THE MICROPOLITICS OF FILMMAKING
OTHERWISE: THE KARRABING
COLLECTIVE
DAISY NICHOLS
APRIL 2020
Presented as part of, and in accordance with, the requirements for the Final Degree of B.Sc. at the
University of Bristol, School of Geographical Sciences, April 2020 (Geography with Study Abroad).
School of Geographical Sciences
CERTIFICATION OF OWNERSHIP OF THE COPYRIGHT IN A TYPESCRIPT OR MANUSCRIPT
Dissertation presented as part of, and in accordance with, the requirements for the Final Degree of B.Sc at the University of Bristol, School of Geographical Sciences. I hereby assert that I own exclusive copyright in the item named below. I give permission to the University of Bristol Library to add this item to its stock and to make it available for use and re-copying by its readers.
AUTHOR
Daisy Nichols
TITLE
The Micropolitics of Filmmaking Otherwise: The Karrabing Collective
DATE OF SUBMISSION
20/04/20
Signed:
………………...................................................................................................... Full name: Daisy Olivia Nichols ………………...................................................................................................... Date: 20/04/20 ………………......................................................................................................
Abstract
Disrupting the assumed ontological expectation that film represents the ‘real’, this paper is concerned
with the overlooked, non-representational registers of film. Drawing on Gilles Deleuze’s cine-
philosophy, film is rendered here not as a normative, stable artefact, but as an intensive and affective
becoming that has the potential to disrupt habitual thought and transform the ways in which we relate
both to the world and to ourselves. Empirically, this is teased out through an embodied, non-
representational praxis and is explored in my cinematic thought experiment with the two films I have
selected from the Karrabing Collective’s oeuvre; Wutharr: Saltwater Dreams (2016) and Mermaids, or
Aiden in Wonderland (2018). An Indigenous group working in Northern Australia, the Karrabing
Collective use film as a form of resistance to critically probe the conditions of their existence within
the context of contemporary settler colonialism and its attempts to deny and discredit their modes of
being. Rejecting almost all conventional film grammar and techniques, their films are avowedly
experimental and improvisational, providing a disruptive and animating cinematic experience. Tracing
their exuberant aesthetics, I illustrate the ways in which the Karrabing play determinedly on film’s
non-representational registers to open up the space for alternative thoughts, subjectivities and
worlds. By unsettling teleological time and destabilising the ontological security of the human, their
films undermine the foundations on which normative, hegemonic narratives are sustained. Duetting
alongside Deleuze and Felix Guattari’s notion of the minor, I reframe the Karrabing Collective’s
‘filmmaking otherwise’ as a minor practice, arguing that its valence and political force lies not in its
major political representational content, but in the deliberate cultivation of the micropolitical
expressions that their novel techniques and practices generate.
Abstract word count: 277
Total word count: 10,000
Acknowledgements
I would like to thank my supervisor Joe Gerlach for his academic wisdom and for providing me with
the guidance I needed to navigate the questions this dissertation has prompted. I would also like to
thank Elizabeth Povinelli for granting me access to the Karrabing Collective’s body of work, including
an advance copy of the recently premiered film, Day in the Life (2020). To the Karrabing Collective,
thank you for your fascinating, innovative and ingenious oeuvre which has made undertaking this
dissertation such a rewarding and enjoyable experience. Finally, many thanks to my family for their
warmth, good humour and support.
Table of Contents
1. Overture ..............................................................................................................................................1
2. Literature Review ................................................................................................................................4
2.1 Geography’s Visual Preoccupations ..............................................................................................4
2.2 Re-orientation to Non-Representational Theory ..........................................................................5
2.3 A Non-Representational Approach to Cinema ..............................................................................6
2.3.1 Falsifying Techniques ............................................................................................................... 7
2.4 The Notion of the Minor................................................................................................................8
2.5 The Karrabing’s Filmmaking Otherwise .........................................................................................9
2.6 A Moment of Reflection ............................................................................................................. 10
3. Interlude: Methodology ................................................................................................................... 11
3.1 Doing Non-representational Theory .......................................................................................... 11
3.2 Film Selection ............................................................................................................................. 12
3.3 Living the Experiment ................................................................................................................. 12
3.4 Representing the Non-Representational ................................................................................... 13
4. Discussion ......................................................................................................................................... 14
4.1 Unsettling Teleological Temporality in Wutharr ........................................................................ 14
4.1.1 Incommensurable Scenes ...................................................................................................... 15 4.1.2 False Continuity of Sound....................................................................................................... 16 4.1.3 Flashbacks-within-flashbacks ................................................................................................. 18 4.1.4 Intermezzo: Reflections on Wutharr....................................................................................... 22
4.2 Making Perceptible the Imperceptible in Mermaids ................................................................. 23
4.2.1 Disorientating Sonic Ecology and Disembodied Eye ................................................................ 23 4.2.2 Unruly Superimpositions ........................................................................................................ 26 4.2.3 Intermezzo: Reflections on Mermaids .................................................................................... 28
5. (Dé)nouement .................................................................................................................................. 30
References ............................................................................................................................................ 32
Appendix 1............................................................................................................................................ 38
List of Figures
Figures 1 – 10:
Film stills from Wutharr: Saltwater Dreams (2016) [Non-distributed DVD and Streaming Video].
Povinelli, E. [Director]. Karrabing Film Collective.
Figures 11 – 16:
Film stills from Mermaids, or Aiden in Wonderland (2018) [Non-distributed DVD and Streaming Video].
Povinelli, E. [Director]. Karrabing Film Collective.
Film stills in this dissertation have been used for the purposes of critical review, considered ‘fair
dealing’ under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
1
1. Overture
“Just like the old people, we are dreaming. We have a new dream with technology. We’re using the
newest technology with the oldest culture” (Taylor, 2011: 189)
As a curious geographer, it was perhaps not surprising – on reflection – that I would wish to find out
more about Australia’s socio-cultural geographies during my study year in Melbourne. Looking to
cultural expression as a navigational tool, I clearly remember my first visit to the Australian Centre for
the Moving Image. There I read not only about colonial misrepresentation of Indigenous Australians1
in film, but also about the surge of ‘new wave’ cinematic activism through which Indigenous
Australians are taking creative control over their own stories. My curiosity heightened, I attended a
talk concerning ‘Decolonising the Moving Image’, where director Beck Cole and actress Rachael Maza
discussed this emergent field of cultural production. Pushing cinema to new places, such films refuse
coloniality by deconstructing false narratives and replacing these with their own truths as part of the
nation’s healing (Hocking et al. 2019). With Indigenous non-professional actors and improvisational
storytelling techniques, the filmmaking practices are low-budget and highly experimental (ibid.).
Intrigued, I sought to find out more; my research led me to the Karrabing Collective2.
A cooperative of extended Indigenous Australian family and friends, working with anthropologist
Elizabeth Povinelli, the Karrabing are one of a number of groups, though not a ‘clan’ per se, practicing
in the realms of Indigenous filmmaking (Biddle and Lea, 2018). The Karrabing use film to analyse their
existence within the cramped spaces of settler colonialism and its relentless attempts to deny their
agency and ways of being (ibid.). The first time I viewed one of their films, Mermaids, or Aiden in
Wonderland (2018), I felt unsettled, animated and challenged: it is hard not to be bewildered by their
avowedly unusual films. I had never experienced such a unique aesthetic, the rejection of almost all
conventional film grammar and the unleashing of new thoughts, conflicts and sentient worlds that
came with this. While their films are admittedly a disruptive experience, this should not deter further
interrogation. Rather, it was their very complexity that provided the impetus for this paper; to
understand how their films worked to engineer my thoughts. In this sense, this paper addresses a
question of aesthetic crafting – how do these films do what they do?
Taking a cue from non-representational theory (NRT), this paper explores film’s potential as an
intensive becoming with affective capacity. This semi-tonal shift towards the affective register has
1 Acknowledging the problematic nature of the term Indigenous, references to Indigenous Australians and Indigeneity are in no way to deny heterogeneity but for brevity only. Where appropriate, I refer specifically to the Karrabing Collective. 2 Referred to hereinafter as the Karrabing. In Emminyengal language, Karrabing refers to ‘low tide turning’; “a mode of connectivity and independence, of sameness and difference” (Edmunds in Lea and Povinelli, 2018: 36).
