The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series

Marc André Meyers • Hector Alfredo CalderonBenavides • Sonia P. BrühlHenry A. Colorado • Elvi DalgaardCarlos Nelson Elias • Roberto B. FigueiredoOmar Garcia-Rincon • Megumi KawasakiTerence G. Langdon • R.V. MangalarajaMery Cecilia Gomez MarroquinAdriana da Cunha RochaJulie M. Schoenung • Andre Costa e SilvaMary Wells • Wen YangEditors

Proceedings of the3rd Pan AmericanMaterials Congress

123

EditorsMarc André MeyersUniversity of California-San DiegoLa Jolla, CAUSA

Hector Alfredo Calderon BenavidesESFM-IPNMexico CityMexico

Sonia P. BrühlUTN-National University of TechnologyBuenos AiresArgentina

Henry A. ColoradoUniversidad de AntioquiaMedellínColombia

Elvi DalgaardPratt & Whitney CanadaLongueuilCanada

Carlos Nelson EliasMilitary Institute of EngineeringRio de JanerioBrazil

Roberto B. FigueiredoUniversidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo HorizonteBrazil

Omar Garcia-RinconTernium Mexico SA de CVSan Nicolas de los GarzaMexico

Megumi KawasakiHanyang UniversitySeoulKorea (Republic of)

Terence G. LangdonUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles, CAUSA

R.V. MangalarajaUniversity of ConcepciónConcepciónChile

Mery Cecilia Gomez MarroquinUniversidad Nacional de IngenieríaLimaPeru

Adriana da Cunha RochaFederal University of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil

Julie M. SchoenungUniversity of California, IrvineIrvine, CAUSA

Andre Costa e SilvaUniversidade Federal FluminenseRio de JaneiroBrazil

Mary WellsUniversity of WaterlooWaterloo, ONCanada

Wen YangETH ZurichZürichSwitzerland

ISSN 2367-1181 ISSN 2367-1696 (electronic)The Minerals, Metals & Materials SeriesISBN 978-3-319-52131-2 ISBN 978-3-319-52132-9 (eBook)DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-52132-9

TMS owns copyright; Springer has full publishing rights

Library of Congress Control Number: 2016962043

© The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society 2017This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned,specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or inany other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or bysimilar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even inthe absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and thereforefree for general use.The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be trueand accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied,with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remainsneutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

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Preface

The Pan American Materials Congress (PAMC) is in its third iteration and wasoriginally initiated from a partnership between the Associação Brasileira deMetalurgia, Materiais e Mineração (ABM) located in Brazil and The Minerals, Metals& Materials Society (TMS) located in the United States. This partnership producedtwo previously successful materials science and engineering conferences, titled “PanAmerican Materials Congress” occurring in 2010 and 2014 and held in conjunctionwith ABM’s large annual conference. These events were co-chaired by Prof. SergioNeves Monteiro, ABM’s incoming President. The 3rd PAMC, hosted by TMS,includes nine participating professional societies, and is co-located with the TMS 2017Annual Meeting & Exhibition. It is the first time that this international materialsscience and engineering conference is held in North America, with TMS in the role ofhost society. A program covering a variety of materials science topics has been createdbased on the input from leading scientists and engineers representing eight countriesand nine international materials, metals, and minerals societies listed below:

1. Argentina: Asociación Argentina de Materiales (SAM)2. Brazil: Associação Brasileira de Metalurgia, Materiais e Mineração (ABM)3. Peru: Asociación Peruana de Metalurgia, Materiales Y Minerales (APMMM)4. Colombia: Colombian Materials Society5. Chile: Instituto de Ingenieros de Minas de Chile (IIMCh)6. Canada: Metallurgy and Materials Society (MetSoc), Canadian Institute of

Mining, Metallurgy, and Petroleum (CIM)7. Chile: Sociedad Chilena de Metalurgia y Materiales (SOCHIM)8. Mexico: Sociedad Mexicana de Materiales (SMM)9. United States: The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society (TMS; Host Society)

The participation of additional materials societies throughout the Americas isbeing sought and is under discussion. The organizers of this congress seek toprovide an international Pan American focused program to address the needs of thematerials science and engineering communities as they relate to government, aca-demic, and industrial institutions, while providing an intimate setting for profes-sionals to interact with and form strategic partnerships with their peers. Student

v

participation is strongly encouraged and is a focus for the lead organizers of thisevent. Additionally, as far as we are aware, this is the only international materialsscience conference where the emphasis is exclusively on North and South America.

