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THE

MEDICAL EXAMINING BODIESAND

SCHOOLS OF THE UNITED KINGDOM.A GUIDE TO THE FACILITIES FOR OBTAINING THE VARIOUS

MEDICAL DEGREES AND OTHER QUALIFICATIONSFOR THE BRITISH MEDICAL REGISTER.

I.—ENGLAND AND WALES.THE UNIVERSITIES.

UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD.THERE are two degrees in Medicine, B.11. and D.M.,

two degrees in Surgery, B. Ch. and M. <7A., and two diplomas,Pttbl&iuml;c Health and Ophthalmology.Graduates in Arts (B.A. or M.A.) are alone eligible for

the degrees. The most convenient course for the B.A.degree for intending graduates in Medicine is to take

Responsions, the Preliminary Science Examinations men-tioned below, and the Final Honour School of Physiology.In order to obtain the degrees of B.M. and B.Ch. the

following examinations must be passed :-1. Preliminarysubjects: Mechanics and Physics, Chemistry, Zoology, andBotany. 2. Professional. (a) First Examination : Subjects-Organic Chemistry, unless the candidate has satisfied theExaminers in Part 1. Chemistry in the Natural Science School ;Human Physiology, unless he has obtained a first or secondclass in Animal Physiology in the Natural Science School ;Human Anatomy. (b) Second Examination : Subjects-Medicine, Surgery, Midwifery, Pathology, Forensic Medicinewith Hygiene, Materia Medica and Pharmacology. Theapproximate dates of the examinations are as follows :-Pre-liminaries-Zoology, Botany, and Chemistry, December andJune ; Mechanics and Physics, March and June ; Profes-sional (First and Second B.M.), June and December.

The &THORN;int Examination for the degrees of B.M. and B.Ch.may be passed as soon as the Preliminary Scientific Exami-nations have been completed. Anatomy and Physiology areto be passed together, and Organic Chemistry may be takenbefore or after these have been passed.

The Second -Examination may be passed after the com-’

pletion of the first, but Pathology, Hygiene, and MateriaMedica and Pharmacology may be taken before or withthe remaining subjects. Before admission to the SecondExamination candidates mut present certificates of attend-ance on a course of laboratory instruction in PracticalPathology and Bacteriology and of having acted as post-mortem clerk for three months, surgical dresser for sixmonths, and clinical clerk for six months. Also they mustproduce certificates of instruction in Infectious and MentalDiseases, and of attendance on Labours, of proficiency inthe practice of Vaccination and Anaesthetics, and of havingattended a course of Practical Pharmacology. Also in

respect of the First Examination candidates must presentcertificates showing that they have dissected the whole

body once and have attended courses of laboratory instruc-tion in Practical Histology and Practical Physiology.

The degree of D. M. is granted to Bachelors of Medicine ofthe University provided they have entered their thirtiethterm and have composed on some medical subject a disserta-tion which is approved by the professors in the Faculty ofMedicine and examiners for the degree of B.M. whose

subject is dealt with. The degree of M.Ch. is granted toBachelors of Surgery of the University who have entered theirtwenty-first term, who are members of the surgical staff of arecognised hospital, or have acted as Dresser or House Surgeonin such a hospital for six months, and who have passed theM.Ch. examination in Surgery, Surgical Anatomy, andSurgical Operations. This examination is held annually, inJune. at the end of the Second B.M. Examination.