2
hitherto largely been ignored by a disciplinary longing to uncover film’s meaning (Dewsbury, 2009).
Distinct from emotion, affect is taken as “the motor of being” (Connolly, 2001: 586), a “virtual force,
a material effect and an immaterial disposition” (Dewsbury, 2009: 20) that ebbs and flows between
bodies. As Genosko (2012: 250) notes, these intensities “come flush with sensibilities not yet
entangled in dominant modelisations of identity and social relations”, generating new possibilities for
thinking. Gilles Deleuze’s cine-philosophy (2005[1986]; 2005[1989]) provides a conceptual sandbox
for attending to the affective sensibilities that cinema cultivates. A radical alternative to traditional
critical-representational approaches, Deleuze questions how images take part in new events of
thinking by invoking shocks to thought.
Drawing on Deleuze and co-author Felix Guattari’s (1986) studies of Kafka, who used the major
German language so that it could be interpreted otherwise, I suggest that the notion of the ‘minor’
provides a potential nexus that draws together continental philosophy and the Karrabing’s
filmmaking. To be clear, the minor is neither opposed, nor inferior, to the major. Quite the contrary,
the minor works from within the major, using the same components but in alternative ways such that
it pushes beyond the normative conventions of the major (Bogue, 2007). Conjectural and
experimental, minor practices do not act to represent the world but instead, by unpicking convention
and recomposing thought through affect, are ‘modes of action’ that create new subjectivities,
thoughts and worlds (Deleuze and Guattari, 1986).
As a summary: the structure of what ensues. First, I situate this paper within the context of
intellectual thought on film, geography and (non)representation, outlining Deleuze’s cinematic
nomenclature with reference to falsifying techniques. I then delineate Deleuze and Guattari’s notion
of the minor before tracing the Karrabing’s filmmaking otherwise, which I suggest finds an ethical
alliance with Deleuze and Guattari’s ‘geophilosophy’. The interlude sketches how I embody a non-
representational praxis to extrapolate the affective registers of the films investigated. The discussion
considers how the Karrabing’s filmmaking practices and techniques might be considered as a push to
the minor in their deliberate generation of micropolitical expressions which create space for
possibilities of being otherwise and disrupt the foundations on which hegemonic narratives are
sustained. Micropolitics refers here to a politics which, much like the minor, traverses alongside the
macropolitical but works through affect rather than representation to transform thought (Deleuze
and Guattari, 1987). Finally, the paper is brought to its (dé)nouement; an (un)finished conclusion in
the sense that everything is “always incomplete, always in the midst of being formed, and goes beyond
the matter of any liveable or lived experience. It is a process” (Deleuze, 1997: 1).
I provide a broad aim that drives the impetus for my project: to explore how the Karrabing’s films
play on cinema’s capacity to disrupt habitual ways of thinking and chart the “generative unfolding of
3
new possibilities” from a non-representational vantage (Bogue, 2007: 106). However, much like their
films, an exhaustive response cannot be guaranteed. Quite the opposite: I am entirely open to
Sontag’s (1963) disposition that the answers might destroy the questions.
4
2. Literature Review
To place the matters of this paper, this literature review explores conversations at the intersection of
film, geography and (non)representation, identifying the lacunae to which this paper attends. I then
outline Deleuze’s non-representational approach to cinema, paying particular attention to falsifying
techniques, and introduce Deleuze and Guattari’s notion of the minor. Finally, I articulate the
Karrabing’s filmmaking otherwise.
2.1 Geography’s Visual Preoccupations
The body of knowledge broadly called ‘Geography’ has a well-established reliance on visual aids –
from cartography to climate modelling; indeed, myriad practices spanning the discipline illustrate the
intrinsically ocular way in which geographical knowledge is derived (Doel and Clarke, 2007). Influential
oeuvres in visual scholarship including John Berger’s (1972) Ways of Seeing have been particularly
relevant in their critique of geography’s tendency to inscribe subjectifying power relationships onto
the landscape (Rose, 1993). Such critiques exposed the role visual artefacts play in constructing
knowledge (rather than simply mimicking geographical concepts) (Kennedy and Lukinbeal, 1997). This
‘cultural turn’ prompted geographers to expound the worth of cultural objects, including film (Chaney,
1994). Engaging with the broader concomitant – the ‘crisis of representation’ – geographers exposed
the relationship between the ‘real’ (what the camera filmed) and the ‘reel’ (the image produced on
the screen) based on the recognition that film could no longer be viewed as “mere images of
unmediated expressions of the mind, but rather [as] the temporary embodiment of social processes
that continually construct and deconstruct the world” (Cresswell and Dixon, 2002: 3-4). Thus, film’s
representational accord was called into question; how can films represent reality when there is no
objective, knowable reality ready to be filmed? (Aitken and Zonn, 1994). This has not meant that film
has had limited geographical potential, quite the opposite. As David Harvey remarked, film has “the
most robust capacity to handle intertwining themes of space and time in instructive ways” (Harvey in
Kuhlenbeck, 2010: 83). This indispensability has led geographers to discern the geography of film –
exploring production, dissemination and reception – as well as the geography in film – as a means of
recording, representing and simulating (Doel and Clarke, 2007). Recognised now as inherently
geographical, films are landscapes of work – “both product and agents of change” (Aitken and Dixon,
2006: 331).
Despite unsettling film’s representational status, the underplayed, affective registers of film,
those often-unnoticed forces working pre-consciously, have yet to be duly acknowledged (Connolly,
2002a). Doel and Clarke (2007: 891) highlight the duplicitous ways in which film’s form shapes our
5
optical unconscious, immersing viewers into the “afterimages of non-representational obscenity”.
Through a tripartite of film theory, neuroscience and politics, Connolly (2002a: 75) perceives films as
‘neuropolitical’ mechanisms through which “cultural life mixes into the composition of body-brain
processes” to stimulate thinking. As such, filmmakers can mobilise techniques that enable viewers to
“explore the realm between thinking and affect” (ibid.: 67). Harnessing this capacity, film as an
affective ‘resonance machine’, can expose viewers to the role visual media plays in manipulating
political and ethical regimes. Ergo, as Latham and McCormack (2009: 260) assert, geographers must
think with the moving image and attend to aesthetics not as “some representational veneer” but as
part of the productive becoming of film; a clear call to which I, through this paper, respond.
2.2 Re-orientation to Non-Representational Theory
Geographical engagement with film has tended to centre around the signifying semiotic moulds of
psychoanalytic theories. Seeing films as ‘cinematic landscapes’, these phenomenological approaches
overlook film’s non-representational and affective registers in their unapologetic pursuit of decoding
meaning (Dewsbury et al. 2002). Such frameworks succumb to a singularity of perspective, stifling
film’s inummerous possibilities “for the sake of orders, mechanisms, structures and processes” (ibid.:
438). This curious vampirism naïvely assumes that “meaning is first and foremost a picture that is
formed in the mind” (ibid.). By reducing film to semblances, the multi-sensory forces of bodies,
experiences and events (including of images themselves) are neglected (Lorimer, 2010). Addressing
this critique by taking its cue from a different register – that of non-representation – this paper sets
out to disrupt the embalming assumption that films stand as metaphors for representation and
signification.
