Guide to a Microfilm Edition of

The Mexican Mission PapersOf John Lind

DEBORAH K. NEUBECK

Minnesota Historical Society * St. Paul * 1971

Introduction

It was in 1913--the "hours of Mexico's agony"--that PresidentWoodrow Wilson selected as his personal representative in that

troubled land John Lind, a midwestern progressive a n d former M i n n e s o t a governor a n d representative i n Congress.1 Three years o f

turmoil and civil warfare had seen the end of the thirty-five-year

dictatorship o f Porfirio Diaz a n d t h e deposing o f his more d e m o c r a t i c successor, Francisco I . Madero. Mexico's government i n

1913 was in the hands of the most recently successful r e v o l u t i o n a r y , General Victoriano Huerta, whose position as provisional

president was even then being challenged by rebellious forcesled by Venustiano Carranza.

Wilson refused to recognize the government of Huerta, a manwho antithesized the president's democratic ideals and moralisticconcept of the United States' interests in Mexico. Instead he

formulated a mediation plan with t h e immediate objective o f r e m o v i n g Huerta from power.

To implement his Mexican policy, Wilson chose Lind, a fair-

haired, blue-eyed Scandinavian whose ideals were completely c o m p a t i b l e with h i s own. Lind's Mexican sojourn began i n August,

1913, and ended eight months later in April, 1914. Functioning in

a n alien culture a n d innocent o f diplomatic experience, t h e M i n n e s o t a n w a s n o t able t o achieve t h e goals s e t forth i n t h e mediation

plan. After Huerta rejected Wilson's scheme, Lind's role changedto that of an adviser and observer reporting to the United StatesState Department.

It has been held that Lind's Mexican mission failed becauseWilson's approach to the elimination of Huerta--that is, the

1The quote i s from George M . Stephenson, John Lind o f M i n n e s o t a , 2 6 1 (Minneapolis, 1935).

policy framework within which Lind operated--was impractical.It has also been proposed, inversely, that a contributory cause of

failure w a s t h e president's selection o f a n inexperienced r e p r e s e n t a t i v e . Despite Lind's lack o f success i n negotiating t h e m e d i a t i o n plan, h e w a s without doubt influential i n shaping later

policy a n d events. "The most significant aspect o f t h e Lind m i s s i o n , " states Kenneth J . Grieb, "was n o t i t s abortive attempt t o

g e t Huerta t o resign, b u t that Lind's reports brought t h e W a s h i n g t o n government t o a more realistic view o f t h e steps needed t o

implement its policy."2

The microfilm edition of the Mexican Mission Papers of JohnLind described in this pamphlet is the society's first publication

issued independent o f monetary support from t h e National H i s t o r i c a l Publications Commission. T h e decision t o launch t h e n e w s e r i e s with t h e Lind title w a s based o n t h e papers' demonstrated

utility to scholars studying relations between Mexico and the

United States a s well a s o n a n internal need f o r a better r e f e r e n c e guide t o t h e materials. T h e publication utilizes guidelines

distilled from experience gained in participating in NHPC projectsthat produced six titles and gave a new form to an old medium.

We acknowledge our indebtedness for the principles, practices,

a n d format that constitute those guidelines t o Helen M . White, d i r e c t o r o f t h e society's commission-supported project a n d former

associate curator of manuscripts; Thomas F. Deahl, former curatorof newspapers; and June D. Holmquist, managing editor. We alsoexpress our appreciation for the direct contributions to the Lind

edition made b y Russell W . Fridley, director; John J . Wood, a s s i s t a n t director; Jean A . Brookins, assistant managing editor;

the library staff; and last but far from least, Lawrence E. Bloom,the society's skillful microphotographer.

In addition to writing the Lind pamphlet, Deborah K. Neubeckprepared the manuscripts for filming and edited the microfilm. Aparticipant in the commission-sponsored series, she has now earned

t h e society's additional thanks f o r t h e quality o f this n e w c o n t r i b u t i o n .

Lucile M. KaneCurator of ManuscriptsMinnesota Historical Society

August 27, 1971

2Grieb, "The Lind Mission to Mexico," in Caribbean Studies, 7:43 (January, 1968).

Contents

The Mexican Mission Papers of John Lind 1

Biographical Background 2

Historical Background 7

Origin of the Collection 12

Description of the Papers 12

1913-1914 12

1914-1916 16

1917-1931 17

Selected Bibliography 18

The Microfilm 19

Selected List of Authors 20

Subject Index 21

The Mexican Mission PapersOf John Lind

T h e Mexican Mission Papers o f John Lind (1913-31) i n t h e m a n u s c r i p t s department o f t h e Minnesota Historical Society recounc

Lind's diplomatic mission to Mexico in 1913-14 as the personal

representative o f President Woodrow Wilson a n d h i s continued i n v o l v e m e n t a n d interest i n Mexican affairs after h i s return t o t h e

United States. These papers, which measure three and three-

fourths linear feet, were extracted from t h e society's larger c o l l e c t i o n o f John Lind Papers. T h e remaining portion o f t h e Lind

collection (1870-1912, 1917-33), which w a s n o t microfilmed, m e a s u r e s five linear feet.

This microfilm edition includes all items formerly in the LindPapers for the years 1913-16, most but not all of which deal with

Mexican affairs, plus those items f o r t h e period 1917-31 which r e l a t e t o Mexico. T h e bulk o f t h e papers filmed a r e f o r t h e years

1913-14.

While most of the materials in the collection are legible andin good physical condition, there are exceptions. The ink on somecopies of coded telegraphic messages and letters typed on sulphitepaper has faded or blurred so that legibility is impaired. Also,cellophane tape used to repair letters and newspapers has damagedpaper and ink, occasionally making items difficult to read.

The Mexican Mission Papers are filmed in a single, integratedsequence of correspondence and miscellaneous papers on seven rolls

o f microfilm. Following t h e correspondence a n d miscellaneous p a p e r s o n Roll 7 a r e copies o f catalog cards listing t h e society's

manuscript a n d library holdings that relate t o Lind a n d t o p e r t i n e n t facets o f Mexican foreign relations, history, politics, a n d

government.

The papers are arranged and microfilmed in chronological

order. Undated items appear o n t h e film before dated ones. E n c l o s u r e s , n o matter what their date, have been filed whenever p o s s i b l e after t h e items i n which they were enclosed. When there a r e

both Spanish and English versions of the same item, the originalversion is immediately followed by its translation. In the caseof coded diplomatic dispatches and telegrams all versions of the

same message usually a r e filmed consecutively i n t h e following o r d e r : t h e coded message; i t s transcription; t h e original manuscript

draft (of those sent by Lind); and any other existing versions.

