The Main IdeaThe United States entered the imperialist competition later than the

European powers but soon extended its influence in the Pacific region.

Reading Focus

• What inspired the imperialist activity of the late 1800s?

• How did the United States take control of Hawaii?

• How did the United States gain influence in China?

• How did the United States exert influence in Japan?

The Lure of Imperialism

ImperialismStronger nations attempt to create empires by

dominating weaker nations aka: Expansionism

Involves the extension of a nation’s power over other lands.

Why: Economic interests

Military needs

Ideology

Territory

Alfred T. Mahan

Wrote the book The Influence of Sea Power Upon History 1660-1783

Goal: Navy wanted to convince Congress to build modern steam-powered ships to protect trade

Book said: The economic future of the nation depended on gaining new markets abroad and that a powerful navy would be essential to protect these markets.

Design the cover of the Book

Design what you think the cover would look like.

(50 points)

Albert J. Beveridge

Justify the conquest of new territoriesHe believed that we are advanced races and

we are superior to the “primitive” societies that we conquered

It is very noble to save those who might otherwise never had encountered such ideas.

Queen Liliuokalani,Queen Liliuokalani,

LAST QUEEN OF HAWAIILAST QUEEN OF HAWAIIX

Taking Control of HawaiiBritish explorer James Cook first visited Hawaii

in 1778.Hawaii was ideally located for coaling stations

and bases for ships trading between the U.S. and Asia.

American missionaries and others came to Hawaii and raised crops, particularly sugarcane.

The sugar industry grew and gained influence and control.

King Kalakaua negotiated a treaty that made Hawaiian sugar cheap to import to the United States.

Queen Liliuokalani

Sister of King

Wanted to do away with bayonet constitution. Wanted Hawaii for Hawaiians!

Members of business community wanted to overthrow her.

Sugar planters overthrew her with the help of the U.S. marines.

Sugar tycoon Sanford Dole became president of the Republic of Hawaii.

Hawaii became a U.S. territory in 1898.

Open Door to China

• European powers gained spheres of influence (areas of economic control) in China.

• The United States feared it would be shut out of the valuable China trade.

• 1899-Secretary of State John Hay wrote to major European power trying to persuade them to keep an “Open Door” to China.

• US would have equal access to China’s millions of consumers•Chinese resented foreign influence of any kind.

Boxer Rebellion

Started in 1900 led to the massacre of 300 foreigners & Christian Chinese

Why: Chinese didn’t want foreigners in their country.

Eventually defeated by Europeans.

Hay wrote a 2nd Open Door Notes about preserving the treaty.

Diplomacy and naval superiority help the U.S. gain influence in Japan.

Japan was isolated and unindustrialized until the mid-1800s.

Commodore Matthew Perry brought four steamships into Tokyo Bay in 1853 to pressure Japan to open its ports to trade.

Japan quickly became an industrial and military power to compete with the West.

The Main IdeaA quick victory in the Spanish-American War gave the United States a

new role as a world power.

The Main Idea

• How did simmering unrest in Cuba lead to rebellion?

• Why did Americans get war fever?

• What happened in the course of the Spanish-American War?

• Why was annexing the Philippines controversial?

The Spanish-American War

Video about SA WARWrite down at least 8 things you learned from the video.

Cuban Rebellion

Should we get involved?

Simmering Unrest in Cuba

Cubans launched a series of revolts against Spain beginning in 1868.

Valeriano Weyler was sent by Spain with 150,000 Men to put down the rebellion.

José Marti moved to New York City in 1878, continuing to agitate for Cuban independence through newspaper articles and poetry.

Marti returned to Cuba to participate in a revolt in February 1895 but was killed, becoming a hero instantly.

Cuban Guerrillas

US refused to get involved

Cuban Guerrillas-Soldiers who fought using surprise tactics

Turned their attention to the destruction of American owned sugar Plantations and mills in Cuba

WHY?

Why did the US get involved?

1.Business owners were mad because they were losing money.

Business owners increased their pressure on the government to act.

2. Used Yellow Journalism to get Americans interested in what was going on in Cuba.

Spanish General Valeriano Weyler

Moved the entire rural population of Central and Western Cuba

300,000 filled camps where 1000s died from hunger and disease

Yellow Journalism was used to sway American sentiment to the side of the rebels.

