P The nobles and merchants wanted to be independent from the bishops and when this happened the created the city-states

middle and lower class citz. can not hold office

middle class rose up and took over nobles and created republican city-stated but they didn't last b/c they destroyed the working class

Milan was overthrown by their army

papal states

endless cycles of wars and alliances caused a problem

Cicero argued that the edu. upper class should provide leadership for society

humanist believed Italy should be united under one man

Italy was taken by Hapsburg

resident ambassadors

E The merchant class was emerging

made economic family ties

R Dominican preacher Savonarola tries to bring the Church controlled republic back and was executed by the papacy for heresy

papal states

magi thought Gods are divine humans that were made to help humans

S

IWith all the danger from other city-states, the intellectuals looked into the past for information

everyone shifted their attention to humanism then later philosophy (greek)

Discovered secrets to the Pagan world including alchemy, astrology, magic

Oration on the Divinity of Man- series of 900 theses on all knowledge

humanist looked to docs. rather than miracles to explain events

A Cosimo de' Medici marked a huge artistic achievement

Cosimo's son overthrew him and was a poet

the church was the biggest contributor of art

patronage art- used to show wealth or power

decorating tombs and churches

famous artist