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INSPIRING CHANGE

THE MDGs,THE HUMAN RIGHTS TO

SAFE DRINKING WATER ANDSANITATION, AND THE POST-

2015 DEVELOPMENTAGENDA:

WHAT'S NEXT?

ADB Distinguished Water LeadersSeries Lecture, 11 November 2013

The views expressed in this paper/presentation are the views of theauthor and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the AsianDevelopment Bank (ADB), or its Board of Governors, or the governmentsthey represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the dataincluded in this paper/presentation and accepts no responsibility for any

consequence of their use. Terminology used may not necessarily beconsistent with ADB official terms.

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INSPIRING CHANGE

MDGs, POST-2015 & HUMAN RIGHTS TO WATER AND SANITATION

• The MDGs: – What was their origin ?

– The WASH targets: achievements, remaining challenges.• Access to Safe Drinking Water and Sanitation recognized as

human rights: – What does it mean ?

– What are the implications ?• The post-2015 process:

– Objectives, process and outcome. – The bigger picture.

• What is next ?

Overview

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INSPIRING CHANGE

The Millennium Summit

MDGs, POST-2015 & HUMAN RIGHTS TO WATER AND SANITATION

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INSPIRING CHANGE

• The Millennium Declaration

Adopted by Heads of State in 2000.MDGs developed as a subsidiary component.

Goals derived from major summit events in the 1990s.

Achievable 2015 targets with baseline 1990

Global targets and indicators; target 8 about ODA.

MDGs

MDGs, POST-2015 & HUMAN RIGHTS TO WATER AND SANITATION

Their origin

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INSPIRING CHANGE

• The flaws

No sanitation target.

Targets developed by politicians ("affordable" vs

"sustainable" determined association to Goal 1 or 7).

Indicators agreed by diplomats – definition of

"improved sources" as a proxy for water

quality/safety.

MDGs

MDGs, POST-2015 & HUMAN RIGHTS TO WATER AND SANITATION

The Drinking-water targetTo halve , by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water

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INSPIRING CHANGE

An improved drinking water source is one that, by the natureof its construction, adequately protects the source fromoutside contamination, particularly fecal matter.Piped water on premises : piped household water connectionlocated inside the user's dwelling, plot or yardOther improved drinking water sources : public taps,standpipes, tubewells, boreholes, protected dug wells,

protected springs, rainwater collection.

MDGs

MDGs, POST-2015 & HUMAN RIGHTS TO WATER AND SANITATION

"Improved"

Unimproved drinking water sources : unprotected dug wells,unprotected springs, cart with small tank/drum, bottled water Surface water : rivers, lakes, ponds, dams, streams, canals,irrigation channels, drainage ditches

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INSPIRING CHANGE

WHO/UNICEF RADWQ 2005-2006 Nationally representative water quality studies in five countries

v Ethiopiav Jordanv Nicaraguav Nigeriav Tajikistanshowed great variability in the levels of microbiologicalcontamination of improved sources based on the WHO DrinkingWater Quality Guidelines from 100% to 33% compliance .

MDGs

MDGs, POST-2015 & HUMAN RIGHTS TO WATER AND SANITATION

"Improved" ?

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INSPIRING CHANGE

9

Technology 2: BOREHOLES Percentage Compliance to WHO Guideline Value(Thermotolerant Coliform)

94

6867

46

0

20

40

60

80

100

Nicaragua India Ethiopia Nigeria

Country

% T T C C o m p l i a n c e t o W H O

G V < 1 c f u / 1 0 0 m l

Madhya Pradesh.

RADWQ - results

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INSPIRING CHANGE

Global focus on critical development issues.

Commitment at Heads of State level.ODA ring-fenced even at times of financial austerity.

Lots of development lessons learned.

Real progress in attainment of targets, with added value

of capacity built .

MDGs

MDGs, POST-2015 & HUMAN RIGHTS TO WATER AND SANITATION

What are the positiveaspects?