T h e 2 - B film format h a s been used i n microfilming t h e m a n u s c r i p t s . A running title beneath each film frame gives t h e names

o f t h e collection a n d t h e institution holding t h e original d o c u m e n t s a s well a s t h e roll a n d frame numbers. Special targets i n d i c a t e enclosures, incomplete o r defective manuscripts, a n d t h e

reduction ratio of the image when other than the standard 12 to 1was used. Sometimes a manuscript was filmed more than once withdifferent amounts of illumination when it was not possible to

achieve legibility with a single exposure. I n this case, a n i n t e n t i o n a l duplicate exposure target w a s filmed with t h e duplicate

frame. When an item was incorrectly filmed out of sequence withina few frames, it was not refilmed. Other items found out of place

a n d inserted into a film sequence a r e identified with letters f o l l o w i n g t h e frame number ( a s 163A).

Several aids t o t h e reader appear a t t h e beginning o f each m i c r o f i l m roll. A brief discussion o f t h e Mexican Mission Papers i s

followed by two chronologies: selected lists of events in the lifeof Lind and in the history of the Mexican Revolution, 1910-20.The chronologies are followed by sample citations to items in thecollection and a list of the contents of each microfilm roll.

BIOGRAPHICAL BACKGROUND

When Lind w a s named b y President Wilson as h i s personal r e p r e s e n t a t i v e t o Mexico i n August, 1913, h e w a s virtually unknown i n n a t i o n a l political circles. I n h i s home state o f Minnesota, h o w e v e r , h e w a s a prominent lawyer a n d politician who, a s c o n g r e s s m a n a n d governor, h a d established a widespread reputation a s a

man far more committed to progressive principles and issues than

t o party loyalty, a m a n w h o h a d once described himself a s a " p o l i t i c a l orphan."

Lind's appointment, evidently made on the recommendation ofSecretary of State William Jennings Bryan, was as much a surpriseto him as it was to the American public. For Wilson had chosento send to Mexico on a mission of extreme delicacy a man with nodiplomatic experience, no knowledge of either Mexican affairs orthe Spanish language, and a strong anti-Catholic bias. His qualifications,

aside from his personal and political loyalty to bothWilson and Bryan, were a reputedly circumspect attitude toward

public statements and a strong independent spirit, which s u p p o s e d l y would enable him to resist partisan pressures in the execution

of his mission.

This estimate of Lind's character proved to be only partiallyaccurate. On the one hand, during his stay in Mexico (August 9,

1913-April 6, 1914) and for several years thereafter, the n e w s p a p e r s made him well known to the people of the United States as

"silent John Lind," the tall, gaunt Swede who would not comment onMexican affairs. On the other hand, on those rare occasions whenLind issued statements for publication, he somehow managed to stirup a great deal of controversy. More importantly, he became astrong supporter of the Constitutionalist cause shortly after hisarrival in Mexico, and the conduct of his mission had neither the

neutrality n o r t h e objectivity that Wilson a n d Bryan h a d o s t e n s i b l y desired.

Lind's preference for directness in speech and his impatienceto achieve tangible results made him temperamentally unsuited forthe role of diplomat. These qualities, together with the peculiar

nature of his position, the manner in which the Wilson a d m i n i s t r a t i o n dealt with him and handled American-Mexican relations, and

his lack of familiarity with his surroundings, often caused Lindto feel frustrated and isolated in Mexico. But while he was eager

t o return t o Minnesota i n June, 1914, a n d t o resume t h e more c o m f o r t a b l e roles o f lawyer a n d political maverick, h e maintained a n

avid interest in Mexico and in retrospect viewed his sojourn thereas the most "intensely interesting" period of his life.

A SELECTED LIST OF EVENTS IN THE LIFE OF JOHN LIND

1854 March 2 5 . Born i n Kanna parish, Smaland province, S w e d e n , eldest o f five children born t o Peter Gustaf

Jonasson and Katrina Jonasdotter.

1868 Emigrated with family to United States; settled on afarm near Cannon Falls, Goodhue County, Minnesota.Father adopted name of Lind from name of family farm inSweden, "Lindbacken."

Left hand amputated as a result of hunting accident.

1869-70 Attended public school i n R e d Wing, Goodhue County, M i n n e s o t a . Certified t o teach 3 r d grade.

1871 Taught school in Goodhue County.

1872 Moved with family to farm near Winthrop, Sibley County, Minnesota.

1873 Taught school in Sibley County.

1874-75 Employed in law office of Jonas Newhart in New Ulm, BrownCounty, Minnesota. Studied law and taught school.

1875-76 Attended University of Minnesota. Taught night school.

1876 Returned to New Ulm to assist Newhart in law practice.

1877 Admitted to Minnesota bar. Opened own law office in NewUlm.

Elected superintendent of schools for Brown County;served until 1879.

1879 Married Alice A. Shepard, daughter of Richard and RowenaCharity Stratton Shepard.

1880 First son, Norman, born.

1881 Appointed receiver of United States land office at Tracy,Lyon County, Minnesota, by President James A. Garfield;served until 1885.

Formed partnership with Frank L. Randall i n order t o r e t a i n l a w practice i n N e w Ulm.

1884 Legal firm of Lind and Randall dissolved; succeeded byfirm of Lind and Carl A. Hagberg.

First daughter, Jenny, born.

1886 First Swedish-born American to be elected to UnitedStates House of Representatives, from 2nd congressionaldistrict, Republican ticket; served 1887-93 in 50th,51st, and 52nd Congresses. During third term formedlasting friendship with Bryan, then representative fromNebraska. Primarily interested in the tariff, publiclands, enforcement of Interstate Commerce Act, Indian

affairs, bimetallism, railroads, shipping, postal t e l e g r a p h , organized labor, a n d immigration restriction.

1890 Second daughter, Winifred, born.

1892 Declined to seek re-election to House of Representatives,in part because he did not feel in "full accord" withRepublican party on such "vital questions" as freecoinage of silver.

1893 Resumed law practice in New Ulm.

Appointed a regent o f University o f Minnesota b y G o v e r n o r Knute Nelson; resigned i n 1894.

1896 Left Republican party over Free Silver issue. Supported

presidential candidacy of Bryan, Democratic-People'sticket.