The non-representational vernacular is not so much a ‘theory’, as an umbrella idiom for the
mosaic of work attending to “our self-evidently more-than-human, more-than-textual, multi-sensual
worlds” (Lorimer, 2005: 83). Developed in dialogue with Deleuzian philosophy, NRT is simultaneously
a critique of the epistemological conviction of representational thought, and a desire to attend to “the
geography of what happens” (rather than a geography that can theorise the world) (Thrift, 2008: 2,
emphasis in original). Much of these ‘happenings’ – the everyday events and becomings – take place
before they are registered by conscious sense-making (Massumi, 2002). Prior to emotion (which
functions through the cognitive categorisation of feelings), come intensities, blocs of affects and
percepts – becomings – which correspond to “the passage from one experiential state of the body to
another and implies an augmentation or diminution in that body’s capacity to act” (Massumi, 2004:
xvii). As an “uncircumscribed force unbounded to a whole self and unanchored in human subjectivity”
(Vannini, 2015: 7), affects transcend the human. They are “not about you or it, subject or object. They
6
are relations that inspire the world” (Dewsbury et al. 2002: 439). This attention to affects reflects a
broader post-humanist manifesto that human existence is not stable, unsettling the arborescent idea
(a legacy of the Enlightenment) that severs mind from body and positions humans above all others
(Thrift, 2008). This emphasis does not relegate thinking, but rather, attends to the “particular layering
of affect into the materiality of thought” (Connolly, 1999: 27).
To clarify, NRT is not an attack on the representational thing itself, but rather an approach for
attending to the performative becoming of that thing and the affects generated (Dewsbury et al.
2002). So, geographers navigating NRT’s tumultuous terrain seek to understand how the cinematic
encounter mobilises affective spectatorship, acting as a conduit through which affects flow (Carter
and McCormack, 2006). Indeed, cinematic images are “refigured as bodies of affective intensity with
the capacity to affect other kinds of bodies” (ibid: 235), participating in material events that bring
“new spaces of thinking and moving into being” (McCormack, 2003: 489). Regarding the cinematic
encounter as a machinic event, NRT creates opportunities to recalibrate thinking away from a solely
cognitive model towards a definitively more bodily, sensory register (ibid.).
2.3 A Non-Representational Approach to Cinema
Opposing linguistic-centric theories that “reduce the image to an utterance”, Deleuze (2005[1989]:
20) explored such non-representational cinematic forces in his volumes Cinema I: The Movement
Image (2005[1986]) and Cinema II: The Time Image (2005[1989]). He argued that cinema has potential
to shatter habitual thought and bring to light entirely 'uncharted’ paths (Lapworth, 2016). Extending
the Spinozist critique of the Cartesian mind:body binary which rallied against the idea that the body is
“a discrete entity defined by stable boundaries and a set of fixed characteristics” (Bignall, 2010: 83),
Deleuze asserted that cinema operates through the affective sensibilities generated by its composition
of images and signs. Unsettling the “subject-centre diegesis” (Doel and Clark, 2007: 894), the stimuli
of thought is not the human, but rather cinema itself; “one is struck by thought. Thought is not a
matter of reflection. It is the result of an encounter” (ibid.: 897). It is cinema’s ability to engender this
alternative understanding of what it means to think that makes Deleuze’s work less a philosophy of
cinema, and more cinematising philosophy (Stam, 2000).
Per Deleuze, talented filmmakers are those whose films require viewers to make sense through
alternative ways of seeing, feeling and thinking. Developing this, Connolly (2002a: 94) identifies that
certain techniques foster a “rethinking of cultural conventions”, which function as “periodic
challenges to established scripts of normalisation”. Distinguishing between two types of cinematic
image: the movement-image and the time-image, Deleuze (2005[1989]) marks what he saw as a
fundamental reawakening of film’s potential in the transition from the former to the latter.
7
Movement-images typify conventional Hollywood films founded on linear narratives (perception-
affection-action), to form a ‘whole’ – “a model of Truth in relation to totality” (Rodowick, 1997: 12;
Deleuze, 2005[1989]). This movement-image, where time is subordinate to movement, “constantly
sinks into the state of the cliché: because it is introduced into sensory-motor linkages”, anaesthetising
spectators through its banal chrono-linear causality (ibid.: 21).
Reflecting the crisis of belief that emerged post-World War II, the time-image undermines this
somewhat clichéd way of thinking by unshackling thought from the sensory-motor schema. Drawing
on Bergson’s (2013[1889]) notion of ‘duration’, the time-image is imbued with elasticity such that
time’s passage ebbs and flows. Departing from spatialised sequential units of clock-time, time endures
such that in any moment, the present both draws on the past and flows into the future (ibid.). Despite
Deleuze not explicitly defining a time-image (this would be somewhat antithetical to his raison d’etre
after all), the time-image is “a pure optical and aural image”, that “comes into relations with a virtual
image, a mental, or mirror image”; generating a direct image of time (Deleuze, 2005[1989]: 52).
Oscillating between actual and virtual, the time-image concerns memory, complicates chronological
time and makes indiscernible the real and the imaginary (Rodowick, 1997). The virtual in this sense is
the real without being actual (Deleuze, 1991), a space of potential “where futurity combines,
unmediated, with pastness […] where what cannot be experienced cannot but be felt – albeit reduced
and contained” (Massumi, 2002: 30). It is the “thought-without-image” engineered by the time-image
through which thinking is unchained from habitual circuits of sense-making, fomenting new
associations with the virtuality of time (Flaxman, 2000: 3). Ergo, Deleuze’s (2001: 66) contention that
cinema invents “new possibilities of life”, or, “other liveable configurations of thought” (Marrati, 2008:
79).
2.3.1 Falsifying Techniques
Drawing on Nietzschean ‘powers of the false’, the time-image creatively mobilises falsifying
techniques which, by creating new virtual worlds, bring into disarray the so-called adamantine
transcendence of truth (Deleuze, 2005[1989]). Techniques such as irrational cuts, lighting, framing and
disjuncture between sound and visuals call into question the deceptive basis of even those
constructions presented as rational (such as chronological time) by ushering into being the virtual
potentialities incorporated within the present (ibid.). Deliberately deploying such techniques,
filmmakers push to rebut film’s representational certitude, setting off instead to chart the “generative
unfolding of new possibilities” from a non-representational vantage (Bogue, 2007: 106).
‘Powers of the false’ also encompass the concept of ‘legending’. With regards to Deleuze and
Guattari’s (1986) notion of the minor, Bogue (2007: 100) sees legending as a “practice of a minor
8
people engaged in a process of self-invention”. Legending, a “story-telling of the people to come” is a
method of narration with no singular, identifiable voice (Deleuze, 2005b: 215). This counters the
‘truthful narration’ of conventional ethnographic documentaries which, in their objectifying gaze,
depend upon the truth-producing power of representation (Sharma, 2006). Dissolving the line
between truth and fiction, legending puts in its place a truth of narration whereby diverse and
contradictory voices question the notion of a legitimate version of events (Bogue, 2007). A process of
re-imagining, legending seeks to create its own truths, constructing “a new mode of collective agency”
(ibid.: 105).
2.4 The Notion of the Minor
Bogue’s (2007) reference to the minor alludes to Deleuze and Guattari’s (1986) reading of Kafka which,
as a minor literature, used the major German language such that it could be interpreted otherwise. By
their nature, minor practices can only operate within the major, so this is no major:minor dualism.
Rather, the practices interweave, the minor acting in (dis)harmony with the major, creating a
polyphony of sorts. Deleuze and Guattari (1986: 18) outline a minor practice’s attributes as: “the
deterritorialisation of language, the connections of the individual to a political immediacy, and the
collective assemblage of enunciation”. Experimental and tentative, these practices do not passively
represent the world but, as ‘modes of action’, create the world (ibid.). To clarify, they simultaneously
encompass deterritorialisation (the process of a “coming undone” of codes and structure (Deleuze
and Guattari, 2004: 322)) and reterritorialisation (the recombination of deterritorialised elements into
new forms) where both exist as a sort of obligatory symbiosis.
Minor practices may appertain to Guattari’s (1995) ‘ethico-aesthetic paradigm’. By rallying
against ideological politics, Guattari espouses the capacity of creative practices, such as film, to
produce new subjectivities and spaces. Embodying non-representational thinking, Guattari’s ethico-
aesthetic project departs from form and knowledge enslaved to the realm of representation, instead
experimenting creatively to address issues emerging in the world. These creative endeavours
compose the virtual, harnessing the potential for immanent modalities of subjectivation. For this
reason, Guattari (1995: 107) asserts, such interventions have ethico-political implications, not moral
responsibilities per se, but “to speak of creation is to speak of the responsibility of the creative instance
with regard to the thing created”.
