The Ministry of Health, Labour andWelfare Ministerial Notification No. 65

Pursuant to Paragraph 1, Article 41 of the Pharmaceutical Affairs Law (Law No.145, 1960), the Japanese Pharmacopoeia (hereinafter referred to as ``new Phar-macopoeia''), which has been established as follows*, shall be applied on April 1,2011. However, in the case of drugs which are listed in the Pharmacopoeia (herein-after referred to as ``previous Pharmacopoeia'') [limited to those listed in theJapanese Pharmacopoeia whose standards are changed in accordance with thisnotification (hereinafter referred to as ``new Pharmacopoeia'')] and drugs whichhave been approved as of April 1, 2011 as prescribed under Paragraph 1, Article 14 ofthe same law [including drugs the Minister of Health, Labour and Welfare specifies(the Ministry of Health and Welfare Ministerial Notification No. 104, 1994) as thoseexempted from marketing approval pursuant to Paragraph 1, Article 14 of thePharmaceutical Affairs Law (hereinafter referred to as ``drugs exempted fromapproval'')], the Name and Standards established in the previous Pharmacopoeia(limited to part of the Name and Standards for the drugs concerned) may be acceptedto conform to the Name and Standards established in the new Pharmacopoeia beforeand on September 30, 2012. In the case of drugs which are listed in the new Phar-macopoeia (excluding those listed in the previous Pharmacopoeia) and drugs whichhave been approved as of April 1, 2011 as prescribed under Paragraph 1, Article 14 ofthe same law (including those exempted from approval), they may be accepted asthose being not listed in the new Pharmacopoeia before and on September 30, 2012.

Ritsuo HosokawaThe Minister of Health, Labour and Welfare

March 24, 2011

(The text referred to by the term ``as follows'' are omitted here. All of them are madeavailable for public exhibition at the Evaluation and Licensing Division, Pharmaceu-tical and Food Safety Bureau, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, at eachRegional Bureau of Health and Welfare, and at each Prefectural Office in Japan).

*The term ``as follows'' here indicates the contents of the Japanese Pharmacopoeia Sixteenth Editionfrom General Notices to Ultraviolet-visible Reference Spectra (pp. 1 2131).

CONTENTS

Preface............................................................iThe Japanese Pharmacopoeia, Sixteenth Edition .....1

General Notices .............................................1

General Rules for Crude Drugs.........................5

General Rules for Preparations.........................7

General Tests, Processes and Apparatus............251. Chemical Methods1.01 Alcohol Number Determination ..............251.02 Ammonium Limit Test .........................271.03 Chloride Limit Test..............................281.04 Flame Coloration Test ..........................281.05 Mineral Oil Test ..................................281.06 Oxygen Flask Combustion Method..........281.07 Heavy Metals Limit Test .......................291.08 Nitrogen Determination (Semimicro-

Kjeldahl Method)..............................301.09 Qualitative Tests..................................311.10 Iron Limit Test ...................................371.11 Arsenic Limit Test ...............................371.12 Methanol Test.....................................391.13 Fats and Fatty Oils Test ........................391.14 Sulfate Limit Test ................................411.15 Readily Carbonizable Substances Test ......412. Physical Methods

Chromatography2.01 Liquid Chromatography........................422.02 Gas Chromatography ...........................452.03 Thin-layer Chromatography ...................472.04 Amino Acid Analysis of Proteins ............47

Spectroscopic Methods2.21 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

Spectroscopy....................................482.22 Fluorometry .......................................502.23 Atomic Absorption

Spectrophotometry............................512.24 Ultraviolet-visible Spectrophotometry.......522.25 Infrared Spectrophotometry ...................53

Other Physical Methods2.41 Loss on Drying Test .............................552.42 Congealing Point Determination .............552.43 Loss on Ignition Test............................562.44 Residue on Ignition Test .......................562.45 Refractive Index Determination ..............562.46 Residual Solvents Test ..........................572.47 Osmolarity Determination .....................572.48 Water Determination (Karl Fischer

Method)..........................................582.49 Optical Rotation Determination ..............612.50 Endpoint Detection Methods in

Titrimetry .......................................622.51 Conductivity Measurement ....................632.52 Thermal Analysis.................................652.53 Viscosity Determination ........................672.54 pH Determination................................692.55 Vitamin A Assay .................................712.56 Determination of Specific Gravity and

Density ...........................................722.57 Boiling Point and Distilling Range

Test ...............................................742.58 X-Ray Powder Diffraction Method .........752.59 Test for Total Organic Carbon ...............792.60 Melting Point Determination..................803. Powder Property Determinations3.01 Determination of Bulk and Tapped

Densities .........................................823.02 Specific Surface Area by Gas

Adsorption......................................843.03 Powder Particle Density

Determination ..................................863.04 Particle Size Determination....................874. Biological Tests/Biochemical Tests/

Microbial Tests4.01 Bacterial Endotoxins Test ......................924.02 Microbial Assay for Antibiotics ..............964.03 Digestion Test ...................................1004.04 Pyrogen Test .....................................1034.05 Microbial Limit Test ...........................1034.06 Sterility Test......................................1145. Tests for Crude Drugs5.01 Crude Drugs Test ...............................1175.02 Microbial Limit Test for Crude Drugs ....1206. Tests for Preparations6.01 Test for Metal Particles in Ophthalmic

Ointments......................................1266.02 Uniformity of Dosage Units .................1276.03 Particle Size Distribution Test for

Preparations...................................1296.04 Test for Acid-neutralizing Capacity of

Gastrointestinal Medicines.................1296.05 Test for Extractable Volume of

Parenteral Preparations ....................1306.06 Foreign Insoluble Matter Test for

Injections ......................................1316.07 Insoluble Particulate Matter Test for

Injections ......................................1316.08 Insoluble Particulate Matter Test for

Ophthalmic Solutions.......................1346.09 Disintegration Test .............................1356.10 Dissolution Test .................................137

JP XVIContents

6.11 Foreign Insoluble Matter Test forOphthalmic Solutions.......................141

7. Tests for Containers and Packing Materials7.01 Test for Glass Containers for Injections..1417.02 Test Methods for Plastic Containers.......1427.03 Test for Rubber Closure for Aqueous

Infusions .......................................1488. Other Methods8.01 Sterilization and Aseptic Manipulation ...1499. Reference Standards; Standard Solutions;

Reagents, Test Solutions; MeasuringInstruments, Appliances, etc.

