World HistoryWorld History
HalsHals
The Middle Ages in The Middle Ages in EuropeEurope
The “Middle” AgesThe “Middle” Ages
What terms have you heard that refer What terms have you heard that refer to the Middle Ages?to the Middle Ages? The Dark AgesThe Dark Ages Middle AgesMiddle Ages Medieval EraMedieval Era Early versus High Middle AgesEarly versus High Middle Ages
Timespan? c.500-1300 CE; “High” Timespan? c.500-1300 CE; “High” Middle Ages start from 1000 CEMiddle Ages start from 1000 CE
What event prompts the “middle ages”What event prompts the “middle ages”
The Early Middle AgesThe Early Middle Ages Sparsely populated, dense Sparsely populated, dense
forests, rich soil, forests, rich soil, Think of an untamed Think of an untamed
EuropeEurope From 400-700 Germanic From 400-700 Germanic
tribes carved Western Europe tribes carved Western Europe into small kingdomsinto small kingdoms
Franks – strongest kingdomFranks – strongest kingdom Clovis, king of the FranksClovis, king of the Franks
Converted to Converted to Christianity (religion of Christianity (religion of people in Gaul)people in Gaul)
Earns support AND Earns support AND gains the Christian gains the Christian Church of Rome as Church of Rome as an allyan ally
Painting of Clovis being baptizedPainting of Clovis being baptized
Battle of Tours - 732Battle of Tours - 732 Islam appears in 622Islam appears in 622 Muslim armies overrun Muslim armies overrun
Christian lands from Christian lands from Palestine – N. Africa – Palestine – N. Africa – Spain Spain
When Muslim enter When Muslim enter France, Charles Martel France, Charles Martel rallies Frankish rallies Frankish warriorswarriors Christians triumph – Christians triumph –
sign that “God is on sign that “God is on their side”their side”
Muslims are stopped Muslims are stopped and only overrun Spainand only overrun Spain
Christians view Muslim Christians view Muslim world with hostilityworld with hostility
CharlemagneCharlemagne
Grandson of Charles Grandson of Charles MartelMartel
Built an empire across Built an empire across France, Germany, and France, Germany, and part of Italypart of Italy
Loved battleLoved battle Muslims in Spain, Saxons Muslims in Spain, Saxons
in the North, Avars and in the North, Avars and Slavs in the east, Slavs in the east, Lombards in ItalyLombards in Italy
Conquests reunite Conquests reunite much of the old Roman much of the old Roman EmpireEmpire
Pope Leo III asks Pope Leo III asks Charlemagne to help Charlemagne to help against rebellious nobles in against rebellious nobles in RomeRome
Frankish armies crush the Frankish armies crush the rebellionrebellion
Pope crowns Charlemagne Pope crowns Charlemagne on Christmas day, 800, to on Christmas day, 800, to show his gratitudeshow his gratitude Declares Charlemagne – Declares Charlemagne –
Emperor of the Romans Emperor of the Romans (why is this so significant?)(why is this so significant?)
**Christian Pope crowns a **Christian Pope crowns a German king successor to German king successor to the Roman emperorsthe Roman emperors
Also sets up conflicts Also sets up conflicts between Roman Catholic between Roman Catholic popes and German popes and German emperorsemperors
•Eastern Empire is Furious
•Ruler of the Eastern Roman Empire saw himself as the Roman ruler
**Furthers division between the eastern and western regions of the old Roman empire
Other Dominant GroupsOther Dominant Groups Muslim forces Muslim forces
threaten through 900sthreaten through 900s Vikings – stretch out Vikings – stretch out
from Scandinavia and from Scandinavia and attack England, attack England, Ireland, N. France, Ireland, N. France, Russia, N. America, Russia, N. America, etc. etc.
FeudalismFeudalism
Powerful local lords divide landholdings among lesser lords
Vassals – pledge service and loyalty to greater lord
Feudalism Activity Part 1Feudalism Activity Part 1
Meet with your Meet with your fellow kings, fellow kings, lords, knights, or lords, knights, or serfs and use serfs and use the information the information packets to write packets to write out your job out your job description.description.
