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supervise the studies of the student in that subject. AnEntrance Exhibition, value £ 15, is awarded annually atthe commencement of the winter session. Medals andhonour certificates are awarded annually in the variousclasses’.

Liverpool Dental Hospital, Mount Plecescr,rzt.-The Liver-pool Dental Hospital, founded in the year 1861, com-

bines the work of a most useful charity with all theadvantages of a Dental School recognised by all thelicensing bodies of Great Britain and Ireland. The hos-pital has three separate operating rooms, all facing north,which is recognised as the best aspect for securing a goodlight. There is an abundant daily supply of patients. Over31,000 cases were treated during last ear. The hospitalstaff consists of twelve honorary dental surgeons, cne ofwhom is present each morning and evening. In addition tothese, there are one or more house surgeons to superintendall the hospital work and devote themselves to clinicalteaching, advising, and helping the students in their studies.Every tacility is afforded to students who are anxious toacquire proficiency in Dental Surgery and to prepare them-selves for the Dental Diploma of the Royal College ofSurgeons. Fee for the two years’ Dental Hospital Practicerequired by the College of Surgeons is i12 12s , which mustbe paid on entrance. Fee as a perpetual student, i15 15s.Composition Fee for all Lectures: A payment of E50 onentrance, or in two equal instalments (one half on entrance,and the remainder within twelve months). Fee for GeneralHospital Practice, £10 10s. All communications relatingto the medical department should be addressed to Mr.Paul, the Dean of the Medical Faculty, 38, Rodney-street.

Bristol General Hospital.-Mr. Parson gives practical in-struction in Dental Surgery at 9 30 A.M. on Mondays andThursdays, and Mr. W. R. Ackland on Tuesdays and

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Fridays, at 1 P.M. Assistant House Surgeon, Mr. G. F.Bergin.Owens College, Manchester.-Arrangements have been

made for dental students to attend the hospital practice atthe Manchester Royal Infirmary and the practice at theVictoria Dental Hospital. Lectures on the special subjectswill be given in the College as follows :-Winter session :Dental Mechanics, Mr. Tanner, Thursday, 4 P.M. Summersession: Dental Anatomy and Physiology, Mr. Hooton,Tuesday and Friday, at 4 P.M. Dental Surgery, Mr.Campion, Tuesday and Friday, 3 P.M. Dental Metallurgy,Dr. Burghardt, Monday, 2.30 P.M. For the course ofMetallurgy the fee is JE3 3s.; for other lectures, one course,JE3 3s.; two courses, i4 4s. Dental practice for two years atthe Manchester Royal Infirmary, £ 10 10s. ; at the VictoriaDental Hospital at Manchester, £12 12s., paid in advance,or 68 8s. for the first year and X5 5s. for the second year.At the Victoria Dental Hospital patients attend at 8.30 inthe morning daily, and at 7 P.M. on Monday, Wednesday,and Friday. Consulting Physicians : Sir W. Roberts, Dr.H. Simpson, Dr. J. E. Morgan, Dr. D. J. Leech, and Dr.Lloyd Roberts. Consulting Surgeons: Mr. E. Lund, Mr.F. A. Heath, Mr. W. Whitehead, iAIr. T. Jones, and Mr.J. Hardie. Consulting Dental Surgeons : Mr. H Campionand Mr. Parsons Shaw. Dental Surgeons: Mr. G. G.Campion, Mr. E. P. Collett, Mr. W. Dougan, Mr. L.Dreschfeld, Mr. J. W. Dunkerlev, Mr. W. Dykes, Mr. W.Headridge, Mr. J. H. Molloy, Mr. H. Planck, Mr. 1. Ren-shaw, Mr. W. Simms, Mr. H. C. Smale, Mr. W. Smithard,Mr. T. Tanner, and Mr. G. 0. Whittaker. Dean : Mr. H.Planck.Devon and Exeter Dental Hospital, Castle street, Exeter.-

Established 1880.—The hospital is open daily (Sundaysexcepted), and patients are admitted between the hoursof 9 and 11 A.M. Students attending the practice of thehospital must consider themselves strictly under the controlof the medical officers, and must not undertake any operationwithout the consent of the dental surgeon for the day.