Reference Standards9.01 Reference Standards ...........................150

Standard Solutions9.21 Standard Solutions for Volumetric

Analysis ........................................1539.22 Standard Solutions .............................1649.23 Matching Fluids for Color ...................166

Reagents, Test Solutions, etc.9.41 Reagents, Test Solutions ......................1679.42 Solid Supports/Column Packings for

Chromatography .............................3069.43 Filter Papers, Filters for filtration,

Test Papers, Crucibles, etc. ...............3089.44 Standard Particles, etc.........................308

Measuring Instruments and Appliances,Thermometers, etc.

9.61 Optical Filters for Wavelength andTransmission Rate Calibration ...........309

9.62 Measuring Instruments, Appliances........3099.63 Thermometers ...................................310

Official Monographs ......................................313Crude Drugs ............................................1593

Infrared Reference Spectra .....................17751961

Ultraviolet-visible Reference Spectra .........19652131

General InformationG1 Physics and Chemistry

Guideline for Residual Solvents and Modelsfor the Residual Solvents Test................2135

Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic EmissionSpectrometry ......................................2136

Near Infrared Spectrometry......................2141pH Test for Gastrointestinal Medicine ........2144System Suitability...................................2145Test for Trace Amounts of Aluminum in

Trans Parenteral Nutrition (TPN)Solutions ...........................................2146

Validation of Analytical Procedures ...........2148G2 Solid-state Properties

Laser Diffraction Measurement of

Particle Size .......................................2151Powder Fineness ....................................2154Powder Flow.........................................2155Solid and Particle Densities ......................2158

G3 Biotechnological/Biological ProductsAmino Acid Analysis ..............................2159Basic Requirements for Viral Safety of

Biotechnological/Biological Productslisted in Japanese Pharmacopoeia ...........2166

Capillary Electrophoresis .........................2179Isoelectric Focusing ................................2184Mass Spectrometry of Peptides and

Proteins ............................................2186Mycoplasma Testing for Cell Substrates used

for the Production of Biotechnological/Biological Products..............................2188

Peptide Mapping....................................2191Qualification of Animals as Origin of

Animal-derived Medicinal Productsprovided in the General Notices ofJapanese Pharmacopoeia and OtherStandards ..........................................2194

SDS-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis .....2196Total Protein Assay ................................2201

G4 MicroorganismsDecision of Limit for Bacterial

Endotoxins ........................................2205Disinfection and Sterilization Methods........2205Media Fill Test (Process Simulation) ..........2206Microbial Attributes of Non-sterile

Pharmaceutical Products ......................2209Microbiological Evaluation of Processing

Areas for Sterile PharmaceuticalProducts............................................2211

Preservatives-Effectiveness Tests................2215Rapid Counting of Microbes using

Fluorescent Staining.............................2217Rapid Identification of Microorganisms

Based on Molecular Biological Method ....2220Sterility Assurance for Terminally Sterilized

Pharmaceutical Products ......................2221Terminal Sterilization and Sterilization

Indicators ..........................................2225G5 Crude Drugs

Aristolochic Acid ...................................2227Purity Tests on Crude Drugs Using Genetic

Information .......................................2228On the Scientific Names of Crude Drugs

Listed in the JP ..................................2231G6 Drug Formulation

Tablet Friability Test ..............................2244G7 Containers and Package

Plastic Containers for Pharmaceutical

JP XVI Contents

Products............................................2244G8 Water

Quality Control of Water for PharmaceuticalUse ..................................................2246

Water to be used in the Tests of Drugs .......2253G9 Others

International Harmonization Implementedin the Japanese Pharmacopoeia SixteenthEdition..............................................2253

AppendixAtomic Weight Table (2010) ...........................2287Standard Atomic Weights 2010 .......................2288

Index .........................................................2291Index in Latin name .....................................2307Index in Japanese.........................................2309

ii

PREFACE

The 15th Edition of the Japanese Pharmacopoeia(JP) was promulgated by Ministerial Notification No.285 of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare(MHLW) on March 31, 2006.

In July 2006, the Committee on JP established thebasic principles for the preparation of the JP 16th Edi-tion, setting out the roles and characteristics of the JP,the definite measures for the revision, and the date ofthe revision.

At the Committee, the five basic principles of JP,which we refer to as the ``five pillars'', were estab-lished as follows: 1) Including all drugs which are im-portant from the viewpoint of health care and medicaltreatment; 2) Making qualitative improvement by in-troducing the latest science and technology; 3) Pro-moting internationalization; 4) Making prompt partialrevision as necessary and facilitating smooth adminis-trative operation; and 5) Ensuring transparencyregarding the revision, and disseminating the JP to thepublic. It was agreed that the Committee on JP shouldmake efforts, on the basis of these principles, to en-sure that the JP is used more effectively in the fields ofhealth care and medical treatment by taking appropri-ate measurements, including getting the understandingand cooperation of other parties concerned.

It was agreed that the JP should provide an officialstandard, being required to assure the quality of medi-cines in Japan in response to the progress of scienceand technology and medical demands at the time. Itshould define the standards for specifications, as wellas the methods of testing to assure overall quality ofall drugs in principle, and it should have a role inclarifying the criteria for quality assurance of drugsthat are recognized to be essential for public healthand medical treatment.

The JP has been prepared with the aid of theknowledge and experience of many professionals inthe pharmaceutical field. Therefore, the JP shouldhave the characteristics of an official standard, whichmight be widely used by all parties concerned. Itshould provide information and understanding aboutthe quality of drugs to the public, and it should beconducive to smooth and effective regulatory controlof the quality of drugs, as well as promoting andmaintaining international consistency and harmoniza-tion of technical requirements.

It was also agreed that JP articles should cover

drugs, which are important from the viewpoint ofhealth care and medical treatment, clinical results andfrequency of use, as soon as possible after they reachthe market.

