P
hook o h lk h f fh h uh h o ouh,
stater oh o h, hu po h qu py fo
oh Ju P I ll u h f of h l h foo ffo ll op houh hh p
o P’ kou h ll y u ( u-
l) quo, u l po o u of h
o Gll fh h f uy ad
Fo h o p, ou po of P p o po
h Gopl hh h h o o ply l ol
Aly, ou h lf ul o h of -
l ho py pupo oh qu ou ou of
f o ll oju I h u of h ,
hly oh Sll, y opo, h Gopl p -
oly ll ouo h p ll oh h f-
fo36 I h x hp, I ll x o loly h x of h
Gopl fo o lu ou h
35R ho h h Holy L y h joy lou fh o- of fh fh fo h S of Gll A fo h o-ll S P’ fh, p of lp ll musht A u ol f l o I hhly o !
36I h o hol ho p o ll uo-fol h y ho ppoh o h Gopl I pp h h of oh ypof u h ho ppoh, fully ploy, ll h pl hl o h hooloy hol u lly whl u hy po of P ouo, o lo h ou popo y o I oh o, o kol h o of ou hoolo
h ; hy uj, h ul of l h h lf- y h ulply of of h Gopl ll ll hol-hp u h h Gopl ll hol ou Coquly, ou-o o ll fou Gopl o oly pol uk u lo l o—-’ hoy of h Gopl o u p I y , o y o qu h x o pl o ppoh o h oh
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Background of Simon Peter 31
Questions For Discussion
1 wh lu h y o ou h kou of
l fu h ly huh?2 wh pflly o xo of P’ lf Gl-
l fh ou o u h l ol
p l h Ju o?
3 why Ju l joy of h pol fo Gll?
why ’ h l pol fo h lou of Ju-
Jul?
4 why o Ju So k? wh lohpo h h o h l hoy of Il?
5 Ho o h oju ou pol khp h o
of h pol l you u of Ju’ y
l ly huh hoy?
For Further Reading
Bo, Ryo , Kl P Dof Joh Ru, , Peter in the New Testament mpol/N Yok: Auu/Pul, 1973 Pp 7-20
Cull, O Peter: Disciple—Apostle—Martyr: A Historical and Theo-logical Essay l y Floy V Flo 2 Phllph: w-
, 1962 Pp 17-23
Fok-Jko, F J Peter : Prince of Apostles Loo: Ho & Souho,
1927 Pp 23-30
G, mhl Saint Peter: A Biography N Yok: S, 1995 Pp 3-50
m, Rlph P “P” ISBE 3:802-3 G Rp: , 1986muphy-O’Coo, Jo “Fh of m: wh w Ko of h F
Dpl fo h Pofo” BR 25/3 (1999): 22-27, 48-49
Nu, ml “Po of Gll” BAR 25/4 (1999): 8-31
Pk, Ph Peter : Apostle for the Whole Church Colu: Uy of
Souh Col P, 1994 Pp 18-26, 38-41
Px, Bl With Jesus Through Galilee According to the Fifth Gospel Roh
P: Coz, 1992 Pp 33-40
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2
P H gPL
part one
Call to Confession
ll four gospels indicate h So o h f fou
ul o o pl of Ju (J 1:35-42; mk 1:16-20; m
4:18-22; Lk 4:38)1 H ly p of Ju mh
poly fo ou fo h p o h l
Early Convert
Simon’s summons to discipleship. Ju polly uo So o
pl H ll ou lo h ho of h S of Gll h
h oh A h o h lk (mk 1:16)
Ju ll h o “fh fo popl” (mk 1:17) Sholy hf, Ju
ll oh of oh, J Joh, h o of Z, ho h (mk 1:16-17) hy o oly l h ;
hy lo l h fh h h h h o (mk 1:20;
m 4:18-22) Luk’ ou of h ll o plhp o fully
lop lu ulou h of fh (Lk 5:1-11) h
1Fo hlpful ul o p h Gopl, G R Oo, The Hermeneutical Spiral (Do Go, Ill: IVy P, 1991), pp 153-72; Goo D F Doul Su-, How to Read the Bible for All Its Worth (3 ; G Rp: Zo, 2003), pp 127-
48l; ohy w, Interpreting Gospel Narratives: Scenes, People and Theology (Nhll:B&H A, 2010) S lo w’ o hl Peter in the Gospel Narratives: Pat-tern, Personality and Relationship (wUN 2127; ü: moh Sk, 2000) Fo -uo of ho op lo, mk All Poll, “N- C,” Hearing the New Testament : Strategies for Interpretation ( Jol B G;G Rp: , 1995), pp 239-55
