Lesson Synopsis: The student will conduct individual or group research concerning a topic in Middle Eastern history and receive ageneral overview of that history. Students will also make predictions on the future of the Middle East.
TEKS: 2 History. The student understands how the present relates to the past. The student is expected to:
2A Identify elements in a contemporary situation that parallels a historical situation; and2B Describe variables in a contemporary situation that could result in different outcomes. 14 Economics. The student understands the historic origins of contemporary economic systems. The student is
expected to: 14C Compare the relationships between and among contemporary countr ies with differing economic systems.
15 Government. The student understands the hist orical antecedents of contemporary pol itical syst ems. The studentis expected to:
15C Explain the impact of American politi cal ideas on significant world political developments;15D Apply knowledge of politi cal systems to make decisions about contemporary issues and events.
17 Citizenship. The student understands the signif icance of political choices and decisions made by individuals,groups, and nations throughout history. The student is expected to:
17A Evaluate politi cal choices and decisions that indi viduals, groups, and nations have made in the past, taking intoaccount historical context, and apply this knowledge to the analysis of choices and decisions faced bycontemporary societies; including;
19 Culture. The student understands the history and relevance of major religious and philosophical traditions. Thestudent is expected to:
19B Identify examples of religious influence in historic and contemporary world events.
Process TEKS:25 Social studies skills. The student applies critical-thinking skills to organize and use information acquired from a
variety of sources including electronic technology. The student is expected to: 25C Analyze information by sequencing, categorizing, identifyi ng cause-and-effect relationships, comparing,
contrasting, finding the main idea, summarizing, making generalizations and predictions, and drawing inferencesand conclusions;
25E Use the process of historical inquir y to research, interpret, and use multip le sources of evidence; 25H Support a point of view on a social studies issue or event;
26 Social studies skill s. The student communicates in writ ten, oral, and visual forms . The student is expected to: 26A Use social studies terminology correctly; 26B Use standard grammar, spelling , sentence structu re, and punctuation;
27 Social studies skills. The student uses problem-solving and decision-making skills, working independently and
with others, in a variety of settings . The student is expected to:27B Use a decision-making process to identify a situation that requires a decision, gather information, identify options
predict consequences, and take action to implement a decision.
GETTING READY FOR INSTRUCTION
Performance Indicator(s): Based on your studies on the Middle East and your reading of the President’s State of the Union Address,
2007, write an essay on the steps that will be necessary for peace to be obtainable in the Middle East. (2A,2B; 12C; 14C; 15C, 15D; 17A; 19B)
4G, 4J ; 5B
Key Understandings and Guiding Questions: Economics often drives decisions about national policies.
— How has the discovery of oil changed the economic and political systems of the Middle East? Geography, availability of resources, and the religion of a region contributes to the formation of political
systems.— In what ways are the conflict(s) in the Middle East a never-ending religious struggle?— Israel has been described as an “Armed Camp.” Why is this description commonly applied to Israel?
Vocabulary of Instruction: Palestine Nation of Israel PLO Sunnis v. Shiites
Handout: President Bush’s State of the Union 2007 Handout: Rubric: Essay
Advance Preparation:1. Teacher should determine which parts of the textbook deal with the Middle East.2. Locate (blank) map of the Middle East and North Africa for students to use in focus activity.3. Resources for the Middle East.
a. CIA World Fact Bookb. Internet search: “History of the Middle East”
Background Information: The Middle East is where the earliest civilization began, where the crossroads of different cultures have clashed, wherethree major religions have their roots, and where the most valuable natural resource is abundant. All of these lay thefoundation for a land in crisis.
Although predominately a Muslim region, in the heart of the Middle East lays Israel, a nation formed in 1948 by the J ewsthat survived the Holocaust. Israel stands alone and defiant against all other Arab nations in the region, survivingnumerous wars and a constant state of siege. With the support of the USA, Israel continues to exist, prosper, expand, andbe very protective of its “Promised Land.”