Create a “day in Create a “day in the life” cartoon or the life” cartoon or a written schedule a written schedule that shows a day that shows a day in the life of your in the life of your character while character while demonstrating the demonstrating the different jobs your different jobs your character must character must fulfill.fulfill.
Your Kingdoms…Your Kingdoms…
Once in regrouped into a kingdom…Once in regrouped into a kingdom… Name your kingdomName your kingdom You will meet with your group and arrange You will meet with your group and arrange
yourselves within your social hierarchyyourselves within your social hierarchy Draw a diagram of how each person in your Draw a diagram of how each person in your
group fits into the hierarchy of feudalismgroup fits into the hierarchy of feudalism Explain each of your jobs to each other and Explain each of your jobs to each other and
bring one sheet that shows the social bring one sheet that shows the social structure and the main roles of each structure and the main roles of each member of your kingdommember of your kingdom
Once you have created your diagram you Once you have created your diagram you will be given a scenariowill be given a scenario
Discuss the scenario with your group and Discuss the scenario with your group and create a skit explaining how your feudalist create a skit explaining how your feudalist society would handle your crisis (be society would handle your crisis (be realistic, but also creative)realistic, but also creative)
The Medieval ChurchThe Medieval Church
Village church and tithingVillage church and tithing Daily life – the Christian calendar and Daily life – the Christian calendar and
the holy days to honor saintsthe holy days to honor saints
Views of WomenViews of Women
Daughters of EveDaughters of Eve Weak and easily Weak and easily
susceptible to sinsusceptible to sin Need guidance of menNeed guidance of men
Ideal Women:Ideal Women:
pure and modest Marypure and modest Mary
prayed to Mary as an prayed to Mary as an intercessor intercessor
Monks and NunsMonks and Nuns Benedictine Rule – set of rules to regulate Benedictine Rule – set of rules to regulate
monastic lifemonastic life Created by Benedict (a monk) ~530 In S. ItalyCreated by Benedict (a monk) ~530 In S. Italy Three vowsThree vows
Obedience to abbot or abbessObedience to abbot or abbess PovertyPoverty ChastityChastity
Believed in spiritual value of manual laborBelieved in spiritual value of manual labor Worked fields, cleared and drained land, Worked fields, cleared and drained land,
experimented with cropsexperimented with crops Life of Service – Life of Service –
Poor and sickPoor and sick School for childrenSchool for children Rest for pilgrimages Rest for pilgrimages Missionaries (St. Patrick – set up Irish Church)Missionaries (St. Patrick – set up Irish Church)
Learning!Learning! Preserved writings Preserved writings
of the ancient of the ancient worldworld
Copying texts Copying texts serves as labor for serves as labor for monks and nunsmonks and nuns
Educated monks Educated monks and nuns keep and nuns keep learning alive!!learning alive!!