Having considered intellectual thinking on film’s potentialities to reconfigure thought from a non-
representational vantage, I turn now to situate the Karrabing’s filmmaking approach.
9
2.5 The Karrabing’s Filmmaking Otherwise
“Folks are around; moods are good; an iPhone is charged; the place is right. And why not?” (Povinelli
and Lea, 2018: 43).
The Karrabing’s3 filmmaking otherwise4 emerges from their mode of existence at large. Departing from
reflective realism, their performance is not underpinned by ‘actors’ seeking to fit some pre-
determined model (Lea and Povinelli, 2018). Cognisant of the violence perpetuated by
representational regimes, the Karrabing eschew attempts to document how they live retrospectively;
their films are no solution to the tired paradigm concerning ethnographic authority (ibid.). The
Karrabing’s improvisational technique – with people acting as themselves – is what Biddle and Lea
(2018) coin ‘hyperrealism’. A term consciously borrowed from Euro-American art history,
hyperrealism does not seek “to re-create the illusion of a reality elsewhere […] this is art at work to
make the real more real, when the real is itself what is at risk, at stake: namely, Indigenous history,
language, presence, silenced, denied, ignored” (ibid.: 6, emphasis in original).
Film is not solely about the ‘object’, community betterment or for anything beyond production
itself (Lea and Povinelli, 2018). Producing films entirely on their own terms, the Karrabing use
filmmaking’s processes to take seriously the everyday ‘quasi-events’, to manifest new arrangements
within the cramped spaces of Indigenous existence (ibid.). Informed by people’s desires and by events
that arise in the milieu within which they film, the Karrabing explore what emerges in the encounter
(ibid.). While Deleuze and Guattari did not explicitly engage with Indigeneity, this approach, I suggest,
duets harmoniously with their geophilosophy which, although not formally termed until What is
Philosophy? (1994), underpinned their collaborations (Woodward, 2016). Its undercurrent is a
retheorisation of how thinking takes place in the world. Specifically tied to the event, geophilosophy
is a consideration of how life emerges, transforms and de/reterritorializes, with the assertion that
earth is a plane in which concepts are created, re-configured and arranged (ibid.). In other words,
thinking does not happen in a vacuum; earthly forces make us think.
Through “sweating back into country”, the Karrabing explore the often-nuanced interrelations
between human existence and other modes of existence (Lea and Povinelli, 2018: 41). Considering
metaphysical questions on dreamings, they grapple with how ancestral stories might be refigured in
the context of settler colonialism, with its attempts to undermine and deny their analytics through
what Povinelli (2016: 4) terms geontopower, the “discourse, affects, and tactics used in late liberalism
3 By focusing on the Karrabing’s specific practices rather than encompassing them within broader categories of Indigenous or subaltern, I hope to avoid the limiting nature of these heavily loaded terms. 4 Otherwise is conceived as filmmaking that operates to push beyond the conventional norms of film as a representational artefact.
10
to maintain or shape the coming relationship of the distinction between Life and Nonlife”. Povinelli
(2016) explores this governance of difference, which both promulgates and undermines certain
economic and cultural practices in order to endorse the settler colonial rationale. Drawing attention
to the Karrabing, she describes their practices as manifestations of the ‘virus’ – an antagonist that
unsettles this dualism.
2.6 A Moment of Reflection
I pause now to draw together this paper’s strands thus far. Allying with the ethical energies of Deleuze
and Guattari, this paper investigates how the Karrabing’s techniques are embodied in the generative
becoming of their films, through the cinematic encounter. To be clear, filmmaking and film do not
constitute a product:consumption binary but are interdependent such that each encompasses the
other. Through this, I explore how the Karrabing’s practices may be considered as a push to the minor
in generating micropolitical expressions. This is no dismissal of the intellectual traction brought to the
Karrabing’s discourse, including Povinelli’s engagement. Rather, it is an early contribution to this
continuum through a yet-to-be fully explored avenue for geographers – non-representation and
filmmaking otherwise.
11
3. Interlude: Methodology
As posited hitherto, this disquisition’s manifesto is an attendance to film’s underplayed, affective
vectors. Such a manifesto demands a non-representational mode of engagement, which I expose
here.
3.1 Doing Non-representational Theory
While this section ostensibly outlines my methodology, there is no specific method through which
NRT is ‘applied’ (Dewsbury, 2009). Rather, it is an ethos – “a new experimental genre: a hybrid genre
for a hybrid world” (Vannini, 2015: 3) – that I embody. I approach this unchartered territory with some
trepidation but am reassured that NRT welcomes failure insofar as failure allows the creation of novel
ways of thinking experimentally in “the movement from theory to the empirical and back again”
(Gerlach and Jellis, 2015: 143). Untethered from expectations, I am open to the infinite possibilities of
what may emerge; as Deleuze (1988: 125) insightfully remarks, “no one knows ahead of time the
affects that one is capable of”. In taking this empirical risk, I understand that my vulnerability to
discomfort and disorientation is somewhat inevitable given the effort necessary to disentangle film
from its doggedly representational status. Yet the result, I hope, is a productive re-theorisation that
pays due recognition to film’s non-representational register and takes seriously the micropolitical
expressions generated.
I employ an autoethnographic approach that allows my body to become the epistemological
nexus of research (Spry, 2001). No simple act, the challenge is profound. I must relinquish the hard-
wired instinct to reduce images to their semblances in exchange for novelty, unconventionality, “more
imagination, […] more fun, even” (Thrift, 2008: 18-20), becoming alert to the affective resonances of
cinematic images, the plenitude of what they do and their intensities. By using autoethnography,
‘data’ emerges through my body and the sum of its senses (Dewsbury and Naylor, 2002); my research
diary reflects this (Appendix 1). Rather than attempting to craft a definitive or heroic narrative that
would accentuate reductionist ideologies, in Deleuze’s footsteps, my readings of the films seek to add
to the world. Guided by NRT, focusing on the cinematic encounter as an event and becoming (as
opposed to a subject:object model), I bypass the plague of critical-representational approaches to film
that unavoidably entail speaking-on-behalf-of-others. Singular interpretations that pin down meaning
are highly problematic, particularly in discourses around Indigenous politics where the restriction of
conceptualisations to narrow imaginings are used to reinforce the hegemonic rationale (Hunt, 2014).
To provide some degree of reflexivity, I recognise that “all knowledge is situated” (Rose, 1997:
305). My subjective experiences are in no way universally ‘true’ or all-encompassing, for fieldwork and
researcher are inseparable (Dewsbury and Naylor, 2002). This is no confession or limitation, rather I
12
acknowledge that affects do not transparently ebb, flow and dissipate through my body. My body is
predisposed and susceptible to my existing interest in the subject; after all, “if you don’t love it, you
have no reason to write a word about it” (Deleuze, 2004: 144).
3.2 Film Selection
Watching the Karrabing’s films affords an exciting array of cinematic experiences5. Having watched
their full oeuvre, to conduct my thought experiment in sufficient depth I focus on two films that
provoked highly distinctive, interruptive responses in me6; Wutharr, Saltwater Dreams (2016) and
Mermaids, or Aiden in Wonderland7 (2018). As each film’s narrative unfolds over several layers
simultaneously, a linear description is challenging to provide. Indeed, attempting to do so defeats the
very nature of the films and my encounters with them. However, to provide context, I proffer a
tentative outline, paraphrased from correspondence with Povinelli (2020, personal communications,
24 January).
Wutharr (2016: 28:53)
The plotline weaves around the possible reasons why a boat’s motor has broken down, leaving some
of the Karrabing stranded out bush. As a result, the group set off an emergency flare leading to a
punitive state fine that they cannot afford. Through surreal ‘flashbacks’, members explain their
versions of events and the roles jealous ancestors, Christianity, the State and faulty wiring may have
played.