The 3rd PAMC technical programming encompasses a wide range of materials, metals,and minerals with applications specific to the international communities that are repre-sented, including symposia on materials for transportation and infrastructure, materials forthe oil and gas industry, and minerals extraction and processing. These proceedingscontain the following sections, which correspond to the themes of the conference:

Advanced BiomaterialsAdvanced ManufacturingMaterials for Green EnergyMaterials for InfrastructureMaterials for the Oil and Gas IndustryMaterials for Transportation and LightweighingMinerals Extraction and ProcessingNanocrystalline & Ultra-fine Grain Materials & Bulk Metallic GlassesSteels

From this program, it is expected that rich discussions and collaborativeopportunities will result, heavily focused on the Americas. The congress isscheduled to run for three consecutive days, with sessions in both the morning andafternoon. Special attention has been paid to communications and complementaryplanning between the congress organizers and TMS staff, and TMS 2017 symposiaorganizers and volunteers, to ensure that the sessions are synergistic and notduplicative of the TMS 2017 Annual Meeting & Exhibition programming.

Marc André MeyersHector Alfredo Calderon Benavides

Sonia P. BrühlHenry A. Colorado

Elvi DalgaardCarlos Nelson Elias

Roberto B. FigueiredoOmar Garcia-RinconMegumi Kawasaki

Terence G. LangdonR.V. Mangalaraja

Mery Cecilia Gomez MarroquinAdriana da Cunha Rocha

Julie M. SchoenungAndre Costa e Silva

Mary WellsWen Yang

vi Preface

Contents

Part I Advanced Biomaterials

Analysis of Biomimetic Surgical Clip Using Finite Element Modelingfor Geometry Improvement and Biomaterials Selection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Thays Obando Brito, Bianca Bastos Dos Santos, Leonardo Sales Araújo,Luiz Henrique De Almeida and Marysilvia Ferreira Da Costa

Chemical Composition Effect of Sol-Gel Derived Bioactive GlassOver Bioactivity Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11L.A. Quintero and D.M. Escobar

Effects of Dialium guineense Based Zinc Nanoparticle Materialon the Inhibition of Microbes Inducing MicrobiologicallyInfluenced Corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Joshua Olusegun Okeniyi, Gbadebo Samuel John, Taiwo Felicia Owoeye,Elizabeth Toyin Okeniyi, Deborah Kehinde Akinlabu,Olugbenga Samson Taiwo, Olufisayo Adebola Awotoye, Ojo Joseph Igeand Yemisi Dorcas Obafemi

Injectability Evaluation of Bone-Graft Substitutes Basedon Carrageenan and Hydroxyapatite Nanorods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33J.I. González and C.P.O. Ossa

Synthesis and Characterization of Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4@mSiO2 CoreShell Nanocarrier for Drug Delivery Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47Mohd Qasim, Khushnuma Asghar and Dibakar Das

Part II Advanced Manufacturing

Carbon Based Coatings Deposited on Nitrided Stainless Steel:Study of Thermal Degradation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57Eugenia L. Dalibón, Naureen Ghafoor, Lina Rogström,Vladimir J. Trava-Airoldi, Magnus Odén and Sonia P. Brühl

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Comparative Mechanical Analysis Between Epoxy CompositeReinforced with Random Short Cuarua Fibers and Aligned LongCuraua Fibers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67Natália O.R. de Maciel, Carolina G.D. Ribeiro, Jordana Ferreira,Janaina S. da Vieira, Carlos Maurício Vieira, Frederico M. Margemand Sergio N. Monteiro

On Tool Wear in Rotary Tool Micro-Ultrasonic Machining . . . . . . . . . . 75Sandeep Kumar, Akshay Dvivedi and Pradeep Kumar

Numerical Modeling of High-Velocity Impact Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83Ali Nassiri, Shunyi Zhang, Tim Abke, Anupam Vivek, Brad Kinseyand Glenn Daehn

Selective Laser Sintering of Polyamide/Hydroxyapatite Scaffolds . . . . . . 95Frederic Dabbas, Steferson Luiz Stares, José Maria Mascheroni,Dachamir Hotza and Gean Vitor Salmoria

Part III Materials for Green Energy

A Comparison Between Recycled Spent Zeolite and Calcite Limestonefor Manganese Removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107Adarlene M. Silva, Rodrigo S. Figueiredo and Versiane A. Leao

Effect of Mo6+ Substitution on Microstructure and Lithium IonicConductivity of Garnet-Type Li7La3Zr2O12 Solid Electrolytes by FieldAssisted Sintering Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115Fei Chen, Junyang Li, Yanhua Zhang, Dunjie Yang, Qiang Shenand Lianmeng Zhang

Electromagnetic Levitation Refining of Silicon–Iron Alloys forGeneration of Solar Grade Silicon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125Katherine Le, Yindong Yang, Mansoor Barati and Alex McLean

Green Extract of Mate Tea as Corrosion Inhibitor of Copper andAluminum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135Ana M. Derna, Claudia M. Méndez, Liliana M. Gassa and Alicia E. Ares

Platinum Salt Synthesis as Precursor to Get Heterogeneous Catalystfor Biofuels Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145Adriana I. Martínez-Montalvo, Sherly C. Acosta-Beltrán,Jonathan F. Sierra-Cantor and Carlos A. Guerrero-Fajardo

Technical and Environmental Assessment of an Alternative Binder forLow Traffic Roads with LCA Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155Alejandra Balaguera Quintero, Diana Gómez Cano, Gloria Carvajal Peláezand Yhan Paul Arias