The target date for the publication of JP 16th Edi-tion (the Japanese edition) was set as April 2011.

JP Expert Committees are organized with the fol-lowing panels: Panel on the Principles of Revisions;Sub-committee on the Principles of Revisions; Panelon Medicinal Chemicals; Panel on Antibiotics; Panelon Biologicals; Panel on Crude Drugs; Panel on Phar-maceutical Excipients; Panel on Physico-ChemicalMethods; Panel on Preparations; Panel on PhysicalMethods; Panel on Biological Tests; Panel on Nomen-clature; Panel on International Harmonization; Panelon Pharmaceutical Water; and Panel on ReferenceStandards. Furthermore, working groups are estab-lished under the Panel on Physico-Chemical Methods,Panel on Preparations and Panel on Biological Teststo expedite discussion on revision drafts.

In the Committee on JP, Takao Hayakawa took therole of chairman from July 2003 to December 2010,and Mitsuru Hashida from January 2011 to March2011.

In addition to the regular revision every five years inline with the basic principles for the preparation of theJP it was agreed that partial revision should be done asnecessary to take account of recent progress of scienceand in the interests of international harmonization.

In accordance with the above principles, the panelsinitiated deliberations on selection of articles, and onrevisions for General Notices, General Rules for CrudeDrugs, General Rules for Preparations, General Tests,Monographs and so on.

Draft revisions covering subjects in General Notices,General Rules for Crude Drugs, General Rules forPreparations, General Tests and Monographs, forwhich discussions were finished between September2005 and March 2007, were prepared for a supplementto the JP 15. They were examined by the Committeeon JP in April 2007, followed by the PharmaceuticalAffairs and Food Sanitation Council (PAFSC) in June2007, and then submitted to the Minister of Health,Labour and Welfare. The supplement was named``Supplement I to the JP 15th Edition'', promulgatedon September 28, 2007 by Ministerial Notification No.316 of MHLW, and became effective on October 1,

iiii JP XVIPreface

2007.Numbers of discussions in the panels to prepare the

supplement drafts were as follows: Panel on Principlesof Revisions (7); Sub-panel on Principles of Revision(6), Panel on Medicinal Chemicals (33, including theworking group); Panel on Antibiotics (9); Panel onBiologicals (8); Panel on Crude Drugs (17); Panel onPharmaceutical Excipients (7): Panel on Physico-Chemical Methods (12); Panel on Preparations (10);Panel on Physico-Chemical Methods (8): Panel onBiological Tests (7); Panel on Nomenclature (9); Panelon International Harmonization (2); and Panel onPharmaceutical Water (7).

It should be noted that in the preparation of thedrafts for the supplement, generous cooperation wasgiven by the Technical Committee of the Pharmaceuti-cal Manufacturer's Association of Osaka and ofTokyo, the Tokyo Crude Drugs Association, theJapan Pharmaceutical Excipients Council, the JapanKampo Medicine Manufacturers' Association, theJapan Flavor and Fragrance Materials Association,the Japan Medical Plants Federation, the Japan Phar-maceutical Manufacturers Association, and the JapanOilseeds Processors Association.

In consequence of this revision, the JP 15th Editioncarries 1567 articles, owing to the addition of 90 arti-cles and the deletion of 6 articles.

Draft revisions covering subjects, the addition ofspecification ``Diethylene glycol and related sub-stances'' to the Purity of both monographs Glycerinand Concentrated Glycerin was examined by the Com-mittee on JP in September 2007, followed by PAFSCin October 2007, and then submitted to the Minister ofHealth, Labour and Welfare.

This revision was promulgated on February 21, 2008by Ministerial Notification No. 32 of MHLW, andbecame effective.

Draft revisions covering subjects, the addition ofspecification ``Over-sulfated chondroitin sulfate'' tothe Purity of monograph Heparin Sodium and theresultant addition of Over-sulfated Chondroitin Sul-fate Reference Standard to the list of Reference Stand-ards in the General Tests were examined by the Com-mittee on JP in July 2008, followed by PAFSC inOctober 2008, and then submitted to the Minister ofHealth, Labour and Welfare.

This revision was promulgated on July 31, 2008 byMinisterial Notification No. 417 of MHLW, andbecame effective.

Draft revisions covering subjects, the revision of theGeneral Tests connected with the harmonization be-tween the three pharmacopoeias, JP, EP and USP, therevision of the specification of monograph Longuu

and the addition of a monograph Powdered Longguwere examined by the Committee on JP in December2008, followed by PAFSC in March 2009, and thensubmitted to the Minister of Health, Labour and Wel-fare.

This revision was promulgated on March 31, 2009by Ministerial Notification No. 190 of MHLW, andbecame effective.

Draft revisions covering subjects in General Rulesfor Crude Drugs, General Tests and Monographs, forwhich discussions were completed between April 2007and March 2009, were prepared for a supplement tothe JP 15. They were examined by the Committee onJP in April 2009, followed by PAFSC in June 2009,and then submitted to the Minister of Health, Labourand Welfare.

The supplement was named ``Supplement II to JP15th Edition'' and promulgated on September 30,2009 by Ministerial Notification No. 425 of MHLW,and became effective on October 1, 2009.

Numbers of discussions in the panels to prepare therevision drafts were as follows: Panel on Principles ofRevisions (3); Panel on Medicinal Chemicals (23);Panel on Antibiotics (8); Panel on Biologicals (8);Panel on Crude Drugs (21); Panel on PharmaceuticalExcipients (10): Panel on Physico-Chemical Methods(11, including the working group); Panel on Prepara-tions (19, including the working group); Panel onPhysico-Chemical Methods (9): Panel on BiologicalTests (9); Panel on Nomenclature (6); Panel on Inter-national Harmonization (3); and Panel on Pharmaceu-tical Water (8).

It should be noted that in the preparation of thedrafts for the supplement, generous cooperation wasgiven by the Technical Committee of the Pharmaceuti-cal Manufacturer's Association of Osaka and ofTokyo, the Tokyo Crude Drugs Association, theJapan Pharmaceutical Excipients Council, the HomeMedicine Association of Japan, the Japan KampoMedicine Manufacturers' Association, the JapanFlavor and Fragrance Materials Association, theJapan Medical Plants Federation, the Japan ParentalDrug Association, the Japan Reagent Association, theJapan Oilseeds Processors Association, and the As-sociation of Membrane Separation Technology ofJapan.