The predominant group in the Middle East is the Arabs, but even here there are divisions. The religion of Islam is dividedbetween the Sunnis and the Shiite. While the Sunnis majority controls most of the Arab world, Iran practices Shiite. Also,the rise of Islamic Fundamentalism is having an enormous impact as it recruits terrorists to free all oppressed Islamicpeople to carry out the J ihad. And if these divisions are not enough, Islamic nations, such as Turkey, have adoptedwestern practices and attitudes that set them apart from the other Arab nations of the Middle East.
And finally the discovery of oil; this precious commodity has changed the Middle East. Originally inhabited by Bedouinherders and small cities, the Middle East was of limited importance and mostly of historical interest. But now with thediscovery of oil, the wealth that has flowed into that area has caused the Middle East to enjoy an economic power thatmakes the mightiest of nations bend to please them and close their eyes to many atrocities and human rights violationsthat occur within the borders of allies.
GETTING READY FOR INSTRUCTION SUPPLEMENTAL PLANNING DOCUMENT
Instructors are encouraged to supplement, and substitute resources, materials, and activities to differentiate instruction to address the needs of learners. The Exemplar Lessons are one approach to teaching and reaching the Performance Indicators and Specificity in the Instructional Focus Document forthis unit. A Microsoft Word template for this planning document is located at www.cscope.us/sup_plan_temp.doc. If a supplement is createdelectronically, users are encouraged to upload the document to their Lesson Plans as a Lesson Plan Resource in your district Curriculum Developer sitefor future reference.
INSTRUCTIONAL PROCEDURES
Instructional Procedures Notes for Teacher
ENGAGENOTE: 1 Day =50 minutesSuggested time: ½ Day
Have the students use their textbooks to find every entry in which theMiddle East (especially Palestine) is mentioned before 1948. Ancient Civilization
Instructional Procedures Notes for Teacher Muhammad and the Islamic Faith Ottoman Empire The Crusades British Mandate after World War IWorking in teams, have the students create a timeline of the major events
and place the location of these events on the map of the Middle East,earliest days to 1945.
Tell the students to mark 1948on their timeline. On their map they are tolabel the country of Israel.
Do you know what happened in 1948 in the Middle East? Why wasIsrael created? How do you think that the Arab countries reacted tothe formation o f Israel? These are things that we are going to explorein this lesson.
Teacher will need to provide a map of the Middle East.
EXPLORE Suggested time: ½ Day
Pass out the Handout:Middle Eastern Nations.
Have the students use the textbook and other resources to fill in the historyof these various countries.
They are to then look for similarities and differences.
MATERIALS:Handout: Middle Eastern Nations
EXPLAIN Suggested time: ½ Day
Create a T-Chart on the board. Label one side similarities and one sidedifferences. Have the students share out the similarities and differencesthat they found.
Elaborate on the following points:
Point #1: The Middle East is the crossroads of many d ifferentcultures.
Not only is the Middle East the cradle of civilization, it is the crossroadsbetween the east and the west. Thus, cultural borrowing comes from bothdistinctively different areas!
Point #2: Islam dominates the area.
The religion dominates the culture and unites the people of the MiddleEast. However, they too have conflicts within their shared culture,especially between the Sunnis and the Shiites. Also the Kurds (Turkey andNorthern Iraq) have their own unique Islamic culture and needs. The rulingfamily of Saudi Arabia (the Faud family) continues to support the “West”and keep their country from drifting to more fundamental Islamic beliefs.
Point #3: Israel stands alone!
Perhaps a year long study in itself, the nation of Israel is a story of struggle. After WWII and the Holocaust, many Western nations becamesympathetic to the creation of a J ewish State in Palestine. Against thedesires of the Muslim people living in the area, the nation of Israel wasfounded in 1948, and immediately was attacked by the surroundingMuslim nations. Attacks have been initiated by both the Muslim nationsand Israel but for the most part, Israel has expanded its country into theWest Bank, Golan Heights, the Gaza Strip, and even occupied the SinaiPeninsula at one time. Israel is continually an armed camp. For manyyears, citizens were required to spend two years in the military.