ConventsConvents
Abbess Hildegard of Abbess Hildegard of BingenBingen Composed religious Composed religious
musicmusic Wrote booksWrote books
Canon law – body of church laws, upheld Canon law – body of church laws, upheld by church courtsby church courts Religious teachings, clergy, marriages, Religious teachings, clergy, marriages,
moralsmorals ExcommunicationExcommunication
Punishment, banned from receiving Punishment, banned from receiving sacraments and Christian burialsacraments and Christian burial
Interdict – official excommunication of Interdict – official excommunication of an entire town, region or kingdom (used an entire town, region or kingdom (used to weaken power of secular leaders)to weaken power of secular leaders)
King Edward (Anglo-Sax) diesKing Edward (Anglo-Sax) dies Harold (weak guy) put in chargeHarold (weak guy) put in charge William of Normandy (strong leader, of William of Normandy (strong leader, of
Viking descent) Viking descent) Raises an army and gets pope’s supportRaises an army and gets pope’s support William triumphs and defeats HaroldWilliam triumphs and defeats Harold William the Conqueror! William the Conqueror! Norman (French) influence Norman (French) influence Battle of Hastings Battle of Hastings Bayeux TapestryBayeux Tapestry
King WilliamKing William
Required feudal allegianceRequired feudal allegiance Domesday Book – listed every castle, Domesday Book – listed every castle,
field and pigpen in Englandfield and pigpen in England Helped with efficient tax collectionHelped with efficient tax collection
Royal exchequer – royal treasury Royal exchequer – royal treasury
Unified Legal SystemUnified Legal System
King Henry II – 1154 – common law – King Henry II – 1154 – common law – legal system based on custom and legal system based on custom and court rulings and applied to all of court rulings and applied to all of EnglandEngland
Created a jury – group of men sworn Created a jury – group of men sworn to speak the truthto speak the truth
King Henry and Thomas BecketKing Henry and Thomas Becket
King Henry – claimed the right to try clergy in King Henry – claimed the right to try clergy in royal courtsroyal courts
Thomas Becket – Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Becket – Archbishop of Canterbury, fiercely disagreed with the kingfiercely disagreed with the king
““what a pack of fools and cowards I have what a pack of fools and cowards I have nourished, that not one of them will avenge nourished, that not one of them will avenge me of this turbulent priest”me of this turbulent priest”
4 knights kill Thomas Becket for King Henry4 knights kill Thomas Becket for King Henry Becket’s honored as a martyr and saint, Becket’s honored as a martyr and saint,
pilgrimage destinationpilgrimage destination
King John the SoftKing John the Soft
King John – clever, greedy, cruel, King John – clever, greedy, cruel, untrustworthyuntrustworthy
Not a people personNot a people person War with Philip II – loses French landsWar with Philip II – loses French lands Gives into Innocent III to avoid Gives into Innocent III to avoid
kingdom wide excommunication, has kingdom wide excommunication, has to recognize England as a fief to to recognize England as a fief to Rome. Rome.
Magna CartaMagna Carta
1215 at Runnymeade, 63 demands 1215 at Runnymeade, 63 demands Magna Carta – Great CharterMagna Carta – Great Charter Due Process of LawDue Process of Law
Free men are protected from arbitrary Free men are protected from arbitrary arrest and imprisonmentarrest and imprisonment
TaxationTaxation King can’t raise taxes without consulting King can’t raise taxes without consulting
the Great Councilthe Great Council No taxation without representationNo taxation without representation
MC’s significanceMC’s significance
1. nobles now 1. nobles now have certain have certain rights (later rights (later extended to all extended to all citizens)citizens)
2. monarch 2. monarch must obey the must obey the law (and the law (and the charter)charter)
Great CouncilGreat Council
House of Commons (2 knights from House of Commons (2 knights from each county)each county)
House of LordsHouse of Lords King summons this parliament for his King summons this parliament for his
own purpose own purpose Serve as a checks and balanceServe as a checks and balance
And Onto France…And Onto France…
Philip IVPhilip IV Louis’s grandsonLouis’s grandson Extends royal power (good), Extends royal power (good),
tries to tax the clergy (not so tries to tax the clergy (not so good)– good)–
Pope Boniface VIII – not happy Pope Boniface VIII – not happy about taxabout tax
““God has set popes over kings God has set popes over kings and kingdoms”and kingdoms”
Forbids Philip to tax the clergy Forbids Philip to tax the clergy without papal consentwithout papal consent
Philip threatens arrest clergy Philip threatens arrest clergy who don’t pay their taxeswho don’t pay their taxes
Philip sends troops and they Philip sends troops and they seize the popeseize the pope
Pope Boniface VIII – escapes, Pope Boniface VIII – escapes, but was beaten badly and diesbut was beaten badly and dies
French pope is appointedFrench pope is appointed New pope moves the church New pope moves the church
court to Avignon court to Avignon
Estates GeneralEstates General
Created in 1302Created in 1302 3 parts – clergy, nobles, townspeople3 parts – clergy, nobles, townspeople Body of people that have a say in the Body of people that have a say in the
governmentgovernment NOT AS POWERFUL as the English NOT AS POWERFUL as the English
Parliament (Great Council) because Parliament (Great Council) because Estates General has no control of Estates General has no control of taxationtaxation
Holy Roman EmpireHoly Roman Empire Otto I of Saxony – King of Otto I of Saxony – King of
Germany Germany Helps pope outHelps pope out 962 – crowned as Holy Roman 962 – crowned as Holy Roman
EmperorEmperor Holy – crowned by the popeHoly – crowned by the pope Roman – heir to the emperors of Roman – heir to the emperors of
ancient Romeancient Rome Pope Gregory VII – banned lay Pope Gregory VII – banned lay
investitureinvestiture Only Pope can appoint bishopsOnly Pope can appoint bishops
HRE Henry IVHRE Henry IV Disagreement with GregoryVII Disagreement with GregoryVII
because he thinks the HRE should because he thinks the HRE should appoint bishops to their royal fiefsappoint bishops to their royal fiefs
Concordat of Worms – 1122Concordat of Worms – 1122 Church has sole pwr to elect and Church has sole pwr to elect and
invest bishops w/spiritual invest bishops w/spiritual authority; emperor has right to authority; emperor has right to invest them with fiefsinvest them with fiefs
The official crown!!The official crown!!
