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THE LONDON 2012 OLYMPICS: A GENDER EQUALITY AUDIT
Peter Donnelly University of Toronto
Michele K. Donnelly
University of Southern California
March 2013 CSPS Research Report
www.sportpolicystudies.ca
CENTRE FOR SPORT POLICY STUDIES RESEARCH REPORTS
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The Centre for Sport Policy Studies (CSPS), in the Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education at the University of Toronto, is engaged in empirically-based research in the service of sport policy, monitoring and evaluation studies, and education and advocacy for the two most important ambitions of Canadian sport: ‘sport for all’ (widespread grassroots participation) and healthy high performance in elite-level sports. The Research Reports represents an important part of the work of CSPS. Research Report Editor: Peter Donnelly (Director, Centre for Sport Policy Studies) [email protected]
Creative Commons License
All CSPS Working Papers, Position Papers and Research Reports are the intellectual property of their author(s) and are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. CSPS Working Papers, Position Papers and Research Reports may be distributed or cited as long as the author(s) is/are appropriately credited. CSPS Working Papers, Position Papers and Research Reports may not be used for commercial purposes or modified in any way without the permission of the author(s). For more information please visit: www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/. Copyright for this paper: Peter Donnelly ([email protected]) and Michele K. Donnelly. Centre for Sport Policy Studies Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education 55 Harbord Street Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 2W6 www.sportpolicystudies.ca
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Donnelly, Peter & Donnelly, Michele K. (2013). The London 2012 Olympics: A Gender Equality Audit. Centre for Sport Policy Studies Research Report. Toronto: Centre for Sport Policy Studies, Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto.
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!!
52//678!9&'2,%'!;6H,&I!B,8/J0)!&1&$%'!K#7!/&$!6$-!+#/&$!! Men % Women % % Of all events Gender exclusive events
23.5 (39/166)
6.6 (9/136)
15.9 (48/302)
Gender equal events
32.5 (54/166)
39.7 (54/136)
35.8 (108/302)
Events with gender differences
44.0 (73/166)
53.7 (73/136)
48.3 (146/302)
!!
!
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;6H,&!OP!L&$!B$,8!6$-!Q#/&$!B$,8!5J#7%'!31&$%'! Men Only Women Only Sport Event Event Comments Athletics
See Tables 2 and 3 for additional Athletics events.
50km race walk ——— •There are 24 Athletics events for men, and 23 Athletics events for women.
Decathlon 100m, long jump, shot put, high jump, 400m, 110m hurdles, discus, pole vault, javelin, 1500m*
Heptathlon 100m hurdles, high jump, shot put, 200m, long jump, javelin, 800m*
*Events in italics are gender exclusive •Shot put, javelin, and hurdles have the same gendered differences as the independent events. (See Table 3)
Boxing
49kg 56kg
——— ———
See Table 3 for additional Boxing events.
64kg 69kg 81kg
——— ——— ———
•There are 10 weight categories for men, and 3 weight categories for women.
91kg ——— +91kg ———
Canoe/Kayak Slalom Canoe single ———
See Table 2 for additional Canoe/ Kayak Slalom events and Table 3 for the athlete quota for Canoe/Kayak Slalom.
Canoe double ———
•There are 3 Canoe/Kayak Slalom events for men, and 1 Canoe/Kayak Slalom event for women.
•There are no Canoe Slalom events for women.
Canoe/Kayak Sprint Canoe
See Tables 2 and 3 for additional Canoe/Kayak Sprint events.
C1, 200m C1, 1000m C2, 1000m
——— ——— ———
•There are 8 Canoe/Kayak Sprint events for men, and 4 Canoe/Kayak Sprint events for women.
•There are no Canoe Sprint events for women.
Kayak K2, 200m ——— Fencing Team sabre Team epee
See Tables 2 and 3 for additional Fencing events.
Gymnastics/ Artistic
Horizontal bar Parallel bars
Balance beam Uneven bars
See Table 3 for additional Gymnastics/ Artistic events.
Pommel horse Rings
——— ———
•There are 8 Gymnastics/Artistic events for men, and 6 Gymnastics/Artistic events for women.
! $?!
Gymnastics/ Rhythmic ——— Individual All-Round
Apparatus = ropes, clubs, hoop, ball, ribbon
——— Group All-Round Rowing
Four Light weight four
——— ———
See Tables 2 and 3 for additional Rowing events.
•There are 8 Rowing events for men, and 6 Rowing events for women.
Sailing Keelboat [Star] Match race [Eliott 6m] See Table 3 for additional Sailing events.
Skiff [49er] ———
1 person dinghy – heavyweight [Finn] ———
•There are 6 Sailing events for men, and 4 Sailing events for women.
Shooting
50m rifle prone 25m rapid fire pistol
——— ———
See Table 3 for additional Shooting events.
double trap
———
•There are 9 Shooting events for men, and 6 Shooting events for women.
Synchronized Swimming
——— ———
Duet Team
Weightlifting
+105kg
———
See Table 3 for additional Weightlifting events.
•There are 8 weight categories for men, and 7 weight categories for women.
Wrestling/ Freestyle
84kg 96kg
——— ———
See Table 3 for additional Wrestling events.
120kg
———
•There are 7 weight categories for men, and 4 weight categories for women.