- Dom& M Ophthakmology the examination is held inJexamination is held inJuly ; Diplonzcc in Public Health, in June and November. Travelling Fellowship, Scholarships, and Prizes. - A

Radcliffe Travelling Fellowship is awarded annually afteran examination held in February. It is tenable forthree years and is of the annual value of &pound;200. Theexamination is in Physiology, Pathology, and Hygiene,

1 The regulations for the Diplomas in Public Health and SanitaryScience of the various Examining Bodies will be found on p. 473.

and is partly "practical." Candidates must be graduatesin Medicine of the University. The holder must travelabroad for the purpose of medical study. Applicationshould be made to the Radcliffe Examiners, Radcliffe

Library, University Museum. A Rolleston Memorial Prize isawarded once in two years to members of the Universitiesof Oxford and Cambridge of not more than ten years’ stand-ing for an original research in some Biological subject,including Physiology or Pathology. The Radcliffe Prize,founded by University College (1907), is of the value of950 and is awarded biennially for research in some branchof medical science. The Theodore Williams Scholarshipsof the value of Z50 each are awarded annually in thesubjects of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathology. A King’sCollege Hospital Burney Yeo Scholarship of .B80 is awardedeach year. The Scholarships in Science which are offeredby several Colleges are open to those who intend to pursueMedicine. The value of these scholarships is usually Z80 ayear for four years.

In addition to the University lectures and classes theseveral Colleges provide their undergraduates with tuitionfor all examinations up to the B.A. degree.

In the Radcliffe Infirmary and County Hospital clinicalinstruction is given by the Regius Professor of Medicine, theLitchfield Lecturers in Medicine and Surgery, and the otherphysicians and surgeons. Instruction is also given in post-mortem work and Clinical Pathology in connexion with thecourses in Pathology. Post-graduate courses will be held atthe beginning of October.More detailed information may be obtained from the

University Calendar ; from the Examination Statutes, 1918(both of which are published by the Clarendon Press) ;from the Regius Professor of Medicine ; and from theProfessors in the several departments of medical science.

UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD : RADCLIFFE INFIRMARY ANDCOUNTY HOSPITAL. -Courses of instruction are given inconnexion with the Oxford University Medical School. Theseinclude (1) a course in Practical Medicine by the Regius Pro-fessor of Medicine; (2) Clinical lectures by the Litchfield Lec-turers in Medicine and Surgery ; and (3) tutorial instructionand demonstrations in special Regional Anatomy (medicaland surgical), methods of Medical and Surgical Diagnosis,and Surgical Manipulation. (4) Pathological demonstrationsand instruction in post-mortem work are given by theAssistant Pathologist. Practical Pharmacy is taught inthe Radcliffe Dispensary. Opportunities are offered tostudents who wish to act as surgical dressers and clerks.The Hospital contains 210 beds.

UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE.The student must enter at one of the Colleges, or as

a non-collegiate student, and keep nine terms (threeyears) by residence in the University. He must passthe Previous Examination in Classics, Mathematics,&c., if possible, before he comes into residence in

October, or he may obtain exemption through the Oxfordand Cambridge Schools Examination Board, the Oxfordor Cambridge Senior Local Examinations, the LondonMatriculation Examination, the Scotch Education Depart-ment, Responsions at Oxford, and the Joint MatriculationBoard of the Universities of Manchester, Liverpool, Leeds,and Sheffield, the Matriculation Examination of the Uni-versity of Birmingham, or by being graduates of certain otherUniversities in the United Kingdom. He may then devote him-self to medical study in the University, &c. Or he may, asnearly all students now do, proceed to take a degree inArts by passing either (a) the General Examination and oneSpecial Examination, or (b) two Special Examinations forthe ordinary B.A. degree, or an Honours degree in oneof the Triposes. The Natural Sciences Tripos is takenmost frequently, as some of the subjects are practically thesame as those for the first and second M.B.For the degree of Bachelor of Medioine (M. B.) five years

of medical study are required either in Cambridge or ’at one of the recognised Schools of Medicine. The firstthree or four years are usually spent in Cambridge tillhe has passed, say, the examination for Part I. of theNatural Sciences Tripos and the first and second examina-tions for M. B. Hospital practice and many of the requisitelectures may be attended in Cambridge, and some studentsremain to attend lectures and hospital practice until they