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Peter in the Gospels: Part One 33
po p h P’ u of ho
Ju , o fo p (“m”) o (“Lo”)2
So f pp oo ho ho o Ju foPuly, So l o Ju’ h, lo h h l
o o h hol3 H h o h x l o o
Ju’ qu o l o h , houh h h lo ll
h h o ul h ulou hul p h
l (“fll oh o, o h hy o k”) Luk’ ou
hu po opll o fo h fou pl’ up o
o lk y fo h fh u: Ju ofo h h ply of po uhoy So’ o, “Go y fo
, Lo, fo I ful !” (Lk 5:8) ho h of h poph
mo (x 3:5-6), Ih (I 6:5) zkl (zk 1:28), h of
ho xp hophy (fo of Go l
fo) oo h h poph ll4
Joh’ Gopl fuh llu h pl’ up o
h l h h Gll uo o plhp o h
f ou h Ju Po o h So ou o Ju
h Jo Vlly oo h Joh h Bp’ l
o— ll fo ol p ppo fo h o
of mh I f, Ju’ f o o pp o h
A, So’ oh, u pl, oh of ho
pl of Joh h Bp h u pl ooly
f “h o ho Ju lo” (J 13:23; 19:25-27; 20:1-10;
21:1-14, 20-24), Joh h o of Z
Af p o h Ju, A fh h oh
So xly ou: “w h fou h mh” (J
2 w, Interpreting Gospel Narratives , pp 14-203No f fo Cpu l l l o hh ju uh oul h ou (“By of h Pl”) h ou h fou qu qu fo l o of l hou S Bl Px, With Jesus Through Galilee According to the Fifth Gospel (Roh P: Coz, 1992), pp 41-42
4I k h h Epistle of Barnabas , po-N ou l ly o ad70 135, h pol popl ho “ ful yo ll u o oo h ‘h o o o ll h hou, u ’” (Barn 5:9) mhlG ll o o ly fo ll “ oo” h O mo of hfu of poph ll f plll h l l oo of So P h NS G, Saint Peter : A Biography (N Yok: S, 1995), pp 106-7
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34 H LIF AN D wIN SS OF PR
1:41) h po pl h ll h h pouly po o
h Bp’ ph (J 1:6-9) Af phlly y h o
u (J 1:19-27), h Bp xplly f Ju “h L of Go ho k y h of h ol” (J 1:29)
“h So of Go” ( J 1:34) h p of A u
pl houh hy hly p h full po of h l, hy
l Ju o h po mh5
B h fo, A So o Ju
Look So, Ju y, “ ‘You So o of Joh You o
ll Cph’ (hh l P)” (J 1:42) h u,lk poph ol, pl pul kol o h p of
Ju houl poly p h lh h -
u h Nhl (J 1:47-51) I h f h
Ju, P’ u ol h Ju o ly fo-
ho I ho, Roky o l o h po-
l6 h u ll lo h S of Gll o Ju’ pl
luh So oul h
Observer of Jesus’ first miracle at Cana. I h Gopl of Joh, Ju
x pp C of Gll I o o Ju
h fly, h pl o h lo (J 2:1-2) Khp,
fhp u poly ou fo h lu7
I f, my’ y h Slo, Z’ f ( m
27:56; mk 15:40; 16:1; J 19:25)8 If h h , h
up oluo h J Joh, o of Z, Ju’
f ou9 whh h o o o, Ju’ f o l,
5S Psalms of Solomon 17:21-44; 18:5-9, php fo Ph l O h, Ly R Hly, Exploring Jewish Literature of the Second Temple Period (Do Go, Ill:IVy P, 2002), p 389, m Lk, “Pl of Soloo,” DNTB , p 855 OQu , C A , “mh,” EDSS 1:537-42 olu, “ oul pp h o of h jo po Qu o uh ff foh of oh pou, hopful J” (1:539)
6“h poly polp, p h h P oul k h pl pll pol (Gl 2:9) fouo o, hh h h oh pol o
ol o h opl (ph 2:20; R 21:14)” Rlph P m, “P,” ISBE 3:8037G R Bly-muy u h pl oul ko Ju’ fly ( John [2 ; wBC 36; Dll: wo, 1999], p 34)8S h l uo hp 1 S lo Bly-muy, John, pp 348-49, B who III, “Slo,” ABD 5:906-79 A po u y J A Roo, Priority of John (Loo: SCm, 1985), pp 118-22 By