For years, the Middle East was considered a wasteland of sand, inhabitedby primitive Bedouins, and only important to religious fanatics from threedifferent religions (J udaism, Islam, and Christianity). And then oil wasdiscovered! Suddenly this wasteland contains the life blood of theindustrialized world. Wealth beyond mankind’s’ wildest dreams came to aselect few who controlled the countries that contain the oil.
Individual/ Group Research Topics for individual / group research: The bolded items should be giventop priority.
Students are to research one of the following topics and theresearch should address the following questions:
Event or Place Person or group1. Definition or explanation of what
it is2. Why is this topic important to the
Middle East?3. Prediction of the future
1. Identification2. Why are they important to the
development of the MiddleEast?
Zionist Lawrence of ArabiaBalfour
DeclarationBedouins
Colonel GamalNasser
Golda Meir Pan ArabismSuez Crisis
(1957)
West Bank Gaza Strip Golan Heights Yom Kippur
War
Six Day WarCamp David
Accords AyatollahKhomeini
The Shah of Iran
Persian Gulf War(1990-91)
Shiites v. SunnisIranian Hostage
Crisis (440Days)
Terrorism atthe MunichOlympics,
1972
KurdsFaud Family inSaudi Arabia
SaddamHussein
Iran v. IraqWar
OPECPLO (Palestin ian
LiberationOrganization)
Yasir ArafatIsrael-Muslim
War, 1948
HamasBa’ath Party in
SyriaMuammarKaddafi
Taliban
Method of presentation will be left to the teacher. Suggestions would include Informative Essay PowerPoint Presentation Visual (Poster, picture, etc.) Oral Report
Students will share their presentations with the class.
MATERIALS:Handout: Rubric: Research on MiddleEast Topics
ELABORATE Suggested time: 1/4 Day
Post these questions on the board. If just one of the essential factors o f conflic t in the Middle East is removed (religion or oil ), would theregion cont inue to be in a constant state of unrest? How wouldnational policies change?
Have the students reflect on these statements individually. Have themshare with a partner and then share with the class.
THE PRESIDENT: Thank you very much. And tonight, I have a high privilege and distinct honor of myown — as the first President to begin the State of the Union message with these words: MadamSpeaker. (Applause.) ….
Extending hope and opportunity depends on a stable supply of energy that keeps America's economyrunning and America's environment clean. For too long our nation has been dependent on foreign oil.And this dependence leaves us more vulnerable to hostile regimes, and to terrorists — who couldcause huge disruptions of oil shipments, and raise the price of oil, and do great harm to our economy.….
We made a lot of progress, thanks to good policies here in Washington and the strong response of the market. And now even more dramatic advances are within reach. Tonight, I ask Congress to joinme in pursuing a great goal. Let us build on the work we've done and reduce gasoline usage in theUnited States by 20 percent in the next 10 years. (Applause.) When we do that we will have cut ourtotal imports by the equivalent of three-quarters of all the oil we now import from the Middle East. ….
For all of us in this room, there is no higher responsibility than to protect the people of this countryfrom danger. Five years have come and gone since we saw the scenes and felt the sorrow that theterrorists can cause. We've had time to take stock of our situation. We've added many criticalprotections to guard the homeland. We know with certainty that the horrors of that Septembermorning were just a glimpse of what the terrorists intend for us — unless we stop them.
With the distance of time, we find ourselves debating the causes of conflict and the course we havefollowed. Such debates are essential when a great democracy faces great questions. Yet onequestion has surely been settled: that to win the war on terror we must take the fight to the enemy.(Applause.)
From the start, America and our allies have protected our people by staying on the offense. Theenemy knows that the days of comfortable sanctuary, easy movement, steady financing, and freeflowing communications are long over. For the terrorists, life since 9/11 has never been the same.