SCOTLAND.

Edinburgh Dental Hospital and School, 5, Laureston-lazze, Edinburgh.-For the special classes, both theoreticaland practical, required by dental students, the directorshave secured the services of an efficient staff of dentalofficers and lecturers. There will also be a course ofdemonstrations in Mechanical Dentistry. Students willreceive instruction in Practical Dental Mechanics underthe mechanician. The fee for clinics in gold filling is in-cluded in the Dental Hospital fee of 915 15s. Minimum

cost of classes for the whole course of dental instructionamounts to £ 78 13s. Consulting Physician : Dr. Alex.Peddie. Consulting Surgeon: Mr. Joseph Bel’. Con-sulting Surgeon-Dentist:Dr. John Smith. Dental Surgeons:.Messrs. W. Bowman Macleod, Andies Wilson, MalcolmMacgregor, George W. Watson. J. S. Darward, JamesMackintosh, and W. Forrester. Assistant Dental Surgeons Messrs. John S. Amnore, J. Graham Munro, T. Gregory,John Turner, David Monroe, and F. Page. Extra Assist-ants : Messrs. F. Leonardo Masters and Sewill Simmom-Tutorial Dental Surgeon : Mr. H B. Ezard. Dean : Mr..William Bowman Macleod. 16, George square.Dental Hospital and School, Glasgow. -The summer

session opens on Tuesday, May 1st, 1892, and the lecturesare delivered as under:-Dental Surgery and Pathology,on Tuesdays and Thursdays, at 8 A.M. Mr. Rees Pricelecturer. Dental Anatomy and Physiology, on Wednes-days and Saturdays, at 8 A.M. Dr. J. C. Woodburnlecturer. The winter session opens on November 6th, 1891,and the lectures are delivered as under :-Dental Mechanics,on Tuesday evenings at 7 P.M., beginning November 6th.Mr. John A. Biggs lecturer. Fee for each of the abovecourses of lectures, E3 3s. The lectures on DentalAnatomy and Dental Surgery are arranged to extend’over two summer sessions-as required by the EnglisbCollege-thus enabling students to present themselves*for examination at any of the four Licensing Boards. Thefees for attendance at the Dental Hospital and lecture--.amount in all to £ 25 4s., and may be paid separately,but by a payment of £ l5 15s. on entering, and £77s. at the-beginning of the second year, a saving of E2 2s. is effected.Intending students, before commencing to attend the-lectures or hospital practice, must produce evidence of

having passed the preliminary examination prescribed bythe regulations of the General Medical Council for

registration of dental students. Dean : Mr. J. RankinBrownlie. Secretary: D. M Alexander, 117, Wellington-street, Glasgow. The hospital is open daily from 5 to7 P.M. (Saturdays excepted); Saturdays from 9 to 11 A.M.Students may enrol at any time, their period of attendancecounting from date of entry. The fee for the two years’attendance required by the curriculum is n2 12s.

BGlasgow Royal Infirmary (Dental Department).-DrJ. C. Woodburn attends at the Royal Infirmary at 3 P.M.on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Saturda3s, and gives a

course of Dental Surgery on these days in summer.

The following course in the curriculum can be takenat St. Mungo’s College: Anatomy, six months ; Prac-tieal Anatomy, nine months; Physiology, six months ;,,Chemistry, six months ; Practical Chemistry with Metal-lurgy, three months ; Surgery, six months ; Medicine, sixmonths ; Materia Medica, three months ; Clinical Surgery,. six months ; Dental Surgery, six months, and attendancefor two years on the dental department of the hospital.The attendance on the dental clinic is free to studentsof the hospital ; to dental students, one year, £5 5s. perpetual, E10 10s

THE MINIMUM PERIOD OF RESIDENCE ATTHE VARIOUS UNIVERSITIES.