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Peter in the Gospels: Part One 35
h o , h h pl’ oo: h
h mh ( J 2:11)
Jesus as Simon’s house guest. I Joh’ Gopl, f h l C, Ju o o o h ll of Cpu h h oh, h oh
h pl (J 2:12) Ao o mk’ Gopl, Ju y S-
o’ hou (mk 1:21, 29; 2:1), u h k f Slo,
Z’ f P’ oh--l, lo my’ (m
27:56; mk 15:40; J 19:25) L, mk fo u h Ju’ fly,
l h ooy h hll uo ll y
h Jul , p o h fo ou h -y (mk 3:21-22, 31-35) Joh’ Gopl fo u h u h -
y Ju’ oh o l h (J 7:5)10
Du Ju’ So’ hou, h hl So’ oh-
-l of f—o h, o l (mk 1:30) Rkly, h
ly u h u ho11 h hl, h f of
f uh hl of o o mk, fuh fo S-
o’ fh Ju h po mh Vy lkly, y J
ly y of hl u h -
oy o h Qu f of x ll “R-
po Ruo” (4Q521) uo h h x-
oy x Go’ mh o ho l po,
h o h l, up ho ho o o, hl h
lly ou, h , ph oo o h f-
fl h h huy ( Lk 7:18-23)12 h , f
o, R Al Culppp olu “h hl Joh h o of Z’ oh y h Slo, pou o ul oh f o h of h l” ( John,the Son of Zebedee [Colu: Uy of Souh Col P, 1994], p 9)
10m Hl yly o h “[Ju’] oh h lohp hh oh u Ju’ lf” (Saint Peter: The Underestimated Apostle [ ho H pp; G Rp: , 2010], p 10)
11 h y xpl hy h oh of J Joh h h huzph o k h h o o ho lo Ju (m 20:20-23) If Z’ f, Slo, So’ oh--l, h lo h o ho Ju hl hu Ju o oly h hou u
u lo h ho pl fo o h Sh y lo h h u Fo h o, hy h pu h h o qu pl of pl hoo pl fo h o o, Ju’ f ou Bu f y oju ufou, lo oo h l-l fhful uppo of Ju’ y y h o ouh fo h ohqu (m 27:55-56)
12Fo h x f oy, mhl w, m A J Cook,
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36 H LIF AN D wIN SS OF PR
h, Ju pfo y oh hl xo (mk 1:32-
34), oo h ly kyok f Gll (mk 1:28, 37)
So, lk h o, oly o xl: “w h yh lk h!” (mk 2:12)
Sfly, So ho h up h o f Ju
h h oly h fo h huu fo of qu
py o h ly o hou So’ xlo,
“yo h fo you” (mk 1:37), y u p-
o o h h o php ly y
jo u ou Ju’ o h po mhof Il13 h o l h Ju uk P C-
Phlpp (mk 8:32-33)
Leader and Spokesman in the Jesus Movement
So u h ol pok fo h l pol H, lo
h J Joh, ou l of h h h
l oup of l Bu h lly h oz l
h h l oup
Apostolic appointment. Ju’ ppo of l pol ky
o fh h yol (mk 3:13-19; m 10:1-4; Lk
6:12-16) h h h u l lly
yolz ouo of h l of Il,
Il Ju h o o ouy fulfll
h poph of Jh zkl (J 31:31-34; zk
34:25-31; 36:24-28; f Lk 22:20; 1 Co 11:25)14 H follo ou
h of h u Il (I 10:20-23; Ao 9:9; m 5:3)
h pl o (l oo o h Syop Gopl),
uppl y A (m 10:2-4; mk 3:13-19; Lk 6:13-16; A 1:13),
The Dead Sea Scrolls: A New Translation (S Fo: HpSFo, 1996), pp420-21
13m u So y “o p o H h ol of popul h” (“P,”
3:803) S Joph H Hll, Jesus and the People of God ( Sly Po; N - mooph 21; Shffl: Shffl Phox P, 2007), pp 90-122, fo hlpfuluo of Jh ol Ju’ po o
14O h, So mKh, A New Vision for Israel : The Teachings of Jesus in National Context (G Rp: , 1999), pp 1-14, Pu J Gä, New Covenant, New Com-munity (wyoo, G: Po, 2006), pp 51-57
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Peter in the Gospels: Part One 37
uppl l of h pol, ll h, So l f;
mh’ Gopl xplly So “f” ( prōtos ) h
ll ou h h h oz pok kol- l of h l, h Gopl hh h
o k l (, m 14:28; 15:15; 18:21; 26:35, 40; mk
