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The Lymphatic The Lymphatic SystemSystem
The Lymphatic SystemThe Lymphatic System
Series of vessel/ducts Series of vessel/ducts – Carry excess tissue fluid to blood Carry excess tissue fluid to blood
vesselvessel StructuresStructures
– Lymph nodesLymph nodes– SpleenSpleen– ThymusThymus– TonsilsTonsils– Gut-associated lymph tissue (GALT)Gut-associated lymph tissue (GALT)
The Lymphatic SystemThe Lymphatic System
Lymph= the fluid carried in the Lymph= the fluid carried in the vesselsvessels– Cellular componentCellular componentlymphocyteslymphocytes
Lymph FormationLymph Formation
Excess Tissue Fluid=more fluid Excess Tissue Fluid=more fluid leaves blood capillaries, than is leaves blood capillaries, than is coming backcoming back
Arterial end of capillary-plasma Arterial end of capillary-plasma leaves the capillaries due to leaves the capillaries due to pressure pressure – Plasma delivers nutrients, oxygen, Plasma delivers nutrients, oxygen,
hormones to bathe cellshormones to bathe cells– Fluid now in Interstitial spaceFluid now in Interstitial space
Lymph formationLymph formation
Venous end of the capillariesVenous end of the capillaries– Blood pressure drops, so not pushing Blood pressure drops, so not pushing
plasma out of capillaryplasma out of capillary– Proteins still within capillaries-Increases Proteins still within capillaries-Increases
oncotic pressureoncotic pressure pulls fluid back into the pulls fluid back into the capillary (this force is not as strong capillary (this force is not as strong normally as BP normally as BP lymph is formed) lymph is formed)
– Lymphatics collect excessive fluidLymphatics collect excessive fluid– (Also can collect tumor cells, BT, proteins )(Also can collect tumor cells, BT, proteins )
Lymph formation-gone Lymph formation-gone wrong!wrong! What happens with low protein What happens with low protein
levels?levels? What happens with high venous What happens with high venous
pressure??pressure??
Lymphedema
Lymph CapillariesLymph Capillaries
Lymph capillaries start as blind Lymph capillaries start as blind ended structures. ended structures.
Smaller lymph vessels come Smaller lymph vessels come together to form larger vessels together to form larger vessels
Lymphatic Lymphatic CirculationCirculation Vessels contain one way valves-Vessels contain one way valves-
prevent backward flowprevent backward flow Vessels ultimately return to the Vessels ultimately return to the
circulation via circulation via Thoracic ductsThoracic ducts Lymphatics are not located in Lymphatics are not located in
CNS and avascular structures CNS and avascular structures such as cartilage, bone and teethsuch as cartilage, bone and teeth
Thoracic DuctThoracic Duct
Lymphatic CirculationLymphatic Circulation
Lymphatic CirculationLymphatic Circulation
Lymphatic vessels from Lymphatic vessels from the hindend drain into the hindend drain into Cisterna chyli in cranial Cisterna chyli in cranial abdomen. Then joins abdomen. Then joins the Thoracic Duct.the Thoracic Duct.
Where does the Where does the Thoracic duct join the Thoracic duct join the circulation? circulation?
All lymphatic vessel All lymphatic vessel travel through at least travel through at least one lymph nodeone lymph node
Lymph CompositionLymph Composition
– More water, sugar, electrolytes than More water, sugar, electrolytes than plasmaplasma
– Less of the large proteins (albumin, Less of the large proteins (albumin, globulin and fibrinogen) than plasmaglobulin and fibrinogen) than plasma
Chyle = lymph from the digestive Chyle = lymph from the digestive systemsystem– After meals-contains fat (chylomicrons)After meals-contains fat (chylomicrons)
Increased fat in the plasma after meal = Increased fat in the plasma after meal = LipemiaLipemia
LipemiaLipemia
Function of the Function of the Lymphatic SystemLymphatic System Removal of excess tissue fluidRemoval of excess tissue fluid Waste material transport-cellular Waste material transport-cellular
wastewaste Filtration of lymph-microorganisms, Filtration of lymph-microorganisms,
cell debris, foreign material>before it cell debris, foreign material>before it enters the bloodstreamenters the bloodstream
Protein Transport-large proteins in Protein Transport-large proteins in interstitium can’t reabsorb into blood interstitium can’t reabsorb into blood capillariescapillaries
Lymph NodesLymph Nodes
Drain specific areas of the bodyDrain specific areas of the body StructureStructure
– CT capsuleCT capsule– Afferent vessels-enterAfferent vessels-enter– Efferent vessels-exitEfferent vessels-exit– Cortex and medullaCortex and medulla
Cortex-location of lymphocytes Cortex-location of lymphocytes clustered in Lymph nodulesclustered in Lymph nodules
Medulla-macrophage located (filter)Medulla-macrophage located (filter)
Lymph Node AnatomyLymph Node Anatomy
Lymph node palpationLymph node palpation
Prescapular ln.