A QUESTION often asked by medical students ambitiousfor a degree from one of the Universities of the United’Kingdom is that which bears on the minimum period of resi-dence at a particular University which is necessary inorder to their becoming eligible for the examination quali-fying for a degree. Moreover, students having alreadypassed through certain examinations of qualifying bodies,which, however, are not degree-giving, frequently propoundto us the question, Will the examinations which I havealready passed entitle me to exemption from the subjectsin which I have been already examined, in the event ot myentering a University ? It is manifestly impossible, in viewof the diversity of regulations of the various Universities in.England, Scotland, and Ireland, to give any generalanswer to these questions ; but the following informationwill enable the student at a Medical School or College tosee at a glance the exact position which he holds in relationto the various Universities as regards the minimum resi-dence which is required for the degree, and the nature othe exemptions which they allow.

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London University.-No residence whatever is requiredat this University.

C’ambridge.—At Cambridge the minimum length ofmedical study required for degrees is five years, of whichthree must be spent in Cambridge, the other two at any ofthe recognised schools of medicine, of which there is a listin the Cambridge Calendar. No examinations of any otherbody are taken into account for degrees. All the examina-tions must be passed at the University.

Oxford University.-It is necessary to obtain the degree- of B. A. prior to being examined in Medicine, and this canonly be obtained by candidates who have resided for twelveterms within the University.Durham.-For the Durham degree each candidate must

have been engaged in medical and surgical study for fouryears after registration as a student in medicine. One of thefour years must have been spent at the University of DurhamCollege of Medicine, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, and the otherthree either at the same place, or at one or more of theschools recognised by the licensing bodies named inSchedule (A) of the Medical Act, 1858.

Edinburgh.-The regulations in reference to this Univer-sity show that two years must be passed in this University.Students of Medicine in the London schools and in theschool of the College of Surgeons in Dublin can obtain theirtwo anni medici out of the four required for the Edinburghdegrees in Medicine. Courses of lectures in these schools,and the courses of the medical teachers and of the scienceteachers in King’s College and in University College,London, in the subjects of graduation, are regarded as

equivalent to lectures on the corresponding subjects in thisUniversity, except Materia Medica and Midwifery, which,when only three months’ courses, are not received as

equivalent. One ann1tS medicus may be constituted by attendance on Practical Anatomy and Hospital Practice I- during the winter session. Another ctnnus medicus by Iattending either (a) full winter courses on any two of thefollowing subjects: Anatomy, Physiology, Chemistry, Patho- ’logy, Surgery, Medicine, Clinical Surgery, Clinical Medicine;or (b) on one such course and two three months’ courses on ’,any of the following subjects: Botany, Practical Chemistry,Natural History, Medical Jurisprudence. If the student I- selects the arrangement prescribed in (a), attendance on athird course, although unnecessary to constitute an annus,will also be accepted. The other subjects, and the addi-tional courses, not given in London or Dublin, necessaryfor the degrees of the University, require to be attended atthis University. In provincial schools, where there are nolecturers recognised by the University Court, a candidatecan have only one annus medicus, and this is consti-tuted by attendance on a qualified hospital, along with acourse of Practical Anatomy ; but in a provincial schoolwhere there are two or more lecturers recognised by thisUniversity a second annus medicus may be made byattendance on at least two six months’, or one six months’and two three months’ recognised courses.

Glasgow.-Ia Glasgow University one at least of thefour years of medical and surgical study above requiredmust be in the University of Glasgow. Another of such I,-four years must be either in the University of Glasgowor in some other University entitled to give the degreeof Doctor of Medicine. Attendance during at leastsix winter months on the medical or surgical practice ofa general hospital which accommodates at least eightypatients, and during the same period on a course of Prac-tical Anatomy, may be reckoned as one of such four years;and to that extent shall be held equivalent to one year’sattendance on courses of lectures, as above prescribed. Oneyear’s attendance on the lecturers or teachers of medicine inthe hospital schools of London, or in the school of the Col-lege of Surgeons in Dublin, may be reckoned as one of suchfour years; and to that extent shall be held as attendance- on courses of lectures as above prescribed.