8:29; 9:5; 10:28; J 6:68)15 h m lhp pol
Roky o h oup of l Ju xoy po
uhoy, h ou o, ph h oo
of h ko pfo hl xo (mk 6:7-13)
Member of the inner circle. mk’ Gopl h po hh oly P, J Joh llo o p: h hl
of Ju’ uh (mk 5:37), h fuo (mk 9:2-13)
Ju’ oy h G of Gh (mk 14:32-42)16 No
hou , Il, K D’ y lo h h
o ll “h h” (2 S 23:8) I o o h o
po, h Ju l h holol ou o h mou
of Ol, mk o oly h h, plu A (mk 13:3-4)
A’ p poly o fo of h P’ oh
fqu opo h p of fou Apply,
Ju lly oo h oup of h l h
h pool h of y Pul’ l o h Gl
hh h J, Cph Joh “kol pll”
h Jul huh (Gl 2:9) h J o y Pul,
ho, o J h o of Z oh of Joh, u Ju’
hlf-oh (mk 6:3) J of Z l h h pool
o A 1:13 u o o fu y of h o of h ly
Jul huh ul o of h yo A 12:2
h pl y f pp o h o of
Ju’ h o plhp Fo xpl, h h ho
ho o f ( prōtos ) u of ll (m 20:27)
Php, ho, h ouy o p h l All
15“h uou h Gll fh pl of Ju o houplll ly Chy,” Hl, Saint Peter , p 29 S lo h o o pp34, 48, 75, 89 100
16mh l ou h h h fuo Gh (m 17:1; 26:37)
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38 H LIF AN D wIN SS OF PR
Jh Gl ou of hh h f
uy l o o l h ff h
h Pl Ju o ly h hh lx uhoy h ho h Qu ouy, h
ly op-o uu, ofoy pl o, o-
kly h h Ju o17 houh o
, h Ph hhly uho of lhp
A ll , ff lhp yl h ly
Ch oh lou ou o pp P-
’ f pl (1 P 5:1-11) Peter walks on water. mh uqu xoy
po ol P18 Follo mk, mh ll u h f
h ulou f of h f hou (m 14:13-21), Ju o-
h pl o o h o o o o h oh
() of h lk H h o p
lo py o h hll olook h lk h pl, ho,
h ffuly u hy y o o o o
h I h ly o hou, Ju o “lk o
h o h ” f, hy y ou, “I ho!” (m 14:26)
Ju pl, “k h, I; o o f” (m 14:27)
A h po, mh l uqu o h Gopl (m
14:28-31) P qu Ju’ po, hh , o jo
h o h Rkly, , “So P o ou of h o,
lk o h , o Ju” (m 14:29) A h
o o, ho, h o fh y h poful
17O h ozo of h Qu ouy, Gz V, An Introduction to the Com- plete Dead Sea Scrolls (mpol: Fo, 1999), pp 94-113, Hly, Exploring JewishLiterature , pp 211-18, p pp 221-24
18G D Klpk pk of h po “ qu uplll hol o p oh of h opl l” The Origin of the Gospel According to St. Matthew (Oxfo:Clo, 1946), p 40 Ro H Guy f “fful o h oluo hmh o h l 28-31 fo o, u opo hh o plhp” ( Matthew: A Commentary on His Literary and Theological Art [G
Rp: , 1982], p 300) w D D Dl C Allo J, ho, o ou: “w f ll u pol o o o y f oluo o h u h I of h ol oxo h h f of h f hou (hh hk h hol ), y o u o ful o” ( A Critical and Exegetical Com-mentary on the Gospel According to Saint Matthew [ICC; 3 ol; uh: & Clk,1991], 2:499)
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Peter in the Gospels: Part One 39
o k I po, h ou, “Lo, !” Ju
p h y h h u h l y o hh h
po ul: “You [] of ll fh, hy you [] ou?”(m 14:31) wh hy o h o, h ly
A ph po o ly oh po, h -
pl ohp Ju y, “uly you h So of Go” (m 14:33)
O ly h pol o of h po P
fuo ypl pl, h o h ouy of -
l h p l ulo -
l h huh h ou of h ul poly h p y of h y h o of o fo
( R 13:1) wh P l h fy of h huh, u h
o y fo Ju fou o h , h
o k Oly h ou o Ju h fo p
uo h pplo l: l u kp fou o
h So, ho l h fo pl19
Bu ho o u mh’ poyl of P h
po? I h po? Do h o
pl ho lk fh? Do poy P pul -
ll ? w h o ly y fo h ol?