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Part IV Materials for Infrastructure

Anticorrosion and Adsorption Mechanism of Rhizophora mangleL. Leaf-Extract on Steel-Reinforcement in 3.5% NaCl-ImmersedConcrete. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167Joshua Olusegun Okeniyi, Olugbenga Adeshola Omotosho,Cleophas Akintoye Loto and Abimbola Patricia Idowu Popoola

Cassia fistula Leaf-Extract Effect on Corrosion-Inhibitionof Stainless-Steel in 0.5 M HCl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179Olugbenga Adeshola Omotosho, Joshua Olusegun Okeniyi,Cleophas Akintoye Loto, Abimbola Patricia Idowu Popoola,Omokolade Babatunde Ajibola and Adebanji Samuel Ogbiye

Effect of C5H11NO2S on Reinforcing-Steel Corrosion in ConcreteImmersed in Industrial/Microbial Simulating-Environment . . . . . . . . . . 191Joshua Olusegun Okeniyi, Abiodun Oyekola Abioye,Zechariah Chiwonsoko Adikpewun, Adeola Abigail Otesanya,Michael Damilola Eleshin, Olanrewaju Oyewale Gabrieland Oluyori Adeoye

Fiber Reinforced Concrete Manufactured with ElectricArc Furnace Slag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205Vanesa Ortega-López, José A. Fuente-Alonso, Amaia Santamaría,Marta Skaf and Juan M. Manso

Jigs, Hydrocyclones and Sensor-Based Sorting to Value RecycledAggregate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215Régis Sebben Paranhos, Carlos Hoffmann Sampaio,Bogdan Grigore Cazacliu, Raul Oliveira Neto and Maria Alejandra Liendo

Performance of Hydraulic Mixes Manufactured with ElectricArc Furnace Slag Aggregates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227Amaia Santamaría, Vanesa Ortega-López, Marta Skaf, Ignacio Marcos,José-Tomás San-José and Javier J. González

Porous Asphalt Mixtures with 100% Siderurgic Aggregates . . . . . . . . . . 235Marta Skaf, Vanesa Ortega-López, Ángel Aragón, José T. San-Joséand Javier J. González

Part V Materials for Oil and Gas Industry

Blends of PVDF with Its Processing Waste: Study of the MechanicalProperties of the Blends Thermally Aged . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247L.C.M. Cirilo and M.F. Costa

Contents ix

Dynamic Transformation and Retransformation Duringthe Simulated Plate Rolling of an X70 Pipeline Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259Samuel F. Rodrigues, Clodualdo Aranas Jr, Fulvio Sicilianoand John J. Jonas

Effect of Heat Input on the Microstructure and Toughnessof Welded API Pipelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271Fernando Guzmán, Moisés Hinojosa, Eduardo Friasand Elisa Schaeffer

Evaluation of Non-destructive Techniques (Thermography,Ultrasound and Eddy Current) for Detection of Failuresin Metallic Substrates with Composite Anticorrosive Coatings . . . . . . . . 281Marcella Grosso, Priscila Duarte de Almeida, Clara Johanna Pacheco,Iane Soares, João Marcos Rebello, Sergio Damasceno Soares,Isabel Cristina Margarit-Mattos and Gabriela Ribeiro Pereira

High Temperature In-Situ X-Ray Analysis of a Lean DuplexStainless Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289Adriana da Cunha Rocha, Andrea Pedroza da Rocha Santosand Gabriela Ribeiro Pereira

Structural Integrity of Pipelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297Aníbal C. Di Luch and Nicolás Oyarzábal

Part VI Materials for Transportation and Lightweighting

Advantages of Hot Compression in the Manufacture of Al-B4CComposites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307Lucio Vázquez, Dulce Y. Medina, Ángel D. Villarreal, David A. López,Gilberto Rangel, Elizabeth Garfias and Manuel Vite

An Improved Silicon Carbide Monofilament for the Reinforcementof Metal Matrix Composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317Michael V. Rix, Mark Baker, Mark J. Whiting, Ray P. Durmanand Robert A. Shatwell

Analysis of Coir Fiber Porosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325Fernanda Santos da Luz and Sergio Neves Monteiro

Ballistic Performance in Multilayer Armor with Epoxy CompositeReinforced with Malva Fibers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331Lucio Fabio Cassiano Nascimento, Luis Henrique Leme Louro,Sérgio Neves Monteiro, Alaelson Vieira Gomes, Édio Pereira Lima Júniorand Rubens Lincoln Santana Blazutti Marçal

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Curaua Non-woven Fabric Composite for Ceramic MultilayeredArmors: A Lightweight, Natural, and Low Cost Alternativefor KevlarTM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339Fábio de Oliveira Braga, Augusto Corrêa Cabral, Édio Pereira LimaJr., Sergio Neves Monteiro and Foluke Salgado de Assis