Yellow JournalismFabricated headlines & articles with little

attention to the facts, designed to grab the attention & stir up emotions of readers

W. Randolph Hearst & Joseph Pulitzer – used Yellow Journalism to sell newspapers. “Furnish the pictures and I’ll furnish the

war.” (Hearst)Some stories were pure fabrications of

Spanish cruelty & atrocity & continually called for U.S. intervention to halt Spanish aggression Politicians listened to the public’s sentiments

Steps to War

1.USS Maine in Havana harbor.

2.De Lome Letter3.Explosion of the USS

Maine.

De Lome LetterA letter written by the Spanish

minister to the U.S., Enrique Dupuy de Lome, which ridiculed President McKinley

Called him “weak and a bidder for the admiration of the crowd.”

Was stolen by Cuban rebel and published by the New York Journal.

De Lome Letter OUTCOME!

Americans resented their President being made fun of.

McKinley now had to prove his war courage, or so it seemed!

Caption to Picture

Write your own caption that goes along with this picture of the USS Maine exploding. (10 points)

Use Yellow Journalism and don’t forget to blame the Spanish.

USS MaineFebruary 15, 1898Was sent over to protect Americans lives and property

It blew up in Havana harbor, killing 266 American sailors.

Although there was no proof, the explosion was blamed on a Spanish mine

Now, there was huge US support for war with Spain.

Philippine Islands

TR-assistant Secretary of the NavyTR said “ Philippines could become a key base from which the US might protect its Asian trade”

TR cabled navel commanders to prepare for military action again Spain.

Admiral George Dewey received orders.

Admiral George Dewey

Was told to attack the Spanish fleet in the Philippines IF war broke out with Spain.

People wanted war to Remember the Maine and war was declared.

Therefore, May 1, 1898-Dewey launched a surprise attack on Spanish ships anchored in Manila Bay

Dilemma in the Philippines

We needed help fighting Spain on land. We ask Filipino rebels to join with us and

after we win we will give them their independence.

Filipino rebels, led by Emilio Aguinaldo, had already been fighting Spain so joined with us.

Surrounded by Dewey (at sea) and Aguinaldo (on land), Spanish forces surrendered.

Back in CubaU.S. War Department was unprepared for war in Cuba.American strategy was to control the port city of Santiago.Theodore Roosevelt’s Rough Riders were called into

action.Rough Riders were a group of hastily organized volunteers. Went to battle at San Juan Hill. TR led his troops saying “Follow Me”Most famous incident of the war. TR became hero.The U.S. Navy sank the entire Spanish fleet off the coast

of Cuba.2,500 died in War (400 in battle) the rest died of food

poisoning, yellow fever, malaria and bad medical care.

Treaty of Paris-December 10, 1898

1.Spain gave up all claims to Cuba.

2.The United States gained territory in Puerto Rico and Guam.

3.Spain turned over the Philippines for $20 million.

US became a powerful imperialist nation.

Annexing the Philippines

For Annexation

Believed the United States had a duty to spread its values overseas.

Philippines had economic and strategic value that should not fall into the hands of other countries.

US citizens couldn’t agree if we should annex (take control of) the Philippines or not.

Against Annexation

• Believed annexation would violate the ideal of self-government

• Did not want oppression to occur; The United States should not export racism and violence

• Some Americans believed annexation would increase immigration to the United States.

Dilemma in the Philippines

•Filipino didn’t want to become US citizens•Filipino rebels very angry because they had helped us and

we broke our promise to them.

• Emilio Aguinaldo-rebel leader-refused to accept annexation and declared the Philippines a republic•US ignored his statement and war erupted

•War broke out! Lasted 3 years•US lost 4,200 Americans and We killed 16,000 rebels and 100,000 of the Filipino civilians

• On July 4, 1946, finally got independence!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

The Main IdeaThe United States began to exert its influence over Latin America in

the wake of the Spanish-American War.

The Main Idea

• How did the United States govern Cuba and Puerto Rico?

• Why and how was the Panama Canal built?

• What was the Roosevelt Corollary?

• How did Presidents Taft and Wilson reshape U.S. diplomacy?