O h poyl h o po, ho u lo
o, l x y po ho, oo h ll
pl, xp o of k flu?20 I hk h
l o lkly21 Af ll, P lo o h pl -
qu Ju o h lk o h Apply, h lly u-
19“h Ju ho ulpl h lo fh ho pp o h pl lk oh ho P fo k, h Ju h Lo of h huh ho houh lo ho lly pp o h popl, h hy y ou, fo h l h h h Ju ho ul o u h l of l hly ohp ‘uly h So of Go’” Dol A H, Matthew 14–28 (wBC33B; Dll: wo, 1995), p 425
20“I o o l, ho, hh mh u o P h
xpl of l fh hh o, o fo h k foolhy k h o p h oh o ply hlh h fo xhlo P’ oofo h o o Ju o o xpl” R F, The Gospel of Matthew (G Rp: , 2007), p 567
21H, Matthew, p 423, ply o h “P h poxlly ol oh of fh lk of fh”
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40 H LIF AN D wIN SS OF PR
22 houh “you of ll fh,” o h o l
h a little fh? No o l olu! No o olook h
f h Ju l Roky Bl y k ofo(plly lh of P’ ofo h oo follo), ko
h h huh, ul o P h Rok, ll uph o h “ of
H,” phol xpo fo h (m 16:18)23 Php h
po o h P l l h h
h “kp h fo you, ho protected by the power of God through faith fo lo y o l h l
” (1 P 1:4-5, l )
Peter’s Confession
P’ ofo C Phlpp h h of mk’
Gopl ( ll mh Luk) I mh, ho, lo
o h oo fo xpl oo y h m h
P ll l h huh h upf fuu (m 16:18-
19) h po of P’ ofo uo y p-
p h pl o (mk 9:27-30; m 16:13-20; Lk 9:18-21)
h ho Joh’ Gopl (J 1:40-42; 6:67-69)
A h po of Ju’ y, p pu-
lo oppoo, h h fo Gll p
h h pl Ho Phlp’ oy C
Phlpp, o y-f l o h oh of Cpu (mk 8:27;
m 16:13) Ju h k h pl k h, “who o
popl y h h So of m ?” (m 16:13) Af ou
po, lu Joh h Bp, ljh, Jh, o o of h
poph, Ju h k h h ll-po quo: “Bu ho o
you y h I ?” (mk 8:29; m 16:15; Lk 9:20) All h Syop
Gopl (f J 6:68-69) h P pk fo h l H
po k kyo of h l: “You h Ch” (mk
1:1; m 1:1; Lk 3:21-38; J 20:31)
22 h o of h o f mh 14:29 houl poly k - o p (, p h of o) S Dl B wll, GreekGrammar Beyond the Basics (G Rp: Zo, 1996), p 558
23Fo h h h “ of H” f o o po, J J, “pu,lh|” TDNT 6:926-28
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Peter in the Gospels: Part One 41
“Ch” h l “mh”24 h h
up lo o o xp D ho
o h yy o fo loy uh up of p, hou popy (2 S 7:14-17; I 11; J
23:5-8; zk 34:23-31) I h of h f l, h
ok ol poll po25 Bu h ll P -
? mk’ Gopl h oul ffo: “h -
of h oo of Ju Ch, h So of Go” (mk 1:1)26
V lh of h Gopl hol, h l “So of Go” -
Jh, ol— po o Ju’ uBy o ff h o l, o f h P h o y
fully p h? So oul I o ul u -
uo k h l ofo h foo of h o (“uly
h Go’ So,” mk 15:39) h o full l -
ff h op ofo of h Gopl (mk 1:1)
h pol h oh ff mh’
Gopl H xp P’ ofo, h o, “h So of
h l Go” (m 16:16) Luk’ o h “h mh of Go”
(Lk 9:20), u h pp o fuolly qul o “mh”
Shoul h olu h mh’ “So of h l Go”