Effect of Forging on Microstructure, Texture and CompressionBehavior of Extruded AZ31B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347D. Toscano, S.K. Shaha, B. Behravesh, H. Jahed, M. Wells, B. Williamsand J. McKinley

Effect of Hypoeutectic Sc Additions to Al-4.5 wt% Cu UnderDifferent Cooling Rates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355A.-A. Bogno, J. Valloton, H. Henein, M. Gallerneault and D. Herlach

Izod Impact Tests in Polyester Matrix Composites Reinforcedwith Fique Fabric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365Artur C. Pereira, Sergio N. Monteiro, Foluke S. Assisand Henry A. Colorado

Izod Impact Tests in Polyester Matrix Composites Reinforcedwith Jute Fabric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373Foluke S. de Assis, Artur C. Pereira, Fábio O. Bragaand Sergio N. Monteiro

Microstructure and Hardness of Subzero Quenched and HeatTreated Ti-6Al-4V Alloy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379Abdelrahman Abbas, Andrew Seif, Iman El-Mahallawiand Waleed Khalifa

Nano-additive Reinforcement of Thermoplastic Microballoon EpoxySyntactic Foams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393Kerrick R. Dando and David R. Salem

Nanocomposites Mechanical and Tribological Properties UsingGraphene-Coated-SiC Nanoparticles (GCSiCNP) for Light WeightApplications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403A. El Ghazaly, M. Shokeir, S.N. El Moghazi, A. Fathy, M.M. Emaraand H.G. Salem

Synthesis of Energetic Composites in Ti–Al–B–C System by AdiabaticExplosive Compaction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417Mikheil Chikhradze and Fernand D.S. Marquis

Tensile and Impact Properties of Two Fiber Configurationsfor Curaua Reinforced Composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429Fábio de Oliveira Braga, Noan Tonini Simonassi, Augusto Corrêa Cabral,Sérgio Neves Monteiro and Foluke Salgado de Assis

Contents xi

Thermo-mechanical Behavior of Nanostructure Polyacrylic PolymerBased on Al2O3 and Bentonite Nanoparticles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437Rubén Castillo-Pérez, Mireya Lizbeth Hernández-Vargas,Oscar Hernández-Guerrero, Bernardo Fabián Campillo-Illanesand Osvaldo Flores-Cedillo

Thermo-mechanical Properties of Waterborne Acrylate HybridNanocomposites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447Mireya Lizbeth Hernández-Vargas, Rubén Castillo-Perez,Oscar Hernández-Guerrero, Osvaldo Flores-Cedilloand Bernardo Fabián Campillo-Illanes

Thermo-mechanical Properties of Copolymer/Clay Nanocomposites:A Comparative Study of Production Method by In-situand Solution Mixture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457Oscar Hernandez-Guerrero, Rubén Castillo-Pérez,Mireya Lizbeth Hernández-Vargas and Bernardo Fabián Campillo-Illanes

Part VII Minerals Extraction and Processing

Biotechnological Recycling of Precious Metals Sourced fromPost-consumer Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467Norizoh Saitoh, Toshiyuki Nomura and Yasuhiro Konishi

Biotechnologies for Wastewater Treatment in the Mineral Industry . . . . . . 477Natalia R. Barbosa, Sueli M. Bertolino, Renata G.S. Cotaand Versiane A. Leão

Dissolution Thermodynamics of Smithsonite in AlkalineIminodiacetate Aqueous Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487Aichun Dou, Lei Yu, Mingru Su and Yunjian Liu

Effect of Ethylenediamine on Smithsonite Flotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499Chao Lv, Shuming Wen, Shaojun Bai and Kun Yang

Extraction of Gold from Sands and Slimes Tailings Dumpfrom Mazowe Mine, Zimbabwe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507Alain M. Bantshi and Peter Makuvise

Gold Recovery from Waste Solutions of PCBs Gold PlatingProcess Using Hydro Cyclone Reactor for Demonstration Study . . . . . . 519Mooki Bae, Sookyung Kim and Jae-chun Lee

Improving Quality of Coke Made from Chinese Xinjiang GasCoal with High Strength Modifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529Qiang Wu, Zizong Zhu, Guojing Shi, Feng Wang, Zilong Wangand Yangyang Xie

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Investigating the Dissolution Characteristics of Strontium Sulfide . . . . . 539İbrahim Göksel Hizli, Ayşegül Bilen, Raşit Sezer, Emre Yilmaz,Selim Ertürk and Cüneyt Arslan

Kinetic Study on the Leaching of Vanadium-Bearing ConverterSlag with Dilute Sulfuric Acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547Junyi Xiang, Qingyun Huang, Xuewei Lv and Chenguang Bai

Leaching of Spent Ni–Mo Hydrodesulphurization (HDS) Catalystin Oxalic Acid Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557Sedat Ilhan

Novel Adsorbent from Iron Ore Concentration Tailingsfor Toxic Cationic Dye Removal from Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565Yongmei Wang, Alejandro López-Valdivieso, Teng Zhang,Teza Mwamulima and Changsheng Peng