Aberdeen.-In Aberdeen University one year’s attendanceis required, and a second year either at that or some otherUniversity granting the degree of M.D. The other twoyears may be spent at a recognised school of medicine. Allthe professional examinations must be passed there. TheUniversity does not accept the examinations of any otherboard.

Trinity College, Dublin,-In this College a student musthave his name in the College books for four years before hecan go in for his degree examinations, and it would dependon the lectures &c. taken out in each particular case to

what amount he could have his matriculation antedated.So again it would depend on what qualification he had, andwhether he was a Graduate in Arts of Dublin, Oxford, orCambridge. Examinations and lectures at Oxford or

Cambridge are taken pro tanto. Other cases are decidedon the merits by the board of Trinity College. But thepossession of B.A. Dub., Oxon., or Cantab. is essential tothe holding of M.B. Dub. B.A. Oxon. or Cantab. becomesB.A. Dub. on payment of :E10 3s. without further ex.

amination.Royal University, Ireland.-Candidates for any degree in

this University must have passed the Matriculation Exami-nation. Students from other Universities and Colleges areincluded in this rule. No candidates for any of the degreesof the University, save those in the Faculty of Medicine,are required to pursue their studies at any special places ofeducation. They are only required to pass the prescribedexaminations of the University. The special professionalstudies for the medical degree may be carried on at all therecognised hospitals and schools in the United Kingdom andthe three principal French ones.The Albert University.-In this prospective University

two years’ residence in the latter part of the course ofstudies is to be insisted on in the case of all intendinggraduates.

THE COST OF MEDICAL EDUCATION.

IT is very desirable that the parents and guardians ofyouths who contemplate entering upon a course of medicalstudy should have the means of ascertaining with someprecision the whole cost which will have to be incurred inthe educational process. It is obvious that this costis by no means covered by the tabulated fees whichappear in our pages to-day. Indeed, these fees do notcomprise the whole expense of medical education in thenarrowest and most direct sense of the word, since thereare incidental expenses for books, instruments, and thelike, which cannot be avoided by the student. Overand above this there is the additional cost, by no meansinconsiderable in an ordinary case, of maintaining himaway from home during his career of studentship. Ageneral impression upon these matters might, no doubt,be attained without much trouble by any person of intel.ligence, but such general impressions do not fully meet thecase. For one thing, there is an appreciable differencein respect of these incidental expenses between localities.It will often be a matter of consideration whether a ladshould be consigned to one centre of education or to another,and in such a case the question of relative expense may wellenter into the discussion.

Acting upon this view the Editors of THE LANCET havethis year addressed themselves to the collection of materialsby means of which this matter may be put before theirreaders in a clear light, and for information they haveapplied to the deans and registrars of the various schools;and by the aid of these gentlemen to a certain numberof selected students, who have been asked to give thebenefib of their experience in reference to these matters.In response to this request a very considerable number ofreplies have been received, and have illustrated, probablyfor the first time, certainly in a very efficient manner, asubject of great importance, but one which has heretoforebeen very much ignored in the discussion of the variousphases of student life. The Editors are glad to avail them-selves of this opportunity to present their thanks to thenumerous gentlemen, both in London and elsewhere, whohave been at the pains to answer their inquiries.I will be readily supposed that the record exhibits a

great many varieties and inequalities, since personalhabits necessarily have a great, even a preponderating,effecb upon the result. Still the returns by the light ofwhich we are writing are sufficiently numerous to yieldaverages, and it is easy to see that the average man spendsmore money in the metropolitan centres than in the pro,vinces, and that the standard of living and the cost of main.taining a given standard both vary from place to place.The most complete statement that we have received comesfrom a student at the Leeds school, where great economy inthe matter of personal expenses appears to prevail. Thisreturn slightly generalised may serve as a type. Thestudent in question finds it necessary to occupy the one