lk yoyou h “mh”? h lly o h u-
of h hh p ho l quo Ju: “I pu you
u oh fo h l Go, ll u f you h mh, h So
of Go” (m 26:63; f mk 14:61; Lk 22:69) I h O, h
24 h nrsv gnb h “h mh ” h x h “h Ch” fooo (mk 8:29 p) S lo tev, nab neb mo lh o, ho, h “h Ch ” h x A f po fooo h “O h mh” (, nasb, niv) h Gk oChristos , h ox, l houl o l o lh “Ch”u “mh” o “po So” o h lh p h f of h l
25“I l Ju h Ch, P h uppl h pop l, u h h h ou Ju ll o h ’ ol h h h o’ o; h llp f o H ll o fl uff, u uff hlf ‘o
fo y’ ” J R , The Gospel According to Mark (G Rp: , 2002),p 252
26my hol hk h l “So of Go” oy S, , Al Yo Coll, Mark: A Commentary ( Hol w A; H; mpol: Fo, 2007), p130 Fo h mS , Bu m mz, A Textual Commentary on the Greek NewTestament (N Yok: U Bl So, 1971), p 73
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42 H LIF AN D wIN SS OF PR
H k oul yl Go’ o (2 S 7:14; P 2:7; 89:26-
27) Php, h, P’ ofo mh h houh
o fuh h mk LukBu h oo o o uppo h o U of h l
“So of Go” o h “o of h o xl N
l fo Ju, o h yok o
‘mh’ o o o y quy h u of
hhp o ou l”27 h h h
mh 16:16 y h f h Ju h y
h full , “So P,” p h fo h h u o oh l h lou y h Fh hlf (m
16:16-17) o h houl h hh mh
h oo of Ju Go’ uqu So h Gopl hol
(m 1:20-23; 3:17; 4:1-11; 17:5)
houh h mk Luk of P’ ofo
C o o lu h l “So of Go,” l po
oh Gopl l h h pol ly oz Ju
u h Go lo po (mk 1:27; 2:7; 3:11; f Lk 4:41; mk
4:41; f Lk 8:25) I ho, hy uly ko h Ju o
mh k xpl h pl mk
Luk Bu lo po o o h P’ ofo of Ju
h So of Go ly ; h h pol ll h
lo y o o h opho of h xl po 28 Oly
h fh of h uo h f of h Holy Sp
27Ryo Bo, Kl P Dof Joh Ru, , Peter in the New Testament (mpol/N Yok: Auu/Pul, 1973), p 86 “mh’ p xpo,o uio.j tou/ qeou/, ‘h So of Go,’ f h mh o h hu f u, o-o ho uquly fo of Go, h y of Go ho oho pp Go’ ,” H, Matthew, p 468 So lo F, Matthew, pp 618-19
28 hu P’ u of Ch C Phlpp o y h ll of h -l ho l opo h Gopl A fuh pol h mh’ Goplh ll h pol k h ofo prior o P’ ofo (m 14:33) h o
up P’ ofo C Phlpp F, Matthew, p 571, off plulxplo: “Php h ff h oo of Ju’ o-h-hu u h ox of ohl l [m 14:33] hl foulo C Phlpp of holol ofo hh l hupul (‘So of Go’) l of h xlo h fuol fo of Ju’ ol mh”
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Peter in the Gospels: Part One 43
Po o full-fl hh Choloy uly 29
hu h u o P’ pl, ou hy y f
P’ ofo, of ly l u of Ju’ Sohp o pp (, 1 P 1:3, 19-21; 2:22; 3:18-19;
2 P 1:1, 11, 17; 2:1, 10; 3:18)
h u o o of h o ly pu o h N
wh ply o h Ju y o P, “A I ll you,
you P, o h ok I ll ul y huh, h of
H ll o pl I ll you h ky of h ko
of h, h you o h ll ou h, h you loo o h ll loo h” (m 16:18-19)?