Wrestling/ Greco-Roman 55kg ———
•There are no Greco-Roman Wrestling events for women.
60kg ——— 66kg ——— 74kg ——— 84kg ——— 96kg ——— 120kg ——— !
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Sport Event Comments Archery
Individual (M&W) Team (M&W)
Athletics
100m (M&W) 200m (M&W)
•This represents 28 of 47 Athletics events (14 men's events and 14 women's events).
400m (M&W) See Tables 1 and 3 for additional Athletics events. 800m (M&W) 1500m (M&W) 5000m (M&W) 10 000m (M&W) 20km race walk (M&W) Marathon (M&W) 4 x 100m relay (M&W) 4 x 400m relay (M&W) Long jump (M&W) High jump (M&W) Pole vault (M&W) Badminton Singles (M&W) Doubles (M&W) Mixed doubles Basketball Tournament (M&W) Canoe/Kayak Slalom
Kayak/K1 (M&W) See Table 1 for additional Canoe/Kayak Slalom events and Table 3 for the athlete quota for Canoe/Kayak Slalom.
Canoe/Kayak Sprint
Kayak/K1, 200m (M&W)
See Tables 1 and 3 for additional Canoe/Kayak Sprint events. •# of athletes who started the event: M = 20 (3 heats), W = 29 (4 heats) – considered comparable
Cycling/Track
Individual sprint (M&W) Keirin (M&W)
See Tables 1 and 3 for additional Cycling/Track events.
Equestrian
Dressage (ind&team) Eventing (ind&team)
•Open events (men and women compete together) but not equal numbers of M and W competing.
Show Jumping (ind&team) Fencing Individual foil (M&W) See Tables 1 and 3 for additional Fencing events. Team foil (M&W) Hockey/Field Tournament (M&W)
! 2X!
ModernPentathlon
Competition (M&W)
•Events: Fencing (epee), swim (200m free), 350-400m show jump course (12 jumps), 3km run (includes shooting points)
Rowing Single sculls (M&W) See Tables 1 and 3 for additional Rowing events.
Eight (M&W) •# of boats/athletes who started each event: Single sculls – M = 33 (6 heats), W = 28 (5 heats)
Eight – M = 8 boats/64, W = 7 boats/56 Swimming 50m freestyle (M&W) See Table 3 for additional Swimming events. 100m freestyle (M&W) 200m freestyle (M&W) 400m freestyle (M&W) 100m backstroke (M&W) 200m backstroke (M&W) 100m breaststroke (M&W) 200m breaststroke (M&W) 100m butterfly (M&W) 200m butterfly (M&W) 200m individual medley (M&W) 400m individual medley (M&W) 4 x 100m freestyle relay (M&W) 4 x 200m freestyle relay (M&W) 4 x 100m medley relay (M&W) 10km marathon (M&W) Table Tennis Singles (M&W) Doubles (M&W) Tennis Doubles (M&W) See Table 3 for additional Tennis events. Mixed doubles Trampoline Competition (M&W) Triathlon Competition (M&W) •Events: 1500m swim, 43km bike, 10km run !
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Sport Event Gender difference(s) Men Women Comments Athletics 100m hurdles (W)/
110m hurdles (M) See Tables 1 and 2 for additional
Athletics events.
Total race distance 110m 100m Hurdle height 1.067m 83.8 cm Distance b/w hurdles 9.14m 8.5m Distance to 1st hurdle 13.72m 13m 400m hurdles
(M&W)
Hurdle height 91.4cm 76.2cm 3000m
steeplechase (M&W)
Barrier height 91.4cm 76.2cm Shot put (M&W) Shot weight 7.26kg 4kg Discus (M&W) Discus weight 2kg 1kg Discus diameter 219-221mm 180-182mm Javelin (M&W) Javelin weight 800g 600g Javelin length 2.6-2.7m 2.2-2.3m Hammer (M&W) Hammer weight 7.26kg 4kg Hammer length 121.5cm 119.5cm Triple Jump (M&W) Distance b/w take off
line and landing area Not less than 13m Not less than 11m
Beach Volleyball
Tournament (M&W) Net height 2.43m 2.24m
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Sport Event Gender difference(s) Men Women Comments Boxing Tournament See Table 1 for additional Boxing
events. 52kg (M)/51kg (W)*
60kg (M&W) # of weight categories 10 3 *Comparable weight category.
75kg (M&W) Range of wt categories +42kg 24kg # and length of rounds 3 x 3 mins 4 x 2 mins # rounds (competition) 5
Round of 32, 16, quarter, semi, final
4 Round of 16, quarter, semi,
final
Athlete quota for Boxing
Max # of athletes 250 36
# of countries 25 12 Canoe/Kayak Slalom
Athlete quota for Canoe/Kayak Slalom
Max # of athletes 61* 21* See Tables 1 and 2 for additional Canoe/Kayak Slalom events.
*All Canoe/Kayak Slalom events •The difference in Max # of
athletes is proportional to the number of events for M&W (3M:1W).
Canoe/Kayak Sprint
K1, 1000m (M)/ K1, 500m (W)*
Total race distance 1000m 500m See Tables 1 and 2 for additional Canoe/Kayak Sprint events.