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INSPIRING CHANGE

MDGs, POST-2015 & HUMAN RIGHTS TO WATER AND SANITATION

Between 1990 and 2011 over two billion people gained access toimproved drinking-water sources.

The percentage without accessdropped from 24% to 11% over that

period.

Many countries, including in sub-Saharan Africa, show an above-average performance in expanding

access.

MDGs The outcomes for WASH

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INSPIRING CHANGE

The MDG global drinkingwater target has been met

MDGs, POST-2015 & HUMAN RIGHTS TO WATER AND SANITATION

MDGs

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INSPIRING CHANGE

In summary

• In 2010, 89% of the world's population, or 6.1 billionpeople, used improved drinking-water sources.

• Since 1990, 2 billion people gained access, of whom 1.2 billion live inurban areas.

• Piped-on-premises was raised from 45% to 54%

• Use of « other unimproved sources » declined from 18% to 8%.

• Surface water use declined from 6% to 3%.

MDGs, POST-2015 & HUMAN RIGHTS TO WATER AND SANITATION

MDGs

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INSPIRING CHANGE

Between regions (in access and service levels)

MDGs, POST-2015 & HUMAN RIGHTS TO WATER AND SANITATION

MDGs Disparities remain

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INSPIRING CHANGE

MDGs, POST-2015 & HUMAN RIGHTS TO WATER AND SANITATION

MDGs

Proportion of people without access still under 50% in 7 countriesand between 50% and 75% in 17 countries

Disparities remain

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INSPIRING CHANGE

Between urban/rural (in access and service level)

• Most unserved live in rural areas (653million) compared to urban (130 millions)

• Urban population growth impedes progress – number of unserved stillincreasing (109 in 1990 to 130 million in2010)

• While 17 countries still have less than50% coverage in rural areas, no countryhas less than 50% coverage in urbanareas.

MDGs, POST-2015 & HUMAN RIGHTS TO WATER AND SANITATION

MDGs Disparities remain

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INSPIRING CHANGE

Between socio-economic groups (based on data from 35 countries in Africa southof the Sahara)

MDGs, POST-2015 & HUMAN RIGHTS TO WATER AND SANITATION

MDGs Disparities remain

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INSPIRING CHANGE

MDGs Disparities remain

MDGs, POST-2015 & HUMAN RIGHTS TO WATER AND SANITATION

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INSPIRING CHANGE

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And the most critical issues

The current indicator does not measure the drinking watertarget to its full extent:

No direct measurement of water quality No direct measurement of service sustainability

This points to the technical, capacity building and

policy challenges that lie ahead in the post-2015 period.

MDGs, POST-2015 & HUMAN RIGHTS TO WATER AND SANITATION

MDGs

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INSPIRING CHANGE

Water safety

Compliance / non compliance varies bytype of improved source (RADWQ)

Compliance varies by country(RADWQ)

Applying water quality results would significantly reduce

JMP Global estimate for access to safe drinking-water.

MDGs, POST-2015 & HUMAN RIGHTS TO WATER AND SANITATION

MDGs

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INSPIRING CHANGE

Sustainability

% non-functioning handpumps varies10 to over 65 % in selected countries

(RWSN)

Continuity of service varies5 to 24 hours/day in selected countries

(IBNET)

Applying additional criteria addressing sustainability wouldsignificantly reduce JMP global estimate for access

MDGs, POST-2015 & HUMAN RIGHTS TO WATER AND SANITATION

MDGs

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INSPIRING CHANGE

The sanitation conundrum

• %-age of the population without access (improved sanitation) decreasedfrom 51% in 1990 to 37% in 2010

• 2.5 billion people without access to improved sanitation

MDGs, POST-2015 & HUMAN RIGHTS TO WATER AND SANITATION

MDGs

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INSPIRING CHANGE

A/RES/4/292…

Declares the right to safe and clean drinking water andsanitation as a human right that is essential for the fullenjoyment of life and all human rightsCalls upon States and international organizations to providefinancial resources, capacity building and technology transfer […] in order to scale up efforts to provide safe, clean,accessible and affordable drinking water and sanitation forall.