h f quo h: I P hlf h ok, o h ok h
ofo h k? I h p, ll fflo ully
o’ po Ro Chol ff h fo Po h
l h oplf h uo, oy o f
of u Sll, h o opo h py o
A f-lu of h x qu P h h ok o hh
h huh o ul Suppo h h upo of p-
mh, A o ly h h Gk x of m-
h30 I Gk h ply o o “P” ( petros , )
“ok” ( petra , f) qu hf Suh o h
A— h o h h oh
(Kephā ) kephā )) Fuho, o h l ox of
h p l plll h fuh h f-
lu :
“You h mh” (m 16:16)
“you P” (m 16:18)
“you ul lok” (m 16:23)
I h , ul, hh Ju o P, h uj of
29S I Ho mhll, The Origins of New Testament Christology (Do Go, Ill: I-Vy P, 1976), pp 93-94, 119-23
30Oh o of A o uly h pop h xpo “Soo of Joh” (So Joh), “ of H,” “flh loo” “ loo” SBo l, Peter in the New Testament , pp 90-91
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44 H LIF AN D wIN SS OF PR
po houh pol, h po h h ok P’
ofo fo Rh, Ju P h o ho
ll x uhoy h h o h ook of A ply ou P’ lhp ol h ly fo y of h
l Chy31
Suh po f y fo h fully lop Ro
Chol h o h o of h ppy O o lolly o
holly opll o kol h l y ff P
( h pol) h fouo of h huh (ph 2:20) S y
o h h N lf o l po huhhoy, I ll o puu fuh32
h o quo o h u of h u-
hoy o o P wh o fo P o h h
“ky of h ko of h” hy o “” “loo” (m
16:19)? h o of “ loo” pp Ju-
I h mhh (o-uy ad ofo of ol, -
po of ll l), fo xpl, h xpo f
o o y , u h po (f o
u ad), o o o h h po-
h (ou) o p (loo) I ox, h o
p of h ll halakah, h , ul fo h ou of lf O
lo f of h oloy h ul
fo h you o h pl33 h Qu
ouy lk ploy l oloy pou fo
o hp pl
(1QH 5:36; 1Qm 5:3; 1Q 22:3, 11; CD 13:10)
P’ ky, h, lkly f o h uho ol h h
o ouy h o of loo h p o
jul o lo ou mh
31“Apply Ju ully h P h ok upo hh H oul ul HChuh P’ l ol h ly Chuh ho A u h p-
o,” o o B V l, “P, So,” ZPEB 4:734 Hl, Saint Peter , p 14,uz h uo follo: “P fuo h ul h of h l of -pl h o huh”
32S lo h ul uy y Bo l, Peter in the New Testament , pp 83-8433S fuh J Nu, “R Lu: mhh of,” DNTB , pp 893-97,
Hl, Saint Peter , pp 4-5
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Peter in the Gospels: Part One 45
18:18 P hu k h l o o : h ou h
of o h o ouy lh
h l of pl ho h h fllohp Boh k of uhoy f x y P, llu h ook of
A (, , A 1:15-26; 2:14-41; 3:17-26; 4:8-12; 5:1-11, 29-32;
8:14-25; 10:34-48; 11:1-18)34 I lo l h h uhoy o
o h; h pu h fo A olll x-
of h “ky” y pol poph (, Sph Phlp)
h h Ju o
Jesus rebukes Peter. mo Bl of So P’up o O o h h ho; h x h h o35
A h po (m 16:22-23), o oo h h l-
ofo of fh, p fo h -
lo l o h ol of l h huh h h o h
of uk y h m
I po o Ju’ po of h ppoh h h
h of h lou uho, P k h uk
h: “Go fo , Lo! h u hpp o you” (m 16:22)
Ju P’ ffo oh ul y h Dk Lo S
o h h fl f h l flu o Ju
fo h p o (m 4:1-11); h h , fo
oh oo, “ oppou ” (Lk 4:13) P uly po-
h oppou I pouly o o h f h
P lo ly ho ol hop fo h Ju o
Alhouh Ju h pok oply ou h p h, P
o fho ho h f o h pol of h ko36
Ch h U S of A yphz h
P; o, oo fll py o qu ol poll
34 A D Allo pu , “P h uho h hou p,” Saint Matthew,p 639