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have passed the second part of the second examination forM. B. The laboratories for Botany, Chemistry, Physics,Biology, Zoology, Human Anatomy, Physiology, Bio-

chemistry, Pathology, Bacteriology, Pharmacology, Psych-ology, and Public Health are well equipped. Adden-brooke’s Hospital, the Infectious Diseases Hospital, the

Cambridge Research Hospital, and the Field Laboratoriesare utilised for study and research. ’

There are three examinations for M. B. The firstincludes (1) Chemistry, (2) Physics, and (3) ElementaryBiology. These parts may be taken together or separ-ately. The second is divided into two parts-viz.,(1) Human Anatomy and Physiology; and (2) Phar-

macology and General Pathology. The third is alsodivided into two parts: (1) Principles and Practice ofSurgery (including Special Pathology and Midwifery andDiseases Peculiar to Women); and (2) Principles andPractice of Physic (including Diseases of Children, MentalDiseases, Medical Jurisprudence), Pathology (includingHygiene and Preventive Medicine), and Pharmacology(including Therapeutics and Toxicology). The examina-tions are partly in writing, partly oral, and partly practical,in the hospital, in the dissecting room, and in the labora-tories. An Act has then to be kept in the Public Schools,by the candidate reading an original dissertation composedby himself and being examined orally on some subjectapproved by the Regius Professor of Physic.

Candidates who have passed both parts of the third M.B.examination are admitted to the registrable degree ofBaohelor of Surgery (B. Ch.) without separate examinationand without keeping an Act.The degree of Doetor of Medicine (MD.) may be taken

three years after that of M.B, or four years after that ofM.A. The candidate. is required to produce certificatesof having been engaged in Medical Study for five years,and if an M.A., to pass the same examinations as are

required for the degree of M.B. An Act has to be

kept, consisting of an original Thesis sustained in thePublic Schools with vivi vooe examination; and a short.

extempore essay has to be written on a topic taken fromthe general subject of his thesis, whether it be Physiology,Pathology, Pharmacology, the Practice of Medicine, StateMedicine, or the History of Medicine.For the degree of Master of Surgery (M. Ch. the candidate

must have passed all the examinations for B.Ch., or, if heis an M.A., have obtained some other registrable qualifica-tion in surgery. He is required either (1) to pass anexamination in Principles and Practice of Surgery,Surgical Anatomy and Surgical Operations, and Pathology,and to write an extempore essay on a Surgical Subject; or (2)to submit to the Medical Board original contributions to theadvancement of the Science or Art of Surgery. Before hecan be admitted to the examination two years at leastmust have elapsed from the time when he completed allrequired for the degree of B. Ch. Before submitting originalcontributions he must have been qualified at least three years.Diplomas are granted in Medical Radiology and Electro-

logy, and in Psychological Medicine. Candidates must holda recognised medical qualification.Women Students. -Increased facilities have been offered

to students of Girton and Newnham Colleges, and they areadmitted to the First and Second M.B. Examinations undercertain conditions.

University Praze in Medioine.-The one University Prizein Medicine, the Raymond Horton Smith Prize (value f.19),is awarded to that candidate for the degree of M.D. whopresents the best thesis for the degree during the academicalyear, provided that he has taken honours in a triposexamination. Medical Studies are endowed by the numerousNatural Science scholarships at the various colleges,information about which can be obtained from the respectiveTutors.An abstract of the Regulations and Schedules of the range

of the examinations in Chemistry, Physics, Biology, Pharma-cology, and General Pathology may be obtained uponsending a stamped directed envelope to the Registrary,the Registry, Cambridge. -

ADDENBROOKE’s HOSPITAL.-Clinical Lectures in Medicineand Surgery, in connexion with Cambridge UniversityMedical School, are given at this hospital twice a weekduring the academical year ; and practical instruction inMedicine and Surgery is given in the wards and out-patients’

! rooms by the physicians and surgeons daily during theterm time and vacations. The fee for pupilship is 3 guineasa term. All communications by students should be made toDr. Aldren Wright.