Preliminary Analysis of the Application of Sensor Based Sortingon a Limestone Mine in the Region Caçapava do Sul, Brazil . . . . . . . . . 579Evandro Gomes dos Santos, Régis Sebben Paranhos, Carlos Otavio Petter,Aaron Young and Moacir Medeiros Veras

Preparation of High Grade Industrial Copper Compound froma Nigerian Malachite Mineral by Hydrometallurgical Process . . . . . . . . 587Alafara A. Baba, Ruth O. Sanni, Abdulrahman Abubakar, Rafiu B. Bale,Folahan A. Adekola and Abdul G.F. Alabi

Process of Improving the Flotation Using UltrasonicBombardment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593Erivelto L. Souza, Orimar B. Reis, Denise F. Pereira, Luiz C. Borgesand Jeisa F.P. Rodrigues

Production of Strontianite from Celestite Ore in Carbonate Media . . . .. . . . 607İbrahim Göksel Hizli, Ayşegül Bilen, Raşit Sezer, Selim Ertürkand Cüneyt Arslan

Reduction Kinetics and Characterization Study of SyntheticMagnetite Micro Fines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615Saikat Kumar Kuila, Ritayan Chatterjee and Dinabandhu Ghosh

Study on Leaching Valuable Elements from Bayan Obo Tailings . . . . . . 633Bo Zhang, Xiangxin Xue, Xiaowei Huang, He Yang and Jianxin Han

Study on Thermal Decomposition and Oxidation Characteristicsof Iron Ores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643Qingfeng Kang, Jianliang Zhang, Donghui Liu, Zhengjian Liu and Jie Yan

The Direct Leaching of Micro-disseminated Gold Concentrateby Bromide Process and the Characterization of Leaching Products . . . . . 653Chao Li, Hongxu Li and Qiankun Jing

Contents xiii

Working Experience on the New WOX Washing and Leaching Plantat ZGH Boleslaw S.A., Poland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 661Angel Selke, Leszek Stencel, Mirosław Fatyga, Bogdan Pieczonkaand Łukasz Zięba

Part VIII Nanocrystalline and Ultra-fine Grain Materials and BulkMetallic Glasses

Continuous Dynamic Recovery in Pure Aluminium Deformedto High Strain by Accumulative Press Bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671Sajjad Amirkhanlou, Mostafa Ketabchi, Nader Parvinand Fernando Carreño

Effects of Natural Aging and Post-processed Heat Treatmenton the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of FrictionStir Processed Al-7B04 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 681Y. Chen, H. Ding and J.Z. Li

Evaluation of the Hardening and Softening Effects in Zn–21Al–2Cuwith as Cast and Homogenized Microstructure Processed by EqualChannel Angular Pressing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 689J.L. Hernández-Rivera, E.E. Martínez-Flores, E. Ramírez Contreras,J. García Rocha, J.J. Cruz Rivera and G. Torres-Villaseñor

Part IX Steels

Effect of Titanium Sulfide Particles on Grain Size in LowCarbon Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701Yuan Wu, Bowen Peng, Fangjie Li, Shaobo Zheng and Huigai Li

Evolution of Austenite Dislocation Density During Hot DeformationUsing a Physical Dynamic Recrystallization Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 709Peng Zhou and Qingxian Ma

A Rapid Heating Method for Press Hardening Processing . . . . . . . . . . . 723Anatolii Andreiev, Olexandr Grydin and Mirko Schaper

New Generation Niobium Bearing Structural Steels for FutureInfrastructure Demands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 737Steven G. Jansto

Kinetic Study of the Austenite Decomposition During ContinuousCooling in a Welding Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 749Octavio Vázquez-Gómez, Edgar López-Martínez,Alexis Iván Gallegos-Pérez, Heber Santoyo-Avilés,Héctor Javier Vergara-Hernández and Bernardo Campillo

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Microstructural Evolution in Microalloyed Steels DuringThermomechanical Rod Rolling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 761Lijia Zhao, Robert L. Cryderman and John G. Speer

Modeling of Metal-Slag Mass and Momentum Exchangesin Gas-Stirred Ladles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 771Marco Ramírez-Argáez and Carlos González-Rivera

Study on Adjustment and Optimization of LF Refining Slagof Spring Steel 55SiCrA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783Chao Gu, Yan-ping Bao, Lu Lin, Min Wang, Li-hua Zhao and Zi-xuan Wu

Tempering Response of Bainitic and Martensitic Microstructures . . . . . 791Igor Vieira and Emmanuel De Moor

The Research on the Relationship Between Gas MovementBehaviors and Circulation Flow of the Molten Steel in RH . . . . . . . . . . . 801Jia-liang Xu, Yan-ping Bao, Li-hua Zhao, Min Wang, Lu Lin,Ya-di Li and Xing-le Fan

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 809

Subject Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 813

Contents xv

About the Editors

Marc André Meyers is Distinguished Professor in theUniversity of California, San Diego. This is the highestprofessorial level in the UC system and represents anhonor that is reserved for only a small fraction of thetenured faculty. He has had visiting professorships atthe University of Karlsruhe (Institute of Technology),University of Metz, and Cambridge University(Cavendish Laboratory). He is also a life member ofClare Hall, Cambridge. He is currently supported bythe major U.S. funding organizations: National ScienceFoundation, the Office of Naval Research (MURI),Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Universityof California Office of the President, and DARPA.