Mermaids (2018: 26:29)
In a near future, fictional world, only Indigenous people can survive ‘outside’ because toxic mud,
caused by white people, has poisoned the land. A young Indigenous man removed from his family as
a ‘mud child’ for medical experiments is released back into the outside world. Journeying with his
relatives across the dying land, Aiden encounters potential futures and pasts.
3.3 Living the Experiment
To give primacy to my bodily responses, during the first viewing I noted my responses: sensory
experiences that provoked affective shock, ruptures in habitual thought, and any other unanticipated
5 I highly recommend watching the films’ trailers on YouTube. 6 In an ideal world I would have liked to have explored all. 7 Referred to respectively as Wutharr and Mermaids hereinafter.
13
responses. I subsequently returned to these interruptive scenes, investigating the inductive cinematic
techniques used and the “shifts of gear they engineer[ed]” (Powell, 2007: 5).
3.4 Representing the Non-Representational
Undertaking this paper has required me to wrestle with conveying that which is difficult to convey, to
push against false solutions offered by social science’s orthodox methodologies that craft easily
consumed answers and the “making-reasonable of experience” (Manning, 2016: 32). I look to
Deleuze’s paratactic writing style as a prism for this practice; such a modus operandi regards the art
of writing itself as a mechanism to explore ideas. My discussion weaves together description, affective
vignettes, film stills and an exegesis of intellectual thought, arranged as an imperfect storyboard of
kinds, allowing visual and discursive lines of flight; a requirement of active interpretation by the
beholder. Through its expressive materiality, I hope my discussion re-activates beyond these pages,
creating a “disjunction and non-specificity that undermine[s] logical clarity and causality, leaving room
for a certain vagueness, and for interpretation” (Gillespie in Leppert, 2002: 62-3).
14
4. Discussion
“Cinema creates an opening in life and gives us a chance to fabulate a detour, to meander along
life’s indirect ways” (Pape, 2017: 30)
The ensuing discussion traces my thought experiment into the Karrabing’s inventive filmmaking
practices, including my affective vignettes (shown in italics). While both films share novel techniques,
my discussion in Wutharr focuses on key scenes that highlight the cinematic techniques used to
‘unsettle teleological temporality’, including incommensurable scenes, false continuity of sound, and
flashbacks-within-flashbacks. In Mermaids, I explore the roles of soundscape, disembodied eye and
superimposition in ‘making perceptible the imperceptible’. In drawing attention to these practices, I
elucidate the ways in which they riff on film’s non-representational register to rupture habitual
thought, open vistas for new possibilities for thought and experience, and disrupt the foundations on
which hegemonic narratives are sustained. Further, I argue that the valence and political force of the
Karrabing’s filmmaking lies not in its major representational content but in its deliberate cultivation
of micropolitical expressions generated by their composite techniques.
4.1 Unsettling Teleological Temporality in Wutharr
As posited hitherto, the Karrabing use filmmaking to experiment with quotidian issues and how they
“might act upon those conflicts if [they] try to act them out” (Povinelli in Simpson, 2014). By validating
creative experimentation to address issues, such practices find harmony with Guattari’s ethico-
aesthetic intervention. While macropolitical concerns are indeed enmeshed in the films, it is through
the exposition of minor events that these are played out. Plotlines encompass specific yet potentially
unfathomable problems that have or could have happened, such as the threat of eviction or the
contemporary reconfiguration of ancestral stories – “a truthful capture of being Indigenous today”
(Lea and Povinelli, 2018: 41). Suggestive of a minor practice, the Karrabing deterritorialise
conventional filmmaking structures in exchange for improvisation as this creates space to gather
affect and bring micropolitical collective desires and realities to the event (ibid.). As becomings,
thought emerges through its own activation in the event of filmmaking – rather than being imposed
a-priori.
Such a rationale underpins Wutharr where I become part of the Karrabing re-making the event
of their boat breaking down. Through a series of ‘flashbacks’, possible explanations are proposed; to
suggest these are discrete narrations of the event, however, belies what is an emphatically
interruptive, interweaving and fragmented narrative. Rather, they “explore the multiple demands and
inescapable vortexes of contemporary Indigenous life” (Povinelli, 2020, personal communications, 24
15
January). The following discussion investigates several techniques used to unsettle habitual
perceptions of time before an intermezzo which considers how these techniques might be understood
as micropolitical.
4.1.1 Incommensurable Scenes
At the start of the film, the Karrabing members are in the yard discussing the aftermath of the event.
Trevor recalls evidence of ancestors everywhere in the bush, suggesting they must be responsible.
Linda asserts that putting faith in the Lord will fix the boat, while Rex places the onus on wiring. Trevor
states that he wants to tell his story, and I then move from the yard into Trevor’s flashback where,
enucleating Bergson’s (2013[1889]) notion of duration and memory, the past is called upon to
compose the present. This transition is signalled by conventional cinematic grammar techniques,
including muted tones, the grainy quality of the images and high exposure, which transform into
affects, working on my visceral register to lend the scene an ethereal quality and signify its temporal
positioning (Figure 1) (Powell, 2007).
Figure 1-2: Incommensurable scenes
16
‘Abruptly, I am wrenched out of the oneiric state of Trevor’s flashback (Figures 1-2). Strong colours
flood the screen, a brutal contrast to the sepia tones and warm light that had previously invited my
touch. A monolith of documentation looms over me. With harsh edges and flapping pages, the entity
seems to have a force of its own. My sense of anxiety is heightened by a disembodied radio voice-
over charting a woman’s arrest for a fine’s non-payment, which juxtaposes starkly with the dream-
like auditory allusion of the Shepard-Risset Glissando of moments ago.’
This abrupt cut from Trevor’s flashback does not return me to the earlier ‘present’ conversation in the
yard, which would have aligned to a mechanism of “psychological causality”, a “closed circuit”
(Deleuze, 2005[1989]: 47). Instead, denied the revelation that would bring me back to the ‘whole’, I
am confronted with an interior of a truck, where ‘a monolith of documentation’ shot from below
‘looms over me’. Pushed off the edge of my habitual doxa, I am wrenched from my ‘oneiric state’ to
this new image, thrown into “a state of uncertainty” (Rodowick, 1997: 15). Disarticulated from any
subjective perception, the image itself becomes an intense mode of sensation – rather than a capture
of any discrete moment – that forces me to venture into alternative narrative directions. Yet this is no
“single, right direction, but in all directions at once” (Bogue, 2003: 333). Such is the disjoint, I am
prompted to not only see the disparate images, but to work through the ‘unrepresentability’ of the
images in the virtual to interpret their relationship, to restore “the lost parts, to rediscover everything
that cannot be seen in the image” (Deleuze, 2005[1989]: 21). Rather than its content, it is the cut itself
that forces me to think, dissolving the rhythm of time. This disruption is the force of time working in
the interstice between the incommensurable images, undoing the subordination of the image to
movement and giving way to aberrant movement and illogical spatiotemporal coordinates, enhancing
my sensitivity to the flow of time itself and tapping into my “visceral register of human sensibility”
(Connolly, 2002b: I). Such jarring cuts between incommensurable scenes are a consistent leitmotif
within Wutharr’s presentation of unsettling teleological time, often leaving me disconcerted as I can
no longer rely on common-sense mappings of space and time. Indeed, no scene has a telos; with no
expectation of what will come next, or even what has just happened, I am driven to experience the
brusque disruptions of place and time “usually thrust upon Indigenous subjects” (Lea and Povinelli,
2018: 1).
4.1.2 False Continuity of Sound
The breakdown of the semblance of wholeness that is implied by conventional logical causality is
accentuated by Wutharr’s marked use of sound, particularly through false continuity. Back in the yard,
the group discuss the fine’s content. Linda announces, ‘I’m going to put down my version of what
happened’.
17
Figures 3-5: Intruding Linda’s flashback
18
‘Even before Linda has left the yard, sonorous church bells call me to her story, eliciting a sense of
mysticality. The affective allure is heightened once again by the dream-like, auditory allusion of a
Shepard-Risset Glissando. Pavlovian in my response, I anticipate shifting temporality once more.
Linda becomes a ghostly figure, on the cusp between the here and not here, the colours
transmogrifying from solid primary to over-exposed tonalities (Figures 3-5). The moment crescendos.