K2, 1000m (M)/ K2, 500m (W)*
Max # of athletes/event
12 6 *Three comparable events.
K4, 1000m (M)/ K4, 500m (W)*
Athlete quota for
Canoe/Kayak Sprint Max # of athletes 158 88
! "%!
!Sport Event Gender difference(s) Men Women Comments Cycling/BMX Competition (M&W) Track layout
Features 8m high start ramp, berm jump, S-bend
transfer, box jump, and rhythm section in the final
straight.
Features 8m high start ramp, 3 jumps in the
opening straight and a tunnel before a rhythm
section in the final straight.
•Italics are used to highlight the differences between the two courses.
Track length 450m 440m # of rounds 4
Seedings, quarter finals, semi finals, finals
3 Seedings, semi finals,
finals
Athlete quota for Cycling/BMX
Max # of athletes 32 16
# of countries 19 11 # of athletes/country 3 2 Cycling/ Mountain
Competition (M&W)
# of laps 7 6
Athlete quota for Cycling/Mountain
Max # of athletes 50 30
# of countries 32 23 # of athletes/country 3 2 Cycling/Road Road race (M&W) Time trial (M&W) Road race length 250km 140km Time trial length 44km 29km
Athlete quota for Cycling/Road
Max # of athletes
145*
67*
*All Cycling/Road events
# of athletes/country 5 4
! ""!
!Sport Event Gender difference(s) Men Women Comments Cycling/Track Team sprint (M&W) See Table 2 for additional
Cycling/ Track events. # of athletes/team 3 2 Team pursuit (M&W) # of laps 16 12 # of athletes/team 4 3 Omnium (M&W) (6 components)
Flying lap, points race (30km), elimination race,
individual pursuit (4000m), scratch race (16km), time
trial (1km)
Flying lap, points race (20km), elimination race,
individual pursuit (3000m), scratch race (10km), time
trial (500m)
Athlete quota for Cycling/Track
Max # of athletes 104* 84* *All Cycling/Track events
Diving
Individual and synchronized 3m spring, 10m platform (M&W)
# dives/round 6 5
Fencing See Tables 1 and 2 for additional
Fencing events. Individual epee
(M&W) # of athletes/country 3 2
Individual sabre (M&W)
# of athletes/country 2 3
Athlete quota for
Fencing Max # of athletes 105* 107* *All Fencing events
! "&!
!Sport Event Gender difference(s) Men Women Comments Football (soccer)
Tournament (M&W) Age restrictions U23s + 3 older No age restriction
Athlete quota for Football (soccer)
Max # of athletes 288 216
# of countries 16 12 Gymnastics/Artistic Floor exercise
(M&W) See Table 1 for additional
Gymnastics/Artistic events. Length of exercise Up to 70 seconds Up to 90 seconds Content
No musical
accompaniment. A series of linked elements that demonstrate strength,
flexibility and balance.
Accompanied by music. A mixture of dance as well as
displays of strength, flexibility and artistic
quality.
Vault (M&W) Height of vault table 1.35m 1.25m Floor &
Vault (M&W) Scoring for difficulty M = lower scores for the
same skills* W = higher scores for the same skills*
*e.g., M earn 0.40 (D-value) for a double salto forward tucked on Floor and W earn 0.50 (E-value)
Individual All-Around (M&W)* Team (M&W)*
*Includes the same event differences as the individual apparatus competition.
Handball Tournament (M&W) Size of ball 58-60cm 54-56cm
! "'!
!Sport Event Gender difference(s) Men Women Comments Judo Tournament 7 weight categories
(M&W) Weight categories -60kg, -66kg, -73kg,
-81kg, -90kg, -100kg, +100kg
-48kg, -52kg, -57kg, -63kg, -70kg, -78kg,
+78kg
Range of wt categories +40kg +30kg # rounds 6
Round of 64, 32, 16, quarter, semi, final
5 Round of 32, 16, quarter,
semi, final
Athlete quota for
Judo Max # of athletes 221* 145* *All Judo events
! "(!
!Sport Event Gender difference(s) Men Women Comments Rowing Light weight double
sculls (M&W) See Tables 1 and 2 for additional
Rowing events. Weight/rower 72.5kg 59kg •2000m course for M&W, (women
raced on 1000m course until 1988).
Average weight 70kg 57kg # of boats/athletes* 20 boats/40 athletes 17 boats/34 athletes Pair (M&W) # of boats/athletes* 13 boats/26 athletes 10 boats/20 athletes # of rounds 4
Heats, repechage, semi final, final
3 Heats, repechage, final
Double sculls (M&W)
# of boats/athletes* 13 boats/26 athletes 10 boats/20 athletes # of rounds 4
Heats, repechage, semi final, final
3 Heats, repechage, final
Quad sculls (M&W) # of boats/athletes*
# of rounds
13 boats/52 athletes
4 Heats, repechage, semi final,
final
8 boats/32 athletes
3 Heats, repechage, final
*These are the actual numbers of competitors, and we have been unable to determine if these numbers are a result of a quota for the event or a consequence of the overall quota for Rowing.
Athlete quota for Rowing
Max # of athletes 353* 197* *All Rowing events
# of athletes/country 28* 20*
! ")!