In consequence of this revision, the JP 15th Editioncarries 1673 articles, owing to the addition of 106 arti-cles and the deletion of 1 article.

Draft revisions covering subjects, the revision of theGeneral Tests connected with the harmonization be-tween the three pharmacopoeias, JP, EP and USP, theaddition of specification to the Identification and the

iiiiiiJP XVI Preface

revision in the Purity of two monographs HeparinCalcium and Heparin Sodium, and the several addi-tions to the Reference Standards and the Reagents,Test Solutions were examined by the Committee on JPin August 2009, followed by PAFSC in September2009, and then submitted to the Minister of Health,Labour and Welfare.

This revision was promulgated on July 30, 2010 byMinisterial Notification No. 322 of MHLW, andbecame effective.

Draft revisions covering subjects in General Notices,General Rules for Crude Drugs, General Rules forPreparations, General Tests and Monographs, forwhich discussions were completed between April 2009and March 2010, were prepared for JP 16. They wereexamined by the Committee on JP in September 2010,followed by PAFSC in October 2010, and then sub-mitted to the Minister of Health, Labour and Welfare.

Numbers of discussions in the panels to prepare therevision drafts were as follows: Panel on Principles ofRevisions (3); Panel on Medicinal Chemicals (20);Panel on Antibiotics (5); Panel on Biologicals (2);Panel on Crude Drugs (10); Panel on PharmaceuticalExcipients (5): Panel on Physico-Chemical Methods(10, including the working group); Panel on Prepara-tions (10, including the working group); Panel onPhysico-Chemical Methods (8): Panel on BiologicalTests (9, including the working group); Panel onNomenclature (3); Panel on International Harmoniza-tion (1); and Panel on Pharmaceutical Water (4).

It should be noted that in the preparation of thedrafts, generous cooperation was given by the Techni-cal Committee of the Pharmaceutical Manufacturer'sAssociation of Osaka and of Tokyo, the Tokyo CrudeDrugs Association, the Japan Pharmaceutical Ex-cipients Council, the Home Medicine Association ofJapan, the Japan Kampo Medicine Manufacturers'Association, the Japan Flavor and Fragrance Materi-als Association, the Japan Medical Plants Federation,the Japan Parental Drug Association, the Japan Rea-gent Association, the Japan Oilseeds Processors As-sociation, and the Association of Membrane Separa-tion Technology of Japan.

In consequence of this revision, the JP 16th Editioncarries 1764 articles, owing to the addition of 106 arti-cles and the deletion of 15 articles.

The principles of description and the salient pointsof the revision in this volume are as follows:

1. The JP 16th Edition comprises the followingitems, in order: Notification of MHLW; Contents;Preface; General Notices; General Rules for CrudeDrugs; General Rules for Preparations; General Tests,

Processes and Apparatus; Official Monographs; thenfollowed by Infrared Reference Spectra and Ultravio-let-visible Reference Spectra; General Information;Table of Standard Atomic Weights 2010 as an appen-dix; and a Cumulative Index.

2. The articles in General Rules for Preparations,Official Monographs, Infrared Reference Spectra andUltraviolet-visible Reference Spectra are respectivelyplaced in alphabetical order in principle.

3. The following items in each monograph are putin the order shown below, except that unnecessaryitems are omitted depending on the nature of the drug:(1) English title(2) Commonly used name(s)(3) Latin title (only for crude drugs)(4) Title in Japanese(5) Structural formula or empirical formula(6) Molecular formula and molecular mass(7) Chemical name(8) CAS Registry Number(9) Origin

(10) Limits of the content of the ingredient(s) and/orthe unit of potency

(11) Labeling requirements(12) Method of preparation(13) Description/Description of crude drugs(14) Identification tests(15) Specific physical and/or chemical values(16) Purity tests(17) Loss on drying or Ignition, or Water(18) Residue on ignition, Total ash or Acid-insoluble

ash(19) Tests being required for pharmaceutical prepa-

rations and other special tests(20) Isomer ratio(21) Assay or the content of the ingredient(s)(22) Containers and storage(23) Expiration date(24) Others

4. In each monograph, the following physical andchemical values representing the properties and qualityof the drug are given in the order indicated below, ex-cept that unnecessary items are omitted depending onthe nature of drug:(1) Alcohol number(2) Absorbance(3) Congealing point(4) Refractive index(5) Osmolarity(6) Optical rotation(7) Viscosity

iviv JP XVIPreface

(8) pH(9) Specific gravity

(10) Boiling point(11) Melting point(12) Acid value(13) Saponification value(14) Ester value(15) Hydroxyl value(16) Iodine value

5. Identification tests comprise the followingitems, which are generally put in the order givenbelow:(1) Coloration reactions(2) Precipitation reactions(3) Decomposition reactions(4) Derivatives(5) Infrared and/or ultraviolet-visible absorption

spectrometry(6) Special reactions(7) Cations(8) Anions

6. Purity tests comprise the following items, whichare generally put in the order given below, except thatunnecessary items are omitted depending on the natureof drug:(1) Color(2) Odor(3) Clarity and/or color of solution(4) Acidity or alkalinity(5) Acidity(6) Alkalinity(7) Chloride(8) Sulfate(9) Sulfite

(10) Nitrate(11) Nitrite(12) Carbonate(13) Bromide(14) Iodide(15) Soluble halide(16) Thiocyanate(17) Selenium(18) Cationic salts(19) Ammonium(20) Heavy metals(21) Iron(22) Manganese(23) Chromium(24) Bismuth(25) Tin(26) Aluminum(27) Zinc

(28) Cadmium(29) Mercury(30) Copper(31) Lead(32) Silver(33) Alkaline earth metals(34) Arsenic(35) Foreign matters(36) Related substances(37) Residual solvent(38) Other impurities(39) Readily carbonizable substances

7. The following paragraphs of General Noticeswere revised:(1) Paragraph 3: The sentence ``The distinction of

the preparations name of Fine Granules andPowders follows according to the definition inthe section of ``Powders'' of General Rules forPreparations.'' was deleted according to the re-vision of General Rules for Preparations.