Our success in this war is often measured by the things that did not happen. We cannot know the fullextent of the attacks that we and our allies have prevented, but here is some of what we do know: Westopped an al Qaeda plot to fly a hijacked airplane into the tallest building on the West Coast. Webroke up a Southeast Asian terror cell grooming operatives for attacks inside the United States. Weuncovered an al Qaeda cell developing anthrax to be used in attacks against America. And just lastAugust, British authorities uncovered a plot to blow up passenger planes bound for America over theAtlantic Ocean. For each life saved, we owe a debt of gratitude to the brave public servants whodevote their lives to finding the terrorists and stopping them. (Applause.)
Every success against the terrorists is a reminder of the shoreless ambitions of this enemy. The evilthat inspired and rejoiced in 9/11 is still at work in the world. And so long as that's the case, Americais still a nation at war.
In the mind of the terrorist, this war began well before September the 11th, and will not end until theirradical vision is fulfilled. And these past five years have given us a much clearer view of the nature of
this enemy. Al Qaeda and its followers are Sunni extremists, possessed by hatred and commandedby a harsh and narrow ideology. Take almost any principle of civilization, and their goal is theopposite. They preach with threats, instruct with bullets and bombs, and promise paradise for themurder of the innocent.
Our enemies are quite explicit about their intentions. They want to overthrow moderate governments,and establish safe havens from which to plan and carry out new attacks on our country. By killing andterrorizing Americans, they want to force our country to retreat from the world and abandon the causeof liberty. They would then be free to impose their will and spread their totalitarian ideology. Listen tothis warning from the late terrorist Zarqawi: "We will sacrifice our blood and bodies to put an end toyour dreams, and what is coming is even worse." Osama bin Laden declared: "Death is better than
living on this Earth with the unbelievers among us."
These men are not given to idle words, and they are just one camp in the Islamist radical movement.In recent times, it has also become clear that we face an escalating danger from Shia extremists whoare just as hostile to America, and are also determined to dominate the Middle East. Many are knownto take direction from the regime in Iran, which is funding and arming terrorists like Hezbollah — agroup second only to al Qaeda in the American lives it has taken.
The Shia and Sunni extremists are different faces of the same totalitarian threat. Whatever slogansthey chant, when they slaughter the innocent they have the same wicked purposes. They want to killAmericans, kill democracy in the Middle East, and gain the weapons to kill on an even more horrific
scale.
In the sixth year since our nation was attacked, I wish I could report to you that the dangers hadended. They have not. And so it remains the policy of this government to use every lawful and propertool of intelligence, diplomacy, law enforcement, and military action to do our duty, to find theseenemies, and to protect the American people. (Applause.)
This war is more than a clash of arms — it is a decisive ideological struggle, and the security of ournation is in the balance. To prevail, we must remove the conditions that inspire blind hatred, anddrove 19 men to get onto airplanes and to come and kill us. What every terrorist fears most is humanfreedom — societies where men and women make their own choices, answer to their own
conscience, and live by their hopes instead of their resentments. Free people are not drawn to violentand malignant ideologies — and most will choose a better way when they're given a chance. So weadvance our own security interests by helping moderates and reformers and brave voices fordemocracy. The great question of our day is whether America will help men and women in the MiddleEast to build free societies and share in the rights of all humanity. And I say, for the sake of our ownsecurity, we must. (Applause.)
In the last two years, we've seen the desire for liberty in the broader Middle East — and we havebeen sobered by the enemy's fierce reaction. In 2005, the world watched as the citizens of Lebanonraised the banner of the Cedar Revolution; they drove out the Syrian occupiers and chose newleaders in free elections. In 2005, the people of Afghanistan defied the terrorists and elected a
democratic legislature. And in 2005, the Iraqi people held three national elections, choosing atransitional government, adopting the most progressive, democratic constitution in the Arab wor ld,and then electing a government under that constitution. Despite endless threats from the killers intheir midst, nearly 12 million Iraqi citizens came out to vote in a show of hope and solidarity that weshould never forget. (Applause.)