HRE ~1200HRE ~1200
The CrusadesThe Crusades Byzantine emperor Byzantine emperor
Alexius I asks Pope Alexius I asks Pope Urban II for Christian Urban II for Christian knights to help him knights to help him fight the Turksfight the Turks
Muslim groups were Muslim groups were interfering with interfering with Christian pilgrimages Christian pilgrimages to the Holy Landto the Holy Land
Urban II Urban II ““an accursed race…has an accursed race…has
violently invaded the violently invaded the lands of those lands of those Christians and has Christians and has depopulated them by depopulated them by pillage and fire”pillage and fire”
God wills it!God wills it! 1096 – armies of knights, 1096 – armies of knights,
and ordinary men and and ordinary men and women all left for the Holy women all left for the Holy LandLand
MotivationsMotivations Religious zealReligious zeal Hopes of wealth and landHopes of wealth and land AdventureAdventure Pope – hoped to heal the Pope – hoped to heal the
split between Roman and split between Roman and Byzantine churchesByzantine churches
Hoped Christian knights Hoped Christian knights would no longer waste would no longer waste time fighting each othertime fighting each other
Many Crusades – Round 1, Many Crusades – Round 1, 2, 3, etc.2, 3, etc.
Over 200 years – roughly 1095-Over 200 years – roughly 1095-1290s1290s
11stst Crusade – massacre of Muslim Crusade – massacre of Muslim and Jewish residents of Jerusalemand Jewish residents of Jerusalem
Saladin (Muslim) retook JerusalemSaladin (Muslim) retook Jerusalem Results and effects of the Results and effects of the
Crusades:Crusades: Fail to conquer the Holy LandFail to conquer the Holy Land Increased tradeIncreased trade
Middle Eastern products Middle Eastern products introduced to Europeintroduced to Europe
Growth of a money economyGrowth of a money economy Increased power for monarchs Increased power for monarchs
and the Popeand the Pope Global awarenessGlobal awareness
1271 Marco Polo to China1271 Marco Polo to China
Venetian MerchantsVenetian Merchants Reached their pinnacle after the 4Reached their pinnacle after the 4thth Crusade Crusade
Sent a fleet of Venetian vessels to Constantinople during Sent a fleet of Venetian vessels to Constantinople during the Crusades (does this sound weird to you?)the Crusades (does this sound weird to you?)