(2) Paragraph 4: Exampled name of preparationswas revised in accordance with the current statusof listed monographs.

(3) Paragraph 8: Atomic masses the JP refers towas revised to the table of ``Standard AtomicWeights 2010''.

(4) Paragraph 9: Being often used two units, pScm1 and CFU, were added.

(5) Paragraph 16: The definition of water used tomeasure the number of drops of a droppingdevice was revised in accordance with the revi-sion of Paragraph 20.

(6) Paragraph 20: The provision of water used forthe test of drugs was revised according to the re-vision of monograph Purified Water.

(7) Other descriptions were improved.

8. To Paragraph 1 of General Rules for CrudeDrugs the following items were added:(1) Aluminum Silicate Hydrate with Silicon Dioxide(2) Brown Rice(3) Koi(4) Sesame

9. The General Rules for Preparations was revisedas follows in general:

The addition of dosage forms which had not havebeen prescribed, the classification of dosage formsbased on the route and/or site of administration, andthe definition of individual dosage forms and the teststo be applied to them.

10. The following items in General Tests, Pro-cesses and Apparatus were revised:

vvJP XVI Preface

(1) 2.01 Liquid Chromatography(2) 2.46 Residual Solvents Test(3) 2.51 Conductivity Measurement(4) 2.54 pH Determination(5) 2.58 X-Ray Powder Diffraction Method(6) 3.01 Determination of Bulk and Tapped Densi-

ties(7) 4.01 Bacterial Endotoxins Test(8) 4.05 Microbial Limit Test(9) 4.06 Sterility Test

(10) 5.02 Microbial Limit Test for Crude Drugs(11) 6.03 Particle Size Distribution Test for Prepara-

tions(12) 6.07 Insoluble Particulate Matter Test for Injec-

tions(13) 6.08 Insoluble Particulate Matter Test for Oph-

thalmic Solutions(14) 7.02 Test Methods for Plastic Containers(15) 8.01 Sterilization and Aseptic Manipulation

11. The title of the following item in GeneralTests, Processes and Apparatus was revised:

8.01 Sterilization and Aseptic Manipulation

12. The following Reference Standards were ad-ded:

Atorvastatin CalciumAlendronate SodiumGlimepirideSarpogrelate HydrochlorideDonepezil HydrochlorideTrehaloseNateglinideFexofenadine HydrochlorideFluvoxamine MaleatePropiverine HydrochloridePemirolast PotassiumRabeprazole SodiumRisedronic Acid

13. The following Reference Standard was revisedin Japanese title:

Tyrosine

14. The following Reference Standards were delet-ed from the list of 9.01 Reference Standards:

Astromicin SulfateInsulinSisomicin SulfateCefapirin SodiumCefuroxime SodiumNetilmicin Sulfate

15. The intended use of each individual ReferenceStandard was deleted from the list of 9.01 Reference

Standards.

16. Some of the names of the reagents or test solu-tions under 9.41 Reagents, Test Solutions were main-tained.

17. To the each individual item in the GeneralTests, Processes and Apparatus, chapter and sectionnumbers were putted.

18. The following substans were newly added tothe Official Monographs:

Aciclovir SyrupAciclovir InjectionAciclovir for SyrupAcetylcysteineAtorvastatin Calcium HydrteAtorvastatin Calcium TabletsAmikacin Sulfate for InjectionAlendronate Sodium HydrateAlendronate Sodium InjectionAlendronate Sodium TabletsL-Isoleucine, L-Leucine and L-Valine GranulesEbastineEbastine Orally Disintegrating TabletsEbastine TabletsCarvedilolCarvedilol TabletsCandesartan CilexetilCandesartan Cilexetil TabletsQuinapril HydrochlorideQuinapril Hydrochloride TabletsGlimepirideGlimepiride TabletsL-Glutamic acidSarpogrelate HydrochlorideSarpogrelate Hydrochloride Fine GranulesSarpogrelate Hydrochloride TabletsDiazepam TabletsPurified Water in ContainersSterile Water for Injection in ContainersSpironolactone TabletsZolpidem Tartrate TabletsTamsulosin Hydrochloride Extended-release TabletsTamoxifen CitratePrecipitated Calcium Carbonate Fine GranulesPrecipitated Calcium Carbonate TabletsTemocapril HydrochlorideTemocapril Hydrochloride TabletsTerbinafine HydrochlorideTerbinafine Hydrochloride CreamTerbinafine Hydrochloride SolutionTerbinafine Hydrochloride SprayDoxazosin Mesilate Tablets

vivi JP XVIPreface

Donepezil HydrochlorideDonepezil Hydrochloride Fine GranulesDonepezil Hydrochloride TabletsTrehalose HydrateNateglinideNateglinide TabletsL-Lactic AcidSodium L-Lactate SolutionHaloperidol Fine GranulesPioglitazone Hydrochloride TabletsL-HistidineL-Histidine Hydrochloride HydrateFamotidine InjectionFexofenadine HydrochlorideButenafine HydrochlorideButenafine Hydrochloride CreamButenafine Hydrochloride SolutionButenafine Hydrochloride SprayPravastatin Sodium Fine GranulesPravastatin Sodium SolutionPravastatin Sodium TabletsFluconazoleFluvoxamine MaleateFluvoxamine Maleate TabletsFlecainide AcetateFlecainide Acetate TabletsPropiverine HydrochloridePropiverine Hydrochloride TabletsProbucol Fine GranulesProbucol TabletsL-ProlineBetamipronPemirolast PotassiumPemirolast Potassium for SyrupPemirolast Potassium TabletsBeraprost SodiumBeraprost Sodium TabletsMupirocin Calcium OintmentMethotrexate CapsulesMosapride Citrate PowderRabeprazole SodiumRisperidoneRisperidone Fine GranulesRisperidone Oral SolutionRisperidone TabletsSodium Risedronate HydrateSodium Risedronate TabletsRoxatidine Acetate Hydrochloride Extended-releaseTabletsRoxatidine Acetate Hydrochloride for InjectionOrengedokuto ExtractAluminum Silicate Hydrate with Silicon DioxideKoi