Throughout his career, he received a number ofimportant awards. The most prestigious of these, theActa Materialia Materials and Society Award, whichwas bestowed in 2010, has a most distinguished list ofrecipients that includes global leaders in the materialsscience field. Other awards are from Europe(Humboldt Society Senior Scientist Award in MetalPhysics, Germany, Heyn Medal, German MaterialsSociety, J.S. Rinehart Award from the DYMATAssociation, and Materials Science and Engineering:A Journal Prize), China (Lee Hsun Lecture Awardfrom the Institute of Metal Research, ChineseAcademy of Sciences) and U.S. (ASM Barrett SilverMedal, TMS-Educator Award, ASM Albert SauveurAccomplishment Award, Albert White EducatorAward, SMD/TMS Distinguished Scientist andDistinguished Service Awards). He is a Fellow ofTMS, APS, and ASM International. In 2011 he was

xvii

elected Corresponding Member of the BrazilianAcademy of Sciences. Marc Meyers is the author ofmore than 400 papers, four technical books, as well asthe editor of eight books.

Hector Alfredo Calderon Benavides is Professor ofApplied Physics and Electron Microscopy at thePhysics Department at ESFM-IPN (NationalPolytechnic Institute). He has a Ph.D. in MaterialsScience and Engineering from NorthwesternUniversity since 1985. He joined the Institut fürAngewandte Physic from 1986 to 1994 at theETH-Zürich. Since 1995 his work has been done atIPN in Mexico. His research focuses on theory andapplication of aberration-corrected and high resolutionanalytical electron microscopy, with particularemphasis on the application of aberration-correctedlow dose electron microscopy. Dr. Calderon studiesthe structure and properties of materials, nanowiresand nanoparticles as related to the application ofnanomaterials to sustainable energy technologies. Themain trust of his research is the development ofdevices to transform solar energy into a fuel. He hasauthored numerous publications on synthesis andcharacterization of materials and chapters of books.

Sonia P. Brühl has a doctoral degree in Physics fromNational University of Rosario, Argentina (1995). Sheis currently working as Full Professor at the NationalUniversity of Technology (UTN), Faculty ofConcepción del Uruguay, in Argentina. She has alsobeen head of the Surface Engineering Group since1999.

Dr. Brühl is an experienced researcher in the field ofPlasma Surface Engineering and she has a vastteaching experience in physics and surface engineer-ing, in both graduate and postgraduate engineeringprograms. Today, her R&D work is devoted to CVDand PVD coatings over stainless steel to achieve wearand corrosion resistance, and plasma diffusion treat-ments such ion nitriding, nitrocarburizing or carbur-izing on steels. She is actively involved in surfacecharacterization, adhesion and wear tests, and corro-sion resistance of modified layers and coatings. She is

xviii About the Editors

an active participant in national and international R&Dprograms, adviser in HR training for R&D, and alsoleader in program coordination. As such, she regularlyattends international materials conferences and pub-lishes in peer-reviewed journals, such as Surface andCoatings Technology, among others, where she hasalso taken part as invited editor. Dr. Brühl has expe-rience in the organization of congresses and work-shops and at present she is involved in the directiveboard of the Argentine Materials Association (SAM),as well as in the coordination of the doctoral programin materials science and engineering of UTN.

Henry A. Colorado is a full-time faculty memberfrom the School of Engineering at the Universidad deAntioquia at Medellin, Colombia. He is a foundermember and vice-president of the recently createdColombian Materials Society.

His research mainly includes new materials andcomposites fabricated with hazardous wastes, tradi-tional ceramics and additive manufacturing for struc-tural materials. Dr. Colorado is the director ofCCComposites Lab at Universidad de Antioquia.Other area of research includes materials in arts, withseveral projects going on in collaboration betweenEngineering and the Arts Schools at Universidad deAntioquia.Dr. Colorado obtained a B.S. and M.S. in Mechanical

Science and Engineering from Universidad Nacionalde Colombia (with honors) in 2005, and M.S. from theUniversity of California, Los Angeles. He finished hisPh.D. in Materials Sciences at UCLA in June 2013.Other experiences include 5 months in ArgonneNational Lab working in hazardous wastes, 5 months inCentro Atomico Bariloche (Argentina), and training innuclear materials at Idaho National Lab and Oak RidgeNational Lab. Dr. Colorado has currently active col-laboration with faculty from several schools abroad theworld. He also is founder and a business partner of I+DRecycling Solutions, a start-up company located inColombia for the processing of hazardous wastes.