!Sport Event Gender difference(s) Men Women Comments Sailing 1 person dinghy
(M&W) See Table 1 for additional
Sailing events. Boat
Mainsail area Laser
7.06m2 Laser radial
5.76m2 •Sailing events were open competition (M&W) until 1988.
2 person dinghy [470] (M&W)
Max # of athletes 54 (27 boats) 40 (20 boats) Windsurfer (RS-X)
(M&W)
Mast height 5.2m 4.8m Mainsail area 9.5m2 8.5m2
Athlete quota for Sailing
Max # of athletes
237*
143*
* All Sailing events
! "*!
!Sport Event Gender difference(s) Men Women Comments Shooting Trap (M&W) # of athletes/country 2 1 See Table 1 for additional
Shooting events.
# of shots
125 (5 series of 25 shots)
75 (3 series of 25 shots)
•Skeet and Trap: Open competition (M&W) until 1992, M only in 1996, separate M and W competitions starting in 2000 º1992 Olympic Skeet Champion: Zhang Shan (woman, China)!
Skeet (M&W) # of athletes/country
# of shots 2
125 (5 series of 25 shots) 1
75 (3 series of 25 shots)
10m air rifle (M&W)
•Rifle and Pistol: Open competition (M&W) from 1968 to 1980 º1976 Olympic silver medallist in Rifle 3 positions: Margaret Murdock (woman, USA) tied with Larry Bassham (man, USA)!
# of shots 60 40 Time for event 105mins 75mins
50m rifle/3 positions (M&W)
!Teetzel (2009) argues that segregation was an attempt to avert direct comparison between M and W performances.
# of shots 3 x 40 3 x 20 Max time for event 3hrs
45mins prone, 75mins standing, 60mins kneeling
2hrs 15mins
Rifle weight 8kg 6.5kg
10m air pistol (M&W)
# of shots 60 40 Time for event 105mins 75mins
! &+!
!Sport Event Gender difference(s) Men Women Comments Shooting continued 50m Pistol (M)/25m
Pistol (W)* Distance to target
50m
25m
*Comparable events
Pistol (max. weight) No restriction 1400grams Barrel (max. length) No restriction 153mm Sight radius (max.
length) No restriction 220mm
# of rounds 1 round: 60 shots in 120 minutes
2 rounds: 30 shots in 'precision' round; 30
shots in 'rapid fire' round
Athlete quota for Shooting
Max # of athletes
223*
143*
* All Shooting events
# of athletes/country/ event
20* 8* *2 athletes/country in all events, except for W Trap and Skeet where only 1 athlete/country is allowed
Swimming Freestyle
1500m Freestyle (M)/800m Freestyle (W)*
See Table 2 for additional Swimming events. *Comparable events
Event distance 1500m 800m Tae Kwon Do Tournament Weight categories -58kg, 58-68kg, 68-80kg,
+80kg -49kg, 49-57kg, 57-
67kg, +67kg
4 weight categories (M&W)
Range of wt categories +21kg +18kg
Tennis Singles (M&W) # of sets 5* 3 See Table 2 for additional Tennis
events. *Singles final only
! &#!
!Sport Event Gender difference(s) Men Women Comments Volleyball Tournament (M&W) Net height 2.43m 2.24m Water Polo Tournament (M&W) Pool length 30m 25m Size of ball Not less than 0.68m and
not more than 0.71m
Not less than 0.65m and not
more than 0.67m
Ball pressure 90-97kPa 83-90kPa Athlete quota for
Water Polo Max # of athletes 156 104
# of countries 12 8 Weightlifting Tournament See Table 1 for additional
Weightlifting events. 56kg(M)/ 48kg(W)* # of weight categories 8 7 *Comparable weight categories. 62kg(M)/53kg(W)* Range of wt categories +49kg +27kg 69kg(M)/58kg(W)* 77kg(M)/63kg(W)* 85kg(M)/69kg(W)* 94kg(M)/75kg(W)* 105(M)/+75kg(W)* Athlete quota for
Weightlifting Max # of athletes 156* 104* *All Weightlifting events
# of athletes/country 6 4
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!Sport Event Gender difference(s) Men Women Comments
Wrestling/ Freestyle Tournament
See Table 1 for additional Wrestling events.
55kg(M)/48kg(W)* # of weight categories 7 4 *Comparable weight categories. 60kg(M)/55kg(W)* Range of wt categories +65kg +24kg
66kg(M)/63kg(W)* 74kg(M)/72kg(W)*
Rules
All double Nelsons in the “par terre” or standing
position are prohibited.
Athlete quota for Wrestling Max # of athletes 266* 72*
*All Wrestling events, including Greco-Roman
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Sport # Events # Events Max # Athletes
Max # Athletes
Max # Athletes/ Country
1st Olympics
1st Olympics
Rule/Event – Differences/Gender
Comment
Men Women Men Women M&W / Men Women
Archery
2 1 individual 1 team
2 1 individual 1 team
64
64
6 (3 M and 3 W) (3 in each ind event) (1 team of 3 in each event)
1900-1908, 1920, 1972-
1904-1908, 1972-
•Equal distance (archer to target), 70m •Equal number of arrows, rounds, etc
Athletics
24
23
[2000]*
[2000]*
3/individual event 1 team (6 athletes)/ relay
1896-
1928-
M only Decathlon (M) 100m, long jump, shot put, high jump, 400m, 110m hurdles, discus, pole vault, javelin, 1500m* •5 events each day
W only Heptathlon (W) 100m hurdles, high jump, shot put, 200m, long jump, javelin, 800m* •4 events on day 1, 3 on day 2
*No M/W designation (1,167 M and 1,075 W competed at the Games) *Events in italics are gender exclusive ºShot put, javelin, and hurdles have the same gendered differences as the independent events. ºIn 2001, the IAAF approved scoring tables for W's decathlon.