Brown RiceSesameSaikokeishito ExtractSaibokuto ExtractShakuyakukanzoto ExtractJuzentaihoto ExtractShosaikoto ExtractShoseiryuto ExtractMukoi-Daikenchuto ExtractChutosan ExtractBakumondoto ExtractRikkunshito Extract

19. The following monographs were revised:Zinc Oxide OintmentAjmaline TabletsAscorbic Acid PowderAscorbic Acid InjectionAspirin TabletsAcetylcholine Chloride for InjectionAzelastine Hydrochloride GranulesAdrenalinAdrenalin SolutionOpium TinctureOpium Alkaloids Hydrochloride InjectionOpium Alkaloids and Atropine InjectionOpium Alkaloids and Scopolamine InjectionWeak Opium Alkaloids and Scopolamine InjectionMeglumine Sodium Amidotrizoate InjectionAmitriptyline Hydrochloride TabletsAminophylline InjectionL-AlanineL-Arginine Hydrochloride InjectionAllopurinolSulfur and Camphor LotionSodium Iotalamate InjectionMeglumine Iotalamate InjectionIsoniazid InjectionIsoniazid TabletsIdoxuridine Ophthalmic SolutionImipramine HydrochlorideIrsogladine Maleate Fine GranulesIndigocarmine InjectionInsulin Human (Genetical Recombination)Indometacin CapsulesIndometacin SuppositoriesUrsodeoxycholic Acid GranulesEcabet Sodium GranulesEstradiol Benzoate InjectionEstradiol Benzoate Injection (Aqueous Suspension)Estriol TabletsEstriol Injection (Aqueous Suspension)Etacrynic Acid Tablets

viiviiJP XVI Preface

Ethanol for DisinfectionEtizolam Fine GranulesEthinylestradiolEthinylestradiol TabletsEtilefrine Hydrochloride TabletsEdrophonium Chloride InjectionEphedrine Hydrochloride InjectionEphedrine Hydrochloride Tablets10z Ephedrine Hydrochloride PowderErgometrine Maleate Hydrochloride InjectionErgometrine Maleate Hydrochloride Tablets10z Sodium Chloride InjectionHydrochloric Acid LemonadeCompound Oxycodone InjectionCompound Oxycodone and Atropine InjectionFructose InjectionPotash SoapCarmelloseCarmellose CalciumCarmellose SodiumXylitol InjectionDiagnostic Sodium Citrate SolutionSodium Citrate Injection for TransfusionGlycerin and Potash SolutionAbsorptive CreamHydrophilic CreamClindamycin HydrochlorideCresol SolutionSaponated Cresol SolutionClofibrate CapsulesClomifene Citrate TabletsChlordiazepoxide PowderChlordiazepoxide TabletsChlorpheniramine Maleate PowderChlorpheniramine Maleate TabletsChlorpropamide TabletsChlorpromazine Hydrochloride InjectionKetoconazole SolutionKetoconazole Cream10z Codeine Phosphate PowderCodeine Phosphate TabletsCompound Salicylic Acid SpiritOxygenDiazepamDigitoxin TabletsDiclofenamide TabletsDistigmine Bromide TabletsDydrogesterone TabletsZinostatin Stimalamer1z Dihydrocodeine Phosphate PowderDimenhydrinate TabletsSilver Nitrate Ophthalmic SolutionWater

Purified WaterSterile Purified Water in ContainersWater for InjectionDried Aluminum Hydroxide Gel Fine GranulesSuxamethonium Chloride InjectionSuxamethonium Chloride for InjectionSpironolactoneSulpyrine InjectionSulfobromophthalein Sodium InjectionIsotonic Sodium Chloride SolutionCefaclorCefaclor Compound GranulesCefaclor Fine GranulesCefazolin Sodium HydrateCefatrizine Propylene Glycolate for SyrupCefalexinCefalexin for SyrupCefalotin SodiumCefixime HydrateCefepime Dihydrochloride HydrateCefcapene Pivoxil Hydrochloride HydrateCefcapene Pivoxil Hydrochloride Fine GranulesCefditoren Pivoxil Fine GranulesCefdinir Fine GranulesCeftibuten HydrateCefteram Pivoxil Fine GranulesCefpodoxime ProxetilCefroxadine for SyrupSevofluraneD-Sorbitol SolutionTacrolimus HydrateTalcSodium Bicarbonate InjectionSimple SyrupThiamazole TabletsThiamine Chloride Hydrochloride PowderThiamine Chloride Hydrochloride InjectionThiopental Sodium for InjectionSodium Thiosulfate InjectionNitrogenTipepidine Hibenzate TabletsL-TyrosineTestosterone Enanthate InjectionDeslanoside InjectionDehydrocholic Acid InjectionDopamine Hydrochloride InjectionTriclofos Sodium SyrupTrihexyphenidyl Hydrochloride TabletsTrimethadione TabletsTolnaftate SolutionTolbutamide TabletsDroxidopa Fine GranulesTroxipide Fine Granules

viiiviii JP XVIPreface

Rape Seed OilNaphazoline and Chlorpheniramine SolutionNicardipine Hydrochloride InjectionNicotinic Acid InjectionNicomol TabletsCarbone DioxideNicergoline PowderNitroglycerin TabletsNeostigmine Methylsulfate InjectionNoradrenaline InjectionNorgestrel and Ethinylestradiol TabletsBaclofen TabletsPapaverine Hydrochloride InjectionCalcium Paraaminosalicylate GranulesBisacodyl SuppositoriesHydralazine Hydrochloride PowderHydralazine Hydrochloride TabletsHydralazine Hydrochloride for InjectionPiperazine Phosphate TabletsFamotidine PowderFaropenem Sodium for SyrupPhenytoin PowderPhenytoin TabletsPhenobarbital10z Phenobarbital PowderLiquefied PhenolPhenolated WaterPhenolated Water for DisinfectionPhenol and Zinc Oxide LinimentPhenolsulfonphthalein InjectionGlucose InjectionPrazepam TabletsFlurazepam CapsulesPrednisolone TabletsPrednisolone Sodium Succinate for InjectionProcaine Hydrochloride InjectionProchlorperazine Maleate TabletsPropylthiouracil TabletsFlopropione CapsulesProbenecidProbenecid TabletsFlomoxef SodiumBetamethasone Valerate and Gentamicin SulfateCreamBetamethasone Sodium PhosphatePethidine Hydrochloride InjectionPerphenazine TabletsPerphenazine Maleate TabletsBenzalkonium Chloride SolutionBenzyl AlcoholBenzethonium Chloride SolutionFormalin WaterMercurochrome Solution