About the Editors xix

Elvi Dalgaard holds a B.Eng. in MetallurgicalEngineering from McGill University, as well as aMaster’s in Materials Engineering focusing on auto-motive alloy development and a Ph.D. in MaterialsEngineering with the research focused on the solidstate welding of aerospace alloys, from the sameinstitution. She has extensive experience in the char-acterization of advanced materials, including SEM,EDS, EBSD, TEM and XRD techniques. Her recentwork includes initiating and managing research pro-jects in the aerospace industry in the areas of metals,alloys, joining, thermoplastic composites, coatings,and advanced manufacturing including additive man-ufacturing. She is very active in Canadian and inter-national professional societies, holding a boardposition in both ASM International (Montreal Chapter)and the Metallurgical Society of Canada (MetSoc). Dr.Dalgaard has a strong interest in encouraging youngpeople, especially young women, in the scientific andengineering fields, and has participated in numerousmentoring and teaching activities such as being amentor with the Chaire Marianne Mareschal (promo-tion du genie auprès des femmes), and organizing theASM Materials Mini-Camp for high school students.

Carlos Nelson Elias

Roberto B. Figueiredo is Assistant Professor at theFederal University of Minas Gerais, in Brazil, wherehe graduated in mechanical engineering. He obtainedhis Ph.D. at the University of Southern California witha CAPES-Fulbright fellowship. He was a postdoctoralresearch associate at the University of Southamptonand a postdoctoral visiting researcher at the Universityof Southern California. He joined the faculty of theFederal University of Minas Gerais in 2011. He hasworked extensively on severe plastic deformationprocessing, both experimentally and using computermodeling, and on characterization of structure andmechanical properties of ultrafine-grained metallicmaterials. He received the NanoSPD YoungResearcher Award in 2014.

xx About the Editors

Omar Garcia-Rincon earned a B.S. degree inMetallurgy (1997), M.Sc. in Materials Science (1999)both from Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon(Mexico), and Ph.D. in Materials Science (2006) fromthe University of Sheffield (U.K.). Currently he is a pro-duct technologist in TERNIUM MEXICO SA de CVsince 2008 where his work has focused on the optimiza-tion and design of steel products for different end useapplications including automotive, appliances, construc-tion, oil and gas among others. Main research focus inphysical and mechanical metallurgy, phase transforma-tion and relationships between microstructure and prop-erties.

Megumi Kawasaki is Associate Professor in theDivision of Materials Science & Engineering atHanyang University, South Korea, where she joinedthe faculty as Assistant Professor in 2012. At present,she holds an adjunct research associate professorshipin aerospace and mechanical engineering at USC.Megumi obtained her B.Eng. degree in Metallurgyand Materials Science from Osaka PrefectureUniversity in Japan in 2002 and then received an M.S.degree in 2004 and Ph.D. degree in 2007 in MaterialsScience at the University of Southern California, USA.

Her research interests lie in the area of the synthesisand characterizing unique properties of hybrid UFGmetals and nanocomposites processed by HPT. Shehas collaborated actively with many researchersaround the world and has published over 100 papers inpeer-reviewed journals in the last 10 years. She hasreceived an Early Career Award from the KoreanInstitute of Metals and Materials in April 2016.

About the Editors xxi

Terence G. Langdon is Professor of EngineeringEmeritus at the University of Southern California andProfessor of Materials Science at the University ofSouthampton in the U.K. He graduated in physics fromthe University of Bristol, obtained his Ph.D. inMetallurgy from Imperial College of the University ofLondon and received a D.Sc. in Physics from theUniversity of Bristol. He is a fellow of the RoyalAcademy of Engineering, the European Academy ofSciences and Academia Europaea. He received hon-orary doctorates from the Russian Academy ofSciences in 2003 and Peter the Great Saint PetersburgPolytechnic University in 2016. He was awarded theBlaise Pascal Medal by the European Academy ofSciences in 2008, the Lee Hsun Award from theChinese Academy of Sciences in 2009, the HonoraryMedal “De Scientia et Humanitate Optime Meritis”from the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republicin 2009, the Acta Materialia Gold Medal in 2012 andthe State Prize in Science and Technology of theRepublic of Bashkortostan (Russia) in 2015. He is afellow of TMS, ASM, MRS, AAAS and the AmericanCeramic Society and an honorary member of the JapanInstitute of Metals. He is listed on Web of Science withmore than 1000 peer-reviewed papers, more than40,000 citations, and an h-index of 103.

R. V. Mangalaraja is Professor in the Department ofMaterials Engineering, University of Concepción atConcepcion, Chile. He served as the director of theDepartment of Materials Engineering from 2010 to2016. He is the current president of the ChileanMetallurgy and Materials Society (SOCHIMM). He isa life member of Indian Ceramic Society (ICS) andIndian Institute of Ceramics (IIC). Dr. Mangalarajaearned his B.Sc. degree in Physics from MaduraiKamaraj University in 1993 and received his M.Sc.degree in Materials Science in 1995 and M.Tech. inCeramic Technology and Ph.D. in Technology in 2003from Anna University-Chennai, India. He has post-doctoral experiences from AIST, Nagoya, Japan; LuleaUniversity of Technology, Lulea, Sweden; and AnnaUniversity, Chennai, India. His primary researchinterests are focused in the areas of

xxii About the Editors

nanotechnology-driven advanced ceramics (functionalceramics for energy and environmental applications)and micro–nano-structure–property relationship ofceramics and metallic materials. He is the author orcoauthor of more than 120 refereed journal publica-tions, four book chapters, and more than 110 researchpresentations in several international conferences.