Human rights resolutions:

the wording

MDGs, POST-2015 & HUMAN RIGHTS TO WATER AND SANITATION

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INSPIRING CHANGE

A/HRC/RES/15/9…

Affirms that the human right to safe drinking water andsanitation is derived from the right to an adequate standard ofliving and inextricably related to the right to the highestattainable standard of physical and mental health, as well asthe right to life and human dignity. […]

Reaffirms that States have the primary responsibility to ensurethe full realization of all human rights, and that the delegationof the delivery of safe drinking water and sanitation servicesto a third party does not exempt the State from its human

rights obligations.

Human rights resolutions:

the wording

MDGs, POST-2015 & HUMAN RIGHTS TO WATER AND SANITATION

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INSPIRING CHANGE

Governments are the duty bearers with threetypes of obligations:to respect, protect and fulfil human rights.

Human rights resolutions:

the concepts

MDGs, POST-2015 & HUMAN RIGHTS TO WATER AND SANITATION

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INSPIRING CHANGE

Governments are the duty bearers with three types ofobligations: to respect, protect and fulfil human rights. Asexamples:Respect – the State may not prevent people already enjoying the rightsfrom continuing to enjoy them; the State must no disconnect anindividual's water supply without respecting due process.Protect – the State must prevent third parties from polluting a watersource; where water services are operated by the private sector, the Statemust ensure affordability through adequate pricing regulation.Fulfil – the State must ensure that the conditions are in place for everyoneto realise their rights, i.e. that all persons are progressively connected to asafe drinking water supply.

Human rights resolutions:

the concepts

MDGs, POST-2015 & HUMAN RIGHTS TO WATER AND SANITATION

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INSPIRING CHANGE

Central to the fulfilment of human rights is theconcept of progressive realization :

Governments should be able to show progresstowards achieving human rights targetsaccording to agreed criteria and principles andto the maximum of their available resources.

Governments should not allow regression onhuman rights achievements.

Human rights resolutions:

the concepts

MDGs, POST-2015 & HUMAN RIGHTS TO WATER AND SANITATION

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INSPIRING CHANGE

Human rights to water and

sanitation: criteria and principles

AvailabilityWater quality / safetyAcceptabilityAccessibilityAffordability

Criteria

Cross-cutting principles

Equality & non-discriminationAccountabilitySustainabilityParticipationAccess to information

MDGs, POST-2015 & HUMAN RIGHTS TO WATER AND SANITATION

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INSPIRING CHANGE

For governments:Create a legal and policy framework to ensure the human rights

to water and sanitation are respected, protected and fulfilled.Attribute clear responsibilities to the various actors in acomprehensive strategy.Monitor and report on compliance with the human rights

obligations and ensure the enforcement of the legal framework.Establish a regulatory framework with clear standards that can

be independently monitored.

Human rights to water and

sanitation: implications

MDGs, POST-2015 & HUMAN RIGHTS TO WATER AND SANITATION

MDG POST 2015 & HUMAN RIGHTS TO WATER AND SANITATION

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INSPIRING CHANGE

For practitioners:Support government efforts to develop a legal framework that is

relevant and based on evidence and experience. Negotiate roles and responsibilities to implement a rights-basedapproach, and identify gaps in capabilities and capacities.

Assist in the design of realistic targets and measurable indicators to support the compliance and accountability processes.Emphasis is to be given to measuring the reduction of inequalityand discrimination.

Human rights to water and

sanitation: implications

MDGs, POST-2015 & HUMAN RIGHTS TO WATER AND SANITATION

MDG POST 2015 & HUMAN RIGHTS TO WATER AND SANITATION

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INSPIRING CHANGE

15

100

60

100

0

10

20

30

40

50

6070

80

90

100

2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040

C o v e r a g e

( % )

Year

Disadvantaged

Advantaged

Human rights to water and

sanitation: which metric for inequality?

