The lifetime of a resource depends on…

1. How much we have

2. How fast we use it

What resources does the US have?

• Fossil fuels = – Coal– Natural Gas– Oil

• Why are we depleting our resources (running out)?– http://www.npr.org/news/specials/climate/vi

deo/

They’re all just different forms!

Example of the Matter and Energy LawsExample of the Matter and Energy Laws

Global WarmingGlobal Warming

Acid RainAcid Rain SmogSmog

Burning Coal = CO2 + SO + H20 + Ash +(CxHxSxOx) Light + Noise + Heat

Projected Supplies in USThese are reserves, based on current technology

• Oil – 12 years

• Natural gas – 90 year supply

• Coal – 430 year supply

COAL is cheaper, GAS is cleaner, OIL is the highest quality

Coal: $0.85 per million BtuNatural Gas: $2.18 per million Btu

Crude Oil: $2.97 per million Btu

Uses of Fossil Fuels

• Sources of electricity

Coal

Coal Trivia Facts

• Most abundant fossil fuel

– 400 year supply

• 66% of known coal is located in the U.S.

• U.S. is 2nd largest consumer of coal

– China is 1st!

• Most environmentally damaging fossil fuel.

Formation of Coal

What is coal?

• Easily combustible rock (high C content)

• The longer it’s been forming the higher the grade/quality– Higher grade burns

cleaner

What sample do you have?

Describe your sample (2-5 words)

Four (4) Grades of Coal

1. Peat – earliest stage in coal formation

(youngest)

2. Lignite (brown coal)– Low carbon = Low energy

3. Bituminous (soft coal)– Most common

4. Anthracite (hard coal)– Highest carbon = highest energy

• Carbon content increases

• Water decreases

• Burns hotter & cleaner!

World Coal Deposits - what are the top 3 countries?

U.S. Coal

Deposits

How is it extracted?Underground Mining

• for coal buried 200-1,000 ft. deep

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bk-jrbCi7Sc&feature=related

• Tour through a coal mine

How is it extracted?Surface Mining

-for coal that is buried less than 200 feet deep

-Cheapest method

-Biggest enviro. impact

http://www.npr.org/blogs/pictureshow/2009/03/removing_mountains.html

What is coal used for?

• Burned to generate electricity– ½ of electricity in US is from coal

• Making steel– used to smelt iron ore into iron

Advantages

1. Cheap

2. Needs little refining

Environmental Concerns

• Surface mining – removes the top of an entire mountain

• Toxic chemicals – (mercury) leach from waste rock into nearby streams

• Pollution, Acid Rain, & Global Warming – depends on the grade of the coal

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fkHfnp2czZQCentralia, PA

Oil

Oil Trivia Facts

• First discovered in the US in 1859 in Titusville, Pennsylvania!

• Known reserves expected to last less than 50 years– Current price per barrel: $108

What is Crude Oil?• Petroleum (crude oil)

– Thick, black oil as it comes out of the ground

• Most valuable natural resource (?)– Gasoline, heating oil, jet

fuel, grease, wax, asphalt, plastics…

OPEC

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

– Control 67% of world’s oil

– Saudi Arabia (#1), Iraq (#2), Iran, Kuwait, UAE, Algeria, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, and Venezuela

Oil in U.S.Oil in U.S.

•2.3% of world reserves

•uses nearly 30% of world reserves;

•increasing dependence on imports.

www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

How are oil and gas found?

Between underground rock

- Lower layer is porous

- Upper layer is impermeable

http://www.absorblearning.com/media/item.action?quick=11h

Oil Extraction

Pumped from ground using…

Gravity

Water

CO2http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NMBhX1IxajU&feature=related

Oil Refining

• Refinery– Heat crude oil

– Lowest boiling point components are collected first

– Limited refineries in the world.

• Affects supplies, which affects prices.

http://www.absorblearning.com/media/item.action?quick=11o

What is petroleum used for?

• Fuel - transportation, generating electricity, heating

• Making products - plastic, fleece, ink, floor wax, soap, carpet, nail polish, aspirin, etc. (over 6,000 products)

Advantages to using oil

• Most bang for the buck…– Gives the most energy with the least amount

of wasted energy (high net energy)

• Easily transported

Disadvantages to using oil

• Oil reserves are low– Economic depletion = Cost to extract

remaining supply is more expensive than its sale price.

Environmental Concerns1. Pollution - many

pollutants created when burned which leads to smog and acid rain

2. Global Warming - releases CO2 when burned

3. Oil Spills - damage to plants and animals

• Exxon Valdez and BP Oil Spill– Deepwater horizon pics

• Offshore and ANWR drilling– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QP2GejkLdwA

– ANWR and offshore

• Oil spill Clean up methods– http://www.cnbc.com/id/

37593652/17_Ways_To_Clean_Up_The_Gulf_Oil_Spill?slide=14

– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0lCIjdon8Bg (Dawn commerical

• After the spill• http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/greenspace/2009/03/

exxon-valdez-oi.html

Natural Gas

• Underground gas– Mostly methane CH4 (50%

- 90%)

• Usually in or near oil wells

• Can also be found alone or trapped in rock (shale gas)

Where is it found?Where is it found?

Where is it found?

Natural Gas ReservesNatural Gas Reserves1. Russia (24%)

2. Iran (16%)

3. Turkmenistan (12%)

4. Qatar (11.5%)

5. United States (4%)

www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

Interactive Map: http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=112970060

The Marcellus

Shale

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O0kmskvJFt0&feature=related

Lochland Town Meeting

• Are you FOR or AGAINST drilling in Lochland?– What would you tell

your neighbor to get them on your side?

• A similar situation in a neighboring town: http://stateimpact.npr.org/pennsylvania/boomtown/

Natural Gas Extraction1. Tap gas field - Propane & butane are liquefied

• Stored in pressurized tanks

2. Remaining gas (methane) is dried to remove water, cleansed to remove impurities

• Odor is added to detect leaks

Processing

Pressurized & piped to homes.

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) can be shipped in refrigerated tanker ships

• Lose ¼ of net energy when this is done

What is it used for?• Heating homes (stoves, water, air)

• Fuel for transportation

• Producing electricity

Advantages

• Burns the cleanest• Higher reserves than

oil• Easily transported to

houses

Disadvantages

• Drinking water may get contaminated– Flowback– Abandoned wells

• Drilling disturbs land• Air pollution from

trucks• Shipping across

ocean is dangerous