Defeated in bid for governorship of Minnesota, D e m o c r a t i c - P e o p l e ' s ticket, Free Silver platform.

1898 Enlisted for service in Spanish-American War; served withrank of lieutenant as regimental quartermaster of the12th Minnesota Volunteers in Cuba; however, opposedUnited States policy of imperialism and retention ofPhilippine Islands.

Elected 14th governor of Minnesota, Democratic-Populistticket; served 1899-1901. Primarily concerned withtrust and railroad regulation, taxation, legal reform,

public education, treatment o f t h e insane, a n d o r g a n i z e d labor.

1900 Defeated f o r re-election a s governor o f Minnesota, D e m o c r a t i c - P e o p l e ' s ticket. Campaign stressed trust regu-

lation, imperialism, and militarism as primary nationalissues and taxation as paramount state issue.

Second son, John Shepard, born.

1901 Transferred residence from N e w U l m t o Minneapolis, M i n n e s o t a .

Formed l a w partnership with Andreas Ueland that w a s m a i n t a i n e d until 1914.

1902 Elected to United States House of Representatives from5th congressional district, Democratic ticket; served1903-05 in 58th Congress. Interested in interstatecommerce, public lands, Indian affairs, and the tariff.

1904 Declined to seek re-election to House.

1908 Campaigned for presidential candidate Bryan, Democraticticket.

Appointed to board of regents of University of Minnesotaby Governor John A. Johnson; served as president until1914.

Made Waldron M. Jerome a partner in law firm.

1910 Declined Minnesota gubernatorial nomination, Democraticticket.

1912 Worked for nomination of Wilson as Democratic candidatefor president.

Traveled with family to Europe.

1913 Declined to serve as assistant secretary of the interiorand as United States minister to Sweden.

Appointed by Wilson as his personal representative toMexico; served until 1914.

1914 Resumed law practice In Minneapolis.Supported Wilson's policy of neutrality with respect toWorld War I.

1915 Appointed chairman o f Minnesota chapter o f League t o E n f o r c e Peace b y i t s president, former President William

Howard Taft.

Accepted invitation t o Mexico t o meet President V e n u s t i a n o Carranza.

1916 Campaigned for re-election of Wilson.

1917 Supported United States' entry into World War I.Appointed to Minnesota Commission of Public Safety byGovernor Joseph A. A. Burnquist; resigned in 1918.

1918 Appointed chairman of Advisory Council to the Secretaryof Labor and an umpire on National War Labor Board bySecretary of Labor William B. Wilson.

Supported National Nonpartisan League's candidate forgovernor of Minnesota, Charles A. Lindbergh, Sr., inRepublican primary election.

1919 Supported Wilson's campaign for United States' entry intoLeague of Nations.

1922 Daughter Jenny died.

1923 Established Lind Fund for the Aid of Deserving CrippledChildren at University of Minnesota.

Supported Minnesota Farmer-Labor party's candidate forUnited States senator, Magnus Johnson.

1924 Endorsed Progressive party's presidential and v i c e - p r e s i d e n t i a l candidates, Robert M. La Follette and Burton K.

Wheeler.Supported Farmer-Labor party's candidates for Minnesota

state and national offices. Also supported them in1926 and 1928.

1928 Opposed presidential candidacy o f Alfred E . Smith, D e m o c r a t i c ticket. Supported Republican party's candidate,

Herbert C. Hoover.

1929 Appointed member o f board o f trustees o f American I n s t i t u t e o f Swedish Art, Literature, a n d Science.

1930 September 18. Died in Minneapolis.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

When Wilson assumed the office of president of the United Statesin 1913, Mexico was in the throes of revolution. For the Mexicannation it was a period of guerrilla warfare, coups d'etat, and

political assassinations. A s rival factions struggled f o r m i l i t a r y a n d political control, anarchy a n d economic collapse c o n s t a n t l y threatened. T h e situation w a s complicated b y t h e fact

that powerful governments (most notably that of the United

States), motivated b y idealistic a n d economic interests, felt c o m p e l l e d t o interfere in Mexican affairs. Between 1913 a n d 1915,

President Wilson made the United States' relations with Mexico

t h e chief international issue o f h i s administration. H e a n d S e c r e t a r y o f State Bryan, neither o f whom h a d previous experience i n

the complex art of international diplomacy, embarked on a Mexican

policy that sprang primarily from moralistic a n d idealistic i m p u l s e s : t h e re-establishment o f social, economic, a n d political

order through the elimination of military dictator VictorianoHuerta and the creation of a democratically elected constitutional

government. T h e policy w a s doomed t o fail from t h e beginning, b e c a u s e i t w a s based o n unrealistic assumptions about a n d inaccurate

appraisals of the Mexican situation.

Wilson and Bryan tried various methods of achieving theirgoals. First, they rejected the historic American practice ofrecognizing de facto governments and withheld recognition from

t h e Huerta regime. When this action brought n o results, they d e v i s e d a mediation scheme designed t o force Huerta's resignation

and the holding of free elections. Lind was sent to Mexico topresent the mediation offer and to exert diplomatic pressure for

i t s acceptance. Because sending a n ambassador would have been i n c o n s i s t e n t with Wilson's policy o f nonrecognition, Lind w a s given

t h e ambiguous title o f "personal representative"; clearly, h o w e v e r , h e w a s t o a c t i n a n ambassadorial capacity. When Huerta

refused the terms of the plan (see page 9), Lind was instructedto remain in Mexico in the crucial role of observer and reporter,while Wilson and Bryan next embarked on a policy of "watchfulwaiting." Following another unsuccessful attempt to forceHuerta's resignation, "watchful waiting" was abandoned in favor of

encouraging t h e Constitutionalist forces opposed t o Huerta a n d u s i n g direct military coercion i n t h e occupation o f Veracruz (both

strongly advocated by Lind). Eventually, in 1914, the C o n s t i t u t i o n a l i s t military forces drove Huerta from power, and their

"First Chief," Carranza, assumed control o f t h e government w i t h o u t holding elections. Although Huerta h a d been eliminated,

Mexico seemed no closer to stability through democracy than ithad been before.