Mandibular ln.
Axillary ln.
Inguinal ln.
Popliteal ln.
Fine Needle Aspiration
LymphomaLymphomaLymphosarcomaLymphosarcoma Tumor of the lymph node systemTumor of the lymph node system
SpleenSpleen
Lymphatic and Hematological Lymphatic and Hematological functionfunction
****Left side of the abdomen********Left side of the abdomen**** Connective tissue capsule Connective tissue capsule
surrounded by smooth musclesurrounded by smooth muscle Trabeculae (branches of the capsule) Trabeculae (branches of the capsule)
sent into tissue of the spleensent into tissue of the spleen– Contains blood vessels, nerves, smooth Contains blood vessels, nerves, smooth
muscle and lymph vesselmuscle and lymph vessel
Sple
en
SpleenSpleen
Splenic contraction-contraction of Splenic contraction-contraction of the smooth muscle the smooth muscle (carnivores>ruminants)(carnivores>ruminants)
Squeezes blood into circulation!!!Squeezes blood into circulation!!!– HBC!HBC!
SpleenSpleen
Interior of spleenInterior of spleen– Red pulp-blood vessels and Red pulp-blood vessels and
macrophagesmacrophages– White pulp-area of lymphoid tissueWhite pulp-area of lymphoid tissue
Lymphocytes –clonal division when Lymphocytes –clonal division when neededneeded
Function of the SpleenFunction of the Spleen
Blood storage in red pulpBlood storage in red pulp Removal of foreign material-by Removal of foreign material-by
macrophages in red pulpmacrophages in red pulp Removal of dead, dying and Removal of dead, dying and
abnormal RBC’s-macrophages in abnormal RBC’s-macrophages in red pulpred pulp
Lymphocyte cloning-in white pulpLymphocyte cloning-in white pulp
***Not essential for life******Not essential for life***
Good thing it is not Good thing it is not essential!!essential!!
Splenic mass-hemangioma vs. HemangiosarcomaSplenectomy to remove mass
ThymusThymus
Found in Cranial Thoracic regionFound in Cranial Thoracic region– Found on either side of the tracheaFound on either side of the trachea– Found in young animals then shrinksFound in young animals then shrinks– Processes T lymphocytes to “kick Processes T lymphocytes to “kick
start” developing immune systemstart” developing immune system
ThymusThymus
TonsilsTonsils
Tonsils - This lymphoid tissue encircles Tonsils - This lymphoid tissue encircles the pharynx and screens pathogens the pharynx and screens pathogens entering in air or food.entering in air or food.– Palatine - PalatePalatine - Palate– Pharyngeal - NasopharynxPharyngeal - Nasopharynx– Lingual - Base of tongueLingual - Base of tongue
Gut-Associated Lymph Gut-Associated Lymph TissueTissue Lymphatic tissue found in the lining of Lymphatic tissue found in the lining of
the GI tractthe GI tract-largest lymphoid organ – if all put together!-largest lymphoid organ – if all put together!– Similar to Bursa of Fabricius in bird Similar to Bursa of Fabricius in bird
intestinesintestines Process B lymphocytesProcess B lymphocytes
Peyers patches - aggregates of Peyers patches - aggregates of lymphoid follicles Ileum of the lymphoid follicles Ileum of the intestinesintestines
ClinicalClinical
Why remove a lymph node near a cancer site?Why remove a lymph node near a cancer site?– That is where cancerous cells/antigens will That is where cancerous cells/antigens will
be brought if the tumor is metastasizing.be brought if the tumor is metastasizing. Removal of a lymph node causes localized Removal of a lymph node causes localized
edema. Why?edema. Why?– There is decreased removal of interstitial There is decreased removal of interstitial
fluid until the vessels from a nearby lymph fluid until the vessels from a nearby lymph node grow into the area.node grow into the area.