D-Mannitol InjectionYellow BeeswaxMinocycline HydrochlorideMinocycline Hydrochloride TabletsMinocycline Hydrochloride for InjectionAlum Solution10z dl-Methylephedrine Hydrochloride PowderMethyltestosterone TabletsMethyldopa TabletsMetenolone Enanthate InjectionMetronidazole TabletsMepivacaine HydrochlorideMefruside TabletsMeropenem HydrateMorphine Hydrochloride TabletsMorphine Hydrochloride InjectionMorphine and Atropine InjectionFolic Acid TabletsFolic Acid InjectionMeglumine Sodium Iodamide InjectionIodine TinctureDilute Iodine TinctureDental Iodine GlycerinCompound Iodine GlycerinIodine, Salicylic Acid and Phenol SpiritLatamoxef SodiumLanatoside C TabletsLiothyronine Sodium TabletsL-Lysine HydrochlorideL-Lysine AcetateLidocaine InjectionRifampicin CapsulesRiboflavin PowderRiboflavin Sodium Phosphate InjectionZinc Sulfate Ophthalmic SolutionMagnesium Sulfate MixtureMagnesium Sulfate InjectionRinger's SolutionDibasic Sodium Phosphate HydrateReserpine TabletsReserpine InjectionLevallorphan Tartrate InjectionLevothyroxine Sodium TabletsSweet Hydrangea LeafAloePowdered AloeFoeniculated Ammonia SpiritEpimedium HerbFennel OilTurmericPowdered TurmericBearberry LeafUva Ursi Fluidextract

ixixJP XVI Preface

Corydalis TuberPowdered Corydalis TuberPolygala RootPowdered Polygala RootPueraria RootKamishoyosan ExtractGlycyrrhiza ExtractCrude Glycyrrhiza ExtractAgarPlatycodon FluidextractCatalpa FruitApricot KernelApricot Kernel WaterBitter TinctureKeishibukuryogan ExtractSafflowerRed GinsengMagnolia BarkPowdered Magnolia BarkGoshajinkigan ExtractEuodia FruitCondurangoCondurango FluidextractBupleurum RootSaireito ExtractSaffronGardenia FruitPowdered Gardenia FruitCornus FruitJujube SeedEleutherococcus Senticosus RhizomeSodium Bicarbonate and Bitter Tincture MixtureCimicifuga RhizomeMagnolia FlowerShimbuto ExtractSenega SyrupToad VenomAtractylodes Lancea RhizomePerilla HerbAlisma RhizomePowdered Alisma RhizomeUncaria HookPowdered Polyporus SclerotiumCitrus Unshiu PeelCapsicumPowdered CapsicumCapsicum TincturePeach KernelPowdered Peach KernelOrange Peel SyrupOrange Peel TinctureIpecacPowdered Ipecac

Ipecac SyrupEucommia BarkGinsengPowdered GinsengHachimijiogan ExtractHoneyMentha WaterGlehnia Root and RhizomeHangekobokuto ExtractAngelica Dahurica RootAtractylodes RhizomePoria SclerotiumBelladonna ExtractSinomenium Stem and RhizomeSaposhnikovia Root and RhizomeMoutan BarkPowdered Moutan BarkHochuekkito ExtractNux Vomica ExtractNux Vomica Extract PowderNux Vomica TinctureOyster ShellPowdered Oyster ShellRyokeijutsukanto ExtractScopolia ExtractScopolia Extract PowderRoyal Jelly

20. The following monographs were deleted:Astromicin SulfateIsophane Insulin Injection (Aqueous Suspension)InsulinInsulin InjectionInsulin Zinc Injection (Aqueous Suspension)Insulin Zinc Protamine Injection (Aqueous Suspen-sion)Crystalline Insulin Zinc Injection (Aqueous Suspen-sion)Amorphous Insulin Zinc Injection (Aqueous Sus-pension)Sisomicin SulfateCefapirin SodiumCefuroxime SodiumNetilmicin SulfateBufexamacBufexamac CreamBufexamac Ointment

21. The following monographs were changed inJapanese title:

Absorptive CreamHydrophilic CreamSterile Purified Water in ContainersCefixime Hydrate

xx JP XVIPreface

L-TyrosineL-Lysine HydrochlorideL-Lysine Acetate

22. The following monographs were revised in thecontent limit more precise:

Ajmaline TabletsAscorbic Acid PowderAscorbic Acid InjectionAspirin TabletsAcetylcholine Chloride for InjectionMeglumine Sodium Amidotrizoate InjectionAmitriptyline Hydrochloride TabletsAminophylline InjectionSodium Iotalamate InjectionMeglumine Iotalamate InjectionIsoniazid TabletsIsoniazid InjectionIdoxuridine Ophthalmic SolutionImipramine HydrochlorideIndigocarmine InjectionIndometacin CapsulesIndometacin SuppositoriesEstradiol Benzoate InjectionEstradiol Benzoate Injection (Aqueous Suspension)Estriol TabletsEstriol Injection (Aqueous Suspension)Etacrynic Acid TabletsEthinylestradiol TabletsEdrophonium Chloride InjectionEphedrine Hydrochloride TabletsEphedrine Hydrochloride InjectionErgometrine Maleate TabletsErgometrine Maleate InjectionFructose InjectionXylitol InjectionClofibrate Capsules ExtractClomifene Citrate TabletsChlordiazepoxide PowderChlordiazepoxide TabletsChlorpropamide TabletsChlorpromazine Hydrochloride InjectionCodeine Phosphate TabletsDigitoxin TabletsDiclofenamide TabletsDistigmine Bromide TabletsDimenhydrinate TabletsDydrogesterone TabletsSuxamethonium Chloride InjectionSuxamethonium Chloride for InjectionSulpyrine InjectionSulfobromophthalein Sodium InjectionD-Sorbitol Solution