I hover freely between yard and church, transcending the possibility of linear temporality and
physical space. Now in the church, normative ambience returned, I orientate myself anew. Abruptly,
a sharp voice intrudes from the yard (Figure 5) disrupting the church’s serenity and bringing me
harshly back to the fine’s documentation.’
The commencement of Linda’s flashback is signalled by non-diegetic mechanical effects of dream-like
sound editing. Cultivating machinic affects, these pure sound images diverge from the visible mise-én-
scene and, linking up with the virtual, induce my ‘sense of mysticality’. Traversing with this ‘ghostly’
figure, I make a temporal leap to an indefinite moment in Linda’s flashback. I am struck by the ebbing
and flowing nature of time, made apparent through the juxtaposition of the hurried discussion in the
yard, accentuated by jumping point-of-view shots, to the tranquillity of the church, where a long take
elongates the moment as Linda walks forward. From the chaotic conversation in the yard to the
church, ‘normative ambience [is] returned’. Yet my enjoyment of the calm reverie is pierced abruptly
by a harsh, disembodied voice which I can only assume is intruding ‘from the yard’ (Figure 5), jerking
my situatedness out of the flashback and rendering it impossible to pin down chronology. I am
suspended – the false continuity of sound challenging the ‘truthful narration’ in the movement-image
– to create a caesura where the actual image opens up to the virtual (Deleuze, 2005[1989]).
Superseding the form of true, the editing provides a ‘line of flight’, severing any predictable narrative
and instead engendering contemplation and the proliferation of possible interpretations and
perspectives. This disembodied voice repeatedly demands attention throughout Wutharr,
contributing to my overall sense of vulnerability and lack of control.
4.1.3 Flashbacks-within-flashbacks
In an indeterminate moment in Linda’s flashback, she explains once again, to characters in the church,
that she wants to tell her version of events.
19
Figures 6: Entering the helicoid of versions
Characters in the Church: Where are you?
Linda: We’re stuck in the middle of nowhere.
‘Linda’s exchange in the church further unhinges any sense of chronology, leaving me utterly
unsettled (Figure 6). Even as Linda talks to the characters in the church, I am then moving with her
again, to another flashback (or flashforward?), placing me where the boat is broken (Figure 7).
Moments later, Linda begins to pray. The sensory music crescendos, the church bells hammering
once more. Entering a helicoid of versions-within-versions, I find myself back again in the church,
Linda asking for help once more. Abandoning any hope of stable space or time, I too feel stuck in the
middle of nowheres… in a space of hesitation and (im)possibility.’
Figure 7: Middle of nowheres
20
In this scene, I move with Linda through space-times in a way that denies easy interpretation. Linda
says she wants to tell her version, yet comments that she is ‘stuck in the middle of nowheres’. During
this conversation, I then jump to another moment in her memory, which I learn is the ‘middle of
nowheres’, then back again to the church. So rather than commencing her flashback at the ‘beginning’,
I leap to indeterminate, enigmatic sheets of the past, ad infinitum, shattering the sensory-motor
schema from within (Deleuze, 2005[1989]). In Linda’s web of memories, moving through flashbacks-
within-flashbacks, time is made malleable, with fragments left incongruent and uncertain. By denying
Linda’s flashback the status of succinct diversion from the narrative flow, these anomalous leaps
require me to shift from unworn routes of thought to active navigation of the experience, throwing
my Cartesian coordinates into a state of unbalance and disarticulating the model of truth (Rodowick,
1997). Refusing to allow me a fixed position in relation to spatial and temporal closure, I must re-
orientate myself with the sporadic temporal leaps pulled up in this helicoid of flashbacks, engaging
with the virtual to re-link Linda’s version to events so far; past/present/future are not semblances of
linearity but coexist. In this way, the image is no longer claiming to show a true world but “a seeing
function”, that can “replace, obliterate and re-create the object itself” (Deleuze, 2005[1989]: 12,19).
On the cusp of suspense, I am unaware which aspects of the virtual I will need for later radical
reconfiguration to make sense of the experience, in which the virtual “detaches itself from its
actualisations and starts to be valid for itself” (Deleuze, 2005[1989]: 127). These reinsertions into
unidentified positions in the past toy with my assumptions, unsettling “the taken-for-granted
relationships that occur along linear temporality” (Kindon, 2015: 451). Without temporal substratum,
I am left ‘in a space of hesitation and (im)possibility’.
Back in the church, still within Linda’s version, Linda continues to pray for help.
21
‘Church bells take up their hammering again. The screen floods with light, resplendent through
stained-glass windows. The dream-like sensory music begins. Linda turns… what has she sensed? I
share her confusion (Figure 8). Time held in suspension, I await its revelation, breath held. Linda’s
body distorts, the oneiric sounds crescendo. The church fades but Linda’s body hovers, made spirit-
like herself through the layering’s moiré. The halo-effect of light bridging the images augments the
hallucinatory allure. Signalled now to the ancestors’ version in 1952 (Figure 10), I am traversing an
infinity of paths.’
Linda: What the heck
The close-up of Linda’s face, an affection-image, at the beginning of the scene expresses pure
intensities, “unfilmable internal intensive states” that transmit from the screen such that ‘I share her
Figures 8-10: What the heck
22
confusion’ (Deamer, 2016: 82) (Figure 8). My senses are bombarded with haptic, kinaesthetic and
synaesthetic images which combine to imbue the image with a spiritual intensity (Powell, 2007).
Linda’s forms – both translucent and solid – appear to shimmer, accentuating the ‘hallucinatory allure’
as I move with Linda from her version to the Ancestors’, time shifting restlessly once more (Figures 9-
10). This further interruption surprises even Linda. I come to realise that in Wutharr, with its
interweaving, fractured flashbacks, there is “no longer any question of an explanation, a causality or
a linearity” (Deleuze, 2005[1989]: 42). Rather, underwritten by sporadic movements from alternative
perspectives on a past which itself is open to interpretation, Wutharr exposes the irresolvability of
truth or explanation in the present. This prompts a wider point, mooted by Connolly (2002a: 57), that
rather than pursuing “sufficient knowledge, deep explanation, or narrative integrity”, one could rather
appreciate the “layered effectivity of the past on the present”.
4.1.4 Intermezzo: Reflections on Wutharr
To summarise my thought experiment, I reflect on the implications of the micropolitical expressions
generated by the techniques discussed. By determinedly rebutting chrono-linear causality and the
‘truthful narration’ of convention in exchange for a fractured, indeterminate narrative fabricated by
various ‘powers of the false’, Wutharr deliberately unsettles the established regime of time and the
notion of a legitimate version of events. The narration is incessantly remodified as a result of de-
chronologised moments such that past/present/future are no longer discrete entities shackled to
linearity’s stultifying stricture. Even following several engaged viewings, questions remain unresolved,
moments incoherent to others. It is precisely the impossibility of giving Wutharr a single, totalising
interpretation which explicates its eschewing in representational terms. Arguably a push to the minor,
Wutharr illuminates the notion of the image, not as a representational capture of discrete moments
assembled together, but in an interminable series of potential interpretations, in an unremitting
metaphoric disequilibrium between image-spectator, brain-screen.
This re-configuration of time has wider political connotations, highlighting both the partiality and
potential destructiveness of claims to a universal truth, and undermining the foundation on which
hegemonic narratives are sustained. If the present draws on a past that may or may not exist, and the
future is never fully exempt from a present that perpetually moves in it, then ultimately, modernity’s
narrative is called into question. As Rose (2004) explains, coloniality and indeed Western insular
modes of thinking depend on teleological temporalities which position the present and future as
transcending the past; a notion spatialised by depicting Western society as the modern future to which
nonmodern and nature aspire, acting as the “object of policies of improvement” (De la Cadena, 2010:
345). Challenging the construct of linear time on which the treadmill of progress is upheld arguably
23
contributes to the broader “decolonisation of the idea of being” (Mignolo, 2014: 22). Through their
filmmaking, the Karrabing hope that the “audience begins to feel the disorientation of their own
moral, political, and social compasses in a way that Nietzsche might appreciate” (Lea and Povinelli,
2018: 4). In this way, I suggest that their ethico-aesthetic proposition is maintained as they
simultaneously engage with film as a major ‘representational’ articulation but in a minor way to push
beyond the constraints of its convention, creating new subjectivities, spaces and thoughts. As such,
the film’s force is less about major content or subject matter. Rather, its political impetus lies in the
micropolitical expressions generated which, in diverging the mind into anomalous activity, disrupt
clichéd and stultifying temporal perceptions and re-compose patterns of thought.