Mery Cecilia Gomez Marroquin

Adriana da Cunha Rocha obtained a Bachelor ofScience degree in Materials Sciences and MetallurgicalEngineering from the Pontificia Universidade Catolicado Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio) and both M.S. and Ph.D.degrees in Materials Sciences at the same university.During the years 2003–2005 she held a postdoctoralappointment at the Materials Sciences Division of theLawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) inBerkeley, California, working in the areas of hightemperature corrosion and fuel cells. She is currentlyadjunct professor at the Federal University of Rio deJaneiro (COPPE/UFRJ) at the Metallurgical andMaterials Engineering Program (PEMM) and a col-laborator researcher of the Laboratory ofNon-Destructive Testing, Welding and Corrosion(LNDC—COPPE/UFRJ), which is dedicated to theresearch of materials for the oil and gas industry.

Julie M. Schoenung is Professor of Materials Scienceand engineering at UC Irvine. She received her Ph.D.in 1987 and M.S. in 1985 in materials engineeringfrom the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and aB.S. in ceramic engineering from the University ofIllinois, Urbana-Champaign. Dr. Schoenung wasrecently selected to be the recipient of the 2018 ASMEdward DeMille Campbell Memorial Lectureship andthe 2016 Acta Materialia Holloman Award forMaterials & Society. She was appointed as aco-editor-in-chief for the Journal of SustainableMetallurgy, and has served for many years as a keyreader for Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A(2003–present). In 2016, she was elected as a fellow ofAlpha Sigma Mu, the materials honor society. In 2012,

About the Editors xxiii

she was elected as an ASM Fellow and selected as arecipient of the Chime Bell Award, Hubei Province,China. In 2002, she became an AT&Tindustrial-ecology faculty fellow. Dr. Schoenung’sresearch activities seek to provide fundamental insightinto structure–processing–property mechanistic rela-tionships in material systems for a variety of applica-tions. Innovative synthesis and consolidation processesare combined to fabricate material systems that exhibitunique behavior, thereby providing new knowledgeinto the mechanisms that govern the observed behav-ior. Dr. Schoenung also has many years of experiencein studying the materials-selection process in a varietyof applications. She also conducts research into theanalysis of factors that guide the materials-selectiondecision-making process, such as economics, envi-ronmental impact and toxicity, cost-performancetrade-offs, and market potential. Dr. Schoenung usestools and datasets from several disciplines, includingmanagement theory, process economics, life cycleassessment, and environmental economics in herresearch approach.

Andre Costa e Silva

Mary Wells is Associate Dean of Outreach andProfessor with the Faculty of Engineering, Universityof Waterloo, and Professor of Materials in theDepartment of Mechanical and MechatronicsEngineering at the same university. Dr. Wells’sresearch interests include mathematical modeling ofindustrial metallurgical operations including casting,extrusion, forging, and computation modeling of theinterdependency between processing, microstructure,and properties.

xxiv About the Editors

Wen Yang obtained her Ph.D. from NortheasternUniversity, China, in 2010, working in the ShenyangNational Laboratory for Materials Science, which isoperated by Institute of Metal Research of the ChineseAcademy of Sciences. She was one of the firstresearchers studying the biological seashells in China.

From 2011 to 2013, Dr. Yang worked in the UnitedStates as a postdoctoral researcher on the mechanicalbehavior of biological materials in the group of Prof.Marc Meyers and Prof. Joanna McKittrick at UC SanDiego, collaborating with Prof. Robert Ritchie at theLawrence Berkeley National Laboratory andMarkus J. Buehler at MIT. Since 2014, she has been apostdoctoral researcher in the Complex Materials groupat ETH Zürich. Her interests include the characteriza-tion and mechanical behavior of biological andbio-inspired structural materials, collaborating withdifferent groups and institutes including Max PlankInstitute, Cambridge University, Imperial College, andinstitutes in the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

Since 2010, Dr. Yang has been a member of theBiomaterials Committee of TMS. She has co-organizedtwo symposia for TMS (2016 and 2017) as well ashelped organize the 6th International Conference onMechanics of Biomaterials and Tissues (ICMOBT) in2015. Dr. Yang is on the editorial board of Journal ofMechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials(JMBBM) and Austin Biomolecules. She is invitededitor of two special issues of JMBBM and an inde-pendent reviewer for seven journals. She was evaluatedas a valued reviewer in Acta Biomaterialia andMaterials Science and Engineering C. She has pub-lished 25 papers with 436 citations and has an h-index of12.

About the Editors xxv