T h e Constitutionalist ranks soon split. Carranza w a s c h a l l e n g e d both militarily a n d politically b y such former allies a s

Francisco (Pancho) Villa and Emiliano Zapata, who were referred

t o a s Conventionists after t h e Convention o f Aquascalientes. W i l s o n a n d Bryan, having discovered that Carranza w a s a s stubbornly

unwilling t o allow t h e United States t o interfere in Mexico's i n t e r n a l affairs a s Huerta h a d been, switched their allegiance f o r

a time from t h e "First Chief" t o t h e Conventionist forces o p p o s i n g him. I n 1915, however, a s t h e Constitutionalists managed t o

continue in power, and as Wilson found his attention drawn more

a n d more from Mexico t o t h e crisis i n Europe, h e granted r e c o g n i t i o n t o t h e Carranza government. Except f o r t h e Punitive E x p e d i t i o n sent into Mexico against Villa i n 1916, t h e United States,

with its ultimate policy objectives still not achieved, withdrewfrom its intense involvement in Mexican affairs and left one ofthe most important revolutions of the twentieth century to runits own course.

A SELECTED LIST OF EVENTSIN THE HISTORY OF THE MEXICAN REVOLUTION, 1910-20.

1910 Henry Lane Wilson appointed United States ambassador toMexico by President Taft.

Porfirio Diaz, dictator of Mexico since 1876, re-electedpresident.

Anti-Diaz revolution launched by Francisco I. Madero withPlan of San Luis Potosi; supported by Carranza, Villa,and Zapata. Madero proclaimed himself provisionalpresident.

1911 Madero revolution succeeded. Diaz resigned as president.

Madero elected president; faced with revolts that c o n t i n u e d through 1912.

Taft recognized Madero government.

1913 February

Madero overthrown b y Huerta i n coup d'etat; Huerta p r o c l a i m e d himself provisional president until October,

1913, elections. Madero executed.

Outgoing President Taft withheld United States' r e c o g n i t i o n o f Huerta government.

March

President Wilson refused t o grant United States' r e c o g n i t i o n t o Huerta government because o f unlawful method

of seizing power. Although he broke with traditional

United States policy o f recognizing d e facto g o v e r n m e n t s , decided t o maintain informal relations with

Mexican government.Carranza elected "First Chief" by Constitutionalist

forces (which included Villa and Zapata) organizingagainst Huerta. Proclaimed revolt with announcement ofPlan of Guadalupe.

JulyWilson and Bryan formulated Mexican policy committed to

removal o f Huerta from power a n d establishment o f d e m o c r a t i c a l l y elected constitutional government.

Henry Lane Wilson recalled to United States.AugustLind appointed Wilson's personal representative to Mexico

t o mediate situation, i.e., t o negotiate Huerta's e l i m i n a t i o n . Mission a failure; Huerta rejected Wilson's

terms: ( 1 ) immediate cessation o f fighting a n d a n a r m i s t i c e ; ( 2 ) early a n d free elections participated i n

by all; (3) pledge by Huerta not to be a presidentialcandidate in elections; (4) agreement by all parties toaccept results of elections.

Wilson announced official United States Mexican policy asthat of "watchful waiting"; imposed embargo on arms

shipments from United States t o Mexico. Lind i n s t r u c t e d t o remain i n Veracruz t o observe a n d report o n s i t u a t i o n .

OctoberVilla forces captured Huerta stronghold of Torreon.Huerta dissolved Mexican Congress, arrested deputies, andassumed dictatorial powers until elections.

Elections held; subsequently declared null and void byCongress, which appointed Huerta provisional presidentuntil July, 1914, elections.

Wilson and Bryan abandoned United States policy of

"watchful waiting" a n d decided t o reopen active c a m p a i g n t o eliminate Huerta.

NovemberUnited States, through Lind, renewed efforts to forceHuerta to resign; he refused.

At Wilson's request, William Bayard Hale negotiated with

Carranza conditions f o r United States' support: l i f t i n g o f arms embargo i n exchange f o r acceptance o f

United States' mediation plan a n d guarantee o f p r o t e c t i o n f o r American lives a n d property. Mission a f a i l u r e ; Carranza rejected United States' presumed right

to intervene in internal affairs of Mexico.Villa forces captured Ciudad Juarez from government

troops.Wilson announced return to policy of "watchful waiting."DecemberHuerta forces recaptured Torre&n.

1914 JanuaryLind and Wilson conferred about Mexican situation at PassChristian, Mississippi.

Carranza sent personal agent, Luis Cabrera, to W a s h i n g t o n , D.C., to confer with Wilson.

Wilson announced new policy of support for C o n s t i t u t i o n a l i s t s .

FebruaryWilson revoked arms embargo.AprilVilla forces recaptured Torre6n.Lind returned to United States.

Tampico incident: commander o f United States naval s q u a d r o n a t Tampico demanded that American flag b e raised

and given twenty-one-gun salute by Mexican commander asreparation for arrest of several American sailors,since released. Huerta refused to grant authority forsalute.

United States mail courier arrested a t Veracruz b y M e x i c a n soldier.

Official State Department dispatch delayed by Mexicancensor at Mexico City.

On pretext of halting arms shipments to Huerta, Wilsonordered United States military forces to occupy Vera-cruz in retaliation for above three events. Huertasevered diplomatic relations with United States.

Wilson reimposed arms embargo in retaliation for C a r r a n z a 's hostile attitude toward occupation of Veracruz.

Argentine, Brazilian, and Chilean envoys in Washingtonoffered to mediate conflict between United States andMexico; offer accepted.

May-June

A.B.C. Mediation Conference held i n Niagara Falls, C a n a d a ; settled little.

JulyHuerta resigned and fled to Europe, yielding presidency

to Francisco S. Carbajal.Villa, plotting overthrow of Carranza as "First Chief,"

sought United States' support.AugustWilson and Bryan unofficially encouraged Villa's efforts.

Official United States policy remained o n e o f n o n i n v o l v e m e n t i n Mexico's internal affairs.

Constitutionalist forces led by Carranza's general,

Alvaro Obreg6n, occupied Mexico City; Carbajal s u r r e n d e r e d government t o Carranza.

OctoberConvention of anti-Carranza forces (including Villa andZapata) met at Aquascalientes.

NovemberConvention of Aquascalientes elected General EulalioGutierrez provisional president. Carranza refused to

resign and was declared a rebel by members of c o n v e n t i o n . Villa called country to arms, precipitating new

stage in civil war.

Carranza moved government from Mexico City to Veracruz

upon withdrawal of United States forces. C o n v e n t i o n i s t government established in Mexico City.

DecemberUnited States government ignored Carranza government, in

effect breaking off de facto relations; established defacto relations with Conventionist government.