UNIVERSITY OF LONDON.The University of London was established by Royal

Charter in 1836 as an examining and degree conferringbody with affiliated colleges but no direct teaching func-tions. In 1900 it was reconstituted under the Act of Parliament1898 and became a teaching as well as an examining body.Many schools already existing became constituent colleges,including all the metropolitan medical schaals.! Lecturerswere also appointed in special subjects.

Teaching Staff’.-The teaching staff of the University isorganised under two heads: 1. Appointed teachers-i.e.,such as are appointed by, and are paid out of the funds of,the University. 2. Recognised teachers-i.e., those whohave been appointed and are paid by the several schools ofthe University and other institutions at which instruction isgiven under the auspices of the University, and who havebeen recognised by the Senate as conducting work ofUniversity standard. Courses by non-recognised teachersmay also be approved in schools of the University. Thelecturers in the Medical Sciences and the professors in theFaculties of Medicine in University College, London, andKing’s College, London, will be found enumerated undertheir respective schools.

Internczl and External Students.-All the examinations ofthis University are open to men and women alike. Matricu-lated students of the University may be either internalor external. Internal students of the University are

students who have matriculated at the University aridwho are pursuing a course of study approved bythe University, either (a) under the direct controlof the University or a committee appointed thereby;or (b) under one or more of’the appointed or recognisedteachers of the University. Centres for preliminary andintermediate medical studies have been established bythe University at University and King’s Colleges. Internalstudents must pursue their studies at one of the abovecentres, or at one of the medical schools connected withthe University. These are St. Bartholomew’s Hospital,Charing Cross Hospital, St. George’s Hospital. Guy’sHospital, King’s College Hospital, the London Hospital,St. Mary’s Hospital, the Middlesex Hospital, St. Thomas’s

Hospital, University College Hospital, Westminster Hospital,and the London (Royal Free Hospital) School of Medicinefor Women. The London School of Tropical Medicine andthe Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine are also recognisedas schools of the University in special departments. Externalstudents are all other matriculated students, and may pursuetheir studies at other universities and medical schools, pre-senting themselves for examination at the University.

Faculty of Medicine.-The Faculty of Medicine grants thejoint degrees of M.B., B.S. (Bachelor of Medicine and Sur-gery), and the higher separate degees of M.D. (Doctor ofMedicine) and M.S. (Master of Surgery).The curriculum for the Bachelor’s degrees is now five and a

half years from the time of matriculation, with certainexceptions which must be looked for in the official regula-tions of the University, to be obtained from the PrincipalOfficer, University of London, 8outh Kensington, S.W. 7,and the examinations formerly known as the PreliminaryScientific, the Intermediate, and the Final Examination inMedicine are now respectively entitled the First, Second,and Third Examinations for Medical Degrees. Part II. ofthe former Preliminary Scientific Examination has now beenmade Part I. of the Second Examination.

A. Internal Students.-In order to be admitted to theBachelor’s degrees a student must normally, after regis-tration as an internal student, have : (1) Attended pre-scribed courses of study for five and a half years in one ormore schools of the University. (2) Passed the follow-ing examinations, under the conditions mentioned below :(a) The First Examination for Medical Degrees in InorganicChemistry, Physics, and General Biology ; (b) the Second Exa-mination for Medical Degrees : Part I., Organic and AppliedChemistry; Part II., Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharma.cology, including Pharmacy and Materia Medica ; (c) theThird Examination for Medical Degrees, or M.B., B.S.

Examination ; Medicine and Surgery, Midwifery and Diseasesof Women, Pathology, Forensic Medicine and Hygiene.