50km Race walk 110m Hurdles*
M = 110m distance, 1.067m hurdles, 9.14m b/w hurdles, 13.72m to first
100m Hurdles* W = 100m distance, 83.8cm hurdles, 8.5m b/w hurdles, 13m to first
*10 hurdles in each race
M and W 100m 200m 400m 800m 1500m 5000m 10000m 4 x 100m relay 4 x 400m relay 20km race walk Marathon
400m hurdles M = 91.4cm hurdles
(10 hurdles, same distance b/w) W = 76.2cm hurdles
! "$!
!Sport # Events # Events Max #
Athletes Max # Athletes
Max # Athletes/ Country
1st Olympics
1st Olympics
Rule/Event – Differences/Gender
Comment
Men Women Men Women M&W / Men Women
Athletics (continued)
Shot put M = 7.26kg weight
W = 4kg weight
Discus M = 2kg weight, 219-221mm diameter Javelin M = 800g weight, 2.6-2.7m length Hammer M = 7.26kg weight, 121.5cm length
W = 1kg weight, 180-182mm diameter W = 600g weight, 2.2-2.3m length W = 4kg weight, 119.5cm length
Triple jump M = not less than 13m (distance b/w take off line and landing area)
W = not less than 11m (distance b/w take off line and landing area)
Long jump High jump Polevault
Badminton
2.5*
2.5*
86
86
3/singles event 2 pairs (4)/ doubles event
1992-
1992-
Uniform New rule 2011 – skirts for W. Rule change scrapped following widespread protest. Skirts optional.
*M and W singles and doubles + mixed doubles
Basketball
1
1
144
144
1 M team, 1 W team 12 countries, 12 players/ team
1936-
1976-
ºFIBA Regulation re: size 7 ball unlike NCAA and NBA/WNBA ball sizes.
! "%!
!Sport # Events # Events Max #
Athletes Max # Athletes
Max # Athletes/ Country
1st Olympics
1st Olympics
Rule/Event – Differences/Gender
Comment
Men Women Men Women M&W / Men Women
Beach Volleyball
1 1 48 48 1 M team, 1 W team 12 countries, 2 players/ team
1996- 1996- Net height M = 2.43m Uniforms
W = 2.24m March 2012 rule change – Added 3 extra choices (shorts of a max length of 3cm above the knee w/ sleeved or sleeveless tops or a full body suit) to 2 previous choices (a one-piece bathing suit or a bikini with a maximum side width of 7cm while full body suits could also be used under the bikini in cold weather). According to the FIVB, this is to respect custom and/or religious beliefs.
º1999: FIVB standardized uniforms – bathing suits – for men and women.
Boxing
10 (wt categories)
3 (wt categories)
250
36
1 athlete/ weight category
1904, 1908, 1920-
2012-
Weight categories M = 49kg, 52kg, 56kg, 60kg, 64kg, 69kg, 75kg, 81kg, 91kg, +91kg [10] Range = +42kg Uniforms M = shorts
W = 51kg, 60kg, 75kg [3]* Range = 24kg W = After previously announcing that skirts would be mandatory for W boxers, the AIBA made skirts optional. In March 2012 the AIBA added to the Competition Uniform section that female boxers will wear "either shorts or the option of a skirt." (No length for the skirt is specified.)
*The AIBA recognizes 10 weight categories for Elite Women boxers.
# and length of rounds M = 3 x 3 min
W = 4 x 2 min
# rounds (competition) M = 5 (Round of 32, 16, quarter, semi, final) # of countries participating M = 25
W = 4 (Round of 16, quarter, semi, final) W = 12
! "&!
!Sport # Events # Events Max #
Athletes Max # Athletes
Max # Athletes/ Country
1st Olympics
1st Olympics
Rule/Event – Differences/Gender
Comment
Men Women Men Women M&W / Men Women
Canoe/Kayak Slalom
3
1
61
21
1 boat/ event
1972, 1992-
1972, 1992-
Time trial: M and W Kayak (K1) M only Canoe single Canoe double
No canoe events for W
•The difference in Max # of athletes is proportional to the # of events for M and W.
Canoe/Kayak Sprint
8
4
158
88
1 boat/ event Max. 18 (12 M, 6 W) /event
1936-
1948-
M and W* K1, 200m*
# of athletes who started the event: M = 20 (3 heats), W = 29 (4 heats)
*New in 2012
M only K2, 200m* C1, 200m* K1, 1000m K2, 1000m K4, 1000m C1, 1000m C2, 1000m
W only K1, 500m K2, 500m K4, 500m No canoe events for W
•No events for women > 500m.