MDGs, POST-2015 & HUMAN RIGHTS TO WATER AND SANITATION

MDG POST 2015 & HUMAN RIGHTS TO WATER AND SANITATION

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INSPIRING CHANGE

For practitioners (ctnd):Assess existing standards for their relevance and add standards

for the cross-cutting principles .Incorporate a human rights dimension to all planning , design ,construction , operation , maintenance and monitoring activities.

Human rights to water and

sanitation: implications

MDGs, POST-2015 & HUMAN RIGHTS TO WATER AND SANITATION

MDGs POST 2015 & HUMAN RIGHTS TO WATER AND SANITATION

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INSPIRING CHANGE

The WHO/UNICEF JMP Process 2011-2013

MDGs, POST-2015 & HUMAN RIGHTS TO WATER AND SANITATION

This section courtesy Amanda Marlin WSSCC, and with thanks to the JMP team and the post-2015 working groups

MDGs POST 2015 & HUMAN RIGHTS TO WATER AND SANITATION

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INSPIRING CHANGE

SCOPE

• 2009 – formulation and launch of the 2010-2015 JMP Strategy

•First Consultation on Post-2015 Monitoring in Berlin, May 2011

•October 2011 – f our working groups established•October 2011 – August 2012: working groups' data collection, consultations,meetings/calls

•Meeting to consolidate the working group outputs in Stockholm, August 2012

•Fine-tuning final proposal in Chapel Hill, October 2012•Measurability meeting at UNICEF New York, November 2012•Second Consultation on Post-2015 Monitoring in The Hague, December2012

MDGs, POST-2015 & HUMAN RIGHTS TO WATER AND SANITATION

The Post 2015 Targets:Steps in the process

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INSPIRING CHANGE

• Drinking-water – Leads: WaterAid with IRC• Sanitation – Lead: World Bank/WSP• Hygiene – Lead: USAID• Equity and non-discrimination – Lead: OHCHR

36

Working groups post-2015

targets and indicators

MDGs POST-2015 & HUMAN RIGHTS TO WATER AND SANITATION

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INSPIRING CHANGE

The JMP Post 2015 process:Scope

Anchored by the

simple,

aspirational vision of theuniversal right towater, sanitationand hygiene

Targets should primarily focus on outcomes

Levels of service – Not just gaining access but moving

‘

up the ladder ’ – both constituteprogressive realisation

Settings beyond the household – Schools and Health Centers

MDGs, POST-2015 & HUMAN RIGHTS TO WATER AND SANITATION

MDGs POST-2015 & HUMAN RIGHTS TO WATER AND SANITATION

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INSPIRING CHANGE

The JMP Post 2015 process:Scope

Anchored by the

simple,

aspirational vision of theuniversal right towater, sanitationand hygiene

Targets are global – They must be relevant to all countries.

Human rights principles must be explicit- There must be a focus on the poor,

disadvantaged and excluded, and- on the elimination of inequalities and

discrimination

MDGs, POST 2015 & HUMAN RIGHTS TO WATER AND SANITATION

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INSPIRING CHANGE

Water Sanitation

“Safe management of excreta” (containment, extraction, and transport to a

designated disposal or treatment site, safe re-use at the household or community level)

“Intermediate” (on premises, discontinuity <2 days in 2 weeks, E

coli <10/100 ml)

“Adequate” ( pit latrine, sewer or septic tank ,shared by no more than 5 families or 30

persons)

“Basic” (not on premises, “ improved ” source, <30 min

collection time)No open defecation

No one practices defecation in bush or field orditch; no excreta deposited on the ground andcovered with a layer of earth or wrapped and

thrown away; no defecation into surface water

Progressive realization expressed in terms of access and service levelsfor drinking water and sanitation

The ladder concept:options for monitoring progressive realisation

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INSPIRING CHANGE

15

100

60

100

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040

C o v e r a g e

( % )

Year

Progressive reduction of inequalities

Disadvantaged

Advantaged

Progressive realisation inreducing inequality

MDGs, POST-2015 & HUMAN RIGHTS TO WATER AND SANITATION

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INSPIRING CHANGE

1. By 2025: – no one practices open defecation and inequalities in the

practice of open defecation have been progressively eliminated.