Loot and pillage ConstantinopleLoot and pillage Constantinople Rule the city for the next 50 yearsRule the city for the next 50 years End of Constantinople’s domination in Eurasian trade – End of Constantinople’s domination in Eurasian trade –
they’ll never be the dominant one againthey’ll never be the dominant one again Become the center of trade in W. Europe (they will Become the center of trade in W. Europe (they will
continue to increase and succeed into the Renaissance)continue to increase and succeed into the Renaissance)
Reconquista in SpainReconquista in Spain Christian campaign to drive Christian campaign to drive
the Muslims out of Spainthe Muslims out of Spain Isabella of Castile marries Isabella of Castile marries
Ferdinand of AragonFerdinand of Aragon Unity of two pwrful kingdoms Unity of two pwrful kingdoms
opens the way for a unified opens the way for a unified statestate
End of religious toleration for End of religious toleration for Christians, Jews, and MuslimsChristians, Jews, and Muslims
Initiate the Spanish Inquisition Initiate the Spanish Inquisition – Church court set up to try – Church court set up to try people accused of heresypeople accused of heresy
Brutal against Muslims and Brutal against Muslims and Jews – many burned at the Jews – many burned at the stake when they refuse to stake when they refuse to convert to Christianityconvert to Christianity
Painting of the Reconquista Painting of the Reconquista
The InquisitionThe Inquisition
Christopher ColumbusChristopher Columbus
Medieval ArchitectureMedieval Architecture
The Romanesque The Romanesque Church – fortresses Church – fortresses with thick walls and with thick walls and towerstowers Barrel vault (long tunnel Barrel vault (long tunnel
of stone covering most of stone covering most of the structure)of the structure)
So heavy it required So heavy it required thick wallsthick walls
No windows to keep No windows to keep walls strongwalls strong
Dark and gloomyDark and gloomy
Gothic ArchitectureGothic Architecture Flying buttresses – stone Flying buttresses – stone
supports outside the churchsupports outside the church Allow builders to construct Allow builders to construct
higher walls and leave space higher walls and leave space for huge stained-glass for huge stained-glass windowswindows
Could be very tallCould be very tall Graceful spires, lofty Graceful spires, lofty
ceilings, enormous windows ceilings, enormous windows – carry the eye upward to – carry the eye upward to the heavensthe heavens
Monuments are built to the Monuments are built to the “greater glory of God”“greater glory of God”
Make you feel very small, Make you feel very small, emphasize power and emphasize power and grandeur of Godgrandeur of God
Notre DameNotre Dame
Flying butresses - ChartresFlying butresses - Chartres
Dante’s Dante’s Divine ComedyDivine Comedy
VernacularVernacular Dante’s Dante’s Divine ComedyDivine Comedy
Abandon all hope, ye that enter hereAbandon all hope, ye that enter here
Growth of Trade and BankingGrowth of Trade and Banking Agricultural advancements – Agricultural advancements –
Cause population increase and Cause population increase and surplus of food (allows for surplus of food (allows for urbanization to occur)urbanization to occur)Windmills, iron plow, horse Windmills, iron plow, horse replaced oxen, 3 field systemreplaced oxen, 3 field system
Urban Growth – more specialized Urban Growth – more specialized manufacturing and commercial manufacturing and commercial activitiesactivities
Growth of Trade and BankingGrowth of Trade and Banking Increases tradeIncreases trade Creation of GuildsCreation of Guilds
Apprentice, journeyman, etc.Apprentice, journeyman, etc. Prevents monopolyPrevents monopoly Quality controlQuality control
Development of banking systemDevelopment of banking system Lending moneyLending money Receipts and regional systemsReceipts and regional systems
Joint business venturesJoint business ventures Invest in supplies and pool resources, Invest in supplies and pool resources,
limits risks since land and sea travel is limits risks since land and sea travel is dangerousdangerous
Troubled 1300’sTroubled 1300’s
Famine and crop failure already Famine and crop failure already rampantrampant Makes everyone more susceptible to the Makes everyone more susceptible to the
plagueplague
PLAGUE!PLAGUE!