Cycling/BMX 1 1 32 16 5 (3 M and
2 W) 2008- 2008- Track length
M = 450m Track layout M = features 8m high start ramp, berm jump, S-bend transfer, box jump, and rhythm section in the final straight. Rounds M = 4 rounds Seedings, quarter finals (3 + 2 runs), semi finals (3 runs), finals (1 run) # of countries participating M = 19 countries
W = 440m W = features 8m high start ramp, 3 jumps in the opening straight and a tunnel before a rhythm section in the final straight. W = 3 rounds Seedings, semi finals (3 runs), finals (1run) W = 11 countries
! ""!
!Sport # Events # Events Max #
Athletes Max # Athletes
Max # Athletes/ Country
1st Olympics
1st Olympics
Rule/Event – Differences/Gender
Comment
Men Women Men Women M&W / Men Women
Cycling/ Mountain
1
1
50
30
5 (3 M and 2 W)
1996-
1996-
Races = min. 1h 30min, max. 1h 45min on 4.9km course # of laps M = 7 # of countries participating M = 32 countries
W = 6 W = 23 countries
Cycling/Road
2 1 road race 1 time trial
2 1 road race 1 time trial
145
67
5 M and 4 W Max 2 M and 2 W for time trials/ country
1896, 1928-
1984-
Road race M = 250km Time trial* M = 44km
W = 140km W = 29km
*M and W time trials are held over a single lap, with minor differences in the courses reflecting the different distances.
Cycling/Track 5 5 104 84 9 M and 7
W 1 athlete/ team/event
1896- 1988- Team sprint M = teams of 3 Team pursuit M = 16 laps M = teams of 4
W = teams of 2 W = 12 laps W = teams of 3
Individual sprint M and W = 3 laps Keirin M and W = 6.5 + 2.5 laps
Omnium (6 components) M = flying lap, points race (30km), elimination race, individual pursuit (4,000m), scratch race (16km), time trial (1km)
W = flying lap, points race (20km), elimination race, individual pursuit (3,000m), scratch race (10km), time trial (500m)
! "'!
!Sport # Events # Events Max #
Athletes Max # Athletes
Max # Athletes/ Country
1st Olympics
1st Olympics
Rule/Event – Differences/Gender
Comment
Men Women Men Women M&W / Men Women
Diving 4 3m spring 10m platform (individual and synchronized)
4 3m spring 10m platform (individual and synchronized)
68 68 2/individual event 1 team/ synchro event
1904- synchro 2000-
1912- synchro 2000-
Number of dives/round M = 6 (individual and synchro)
W = 5 dives (individual and synchro)
Equestrian
6 total Team and individual competition in each of 3 events:
see prev cell 1. Dressage 2. Eventing 3. Show Jumping
[200]*
[200]*
**
1900, 1912-
1952- 1964-
M only until 1952 M only (eventing) until 1964 Individual dressage (51 athletes) M = 14 athletes Individual eventing (74 athletes) M = 47 athletes Individual show jumping (73 athletes) M = 61 athletes
W = 37 athletes W = 27 athletes W = 12 athletes
*M and W compete together - 78 women and 122 men competed in London 2012. **Equestrian uses a qualification system based on geographic groups. Qualification for London 2012 is detailed here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrian_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_-_Qualification.
Team dressage, eventing, show jumping = 3, 5, 4 athletes/team respectively
! "(!
!Sport # Events # Events Max #
Athletes Max # Athletes
Max # Athletes/ Country
1st Olympics
1st Olympics
Rule/Event – Differences/Gender
Comment
Men Women Men Women M&W / Men Women
Fencing
5
5
105
107
8 M and 8 W Individual and team foil 3 M, 3 W Individual and team sabre 3 M, 2 W (individual only)
1896- (foil and sabre) 1900- (epee)
1924- (foil) 1996- (epee) 2000- (sabre)
M only Team sabre M and W Individual foil Individual epee Individual sabre Team foil
W only Team epee
Individual and team epee 2 M (individual only), 3 W
Football (soccer)
1
1
288
216
1 M team, 1 W team 16 countries (M), 12 countries (W), 18 players/ team
1900-1928, 1936-
1996-
Age M = U23s + 3 older # of countries participating M = 16
W = no age restriction W = 12
! ")!
!Sport # Events # Events Max #
Athletes Max # Athletes
Max # Athletes/ Country
1st Olympics
1st Olympics
Rule/Event – Differences/Gender
Comment
Men Women Men Women M&W / Men Women
Gymnastics/ Artistic
8
6
98
98
5 M and 5 W
1896-
1928, 1936-
Individual events 6 M Floor exercise, horizontal bar, parallel bars, pommel horse, rings, vault* Floor exercise M = up to 70 seconds, no musical accompaniment. A series of linked elements that demonstrate strength, flexibility and balance. Vault M = 1.35m (height) Scoring for difficulty M = lower scores for the same skills*
4 W Balance beam, floor exercise, uneven bars, vault* W = up to 90 seconds, accompanied by music. A mixture of dance as well as displays of strength, flexibility and artistic quality. W = 1.25m (height) W = higher scores for the same skills*
*Events/apparatus in italics are gender exclusive *E.g., M earn 0.40 (D-value) for a double salto forward tucked on Floor and W earn 0.50 (E-value)
M and W All around individual* All around team*
*Includes the same event differences as the individual apparatus competition.