Why do spleens rupture so easily?Why do spleens rupture so easily?– Their capsules are very thin.Their capsules are very thin.
Immune System Immune System FunctionFunction Protect the animal from anything Protect the animal from anything
that could cause disease or that could cause disease or damage!damage!
Must recognize “self” vs. “foreign Must recognize “self” vs. “foreign invader”invader”– Detects surface proteinsDetects surface proteins AntigenAntigen
Mechanisms to destroy Mechanisms to destroy foreign matterforeign matter Phagocytosis and destruction of Phagocytosis and destruction of
foreign cellsforeign cells Lysis of foreign cell membranesLysis of foreign cell membranes Inactivation of organism or Inactivation of organism or
chemical substanceschemical substances Clumping (agglutination) of cellsClumping (agglutination) of cells
Excessive Immune Excessive Immune ResponseResponse Immune mediated diseaseImmune mediated disease Anaphylaxis (excessive allergic Anaphylaxis (excessive allergic
reaction)reaction)
Introduction to WBCsIntroduction to WBCs
Neutrophils-phagocytosis
Eosinophils-Allergic reaction
Basophils-initiatesImmune and allergicreactions
Introduction to WBCsIntroduction to WBCs
LymphocytesBT NK
Monocyte-Phagocytosis
Nonspecific Immunity-Nonspecific Immunity-Rapid responseRapid response
Barrier tissues-???Barrier tissues-??? InflammationInflammation Phagocytosis Phagocytosis Natural killer (NK) cells-type of Natural killer (NK) cells-type of
lymphocyte that kills cancer cells and lymphocyte that kills cancer cells and virusesviruses
Interferon-protein produced by cell Interferon-protein produced by cell infected by virus, trying to prevent infected by virus, trying to prevent spreadspread
Complement-enzymes in plasma that can Complement-enzymes in plasma that can cause rupture of cell membrane of cause rupture of cell membrane of foreign cellforeign cell
Specific ImmunitySpecific Immunity
Specific reactions to destroy Specific reactions to destroy specific antigensspecific antigens– Different viruses/but have different Different viruses/but have different
antigensantigens Two typesTwo types
– Humoral immunityHumoral immunity– Cell Mediated immunityCell Mediated immunity
Cell Mediated Cell Mediated ImmunityImmunity T lymphocytes attach to antigens T lymphocytes attach to antigens
on surface of the foreign cellon surface of the foreign cell Usually viruses, fungi, cancerous Usually viruses, fungi, cancerous
cellscells Process responsible for rejection Process responsible for rejection
of transplant tissueof transplant tissue
Humoral ImmunityHumoral Immunity
Function of the B lymphocyteFunction of the B lymphocyte B lymphocyte (plasma cell) produces B lymphocyte (plasma cell) produces
antibodies (immunoglobulin)antibodies (immunoglobulin) Activated B lymphocytesActivated B lymphocytes clonal clonal
divisiondivision Become plasma cellsBecome plasma cells produce only produce only
one type of Antibody for lifeone type of Antibody for life IgG, IgA, IgE, IgMIgG, IgA, IgE, IgM
Just a little something Just a little something to memorize!!!to memorize!!!
Memory CellsMemory Cells
B or T lymphocytes that remember the B or T lymphocytes that remember the foreign invaderforeign invader
Next exposureNext exposure greater response, greater response, faster!!faster!!
Active immunity-Exposure to the Active immunity-Exposure to the antigenantigen– Infection or VaccinationInfection or Vaccination
Passive immunity-Ab received from Passive immunity-Ab received from mothers milkmothers milk
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