1915 Military battles throughout year between forces of Villaand Obregon. Villa ultimately defeated.

Carranza refused t o recognize subsequent presidents e l e c t e d b y Convention o f Aquascalientes (Roque Gonzales G a r z a a n d Francisco Lago Chazaro). Re-established C o n s t i t u t i o n a l i s t government i n Mexico City upon withdrawal

of Conventionist forces.Huerta, plotting rebellion against Carranza, entered

United States from Europe; arrested b y government o f f i c i a l s i n Texas.

United States resumed de facto relations with Carranza;

maintained official policy o f nonintervention i n M e x i c a n affairs, b u t i n reality vacillated between i n v o l v e m e n t a n d noninvolvement, support o f Villa a n d support

of Carranza.Pan-American Conference met in Washington; granted de

facto recognition to Carranza government. United

States government subsequently granted d e facto r e c o g n i t i o n .

Huerta died in Texas of natural causes.

1916 Villa raided town o f Columbus, N e w Mexico, i n r e t a l i a t i o n f o r United States' recognition o f Carranza. W i l s o n sent Punitive Expedition against h i m under command

of General John J. Pershing; expedition remained inMexico almost a year but failed to capture Villa.

Carranza called constitutional convention.

1917 Constitution adopted. Carranza elected president. W i l s o n extended de jure recognition t o Carranza g o v e r n m e n t .

1919 Zapata killed by government troops.Carranza refused to support presidential candidacy of hisally, Obregon; insistently advocated election ofIgnacio Bonlllas. Situation precipitated break betweenObregon and Carranza.

1920 Successful rebellion against Carranza led by Obregon.Carranza killed while fleeing from rebel forces.

Mexican Congress elected Adolfo de la Huerta provisional

president. Obregon elected president i n general e l e c t i o n s .

Postscript1923 Villa assassinated by hired gunmen in town of Parral.

ORIGIN OF THE COLLECTION

Most of the manuscripts that now constitute the Mexican MissionPapers of John Lind were included in the John Lind Papers given to

t h e society b y Mrs. John Lind i n January, 1936. Additional M e x i c a n items were contributed t o t h e collection i n September, 1958,

by Mrs. Edwin R. Bjorkman, a granddaughter of Lind. In January,1962, Alvin R. Witt presented to the society a copy of a letter inhis possession from Wilson to Lind, dated June 17, 1913. In Marchof the same year, Witt donated a copy of a letter from Bryan toLind, dated December 12, [1914?], which had been given to him byJohn Lind, Jr. Twenty-eight issues of the Mexican Herald, datedApril 25-May 22, 1914, were discovered in the newspaper divisionof the society's library and added to the collection during thepreparation of this microfilm edition. Their origin is unknown.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PAPERS

1913-1914

Following two undated items, the Mexican Mission Papers of JohnLind begin in January, 1913, with a few manuscripts which predateLind's diplomatic assignment and which deal with other facets ofhis career: correspondence regarding his law practice, his work

a s president o f t h e board o f regents o f t h e University o f M i n n e s o t a , political patronage, President Wilson's offer o f t h e post o f

United States minister to Sweden, and Lind's decision to decline

the position.

Manuscripts pertaining to the Mexican mission begin in lateJuly, 1913, with telegrams from Secretary of State Bryan summoning

Lind t o Washington f o r consultation o n a n "important" a n d " c o n f i d e n t i a l " matter. Materials from early August, 1913, include

Lind's official letter o f introduction; a copy o f Wilson's i n s t r u c t i o n s listing t h e terms o f the.United States' mediation p r o p o s a l ; newspaper clippings reporting Lind's appointment a n d a r r i v a l i n Mexico; a n d letters o f congratulation a n d introduction,

many of them from Americans residing in Mexico. Also filed in

August, 1913, a r e several groups o f documents undoubtedly g e n e r a t e d sometime during Lind's stay i n Mexico: numerous a l p h a b e t i c a l l y arranged calling cards; picture postcards portraying Lind o n

board the U.S.S. "Michigan," Mexican architecture, and Mexicanrevolutionary leaders and activities; and Zapata's revolutionary

manifesto, Plan de Ayala.

T h e records which date from Lind's arrival i n Mexico i n A u g u s t , 1913, t o h i s departure i n April, 1914, consist primarily o f

diplomatic dispatches, letters from informants, printed materials,

a n d copies o f official documents. T h e heart o f t h e Mexican M i s s i o n Papers a r e t h e diplomatic dispatches, i n which government o f f i c i a l s i n Washington a n d diplomats i n Veracruz a n d Mexico City

kept one another informed of local developments. The bulk of thedispatches are from Lind to Bryan, usually in both coded andtranscribed forms, sometimes with Lind's original draft attached.A lesser number from Bryan to Lind are present, as well as somewhich were exchanged between Lind and Nelson 0'Shaughnessy, charged'affaires at the American embassy in Mexico City.

In his efforts to give the Wilson administration as complete apicture as possible of the social, economic, political, military,and religious conditions in Mexico, Lind packed his dispatcheswith diverse types of information. First, he reported what heconsidered and what appear to be actual, confirmed events, suchas those he had witnessed or which had been reported in the press,verified by corroborating documents, or established as fact in

some other way. Among such events a r e those relating t o h i s n e g o t i a t i o n s with t h e Huerta government; incidents surrounding t h e

October, 1913, elections; the request of presidential candidateFelix Diaz for asylum in the United States consulate in Veracruz;the arrival of arms and fuel shipments for Huerta from Europe; theconduct of Mexican governmental affairs, such as the convening of

Congress a n d changes i n Huerta's cabinet; t h e progress of i m p o r t a n t military campaigns a n d battles; a n d t h e financial crises c o n t i n u a l l y plaguing t h e government.

Second, Lind relayed reports of unverified events (oftentransmitted to him by informants) which seemingly had the statusof rumors, such as supposed arrests and executions carried out bythe Mexican government; secret alliances and agreements enteredinto by Huerta with the business community and the Catholicchurch; and uprisings being planned by anti-Huerta partisans.

Lind d i d n o t always clearly indicate, however, whether t h e i n f o r m a t i o n contained i n h i s messages more closely resembled rumor o r

fact, and he sometimes tended to confuse the two and to exaggeratesituations. For example, he repeatedly warned that the principalBritish oil investor in Mexico, Lord Cowdray (Weetman D. Pearson)of the firm of S. Pearson and Son, Ltd., had resolved to controland monopolize the Mexican oil industry; that in pursuit of thisgoal the Englishman had already consolidated his position to theextent that he dictated the Mexican policy of Great Britain andcontrolled the Huerta government; and that he was determined toembarrass the United States and thwart its policies. Lind further

contended that t h e British minister t o Mexico, S i r Lionel E . C a r d e n , w a s acting a s Cowdray's agent a n d was, therefore, party t o

these Machiavellian intrigues. Lind's belief in the existence ofthis conspiracy became an obsession; his accusations concerning

it, his determination to expose it, and his insistence that Gardenbe replaced are major themes in his dispatches.