35 w, Interpreting Gospel Narratives , p 180, o x po h Gopl of mh
hh “P y o o oh h oo o, u h ly ouoo o flu”
36“Ju u o o h h true of P’ ofo Fo h, P hpl qu upp” (, Mark, p 252, l ol) “h of uf-f mh fo o h [P], h hy h o h o hhly p fo h ‘S’ k” (G, Saint Peter , p 66)
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46 H LIF AN D wIN SS OF PR
pf h Ju’ ko Lk P, uly of “
you o o h u o hu h” (m 16:23) Ju’
uk of P pol u o uqu; h o y, h l pokpo fo h l, h hly h Bu k o
k ou , h o lo h ; h oh lo
hh h ofu P, h uk h
ll P ll flly h H l f l h u
I h f l, h o lly p h y of Ju’ uff
fo h loy: “h Sp of Ch h h [h poph] -
h f o h uff fo Ch h uqu loy” (1 P 1:11) No hff of Jh, -
ol y P’ pl
P’ ofo, lk h Ju’ ou of h -
p h, h uk of P h qu fo plhp
h po of Ju’ y h Syop Gopl (m
16:13-27; mk 8:27-38; Lk 9:18-27)37 h o , Ju
“[] h f o o o Jul” (Lk 9:51) Ou x hp
P’ jouy o Jul h l of Po wk
Questions For Discussion
1 Cop P’ uo o pl h ou of
poph ll h O wh l ff o
you ?
2 Ho o o ll fou Gopl ou of P’
uo ho lh o h po po? wh h
h h Gopl hou f o h oh?
3 why o you hk Ju l P h fuu l of
h Ju o?
4 Do you h h h Ju’ ho of l pol
37 h Gopl of Joh oz o o ly ff h: ook of (J1:19–12:50) follo y ook of loy (J 13:1–20:31) h o ooy u opl-
y o h of h Syop All of h foo Syop h pp Joh,houh ff ox h ff foulo (, , J 6:68-69; 2:19-22;12:23-33; 8:12–10:42; 13:6-9) Luk lo h ff o oh ozolh fo h o-olu ok, ol o po of lo hoy wh h l uu, ho, P’ ofo ll o h of Ju’ y h of mh’ Gopl
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Peter in the Gospels: Part One 47
f yolz Il? If o, h you
xplo?
5 why o you hk Ju po P, J Joh uquxp foo o h oh pol? I
h ou ho l?
6 Do you h h po of lk o (m
14:28-33), mh poy P p fo ll -
l?
7 why P’ ofo C Phlpp u po
h Syop Gopl?8 wh you po of Ju’ lo: “You P,
o h ok I ll ul y huh, h of H
ll o pl ” (m 16:18)?
9 Do you h y l h Ch o ofu
h ko of Go h h o poll ? C
h fo huh hoy h ?
For Further Reading
Bo, Ryo , Kl P Dof Joh Ru, Peter in the New Testament mpol: Auu, 1973 Pp 57-69, 75-101, 109-19
Cull, O Peter : Disciple —Apostle—Martyr. Phllph: w-
, 1953 Pp 17-32
, J R The Gospel According to Mark G Rp: ,
2002
Fok-Jko, F J Peter : Prince of Apostles Loo: Ho & Souho,1927 Pp 45-62
F, R The Gospel of Mark: A Commentary on the Greek Text G
Rp: , 2002
——— The Gospel of Matthew NICN G Rp: , 2007
G, mhl Saint Peter : A Biography N Yok: S, 1995 Pp
53-85
Hl, m Saint Peter: The Underestimated Apostle l y
ho F pp G Rp: , 2010 Pp 1-48Huo, L w “Gopl (G)” DJG Do Go, Ill: IVy
P, 1992 Pp 276-82
m, Rlph P “P” ISBE. G Rp: , 1986 3:802-7
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48 H LIF AN D wIN SS OF PR
Oo, G R The Hermeneutical Spiral. Do Go, Ill: I-
Vy P, 1991 Pp 149-73
Pk, Ph Peter : Apostle for the Whole Church Colu: Uy of Souh Col P, 1994 Pp 52-62, 66-74, 84
P, Nhol “Gopl” DTIB. G Rp: Bk, 2005 Pp 264-68
V l, B “P, So” ZPEB 5 ol G Rp: Zo,
1977 4:733-39