Gymnastics/ Rhythmic
N/A
2
N/A
96
8 W
N/A
Ind 1984- Group 1996-
Women only event
2/individual event 6/group event (5 compete)
Apparatus = ropes, clubs, hoop, ball, ribbon
! '*!
!Sport # Events # Events Max #
Athletes Max # Athletes
Max # Athletes/ Country
1st Olympics
1st Olympics
Rule/Event – Differences/Gender
Comment
Men Women Men Women M&W / Men Women
Handball 1 1 168 168 1 M team, 1 W team
1936, 1976-
1976- Ball M = 58-60cm
W = 54-56cm
12 countries, 14 players/ team
Hockey/Field
1
1
192
192
1 M team, 1 W team 12 countries, 16 players/ team
1908, 1920, 1928-
1980-
12 teams, 16 players/team
Judo 7
(wt categories) 7 (wt categories)
221 145 1 athlete/ event
1964, 1972-
1992- Weight categories M = -60kg, -66kg, -73kg, -81kg, -90kg, -100kg, +100kg [7] Range = +40kg
W = -48kg, -52kg, -57kg, -63kg, -70kg, -78kg, +78kg [7] Range = +30kg
# rounds M = 6 Round of 64, 32, 16, quarter, semi, final
W = 5 Round of 32, 16, quarter, semi, final
Modern Pentathlon
1
1
36
36
2 M and 2 W
1912-
2000-
Events: Fencing (epee), swim (200m free), 350-400m show jump course (12 jumps), 3km run (includes shooting points)
! '+!
!Sport # Events # Events Max #
Athletes Max # Athletes
Max # Athletes/ Country
1st Olympics
1st Olympics
Rule/Event – Differences/Gender
Comment
Men Women Men Women M&W / Men Women
Rowing
8
6
353
197
28 M and 20 W
1900, 1908-
1976-
M and W events Single sculls
# of boats/athletes who started each event:* M = 33 (6 heats), W = 28 (5 heats)
º2,000m course for both M and W (W raced on 1,000m course until 1988)
Pair Double sculls
M = 13 boats/26, W = 10 boats/20 M = 13 boats/26, W = 10 boats/20
Quad sculls Eight
M = 13 boats/52, W = 8 boats/32 M = 8 boats/64, W = 7 boats/56
*These are the actual number of competitors, and we have been unable to determine if these numbers are a result of a quota for the event or a consequence of the overall quota for Rowing.
# of rounds (pair, double, quad)
M =4 Heats, repechage, semi final, final Light weight double sculls M = max 72.5kg each, 70kg avg # of boats/athletes*: M = 20 boats/40
W = 3 Heats, repechage, final W = max 59kg each, 57kg avg W = 17 boats/34
M only
Four Lightweight four
! '#!
!Sport # Events # Events Max #
Athletes Max # Athletes
Max # Athletes/ Country
1st Olympics
1st Olympics
Rule/Event – Differences/Gender
Comment
Men Women Men Women M&W / Men Women
Sailing
6
4
237
143
1 boat/ event
1900- 1988-
1900- 1988-
M only Keelboat [Star] Skiff [49er] 1 person dinghy heavyweight [Finn]
W only Match race [Eliott 6m]
•Sailing events were open competition (M&W) until 1988.
M and W 2 person dinghy [470]
M = 54 (27 boats) 1 person dinghy M = Laser (7.06m2 mainsail area, ideal weight to sail is no less than 80kg) Windsurfer (RS-X) M = 5.2m (mast height), 9.5m2 (mainsail area)
W = 40 (20 boats) W = Laser radial (5.76m2 mainsail area, ideal weight to sail is 60-65kg) W = 4.8m (mast height), 8.5m2 (mainsail area)
! '$!
!Sport # Events # Events Max #
Athletes Max # Athletes
Max # Athletes/ Country
1st Olympics
1st Olympics
Rule/Event – Differences/Gender
Comment
Men Women Men Women M&W / Men Women
Shooting
9
6
223*
143*
20 M and 8 W 2/event Except: Trap (W) and Skeet (W) – 1 athlete/ country allowed
1896-1900, 1908-1924, 1932-
1984-
M only 50m pistol No restrictions on pistol 1 round: 60 shots in 120 minutes 50m rifle prone 25m rapid fire pistol double trap M and W 10m air rifle M = 60 shots (qualification round), 105 minutes 50m rifle/3 positions M = 3 x 40 shots (qualification round), 45mins prone, 75mins standing, 60mins kneeling (3hrs total), 8kg rifle weight 10m air pistol M = 60 shots (qualification round), 105 minutes Trap M = 125 shots (qualification round) – 5 series of 25 shots Skeet M = 125 shots (qualification round) – 5 series of 25 shots
W only 25m pistol No > 1400grams max. weight, 153mm max. barrel length, 220mm max. sight radius length 2 rounds: 30 shots in 'precision' round; 30 shots in 'rapid fire' round W = 40 shots (qualification round), 75 minutes W = 3 x 20 shots (qualification round), 2hrs 15mins max overall time, 6.5kg rifle weight W = 40 shots (qualification round), 75 minutes W = 75 shots (qualification round) – 3 series of 25 shots W = 75 shots (qualification round) – 3 series of 25 shots
•Rifle and Pistol: Open competition (M&W) from 1968 to 1980 º1976 Olympic silver medallist in Rifle 3 positions: Margaret Murdock (woman, USA) tied with Larry Bassham (man, USA)* •Skeet and Trap: Open competition (M&W) until 1992, M only in 1996, separate M and W competitions starting in 2000 º1992 Olympic Skeet Champion: Zhang Shan (woman, China)* *Teetzel (2009) argues that segregation was an attempt to avert direct comparison between M and W performances. Women's events were added to the Olympics in this order: 1984 – 10m air rifle, 50m small-bore rifle 3x20, 25m sport pistol 1988 – 10m air pistol 1996 – double trap (1st shotgun event for W) 2000 – trap and skeet After 2004 W's double trap and 10m running target were deleted to accommodate a smaller Shooting programme.