4.2 Making Perceptible the Imperceptible in Mermaids
Much as Wutharr breaks free from “the entangling associations of conventional narratives” (Bogue,
2007: 106) so too does Mermaids. Inventive filming and editing techniques actuate the Karrabing’s
most unnerving, stylistically experimental film yet (Povinelli, 2020, personal communications, 24
January), potently highlighting the potentials for filmmaking otherwise. Discussing two scenes, I
unearth the technical aspects (soundscape, disembodied eye and superimposition) that play into
‘making perceptible the imperceptible’, before an intermezzo which goes on to consider the wider
implications.
Unfolding through bifurcated storylines, Mermaids is a complex entanglement of temporalities
and worlds through which the Karrabing are present, attending to country-based obligations and
ancestral relationships in the context of the governmental push to make these unliveable (Lea and
Povinelli, 2018). While the film’s narrative alludes to the major political concern of Australia’s Stolen
Generation of Indigenous children, much of the film’s puissance comes from its vibrant aesthetics.
4.2.1 Disorientating Sonic Ecology and Disembodied Eye
Pushed into the ‘outside’ world, Aiden traverses the bush with his relatives. They approach a
waterhole.
Aiden: What are those things over there?
Uncle: Oh, those are Mermaids. They take all the young kids through a hole there and come out at
the island.
24
‘Underneath their conversation is an asynchronistic hum… disembodied, disjointed, futuristic and
hypnotic. Its vibrations drill into my head. I’m frowning, my state of apprehension accentuated by the
steadfast denial of a stable, identifiable ‘human’ viewpoint to which I can harness perception. At one
moment I am among the foliage looking on (Figures 11-13). Who – or what – am I? Why am I
Figures 11-13: Disorientating sonic ecology and disembodied eye
25
watching? The group seems unaware. My viewpoint shifts again; I am here, there… everywhere.
Discerning three women in the distance, my anthropocentric assumption falters when the uncle says
they are mermaids.’
A powerful affective atmosphere signalling a negotiation of alterity emerges from the abyss between
image and sound. The preternatural ‘asynchronistic hum… disembodied, disjointed, futuristic and
hypnotic’ comes from nowhere and everywhere, an (in)visible presence, dissonant from the visible
mise-én-scene yet coercing my attention. As the “actual is cut off from its motor linkages” (Deleuze,
2005[1989]: 123), I must contemplate both sensory dimensions. Rich and intense, the non-diegetic
sounds are themselves non-living lifeforces, persistent (non)presences haunting my thoughts, setting
free the potentials of the virtual and playfully taunting the subject:object framework. The palpable
foreboding sensation elicited by these pure intensities is triggered by haptic responses of other senses
below the threshold of intelligibility, contributing forcefully to my perturbation (Powell, 2007;
Connolly, 2002a). A consistent element of the Karrabing’s films, this overwhelming non-human sonic
ecology is arguably a deliberate attempt to deterritorialise ‘vococentrism’ – the conventional framing
of film sound design privileging the human voice over all other sounds (Chion, 1994). Decolonising the
senses, the Karrabing accentuate the heterogenous affective fragments and traces that accumulate
and re-activate impalpable ‘memories of the senses’ and, by doing so, draw out the co-constitutive
tripartite of body-brain-screen.
The disorientating sonic ecology performs alongside the ‘denial of a stable and identifiable
‘human’ viewpoint’. Struggling to anchor my perception, I float freely, becoming anonymous and
unidentifiable, ‘here, there… everywhere’. Reflecting Deleuze’s (2005[1986]: 83) “immanent
perception of the world”, I am struck by the absurdity of the notion that the human is an ontologically
secure figure governing all images that follow. Confronting perception that is not my own, “a mode of
‘seeing’ that is not attached to the human eye” I meet face on that which I have yet to think
(Colebrook, 2001: 29). In pushing against the reinforcement of molar human-centred perception, this
scene nullifies “subjectivity as a privileged image in […] ‘the aggregate of images’ (the material world)”
(Trifonova, 2004: 134). Disembodied shots demand that I go beyond the realm of concrete objects
and events with perceptions lacking orientation in space-time; I come to an “understanding.. [of] what
is around but not in our field of vision” (Povinelli, 2016: 4). This combination of techniques makes
palpable non-lifeforces as they reverberate in the pre-individual arena and become part of my
cinematic experience (Deleuze, 2005[1986]).
As my perception shifts, three older women come into view. My assumption of their human
status is unsettled. Are they mermaids? I can infer as much but no answer is forthcoming. As Lea and
26
Povinelli (2018: 44) make clear, “the Karrabing did not form themselves to be a translation machine”.
These women intermittently appear, muttering and beckoning whenever mermaids are alluded to.
Belying any neat ontological line between human:nonhuman, living:non-living, their performance
does not “map cleanly onto those settler colonial imaginaries” (Johnson et al. 2019: 1334). Bypassing
straightforward equivalences between the Karrabing’s interpretation and my own Western mode, I
simultaneously experience sensations of uncertainty and productive indeterminacy. Militating
counter to the canon of ethnographic documentaries, the Karrabing tease through ambiguity,
ensuring that aspects of their cosmologies remain enigmatic to outsiders; this is not through their
ignorance but a deliberate act to necessitate active interpretation by spectators (Lea and Povinelli,
2018). While admittedly my curiosity about the mermaids stems from my habitual representational
bent – the assumption of impossible metamorphosis – the polysemy of translation I encounter has
arguably opened up a vista for me to rethink my narrow imagining of a dreaming.
My initial sense that someone or something could be watching the group endures throughout the
film. My awareness of alterity is palpable; I do not have to see the mermaids to feel them, rather, I
sense their force, shifting the ontological configuration of the scene by their (non)presence. While
sometimes they are corporeal (as in Figure 13), this visibility relies not on their presence being made
felt; “that which is made seen is only ever the cusp of all that is felt” (Szymanski, 2017: 45). In other
words, what I see transmits the affective atmosphere created by the multiplicity of virtual forces
which, together, have engineered my cinematic encounter.
4.2.2 Unruly Superimpositions
Mermaids’ rich sonic ecology is often mobilised creatively in tandem with unruly superimpositions to
engineer a cacophony of intensities and sensation. In this scene, the uncle’s version of the dreaming
is abruptly thrown into doubt when the brother says ‘that’s bullshit’. My uncertainty deepening, the
brother goes on to tell his version.
27
‘An unnerving heartbeat thud is in tension with the whimsical, asynchronistic undercurrent, making
me feel uncomfortably anxious. These sounds and the brother’s narration form an audio-bridge as
the screen cuts to a disturbing superimposition of several discontinuous images, their colours
Figures 14-16: Near-psychedelic hybrid layers
28
distorted and exuberant. The bloodcurdling, disembodied sound of children screaming and coughing
pierces my eardrums; the engulfing heartbeat makes me shiver. The near-psychedelic hybrid layers
are too fast and complex... Compelled to submit to the chaotic movement, the image quivers with
immanent becomings, alive with resonances forced upon me. The images and sounds refuse to settle,
filling me with deep feelings of unease… I am being sucked into a sort of virtual vortex.’