Third, Lind reported what are clearly his personal opinions,impressions, and interpretations and recommended strategies and

tactics he believed ought to be employed by the Wilson a d m i n i s t r a t i o n . He conveyed his negative views of the Irish, the Jews, the

Catholic church, and the Mexicans, especially those in southernMexico; his convictions that the fundamental causes of unrest in

Mexico were n o t political b u t social a n d economic a n d that t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f political stability w a s ultimately dependent o n r e f o r m s i n t h e feudal agrarian system; h i s estimate o f what course

the principal revolutionary leaders would follow; his firm beliefthat, because the Mexicans understood only power and force, Wilson

a n d Bryan h a d t o develop a well-thought-out policy a n d plan o f a c t i o n , adhere t o them without vacillation, a n d apply a n d maintain

pressure at every point if they were to achieve their goals; andhis deepening sense of frustration as he began to realize that

such a policy a n d plan d i d n o t exist a n d that Huerta could r e p e a t e d l y call t h e administration's bluff.

As his feelings of frustration and lack of accomplishmentmounted, Lind began to fill his dispatches with recommendationsdesigned to precipitate decisive action. Initially he argued thatsince the Constitutionalists would ultimately defeat Huerta, itwould be wise for Wilson to recognize them, for, in the likelyevent that United States military intervention became necessary topacify the country, the Americans would then have the good will ofthe faction in power. He subsequently decided, however, that itwould be more expedient and far wiser for the United States toachieve its objectives indirectly. If the facade of neutralitywere abandoned, public support granted to the Constitutionalists,and the arms embargo lifted, the Constitutionalists would have the

means t o achieve what seemingly could n o t b e effected through d i r e c t diplomatic pressure--the ousting o f Huerta a n d t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f democracy a n d stability. This proposal, Lind argued,

was the only alternative to military intervention, which wouldarouse intense hostility among the Mexicans toward the United

States.

Shortly before his departure, Lind was recommending that theUnited States aid the rebels in seizing the gulf ports of Tampicoand Veracruz in order to halt the flow of arms and fuel to theHuerta government and to establish a base of operations from whicha semblance of law and order could radiate. But since Lind was nolonger in Mexico during the Tampico incident and the UnitedStates' occupation of Veracruz, there is very little in the papersrelating to these important events.

In his replies, Bryan generally acknowledged Lind's messages,reported that the information and recommendations they contained

were receiving careful consideration, informed h i m o f t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n ' s decisions a n d actions, assured h i m o f t h e importance

of his contributions, or occasionally requested documentation for

h i s statements. Lind w a s irritated b y t h e lack o f specific i n f o r m a t i o n h e received; h e felt that Wilson a n d Bryan d i d n o t a l w a y s keep h i m fully advised o f t h e administration's policy a n d o f

i t s reaction t o h i s dispatches. F o r t h e most part, Bryan's m e s s a g e s indicate neither t h e manner i n which t h e decision-making

process in Washington operated nor the nature or extent of Lind'sinfluence on it.

The dispatches exchanged between Lind and O'Shaughnessy were

primarily intended t o inform o n e another o f their plans, o f d e v e l o p m e n t s i n their respective cities, a n d o f significant i n t e l l i g e n c e forwarded t o o r received from Washington.

Next t o t h e dispatches, t h e richest manuscripts i n t h e c o l l e c t i o n a r e t h e letters, memoranda, a n d reports sent t o Lind b y p e o p l e i n Mexico whose positions enabled them t o inform a n d advise

him about various aspects of the Mexican situation: Federico Adams

represented Lord Cowdray's oil interests i n Mexico; James N . G a l b r a i t h w a s connected with t h e Waters Pierce O i l Company o f T a m p i c o ; George R . Hackley w a s a n executive o f t h e Southern Pacific

Railroad o f Mexico; Sloan W . Emery managed a n experimental h a c i e n d a owned b y t h e University o f Minnesota; J . J . Slade, Jr., w a s a

businessman; Loring Olmstead managed the British Club in MexicoCity; Louis d'Antin was first clerk and legal counsel in theUnited States embassy in Mexico City; Robert H. Murray was theMexican correspondent for the New York World; William A. Burnsidewas United States military attache in Mexico City; Frank F.Fletcher and William A. Moffett were officers in the United StatesNavy. A comparison of the content of these manuscripts with thatof the dispatches suggests that while Lind did receive communiques

from a n d hold meetings with native-born Mexicans a n d other i n d i v i d u a l s , h e usually relied more heavily o n t h e diverse data r e c e i v e d from foreign-born, English-speaking confidants i n f o r m u l a t i n g both h i s reports t o Washington a n d h i s o w n opinions. This

circumstance necessarily put severe limitations on the perspectivefrom which he and officials in Washington viewed Mexican affairs.

Printed materials in the papers include newspapers, magazines,

a n d clippings a s well a s pamphlets, leaflets, flyers, a n d b r o a d s i d e s i n both English a n d Spanish which Lind either collected h i m s e l f o r received from others during h i s Mexican sojourn. With

copies o f official government documents, they supplement t h e i n f o r m a t i o n i n t h e dispatches a n d other correspondence a n d give a n

added dimension to the topics discussed.

Non-Mexican items o f interest f o r this period include c o r r e s p o n d e n c e a n d newspaper clippings pertaining t o t h e political i m p l i c a t i o n s o f Lind's resignation from t h e board o f regents o f t h e

University of Minnesota.

1914-1916

Lind returned to the United States in mid-April, 1914. He hadhoped to proceed home to Minnesota but was detained in Washingtonuntil early June, 1914, by the A.B.C. Mediation Conference called

during t h e crisis i n American-Mexican relations following t h e o c c u p a t i o n o f Veracruz. That Lind played a pivotal role i n t h e

conference negotiations by serving as an adviser not only to the

State Department b u t also t o t h e Constitutionalists i s amply r e v e a l e d i n t h e papers. Copies o f letters, memoranda, a n d reports

submitted by Lind to Wilson and Bryan give his assessment of theconference and outline his policy recommendations, which stronglyfavored the Constitutionalists. Comparison of his handwrittendrafts and notations with copies of official Constitutionalistcommunications indicates that statements he composed were oftenreleased by the Carranzistas essentially as he wrote them.