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B. Exterrucl Students.=ro be admitted to the Bachelor’sdegrees an external student must (1) have passed the Matri-culation examination or have been exempted therefromunder Statute 116 not less than five and a half years pre-viously ; (2) have passed subsequent examinations similar tothose required of an internal student; and (3) have beenengaged in professional studies during the five and a half

years subsequently to Matriculation and four and a halfyears subsequently to passing the First Examination forMedical Degrees at one or more of the medical institutionsor schools recognised by this University for the purpose, oneyear at least of the four and a half years to have been spentin one or more recognised institutions or schools.

?Ae First Examination for Medioal Degrees (InorganicChmnistry, Physics, and General Biology) will take placetwice in each year, commencing on the Monday followingDec. 7th and on the second Monday in July. It must be

passed not less than nine months after matriculation.The Second Examination for Medicccl Degrees (Part L) r

Organic and Applied Chemistry.-This examination will takeplace twice in each year, commencing on the Wednesdayfollowing the third Monday in March and on the afternoonof the Thursday following the second Monday in July. Nocandidate will be admitted to this examination within six

months of having passed the First Examination.Yjr Second Examination for Medical Degrees (Part II)

takes place twice in every year, commencing on theTuesday following the third Monday in March and on theTuesday following the first Monday in July. The subjectsof the examination are Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharma-cology, including Pharmacy and Materia Medica. No candi-date shall be admitted to the examination unless he haspassed the First Examination for Medical Degrees at least18 months previously, and has passed Part I. of the SecondExamination for Medical Degrees.

The Third or M.B., , B. S’. Examination. -The M. B., B. S. exa-mination takes place twice in each year, commencing on thefourth Monday in October and on the first Monday in May.No candidate will be admitted to this examination unlesshe has completed the Second Examination for Medical

Degrees, together with a course of study summarisedbelow, nor within three years from the date of passingthe Second Examination, Part. II. (1) Principles andPractice of Medicine ; (2) Clinical Methods and PhysicalDiagnosis ; (3) Insanity (with clinical demonstrations at arecognised Asylum) ; (4) Therapeutics ; (5) Vaccination ; (6)Principles and Practice of Surgery ; (7) Operative Surgery,Surgical Anatomy, Practical Surgery, and the Administrationof Anaesthetics; (8) Diseases of the Eye, Ear, Throat, andSkin; (9) Lectures and Demonstrations on Midwifery andDiseases of Women ; (10) Practical Midwifery, the con-duct of at least 20 Labours, and practice as a

Clinical clerk in Gynaecological work; (11) Pathology andBacteriology; (12) work of the Post-mortem room ; (13)Forensic Medicine; and (14) Hygiene. He must also haveattended the Medical and Surgical practice of a recognisedhospital for two years and a course of instruction at a

recognised Fever Hospital for two months. He must havehad clinical instruction and must have held the posts ofmedical clinical clerk and surgical dresser for periods of sixmonths each. Candidates will be examined in Medicine(including Therapeutics and Mental Diseases), Patho-

logy, Forensic Medicine and Hygiene, Surgery, Mid-

wifery, and Diseases of Women. The subjects may bedivided into two groups-namely : (1) Medicine, Pathology,Forensic Medicine, and Hygiene; and (2) Surgery, Midwifery,and Diseases of Women. These groups may be taken eitherseparately or together. The list of candidates who have passedwill be published in two parts-namely, an Honours list anda Pass list. Bachelors of Medicine of this University whograduated in or before May, 1904, may obtain the B.S. degreeby passing the Surgical part of the M.B., B.S. examination.

-Doctor of Medwitiiie.-The examination for this degreetakes place twice in each year, commencing on the firstMonday in December and on the first Monday in July.Candidates may present themselves for examination in oneof the following branches, namely : (1) Medicine; (2) Patho-logy ; (3) Mental Diseases; (4) Midwifery and Diseases ofWomen; (5) State Medicine; and (6) Tropical Medicine.Any candidate for the degree of M.D. may transmit to theRegistrar a thesis or published work having definite relationto the branch of Medicine in which he is a candidate, and

if the thesis be approved by the examiners the candidatemay be exempted from a part or from the whole of thewritten examination in that subject.Master in Sqcrgery.-The examination for the degree of

Master in Surgery takes place twice in each year and com-mences on the first Monday in December and on the firstMonday in July.