2. By 2030: – all schools and health care facilities provide all users with basic

drinking water supply & adequate sanitation , hand washing facilities and menstrual hygiene facilities .

– everyone uses basic drinking water supply and adequate handwashing facilities when at home and inequalities in the accessto each of these services have been progressively

eliminated .

Four detailed targets

,

MDGs, POST-2015 & HUMAN RIGHTS TO WATER AND SANITATION

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INSPIRING CHANGE

3. By 2040: –

everyone uses adequate sanitation when at home. – the proportion of the population not using intermediate

drinking water supply at home is reduced by half. – the excreta from at least half of schools, health centres and

households with adequate sanitation are safely managed. – and inequalities in access to each of these services have been

progressively eliminated or reduced .

Four detailed targets

,

MDGs, POST-2015 & HUMAN RIGHTS TO WATER AND SANITATION

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INSPIRING CHANGE

1, 2 and 3,while: 4. throughout :

All drinking water, sanitation and hygiene services are delivered ina progressively affordable, accountable, and financially andenvironmentally sustainable manner

Four detailed targets

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INSPIRING CHANGE

Example: Basic drinking water at homeHouseholds are considered to have a basic drinking-water

service when:•In rural areas, people use water from an ‘improved’ source(existing JMP definitions)•In urban areas, people use piped water into dwelling, yard or

plot, or a standpipe/public tap or a tubewell/borehole•People use water with a total collection time of 30 minutes orless, including queuing

Definitions are critical

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INSPIRING CHANGE

Example: Intermediate drinking water at homeHouseholds are considered to have intermediate drinking water servicewhen they:•use water from an ‘improved’ source (pre-2015 JMP definitions in ruralareas; piped water into dwelling, yard or plot, or a tubewell/borehole inurban areas) located on their premises , which•delivers an acceptable quantity of water with only moderate levels ofdiscontinuity (non-functional for no more than 2 days in the last 2 weeks),•water quality at source meets a threshold of less than 10 cfu E.

coli /100ml year-round , and•the water point is accessible to all household members at the times theyneed it.

Definitions are critical

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INSPIRING CHANGE

Rio+20: sustainable development goals

The UN Secretary-General's High-level Panel of EminentPersons on the Post-2015 Development Agenda

The eleven thematic consultations

The Open Working Group of the General Assembly onSustainable Development Goals (30 countries or clustersof countries)

The Budapest summit

The bigger picture

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INSPIRING CHANGE

Rio+20: sustainable development goals

Water at the core of sustainable development.Water and sanitation critically important within the three

dimensions of sustainable development.MDG targets and WSSD 2002 plan of implementationreaffirmed ; commitment to progressive realisation of universalaccess to safe and affordable drinking water and basic sanitation.

Need to reduce water pollution , increase water quality , improvewastewater treatment and water efficiency , reduce water losses . Need for improved water resources management in support ofaquatic ecosystems, address floods, droughts and waterscarcity.

The bigger picture

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INSPIRING CHANGE

The UN Secretary-General's High-level Panel of EminentPersons on the Post-2015 Development Agenda

Report : a new global partnership: eradicate poverty andtransform economies through sustainable development

•Leave no-one behind•Put sustainable development at the core•Transform economies for jobs and inclusive growth

•Build peace and effective, open and accountable institutionsfor all•Forge a new global partnerships

The bigger picture

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INSPIRING CHANGE

The UN Secretary-General's High-level Panel of Eminent Personson the Post-2015 Development Agenda Report : a new global partnership: eradicate poverty and transform economiesthrough sustainable development

The bigger picture

Illustrative goal 6: achieve universal access to water and sanitation.