Roosevelt and Latin America

US controls Cuba and helps by:

1. Set up a military government.

2. Organized school system

3. Fixed the economy

4. Advances were made to eliminate yellow fever (William C. Gorgas)

Platt Amendment

1.This limited Cuba’s ability to sign treaties with other nations

2. The U.S. had the right to intervene in Cuban affairs

3.Set up military bases (Guantanamo Bay)

4. Cuba is now a protectorate – a country under the control and protection of another country.

The United States in Puerto Rico President McKinley also set up a military government on

this island. The United States governed Puerto Rico as a territory. Foraker Act of 1900 established that the U.S. would

appoint a governor and upper house of legislature. Puerto Rican voters elected the lower house.

A 1917 law granted Puerto Ricans U.S. citizenship and ability to elect all legislative representatives.

In 1952, Puerto Rico became a self-governing commonwealth, with power over most of its domestic affairs. The U.S. still controls interstate trade, immigration, and military affairs.

Preparing for the Panama Canal

Panama was a part of the Republic of Colombia. Revolutionaries were plotting to break free of Colombian rule.

President Theodore Roosevelt supported the revolution and quickly recognized the new government, the Republic of Panama. A new treaty with the government gave the United States complete control of the 10-mile-wide Canal Zone.

U.S. Interest The United States bought the rights to build the canal from the French in 1902.

Panama’s Revolution

Why a Canal?

Isthmus of Panama-was an ideal for a quick route between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans.

Problem: Panama was a province of Columbia they had tried to build the canal in 1879 and failed. Yellow fever mismangement.

It offered to sell the rights to US for $100 million.In 1901 price went to $40Congress agreed on but we still needed to get land

from Columbia

Panamanian Revolt

Waiting for French contract to expire so they could sell it at a higher price.

TR mad because they were trying to rob the US.

So he conspired with an official of the French company to organize a Panamanian “revolution” against Columbia.

Revolt took place and we placed US warships in the area to provide support for the rebels.

Therefore: We got the land to build the Canal.

Building the Panama Canal

• American work began in May 1904.

• Harsh working conditions, material shortages, malaria, and the yellow fever hampered construction.

•Dr. William C. Gorgas focused on sanitation and health concerns.

• By draining standing water and encouraging spiders, ants, and lizards to breed, malaria was almost eliminated by 1913.

•Finished in August 1914-6 months ahead of schedule.

•The SS Ancon became the first ship to pass through the canal.

•It gave the US a quick route between oceans!

The Great White Fleet

1907-TR sent four squadrons of battleships

Sent on 43,000-mile, around the world journey.

Led by Rear Admiral Charles Sperry

The fleet stopped at 20 ports on six continents.

Great White Fleet

Write a radio advertisement trying to get people to come look at the Ships.

Be Creative-20 points

Roosevelt Corollary-Background

The Monroe Doctrine, proclaimed in 1823, declared the Western Hemisphere off-limits to European nations.

After the Spanish-American War, presidents backed up the Monroe Doctrine with military strength.

In 1904, the Dominican Republic could not pay back European lenders. To prevent Europeans from using force to collect the debt, Roosevelt issued the Roosevelt Corollary.

The Roosevelt Corollary

•The United States pledged to use force to prevent European countries from seizing Dominican territory.

•The United States took control of collecting Dominican customs duties.

•The Corollary was issued without seeking approval from any Latin American nation.

•The Roosevelt Corollary succeeded in bringing more stability to the region.

Russo-Japanese War

Japan became industrialized after the US forced it to open trade.

TR believed that Japan and Russia need to be kept in check.

Went to war over Korea and ManchuriaTR invited them to Portsmouth, New Hampshire-

Where he negotiate a peace treatyThis made Japan the strongest power in East

Asia.TR’s role as mediator won him the Nobel Peace

Prize

Dollar Diplomacy

• President William H. Taft promoted advancing U.S. interests in other countries through dollar diplomacy,• a policy of promoting American economic interests in other

countries and using that economic power to achieve American goals.

• By 1914, Americans had bought out European loans, resulting in an American investment of more than $1.6 billion in Latin America.

• Some resentment was caused. In 1912, President Taft sent in U.S. troops to stop an uprising against authorities.