Avoiding the trouble that comes with interpretation, I acquiesce to the ‘unrepresentability’ of this
unruly superimposition; deterritorialising convention, the very nature of its affective resonances
ensures that the superimposition stymies representational capture. As Deleuze (2005[1989]) suggests,
images must be unfamiliar, ineffable and challenging in order to rebut the assimilation of an image
into cliché. That said, this superimposition arguably problematises Deleuze’s taxonomy of images in
enabling the interactive becoming of multiple spasmodic actual and virtual images simultaneously
(Figures 14-16). This is no dismissal of Deleuze’s cine-philosophy, reflecting as it does the space-time
cinema occupied in Deleuze’s lifetime (the genesis of US and European cinema from the 1930s
onwards), nor of his taxonomy which is not intended to be ‘applied’ as such. Rather, it suggests that
contemporary filmmaking is extending Deleuze’s philosophical foundations concerning film’s affective
sensibilities to heightened levels. Before “consciousness intervenes to pull [me] in this or that
direction”, the affects this image mediates operate on a mechanism of perception that works below
the cognitive level (Connolly, 2002a: 94). Dissolving the discursive fissure between spectator and
spectated, the visceral manipulation of chaotic, discontinuous images catalyses my own input into a
“hallucinatory trip through unplumbed grottos of pure sensory disruption”, forcing me to cross into
new territories of experience and thinking (Bergson, 1991[1908]: 152). Sensory flooding of over-
saturated colours and aural discomfort of unfamiliar nerve-grating sounds induce a portentous
affective atmosphere, leaving me with ‘deep feelings of unease’. This is reinforced by the ‘neuro-
physiological vibration’ created by the ‘hybrid layers [which] are too fast’, making it impossible to
assimilate the dislocated images into a unified ‘whole’ (Deleuze, 2005[1989]). Although I cannot
access full understanding of this harrowing superimposition, the “hallucinatory images that short-cut
the operations of common sense” (Bogue, 2007: 106) throw me into another lifeworld, leaving
palpable feelings of hopelessness and intensive suffering.
4.2.3 Intermezzo: Reflections on Mermaids
Enticing my perception of the (in)visible along new, unexpected lines of flight, my encounter with
Mermaids has made perceptible the imperceptible. Determinedly illustrating Deleuze’s approbation
for cinema’s ability to provoke an alternative understanding of what it means to think, Mermaids, by
mobilising technical tactics (disembodied eye, soundscape and superimposition), has shaken my
29
habitual perception, shifting my awareness of non-life forces as present, active bodies that operate
with other machinic elements to co-create the cinematic encounter. Alerting me to the “motion of
otherwise imperceptible lifeforces in the existing world” (Ingawanij, 2013: 99), at stake here is an
alternative conceptualisation of subjectivity, beyond its normative transcendent connotation.
Deterritorialising film’s assumed representational coding, the Karrabing effectively fashion “a new
mode of collective agency” (Bogue, 2007: 105), re-imagining the body as one amongst “complex
assemblages formed with other bodies in its social milieu” (Bignall, 2010: 84). Are encounters not
always co-constituted by a multiplicity of non-life? Self:other, human:nonhuman, life:non-life, the
scaffolding of self and the hegemonic narrative that positions the human and mind over all other
bodies begins to fall away; I am always-already becoming through non-living, non-human bodies. As
a result, I begin to contemplate the potential for an existence of being that takes seriously the agency
of non-life on our modes of existence; an existence not limited to the Karrabing’s analytics, nor to
Indigenous ontologies, but a way of being and relating otherwise. Reflecting on Deleuze and Guattari’s
geophilosophy and its pertinency to my cinematic experience, I am cognisant of a ‘geo’ that refers not
solely to a cartographic image of earth as Gaia. Rather, it is a ‘geo’ lived through the composition of
diverse onto-genetic beings – including non-living, affective, virtual as well as human and other living
bodies – manifested so pertinently through a cinematic encounter with the Karrabing’s films
(Woodward, 2011).
30
5. (Dé)nouement
“The images of art do not supply weapons for battles. They help sketch new configurations of what
can be seen, what can be said and what can be thought and, consequently, a new landscape of the
possible. But they do so on condition that their meaning or effect is not anticipated” (Rancière, 2009:
103)
To draw my thought experiment to a coda, I provide here a précis of the main contributions emergent
from this paper in relation to its aim: to determine how the Karrabing play on film’s capacity to disrupt
habitual ways of thinking and chart the “unfolding of new possibilities” (Bogue, 2007: 106) from a non-
representational vantage. I addressed this through an engaged encounter with the Karrabing’s films
Wutharr and Mermaids. In Wutharr, I drew attention to several techniques (incommensurable scenes,
false continuity of sound and flashbacks-within-flashbacks) which worked to unsettle my familiar
temporal coordinates, ultimately undermining the narrative of linearity and modernity shackled to the
hegemonic narrative. In Mermaids, I explored how cinematic techniques (soundscape, disembodied
eye and superimposition) engineer affect and sensation, enticing me to perceive the imperceptible
forces involved in encounters and events. Reflecting Deleuze and Guattari’s geophilosophy, these
deliberate ploys accentuate the ways in which we are always-already becoming through a connective
multiplicity of different non-living, non-human bodies and forces which exceed the “corporeal finitude
of the human in extensive, intensive, temporal and ontogenetic ways” (McCormack, 2003: 489). In
summary, eluding the snares of representation and signification, the Karrabing’s films determinedly
riff along the semi-tonal, affective registers of film to punctuate the surfeit of binaries and trademark
onto-epistemologies that characterise habitual Western thinking, in turn gesturing towards the
possibilities for relating to ourselves and the world otherwise. In light of these sensibilities, I argue
that the Karrabing’s filmmaking might be thought of as a push to the minor, illuminating the fruitful
possibilities for filmmaking otherwise and its material, political implications. As such, this paper
valorises the micropolitical potential of affect in recomposing thought and highlights the potency of
cinema and its techniques to do so.
By drawing together non-representational geographies and the Karrabing’s filmmaking
otherwise, this paper has contributed to the burgeoning non-representational purview through a re-
theorisation of film in geography, unsettling film’s assumed capacity to represent reality. More
uniquely, perhaps, it has highlighted the political potential of filmmaking otherwise as a world-making
activity to create lines of flight; as-yet-known subjectivities, thoughts and worlds through the bundle
of affects and percepts that the cinematic encounter co-constitutes. On this note, within the
31
Karrabing’s oeuvre, there remain many avenues – scenes, techniques and films – that for now await
to be explored. Conceptually, the meeting of Deleuzo-Guattarian philosophy with the Karrabing’s
filmmaking otherwise through geophilosophy and the notion of the minor suggests a potential
alliance. While Deleuze and Guattari were silent on Indigenous politics, this paper has identified
affinities between their ethea in that both critique arborescent modes of thinking and, through their
attendance to the emergence of life through onto-genetic bodies, usher into being “a mode of thought
that is not defined representationally” (Povinelli, 2011: 105).
Despite an emergence of cinematic activism there remains the risk that film, as a medium, will
continue to be co-opted to act and serve as the emblem of representation. As the Karrabing recognise,
their films “enter a culturally saturated visual contract that threatens to tip their productions back
into recognisable, morally responsible, set of resemblances” (Lea and Povinelli, 2018: 1). All the more
reason, therefore, to reiterate that film’s valence should not be perceived in terms of its commercial
returns or its ‘power’ to debunk and mystify representational tropes. Rather, a more pertinent
prognosis of its potential is its “heterogenesis of systems of valorisation” (Guattari, 2015: 31); its
micropolitical force in transforming thought through its affective register – a merit only grasped
through a non-representational approach. As Guattari acknowledges (2009: 266), although our social
and cultural world continues to be “contaminated by dominant representations”, the possibility
remains for a “minimal aperture” to become during a filmic encounter that can derail habitual thought
and the ways in which we relate to the world and ourselves. Indeed, minor practices that work from
within could be a gambit to unmoor film from its representational anchorage, and to re-inscribe film
and filmmaking as a micropolitical, ethico-aesthetic endeavour. What, then, is the outcome of all this?
Perhaps the greatest contribution of this paper is to stress the importance of minor practices as so
uniquely and innovatively actuated by the Karrabing which, in rebutting regimes of representation,
create “a sorcerer's line that escapes the dominant system" (Deleuze, 1993: 15).
32
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