By 2030:• Provide universal access to safe drinking water at home and in schools,

health centres and refugee camps• End open defecation and ensure universal access to sanitation and

school at work, and increase access to sanitation at home by x%• Bring freshwater withdrawals in line with supply and increase water

efficiency in agriculture by x%, industry by y% and urban areas by z%• Recycle or treat all municipal and industrial wastewater prior to

discharge

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INSPIRING CHANGE

The thematic consultation on Water

Voices on … WASH:Wash can become affordable through microcredit services aimed at themarginalized

Big challenges? Short term: sustainability of existing infrastructure. Long term:water scarcity from overconsumption.WASH in schools – "it is an embarrassment for me to defecate openly during

school time"Without WASH in schools, girls suffer most.

The institutional capacity for WASH remains fragmented, with inadequatemanagement of resources and weak regulations …. More scrutiny is needed.The current MDG framework does not cross-integrate WASH across other goalson health, education and gender equality.www.worldwewant2015.org/node/366798

The bigger picture

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INSPIRING CHANGE

The Open Working Group of the General Assembly onSustainable Development Goals

Interim Report UNGA September 2013:•Strong interdependencies between different water uses andfunction […] the value of an integrated approach to waterresources management•Water scarcity and water variability are becoming moreserious concerns …•.. Water use […] far more efficient […] especially inagriculture and industry•… broad support for a dedicated water sustainabledevelopment goal …

The bigger picture

http://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/index.php?menu=1549

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MDGs, POST-2015 & HUMAN RIGHTS TO WATER AND SANITATION

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INSPIRING CHANGE

• The MDGs: – What was their origin ? – The WASH targets: achievements, remaining challenges.

• Access to Safe Drinking Water and Sanitation recognized as human rights: – What does it mean ? – What are the implications ?

• The post-2015 process: – Objectives, process and outcome. – The bigger picture.

• What is next ?

Overview

MDGs, POST-2015 & HUMAN RIGHTS TO WATER AND SANITATION

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INSPIRING CHANGE

Unfinished MDG business

Sanitation drive to 2015

Stop open defecation

Carry out analysis and research to support new indicators

Review options for and design new sampling strategies

Carry out the groundwork for solid baseline studies

What is next ?

MDGs, POST-2015 & HUMAN RIGHTS TO WATER AND SANITATION

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INSPIRING CHANGE

Stand boldly by the proposed WASH targets

Promote a comprehensive set of water, sanitation and hygiene

targets: IT CAN BE DONE and LESS IS NOT GOOD ENOUGH

Ensure the human rights principles are reflected in targets andindicators.

Focus on a ladder approach: basic services are only the start,incremental improvement of service levels is a key driver.

Expand the scope : services in schools, health care centresare only the beginning.

What is next ?

MDGs, POST-2015 & HUMAN RIGHTS TO WATER AND SANITATION

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INSPIRING CHANGE

Prepare an investment plan for national capacitydevelopment

Establish the legal and institutional arrangements for the humanrights to water and sanitation

Develop a harmonized national infrastructure and operations formonitoring

Assist governments in creating and strengthening water andsanitation regulatory frameworks , and enforcement capacity

Keep WASH linked in with the other water targets

What is next ?

MDGs, POST-2015 & HUMAN RIGHTS TO WATER AND SANITATION

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INSPIRING CHANGE

Address the critical issues

Quality

Sustainability

What is next ?

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INSPIRING CHANGE

Address the critical issues

Sustainability

We must catch up with the backlog of aging infrastructureWe must make asset management an integral part of our

investment planningWe must ensure local authorities can management urbansanitation and drainage to their full extent

What is next ?

MDGs, POST-2015 & HUMAN RIGHTS TO WATER AND SANITATION

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INSPIRING CHANGE

And finally:

All progress will hinge on good governance

Fragmentation should be countered by integration whenever itmakes practical senseAllocation of limited resources needs evidence based criteria

and a balance between emergency response and long termvisionSynergies should be derived from the interface betweenWASH, Wastewater Management and Water Resources

Development

What is next ?

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You can reach me atrobert.bos@iwahq.org

Robert.bos@iwahq.org

Thank you for your attention