The Middle Ages IIIThe Middle Ages III590-1517590-1517

Papal Power and the CrusadesPapal Power and the Crusades

Hildebrand a.k.a Gregory VIIHildebrand a.k.a Gregory VII• Obscure backgroundObscure background• Short in stature, strong in presenceShort in stature, strong in presence• Friend of Pope Gregory VIFriend of Pope Gregory VI• Lord of the Popes 1049-1054 – Leo IX, Victor Lord of the Popes 1049-1054 – Leo IX, Victor

II, Stephen IX, Nicolas II, Alexander IIII, Stephen IX, Nicolas II, Alexander II• Became pope Gregory VII 1073-1085Became pope Gregory VII 1073-1085• Warred against Nicolaitism, Simony, and Warred against Nicolaitism, Simony, and

Investiture. Investiture. • Emphasized the absolute authority of the Emphasized the absolute authority of the

PopePope

Papal PowersPapal Powers1. Excommunication – the cutting off

of one person from communion and the church =loss of salvation, no hope for heaven unless forgiven by Pope

2. Interdiction – A locational and/or personal excommunication.

3. World Authority – the power to depose and crown kings at the will of the Pope

Church vs. StateChurch vs. StateGregory VII v. Henry IVGregory VII v. Henry IV

• Henry denounces GregoryHenry denounces Gregory• Gregory Excommunicates HenryGregory Excommunicates Henry• Henry grovels at Canossa and regains the Henry grovels at Canossa and regains the

Papal blessingPapal blessing• 2 years go by2 years go by• Henry replaces Gregory with a new PopeHenry replaces Gregory with a new Pope• Gregory excommunicates/Interdicts HenryGregory excommunicates/Interdicts Henry• They warThey war• They dieThey die

The CrusadesThe Crusades

“No idle fancy was it hen of yoreNo idle fancy was it hen of yore

Pilgrims in countless numbers braved the seas,Pilgrims in countless numbers braved the seas,

And legions battled on the farthest shore,And legions battled on the farthest shore,

Only to pray at They Sepulchral bed, Only to pray at They Sepulchral bed,

Only in pious gratitude to kiss Only in pious gratitude to kiss

The sacred earth on which They feet did tread.”The sacred earth on which They feet did tread.”

-Uhland, An den Unsichtbaren-Uhland, An den Unsichtbaren

The CrusadesThe Crusades

• Primarily a French institutionPrimarily a French institution

• Armed Journeys to recapture the Holy Armed Journeys to recapture the Holy LandLand

• Carrying the crossCarrying the cross

• Christian PilgrimageChristian Pilgrimage

• Defeat of IslamDefeat of Islam

• Monetary and spiritual gainMonetary and spiritual gain

• 7 great crusades 1095-12707 great crusades 1095-1270

• Unite the Eastern and Western churchesUnite the Eastern and Western churches

The First Crusade 1095-1099The First Crusade 1095-1099

• Initiated by Pope Urban II in response to a call Initiated by Pope Urban II in response to a call for help from Constantinoplefor help from Constantinople

• Inspired by Peter the HermitInspired by Peter the Hermit

• The people looted and pillaged along the wayThe people looted and pillaged along the way

• ~300,000 irregulars slaughtered before they ~300,000 irregulars slaughtered before they reached their goal. reached their goal.

• Occurred in swarms of mixed people, not just Occurred in swarms of mixed people, not just soldiers. soldiers.

The First Crusade 1095-1099The First Crusade 1095-1099

• Major slaughter at Nicea, later it was Major slaughter at Nicea, later it was capturedcaptured

• Antioch gained, almost lost, but saved by Antioch gained, almost lost, but saved by finding the spear that pierced Christ’s side.finding the spear that pierced Christ’s side.

• Jerusalem after a long siege was captured, a Jerusalem after a long siege was captured, a great slaughter of Infidels, Jews, and great slaughter of Infidels, Jews, and heretics ensued. heretics ensued.

• Set up a kingdom that lasted until 1187Set up a kingdom that lasted until 1187

The Second Crusade 1146-1149The Second Crusade 1146-1149

• Set up to recapture the city of EdessaSet up to recapture the city of Edessa

• Pope Eugenius III declared forgiveness of all Pope Eugenius III declared forgiveness of all sins and life eternal to all crusaders who died sins and life eternal to all crusaders who died confessing their sinsconfessing their sins

• People were very enthusiasticPeople were very enthusiastic

• Persecution of Jews was inspired by a monkPersecution of Jews was inspired by a monk

• Ended in complete failure, the crusaders were Ended in complete failure, the crusaders were blamed for their lack of faith blamed for their lack of faith

The Third CrusadeThe Third Crusade • Jerusalem fell to Saladin in 1187Jerusalem fell to Saladin in 1187

• Joint crusade between French, English, and Joint crusade between French, English, and Belgish. Represented by Red, White, and Green Belgish. Represented by Red, White, and Green crosses. The Germans were there toocrosses. The Germans were there too

• Saladin TaxSaladin Tax

• Besieged Acre amidst harsh conditions, won Besieged Acre amidst harsh conditions, won gained food, gold, and the true crossgained food, gold, and the true cross

• Slaughter of 2700 prisoners ensues. Slaughter of 2700 prisoners ensues.