The papers also disclose that Lind's delicate position wasfurther complicated by his serving as a liaison between Zapata andthe State Department. This involvement proceeded from a commitmentmade shortly before leaving Mexico to Zapata sympathizers HerbertL. Hall, an American who had resided in Mexico for over twentyyears, and Arnold Shanklin, the United States consul general atMexico City. Zapata was attempting to blackmail the United Statesgovernment into sending him money, arms, and relief supplies by

threatening t o attack Mexico City, thereby jeopardizing t h e m e d i a t i o n negotiations. Copies o f telegrams indicate that Zapata's d e m a n d s a n d Bryan's replies were transmitted i n "underground m e s s a g e s " through intermediaries Shanklin i n Mexico City a n d Lind i n

care of the State Department. The key figures in the situationwere referred to in these messages by code names--Lind was knownas Juarez, Zapata as Dix, Shanklin as Paz, Hall as Clark, and aGeneral Martinez as Brady.

It is obvious from the correspondence, newspaper and magazinearticles, pamphlets, flyers, news releases, information sheets,

copies o f official documents, a n d other materials i n t h e c o l l e c t i o n f o r this period that Lind's concern with Mexican affairs d i d

not wane when he returned to Minnesota after severing his official

connection with t h e State Department. Through letters a n d m e m o r a n d a h e continued t o submit t o Secretaries o f State Bryan a n d

Robert Lansing and Secretary of the Interior Franklin K. Lane hisviews of the Mexican situation. He passed on to them informationreceived from informants and urgently pressed the necessity ofrecognizing the Carranza government as the only alternative tomilitary intervention.

Lind kept abreast of and undoubtedly influenced developmentsin the vigorous campaign for recognition being waged by Carranza'srepresentatives in the United States through contacts with suchmen as Charles A. Douglas, their chief counsel, and Eliseo

Arredondo, the "First Chief's" confidential agent and head of theConstitutionalist mission in Washington. In correspondence andduring periodic trips to the East at critical times to give advice

i n person, Lind suggested actions t o b e taken a n d drafted s t a t e m e n t s f o r public release. Both before a n d after t h e United States

granted de facto recognition, Lind persistently recommended thatthe Constitutionalists mount a publicity effort to counteract theanti-Carranza campaign of the American Catholic church.

Lind also kept u p a lively correspondence with friends a n d i n f o r m a n t s w h o continued t o supply h i m with data o n conditions i n

Mexico and developments In Mexican-American relations. Some ofthe subjects discussed in these letters are the continuation ofthe alleged anti-American conspiracy of Garden and the English oil

interests; the feud between Villa and Carranza and the a n t i - C a r r a n z a rebellion launched by Villa; and various public and private

Mexican relief efforts.

Also in the papers are some letters and numerous newspaperclippings about the reported break between President Wilson andhis adviser, Colonel Edward M. House; Lind's allegations that the

former ambassador t o Mexico, Henry Lane Wilson, h a d prior k n o w l e d g e o f Huerta's coup d'etat a n d t h e plan t o execute President

Madero; Lind's trip to the Mexican town of Piedras Negras to meet

t h e "First Chief" a n d t h e speculation that h e would b e named a m b a s s a d o r t o Mexico; t h e anti-Constitutionalist attitude o f t h e

American Catholic church a n d press; t h e pressure f o r military i n t e r v e n t i o n b y t h e United States i n Mexico; a n d t h e Punitive E x p e d i t i o n against Villa l e d b y General Pershing. Lind's speech

about Mexico to the Industrial Club of Chicago in November, 1914,

prompted many comments b y correspondents, particularly i n r e f e r e n c e t o charges o f plagiarism a n d anti-Catholicism that followed

i t s publication i n t h e Bellman a n d i n pamphlet form under t h e t i t l e T h e Mexican People. There a r e also requests f o r copies o f

the pamphlet.

Non-Mexican topics of interest include World War I and Lind'shearty approval of Wilson's policy of neutrality; the election of1916, in which Lind campaigned for Wilson's re-election; and therequest by former President Taft that Lind serve as chairman ofthe Minnesota chapter of the League to Enforce Peace.

1917-1931

Materials photographed for the period 1917-31 consist only ofthose items from the Lind Papers that relate to Mexico. They fallinto four major categories: (1) correspondence between Lind andpersons he had met during the course of his Mexican endeavorswhose occasional letters inform him about mutual friends, reporton conditions in Mexico, or ask his assistance in securing jobs;(2) letters and newspaper clippings pertaining to Mexico's role in

World War I, including correspondence discussing Lind's scheme torecruit an independent Mexican brigade for service in France, anaction that he believed would foster closer relations between thepeoples of the United States and Mexico in the face of Carranza's

continued insistence o n Mexican neutrality; ( 3 ) correspondence r e l a t i n g t o legal work Lind performed i n 1917 o n behalf o f a client

who owned a hacienda in the Mexican state of Oaxaca; (4) printedpamphlets on various social, economic, political, and religiousaspects of the Mexican situation.

Other notable items a r e newspaper clippings regarding t h e a c t i v i t i e s o f Villa a n d t h e withdrawal o f t h e Punitive Expedition

from Mexico; a copy o f a speech made b y Lind a t a Loyalty D a y r a l l y sponsored b y organized labor i n September, 1917, i n which h e

refers to Wilson's Mexican policy in the course of urging supportfor the president's revised war policy; materials regarding Lind'stestimony before the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, which

i n 1919-20 conducted a n investigation o f Mexican affairs; a n d l e t t e r s exchanged between Lind a n d several magazine a n d newspaper e d i t o r s seeking articles o r interviews about Mexico, some o f which

contain interesting reminiscences.