A thinking enemy watched all of these scenes, adjusted their tactics, and in 2006 they struck back. InLebanon, assassins took the life of Pierre Gemayel, a prominent participant in the Cedar Revolution.Hezbollah terrorists, with support from Syria and Iran, sowed conflict in the region and are seekingto undermine Lebanon's legitimately elected government. In Afghanistan, Taliban and al Qaedafighters tried to regain power by regrouping and engaging Afghan and NATO forces. In Iraq, al Qaedaand other Sunni extremists blew up one of the most sacred places in Shia Islam — the GoldenMosque of Samarra. This atrocity, directed at a Muslim house of prayer, was designed to provokeretaliation from Iraqi Shia — and it succeeded. Radical Shia elements, some of whom receive supportfrom Iran, formed death squads. The result was a tragic escalation of sectarian rage and reprisal thatcontinues to this day.
This is not the fight we entered in Iraq, but it is the fight we're in. Every one of us wishes this war wereover and won. Yet it would not be like us to leave our promises unkept, our friends abandoned, andour own security at risk. (Applause.) Ladies and gentlemen: On this day, at this hour, it is still withinour power to shape the outcome of this battle. Let us find our resolve, and turn events toward victory.(Applause.)
We're carrying out a new strategy in Iraq — a plan that demands more from Iraq's electedgovernment, and gives our forces in Iraq the reinforcements they need to complete their mission. Ourgoal is a democratic Iraq that upholds the rule of law, respects the rights of its people, provides themsecurity, and is an ally in the war on terror.
In order to make progress toward this goal, the Iraqi government must stop the sectarian violence inits capital. But the Iraqis are not yet ready to do this on their own. So we're deploying reinforcementsof more than 20,000 additional soldiers and Marines to Iraq. The vast majority will go to Baghdad,where they will help Iraqi forces to clear and secure neighborhoods, and serve as advisers embeddedin Iraqi Army units. With Iraqis in the lead, our forces will help secure the city by chasing down theterrorists, insurgents, and the roaming death squads. And in Anbar Province, where al Qaedaterrorists have gathered and local forces have begun showing a willingness to fight them, we'resending an additional 4,000 United States Marines, with orders to find the terrorists and clear themout. (Applause.) We didn't drive al Qaeda out of their safe haven in Afghanistan only to let them setup a new safe haven in a free Iraq.
The people of Iraq want to live in peace, and now it's time for their government to act. Iraq's leadersknow that our commitment is not open-ended. They have promised to deploy more of their owntroops to secure Baghdad — and they must do so. They pledged that they will confront violentradicals of any faction or political party — and they need to follow through, and lift needlessrestrictions on Iraqi and coalition forces, so these troops can achieve their mission of bringing securityto all of the people of Baghdad. Iraq's leaders have committed themselves to a series of benchmarks— to achieve reconciliation, to share oil revenues among all of Iraq's citizens, to put the wealth of Iraqinto the rebuilding of Iraq, to allow more Iraqis to re-enter their nation's civic life, to hold localelections, and to take responsibility for security in every Iraqi province. But for all of this to happen,Baghdad must be secure. And our plan will help the Iraqi government take back its capital and makegood on its commitments.
My fellow citizens, our military commanders and I have carefully weighed the options. We discussedevery possible approach. In the end, I chose this course of action because it provides the bestchance for success. Many in this chamber understand that America must not fail in Iraq, because youunderstand that the consequences of failure would be grievous and far-reaching.
If American forces step back before Baghdad is secure, the Iraqi government would be overrun by
extremists on all sides. We could expect an epic battle between Shia extremists backed by Iran, andSunni extremists aided by al Qaeda and supporters of the old regime. A contagion of violence couldspill out across the country — and in time, the entire region could be drawn into the conflict.