1347 – a Genoese trading ship brings 1347 – a Genoese trading ship brings the plague to Messina, Sicily the plague to Messina, Sicily
Italy to Spain to France and Germany Italy to Spain to France and Germany – one in three people died– one in three people died
Originated in Asia and spread to the Originated in Asia and spread to the Middle East to EuropeMiddle East to Europe India depopulated; Mesopotamia, Syria India depopulated; Mesopotamia, Syria
and Armenia covered with dead bodiesand Armenia covered with dead bodies Cairo – 7,000 dead bodies a dayCairo – 7,000 dead bodies a day
Yersinia pestisYersinia pestis Bacillus lives in bloodstream of an Bacillus lives in bloodstream of an
animal or in the stomach of a fleaanimal or in the stomach of a flea Ideal host? The Black Rat – traveled Ideal host? The Black Rat – traveled
on shipson ships Two forms – bubonic and pneumonicTwo forms – bubonic and pneumonic
Bubonic – flea is the vectorBubonic – flea is the vector Pneumonic – direct human contactPneumonic – direct human contact
Streets were cesspoolsStreets were cesspools Mud, refuse, human excrementMud, refuse, human excrement Personal hygiene – everyone had Personal hygiene – everyone had
fleas and body lice so flea bites were fleas and body lice so flea bites were perfectly normalperfectly normal
Aristocratic families all slept in one Aristocratic families all slept in one room togetherroom together
Middle-class or poor households Middle-class or poor households often slept in one bedoften slept in one bed
SymptomsSymptoms 11stst Stage Stage
A growth the size of a nut A growth the size of a nut or an apple emerged in or an apple emerged in the armpit, groin or neck the armpit, groin or neck (lymph nodes)(lymph nodes)
Boil “buba” – gave the Boil “buba” – gave the disease its namedisease its name
Caused agonizing painCaused agonizing pain If lanced and drained If lanced and drained
victim has a chancevictim has a chance 22ndnd Stage Stage
black spots or blotches black spots or blotches appear from bleeding appear from bleeding under the skinunder the skin
33rdrd and Final Stage and Final Stage Victim begins to cough Victim begins to cough
violently and spit bloodviolently and spit blood Death usually followed Death usually followed
within two to three days within two to three days
Victims symptoms were so revolting Victims symptoms were so revolting that instead of earning compassion, that instead of earning compassion, care-givers were disgustedcare-givers were disgusted
Social EffectsSocial Effects
People didn’t understand the science behind People didn’t understand the science behind how the disease spread…so, how the disease spread…so,
Terror and bewilderment spreadTerror and bewilderment spread Magic and witchcraftMagic and witchcraft Profound pessimismProfound pessimism Wild pleasures – we’ll die soon anywayWild pleasures – we’ll die soon anyway Flagellants – scourged and whipped Flagellants – scourged and whipped
themselves as penance for their and themselves as penance for their and society’s sinssociety’s sins
People fled from city centersPeople fled from city centers
The DecameronThe Decameron
Giovannia BoccaccioGiovannia Boccaccio
Hundred Years WarHundred Years War
1337-1453 (Actually 116 years)1337-1453 (Actually 116 years) England v. FranceEngland v. France Edward III of England claimed the Edward III of England claimed the
French crown in 1337 and war French crown in 1337 and war eruptederupted
English victories at first, France English victories at first, France suffered greatly suffered greatly
Thank you longbow (3 for 1)Thank you longbow (3 for 1)
Joan of ArcJoan of Arc 1429 – 17 year old peasant 1429 – 17 year old peasant
woman appears in the court of woman appears in the court of Charles VII the uncrowned king Charles VII the uncrowned king of France of France
Tells Charles God sent her to Tells Charles God sent her to save Francesave France
Persuades him to allow Joan to Persuades him to allow Joan to lead his armies against the lead his armies against the EnglishEnglish
Joan inspires the troops and Joan inspires the troops and leads them to several victoriesleads them to several victories
English capture her, try her as a English capture her, try her as a witch, burn her at the stakewitch, burn her at the stake
Church later declares her as a Church later declares her as a saintsaint
Joan’s execution rallies French Joan’s execution rallies French troopstroops
French have the cannon!French have the cannon!
Effects?Effects?
War created growing War created growing sense of nationalism sense of nationalism
Longbow and cannonLongbow and cannon Warfare changing Warfare changing
castles susceptible to castles susceptible to gunpowder’s reachgunpowder’s reach
Why did this kind of Why did this kind of warfare threaten warfare threaten feudalism? feudalism?