Fees.&mdash;Matriculation .62 2s. for each entry. At provincialexaminations an additional local fee is charged. Firstexamination for Medical Degrees: R6 6s. for each entry tothe entire examination. For re-examination in one subjectthe fee is j22 2s. In the second examination, Part I. &pound; 2 2s.,repeated on each subsequent entry; Part lI. &pound; 88s. for thewhole examination. Third examination: .S10 10s. for eachentry to the whole examination. M.D. Examination : .E21;for re-examination .61010s. M.S.’Examination: As for M.D.

Full details of the prescribed curricula of study and thenames of the recognised Internal and External Schools of theUniversity, can be obtained free on application to the PrincipalOfficer, University of London, South Kensington, S. W.

MEDICAL SCHOOLS OF THE UNIVERSITYOF LONDON.1

ST. BARTHOLOMEW’S HOSPITAL AND COLLEGE:.-The

hospital contains 757 beds, of which 687 are for patientsin the hospital at Smithfield and 70 for convalescent patientsat Swanley. It receives over 8000 in-patients annually andits out-patients and casualties amount to more than 75,000annually. Special departments have been organised forDiseases of Women and Children, the Eye, Ear, Larynx,and Skin, as well as for Orthopaedic and Dental Surgery,and for Electro-therapeutics and X Ray work. Surgicaloperations take place every day at 1.30 P.M. and SurgicalConsultations are held on Thursdays at the same hour.Medical Consultations are held on Thursdays at 3.15 P.M.The physicians and surgeons deliver clinical lectures weeklyduring both the winter and the summer sessions. ClinicalLectures on all special subjects are also given. The visitsof the physicians and surgeons are made at 1.30.Ten house physicians and ten house surgeons are appointed

annually, and are provided with rooms and board by thehospital authorities and receive &pound;80 a year as salary.A resident midwifery assistant, an ophthalmic house

surgeon, and a house surgeon for diseases of the throat, nose,and ear are appointed every six months, and are providedwith rooms and board and receive a salary of &pound;80 a year.Three resident anaesthetists are appointed annually, andreceive salaries of <&120, &100, and &pound;100 respectively, withrooms. An extern midwifery assistant is appointed everythree months, and receives a salary of &pound;80 a year. Theclinical clerks, the obstetric clerks, the clerks to the medicalout-patients, the dressers to the surgical in-patientg andto the out-patients, and the dressers in the special depart-ments are chosen from the students. A residential collegeis attached to the hospital.New Buikdings.-The new buildings comprise residential

quarters for the resident staff, casualty, medical, surgical,and special out-patient departments, casualty wards,dispensary, and clinical lecture theatre. A new chemicallaboratory has been added to the Medical School, anda laboratory devoted to instruction in Public Health. Asecond new block is devoted to Pathology, and containsthe post-mortem room as well as extensive laboratoriesfor bacteriology, clinical pathology, pathological histology,and pathological chemistry. The Medical School Buildingsinclude three large lecture theatres, a large dissecting room,a spacious library (containing 13,000 volumes), a well-

appointed museum of anatomy, physiology, comparativeanatomy, materia medica, botany, and pathological anatomy.The pathological museum is the most complete in the

kingdom. There are laboratories for chemistry, physiology,pharmacology, physics, public health, and biology, givingample accommodation in every department.

Special Classes for the Primary and Final F. R. C. S. are heldtwice yearly. Instruction in Preliminary Science is givento University of London students in chemistry, biology,and physics throughout the year. -Laboratory Instruction forthe D.P.H. is provided during the winter and summersessions.

1 For Ancillary Metropolitan Medical Schools see p. 447.