For America, this is a nightmare scenario. For the enemy, this is the objective. Chaos is the greatestally — their greatest ally in this struggle. And out of chaos in Iraq would emerge an emboldenedenemy with new safe havens, new recruits, new resources, and an even greater determination toharm America. To allow this to happen would be to ignore the lessons of September the 11th andinvite tragedy. Ladies and gentlemen, nothing is more important at this moment in our history than forAmerica to succeed in the Middle East, to succeed in Iraq and to spare the American people from thisdanger. (Applause.)
This is where matters stand tonight, in the here and now. I have spoken with many of you in person. Irespect you and the arguments you've made. We went into this largely united, in our assumptions andin our convictions. And whatever you voted for, you did not vote for failure. Our country is pursuing anew strategy in Iraq, and I ask you to give it a chance to work. And I ask you to support our troops inthe field, and those on their way. (Applause.)
The war on terror we fight today is a generational struggle that will continue long after you and I haveturned our duties over to others. And that's why it's important to work together so our nation can seethis great effort through. Both parties and both branches should work in close consultation. It's why Ipropose to establish a special advisory council on the war on terror, made up of leaders in Congress
from both political parties. We will share ideas for how to position America to meet every challengethat confronts us. We'll show our enemies abroad that we are united in the goal of victory.
Parliamentary Representative Government The economy is a mix of modern industry and commerceagricultural sector.Major events include Truman Doctrine and Intervention in
Cyprus
August 16, 1960 RepublicMarket Economy dominated by service sector.Hostilities in 1974 divided island into two defacto autonominvolved in hostility.
Lebanon
November 22,1943
RepublicInternal conflicts continue to hamper economic activities.Civil War 1975 – 1990
Syria
April 17, 1946 Republic under an authoritarian military dominated regimEconomy is controlled by government.In 1967 Arab-Israeli war, Syria lost the Golan Heights to I
withdrawn from Lebanon in April 2005. Allied with Hezbol
Jordan
May 25, 1946 Constitutional MonarchyPoverty, unemployment and inflation are problems. Reforproductivity and have made J ordan attractive for investmeKing Hussein was successful in navigating pressure of m
October 3, 1932 Parliamentary DemocracyEconomy dominated by oil sector.Wars with Iran – 1980 - 1988Ruled by Saddam Hussein.Invaded Kuwait which led to Gulf War in 1991.US Invaded in March 2003 – thought to have weapons of
Iran
April 1, 1979 Theocratic (Islamic) RepublicInefficient state sector, reliance on oil, economy activities Seizure of US embassy in 1979, 1980 – 1988 War with Iraterrorism, UN resolutions concerning nuclear program.
Saudi Arabia
September 23,1932
MonarchyOil based economy with strong governmental controls.Western allied troops deployed on soil during Gulf War. Terrorist attacks in 2003.
Kuwait
J une 19, 1961 Constitutional emirateSmall rich oil economyAttacked by Iraq in August, 1990. Liberated by US led UN
Qatar
September 3,1971 EmirateMidst of economic boom due to expanded production of oHighest per capita income in the world.
December 2,1971 Federation with specified powers delegated to UAE federapowers reserved for member emiratesOpen economy with high per capita income and sizeable Vital transit point for world crude oil.
Oman
1650 MonarchyMiddle income economy – heavily dependent on dwindlinModerate, independent foreign policy has allowed it to mawith Middle East countries.
Yemen
May 22, 1990 Republic
One of the poorest countries in the Arab world. Dependenreserves. Two areas of Yemen were unified in 1990.
Afghanistan
August 19, 1919 Islamic RepublicRecovering from decades of conflict. Poor, land locked, aaid and agriculture.Soviet Union invaded in 1979 – withdrew in 1989. Civil Wforces after September 11, 2001 to topple Taliban.
Israel
May 14, 1948 Parliamentary DemocracyAdvanced market economyNumerous wars and conflicts with Arab neighbors over tePalestinian conflict – 2005 Gaza conducts first free electio(terrorist organization) into power.
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