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

George M. Stephenson discusses the Mexican phase of Lind's career

at some length in his biography, John Lind of Minnesota ( M i n n e a p o l i s , 1935). The last four volumes of Arthur S. Link's five-volume

biography o f Woodrow Wilson each contain chapters detailing v a r i o u s phases o f United States Mexican policy f o r t h e years 1913-17:

Wilson; The New Freedom; Wilson: The Struggle for Neutrality,1914-1915; Wilson: Confusions and Crises, 1915-1916; and Wilson:Campaigns for Frogressivism and Peace, 1916-1917 (Princeton, 1956,

1960, 1964, 1965). Additional secondary sources i n English d e a l i n g with t h e Mexican Revolution a n d relations between t h e United

States and Mexico during this period include Ronald Atkin, R e v o l u t i o n ! Mexico 1910-1920 (London, 1969); Howard F. Cline, The United

States and Mexico (Cambridge, Mass., 1963); Kenneth J. Grieb,

"The Lind Mission t o Mexico" i n Caribbean Studies, 7:25-43 ( J a n u a r y , 1968), a n d T h e United States a n d Huerta (Lincoln, Neb.,

1969); Robert E. Quirk, The Mexican Revolution, 1914-1915; TheConvention of Aquascalientes (Bloomington, Ind., 1960); James W.Wilkie and Albert L. Michaels, eds., Revolution in Mexico: Yearsof Upheaval, 1910-1940 (New York, 1969).

Useful for information about more specific aspects of UnitedStates Mexican policy are Peter Calvert, The Mexican Revolution,1910-1914: The Diplomacy of the Anglo-American Conflict (London,1968) and Robert E. Quirk, An Affair of Honor: Woodrow Wilson andthe Occupation of Veracruz (Lexington, Ky., 1962). All of the

books listed above contain extensive bibliographies of primaryand secondary sources in both English and Spanish.

The following government publications also are helpful: United

States Department o f State, Papers Relating to t h e Foreign R e l a t i o n s of t h e United States, 1913-17, 5 volumes (Washington, 1920,

1922, 1924, 1925, 1926); and United States Senate Committee onForeign Relations, Investigation of Mexican Affairs, 66 Congress,2 session, 2 volumes (Washington, 1920).

The numerical files of the Department of State records in theNational Archives which contain the greater part of the officialpapers pertaining to the United States' relations with Mexico forthis period are in Record Group 59. The most important of theseis the 812.00 file, "Records Relating to the Internal Affairs ofMexico, 1910-1929." The 711.12 file, entitled "Records RegardingPolitical Relations Between the United States and Mexico, 1910-1929," includes some additional materials. Microfilm copies ofboth files (accompanied by pamphlet inventories) may be purchased

from t h e National Archives a s Microcopies 2 7 4 a n d 314, r e s p e c t i v e l y . Roll 1 o f each o f these microfilm publications i s a v a i l a b l e a t t h e Minnesota Historical Society. These rolls contain

"Lists o f Documents," i.e., brief abstracts o f t h e items r e p r o d u c e d i n t h e microcopies which also serve a s finding aids. Roll 1

of Microcopy 274 covers only the period February, 1910-March,1914, while Roll 1 of Microcopy 314 lists documents for the entireperiod.

Additional manuscript a n d printed sources o n Lind a n d o n p e r t i n e n t facets o f Mexico's foreign relations, history, politics,

and government in the manuscripts department and library of theMinnesota Historical Society are indicated in the catalog cardsfilmed on Roll 7 of the microfilm.

THE MICROFILM

The Mexican Mission Papers of John Lind

Correspondence and Miscellaneous Papers

Roll 1. Undated, January-October 15, 1913Roll 2. October 16-November, 1913Roll 3. December, 1913-February 10, 1914Roll 4. February 11-April 15, 1914Roll 5. April 16, 1914-February, 1915Roll 6. March-December, 1915Roll 7. 1916-31; Catalog Cards

SELECTED LIST OF AUTHORS Hackley, George R.Hale, William Bayard

Adams, Federico Hall, Herbert L.Arredondo, Eliseo Hammond, Wlnfield S.

House, Edward M.Bonhomme, Josephina Huerta, VictorianoBonillas, IgnacioBryan, William Jennings E1 ImparcialBurleson, Albert S.Burnside, William A. Kelley, Francis C.Butler, Pierce Knox, Philander C.

Cabrera, Luis Lane, Franklin K.Canada, William W. Lansing, RobertCanova, Leon J. Leckie, A. E. L.Capehart, Edward E. Lind, Alice (Mrs. John)Carranza, Venustiano Lind, JohnCarbajal, Francisco S. Lind, NormanCatholic BulletinClark, Victor S. Maass, GustavoCole, Edwin L. MacEachran, Clinton E.Cole, Richard H. McGee, John F.Cowdray, First Viscount The Menace

(Weetman D. Pearson) Metcalfe, Richard L.Mexican Bureau of Information

Daniels, Josephus Mexican HeraldD'Antln, Louis Miller, Clarence A.Diaz, Felix Minneapolis JournalE1 Dictamen Minneapolis StarDominguez, Belisario Mister LindDomlnguez, Zeferino Moffett, William A.Douglas, Charles A. Moore, John Bassett

Murray, Robert H.Eberhart, Adolph 0.Edgar, William C. New York HeraldEllis, W. H. New York TimesEmery, Sloan W. El Noticioso MexicanoEnriquez, Ignacio C. Northrop, Cyrus

Fahlcrantz, G. Oliver, James H.Farquhar, Arthur B. Olmstead, LoringFentress, Calvin La OpinionFletcher, Frank F. O'Shaughnessy, NelsonFlores Magon, Jesus Our Sunday Visitor

Galbraith, James N. El PaisGamboa, Federico Palavicini, Felix F.Garza, Emeterio de la, Jr. Post, Louis F.Gray, James La PrensaGuzman, Reynalda Ramon vda de El Pueblo

Roosevelt, Franklin D. Velasquez, JacoboVilla, Francisco

St. Paul Pioneer Press Villarreal, Antonio I.Sala, Antenor Vincent, George E.Schmahl, Julius A. Von Rosen, A. L.Shanklin, ArnoldShipstead, Henrik Watson, Thomas E.Simpson, Williard L. Washington HeraldSlade, J. J., Jr. Washington PostSlaughter, John W. Washington TimesSteffens, Joseph Lincoln West, DuvalLos Sucesos Western Catholic

Wilson, Henry LaneTumulty, Joseph P. Wilson, WoodrowTupper, Henry A.

Zapata, EmilianoEl Universal Zubaran Capmany, RafaelUntermyer, SamuelUrquidi, Juan F.

SUBJECT INDEX

European War (World War I), 1914-18

Mexico: Churches and religious affairsEconomic conditionsElections and election campaignsForeign investmentsForeign relations--Great Britain, United StatesPolitics and governmentRevolutionary period, 1910-17Social conditions

Minnesota: Politics and government

United States: Diplomatic and consular serviceElections and election campaignsForeign relations--MexicoPolitics and government