! '%!
!Sport # Events # Events Max #
Athletes Max # Athletes
Max # Athletes/ Country
1st Olympics
1st Olympics
Rule/Event – Differences/Gender
Comment
Men Women Men Women M&W / Men Women Swimming
17
17
[950*] 900 pool 50 marathon
[950*] 900 pool 50 marathon
2 athletes/ individual event 1 team/ relay event
1896-
1912-
M and W 50m freestyle 100m freestyle 200m freestyle 400m freestyle 100m backstroke 200m backstroke 100m breaststroke 200m breaststroke 100m butterfly 200m butterfly 200m individual medley 400m individual medley 4 x 100m freestyle relay 4 x 200m freestyle relay 4 x 100m medley relay 10km marathon
*No M/W designation (496 M and 452 W competed at the Games)
M only
1500m freestyle
W only 800m freestyle
Synchronized Swimming
N/A
2 (duet and team)
N/A
104
10 athletes/ country (2 in duet, 8 in teams)
N/A
1984-
Women only event
from 8 countries
+ 16 countries duet only
(2/team) Table Tennis 2
Singles and teams
2 Singles and teams
86 86 3 M and 3 W across all events 2 athletes/ singles events
1988- 1988-
! '&!
!Sport # Events # Events Max #
Athletes Max # Athletes
Max # Athletes/ Country
1st Olympics
1st Olympics
Rule/Event – Differences/Gender
Comment
Men Women Men Women M&W / Men Women Tae Kwon Do 4
(wt categories) 4 (wt categories)
64 64 1 athlete/ event 2 M and 2 W across all events
2000- 2000- Weight categories M = -58kg, 58-68kg, 68-80kg, +80kg [4] Range = +21kg
W = -49kg, 49-57kg, 57-67kg, +67kg [4] Range = +18kg
Tennis
2.5* [5 total M & W]
2.5* [5 total M & W]
86
86
6 M and 6 W across all events
1896-1924, 1988-
1900-1924, 1988-
Number of sets/match M = best of 5 sets (singles final only)
*M and W singles and doubles + mixed doubles
(Singles, doubles, and mixed doubles)
(Singles, doubles, and mixed doubles)
Max 4 athletes/ singles event
Max 2 teams/ doubles event
2 teams/ country (mixed)
Trampoline 1 1 16 16 2 M and 2
W 2000- 2000-
Triathlon
1
1
55
55
3 M and 3 W
2000-
2000-
Events: 1500m swim, 43km bike, 10km run
Volleyball 1 1 144 144 1 M team, 1
W team 1964- 1964- Net height
M = 2.43m W = 2.24m
12 countries, 12 players/ team
! '"!
!
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Sport # Events # Events Max # Athletes
Max # Athletes
Max # Athletes/ Country
1st Olympics
1st Olympics
Rule/Event – Differences/Gender
Comment
Men Women Men Women M&W / Men Women Water Polo 1 1 156 104 1 M team, 1
W team 1900- 2000- # of countries participating
M = 12 W = 8
12 countries (M), 8 countries (W), 13 players/ team
Pool length M = 30m Size of ball M = not less than 0.68m and not more than 0.71m, 90-97kPa pressure
W = 25m W = not less than 0.65m and not more than 0.67m, 83-90kPa pressure
Weight Lifting
8 (wt categories)
7 (wt categories)
156
104
6 M and 4 W Max 2/ event
1896, 1904, 1920-
2000-
Weight categories M = 56kg, 62kg, 69kg, 77kg, 85kg, 94kg, 105kg, +105kg [8] Range = +49kg
W = 48kg, 53kg, 58kg, 63kg, 69kg, 75kg, +75kg [7] Range = +27kg
Wrestling/ Freestyle and Greco-Roman
7 (wt categories) Freestyle
4 (wt categories) Freestyle
266*
72*
1 athlete/ event
1896, 1904-
2004-
Weight categories M = 55kg, 60kg, 66kg, 74kg, 84kg, 96kg, 120kg [7] Range = +65kg Rules
W = 48kg, 55kg, 63kg, 72kg [4] Range = +24kg
*Pre-Olympics, there were 6 competitor places "to be confirmed". 250 men and 74 women competed in London 2012.
W = All double Nelsons in the “par terre” or standing position are prohibited.
7 (wt categories) Greco-Roman
M = Freestyle and Greco-Roman
W = Freestyle only
Total = 14 Total = 4