• Ultimately gained Acre, and pilgrimage rights to Ultimately gained Acre, and pilgrimage rights to Jerusalem. Jerusalem.

Innocent IIIInnocent III• Birth name was Lothario Conti de SegniBirth name was Lothario Conti de Segni• Wrote Wrote The Contempt of the WorldThe Contempt of the World• Crowned pope in 1198 at 37 years of ageCrowned pope in 1198 at 37 years of age• Exhibits the similarities between heirarchialism Exhibits the similarities between heirarchialism

and asceticismand asceticism• Papal AUTHORITYPapal AUTHORITY• Controlled the German KingshipControlled the German Kingship• Added the title Vicar of God to the Papal Added the title Vicar of God to the Papal

namesnames• Died at 56 years oldDied at 56 years old

The Children’s CrusadeThe Children’s Crusade

• Inspired in 1212 by a French shepherd boy Inspired in 1212 by a French shepherd boy Stephen. Stephen.

• Marched to Marseilles, grew in numbers up to Marched to Marseilles, grew in numbers up to 30,000, 30,000,

• Expected the sea to open for them to march Expected the sea to open for them to march acrossacross

• Hugo Ferrus and William Porcus offered to Hugo Ferrus and William Porcus offered to transport themtransport them

• Ferrus and Porcus sailed to Africa and sold Ferrus and Porcus sailed to Africa and sold the children into slaverythe children into slavery

The Fourth Crusade 1200-1204The Fourth Crusade 1200-1204

• Pope, Cardinals, and Clergy tithed to pay Pope, Cardinals, and Clergy tithed to pay for the crusadefor the crusade

• Hungarian controlled Zara was razed and Hungarian controlled Zara was razed and pillaged to pay for Venetian helppillaged to pay for Venetian help

• Constantinople was sacked, raped, and Constantinople was sacked, raped, and lootedlooted

• Relics were given freelyRelics were given freely

• Didn’t go near the holy landDidn’t go near the holy land

The Fifth Crusade 1217-1229The Fifth Crusade 1217-1229

• Again Pope, Cardinals, and Clergy tithed to Again Pope, Cardinals, and Clergy tithed to pay for the crusadepay for the crusade

• Those who gave money or participated in the Those who gave money or participated in the crusade received full indulgence for sin. crusade received full indulgence for sin.

• Led by Frederick IILed by Frederick II• 1228 Made a 10 year treaty gaining concessions 1228 Made a 10 year treaty gaining concessions

in Jerusalem, Bethlehem, Nazareth, and in Jerusalem, Bethlehem, Nazareth, and pilgrimage routes from Acre to Jerusalempilgrimage routes from Acre to Jerusalem

• 1244 the Christians in Palestine were defeated 1244 the Christians in Palestine were defeated never again to control Jerusalem. never again to control Jerusalem.

The Sixth CrusadeThe Sixth Crusade

• Led by the King Saint LouisLed by the King Saint Louis

• Marched on Cairo, affected by foes, Marched on Cairo, affected by foes, fevers, and dysenteryfevers, and dysentery

• King captured and ransomedKing captured and ransomed

• Louis returned in 1254 utterly Louis returned in 1254 utterly defeated. defeated.

The Seventh Crusade 1270

• Also led by Saint/King Louis

• 60,000 men at arms total

• Plagued, died, ended

Failures of the CrusadesFailures of the Crusades

1.1. The holy land was not wonThe holy land was not won

2.2. Islam was not permanantly stoppedIslam was not permanantly stopped

3.3. The East/West Schism was not healed The East/West Schism was not healed

4.4. Lots and lots of people were killedLots and lots of people were killed

5.5. War atrocities War atrocities

6.6. IndulgencesIndulgences

Benefits of the CrusadesBenefits of the Crusades

1.1. Spirtual awakening in manySpirtual awakening in many

2.2. Class interactionClass interaction

3.3. Knowledge expanded, geography, Knowledge expanded, geography, customs etc.customs etc.

4.4. Major increase in tradeMajor increase in trade