Sodium Bicarbonate InjectionThiamazole TabletsThiamine Chloride Hydrochloride PowderThiamine Chloride Hydrochloride InjectionThiopental Sodium for InjectionSodium Thiosulfate InjectionTipepidine Hibenzate TabletsTestosterone Enanthate InjectionDeslanoside InjectionDehydrocholic Acid InjectionDopamine Hydrochloride InjectionTriclofos Sodium SyrupTrihexyphenidyl Hydrochloride TabletsTrimethadione TabletsTolnaftate SolutionTolbutamide TabletsNicardipine Hydrochloride InjectionNicotinic Acid InjectionNicomol TabletsNitroglycerin TabletsNeostigmine Methylsulfate InjectionNoradrenaline InjectionNorgestrel and Ethinylestradiol TabletsBaclofen TabletsPapaverine Hydrochloride InjectionBisacodyl SuppositoriesHydralazine Hydrochloride PowderHydralazine Hydrochloride TabletsHydralazine Hydrochloride for InjectionPiperazine Phosphate TabletsGlucose InjectionPrazepam TabletsFlurazepam CapsulesPrednisolone TabletsPrednisolone Sodium Succinate for InjectionProcaine Hydrochloride InjectionProchlorperazine Maleate TabletsPropylthiouracil TabletsProbenecid TabletsPethidine Hydrochloride InjectionPerphenazine TabletsPerphenazine Maleate TabletsBenzalkonium Chloride SolutionBenzethonium Chloride SolutionD-Mannitol InjectionMethyldopa TabletsMetenolone Enanthate InjectionMefruside TabletsMorphine Hydrochloride TabletsMorphine Hydrochloride InjectionFolic Acid TabletsFolic Acid InjectionLanatoside C Tablets

xixiJP XVI Preface

Liothyronine Sodium TabletsLidocaine InjectionRiboflavin PowderRiboflavin Sodium Phosphate InjectionMagnesium Sulfate InjectionReserpine TabletsReserpine InjectionLevallorphan Tartrate InjectionLevothyroxine Sodium Tablets

23. The monographs which `Method of prepara-tion' was revised according to the revision of GeneralRules for Preparations were as follows:

Ascorbic Acid PowderIrsogladine Maleate Fine GranulesEtizolam Fine Granules10z Ephedrine Phosphate PowderChlordiazepoxide PowderChlorpheniramine Maleate PowderKetoconazole SolutionKetoconazole Cream1z Codeine Phosphate Powder1z Dihydrocodeine Phosphate PowderDried Aluminum Hydroxide Gel Fine GranulesCefaclor Fine GranulesCefatrizine Propylene Glycolate for SyrupCefalexin for SyrupCefcapene Pivoxil Hydrochloride Fine GranulesCefditoren Pivoxil Fine GranulesCefdinir Fine GranulesCefteram Pivoxil Fine GranulesCefroxadine for SyrupDroxidopa Fine GranulesTroxipide Fine GranulesNicergoline PowderHydralazine Hydrochloride PowderFamotidine PowderFaropenem Sodium for SyrupPhenytoin Powder10z Phenobarbital PowderBetamethazone Valerate and Gentamicin SulfateCream10z dl-Methylephedrine Hydrochloride PowderRiboflavine Powder

24. The monographs which `Particle size' wasdeleted according to the revision of General Rules forPreparations were as follows:

Azelastine Hydrochloride GranulesUrsodeoxycholic Acid GranulesEcabet Sodium GranulesChlorpheniramine Maleate PowderCefaclor Compound GranulesNicergoline Powder

Calcium Paraaminosalicylate Granules10z Phenobarbital Powder

25. The monographs which `Method of prepara-tion' was revised according to the revision of themonograph ``Water'' were as follows:

Adrenaline SolutionOpium TinctureOpium Alkaloids Hydrochloride InjectionOpium Alkaloids and Atropine InjectionOpium Alkaloids and Scopolamine InjectionWeak Opium Alkaloids and Scopolamine InjectionMeglumine Sodium Amidotrizoate InjectionL-Arginine Hydrochloride InjectionSulfur and Camphor LotionSodium Iotalamate InjectionMeglumine Iotalamate InjectionEthanol for Disinfection10z Sodium Chloride InjectionHydrochloric Acid LemonadeCompound Oxycodone InjectionCompound Oxycodone and Atropine InjectionPotash SoapDiagnostic Sodium Citrate SolutionSodium Citrate Injection for TransfusionGlycerin and Potash SolutionAbsorptive CreamHydrophilic CreamCresol SolutionSaponated Cresol SolutionCompound Salicylic Acid SpiritSilver Nitrate Ophthalmic SolutionIsotonic Sodium Chloride SolutionSimple SyrupDeslanoside InjectionNaphazoline and Chlorpheniramine SolutionPhenolated Water for DisinfectionPhenolated WaterPhenol and Zinc Oxide LinimentPhenolsulfonphthalein InjectionBenzalkonium Chloride SolutionBenzethonium Chloride SolutionFormalin WaterMercurochrome SolutionAlum SolutionMorphine and Atropine InjectionMeglumine Sodium Iodamide InjectionIodine TinctureDilute Iodine TinctureDental Iodine GlycerinCompound Iodine GlycerinIodine, Salicylic Acid and Phenol SpiritZinc Sulfate Ophthalmic Solution

xiixii JP XVIPreface

Magnesium Sulfate MixtureRinger's SolutionFoeniculated Ammonia SpiritUva Ursi FluidextractGlycyrrhiza ExtractCrude Glycyrrhiza ExtractPlatycodon FluidextractApricot Kernel WaterBitter TinctureCondurango FluidextractSodium Bicarbonate and Bitter Tincture MixtureSenega SyrupOrange Peel SyrupOrange Peel TinctureIpecac SyrupMentha WaterBelladonna ExtractNux Vomica ExtractNux Vomica Extract PowderNux Vomica TinctureScopolia ExtractScopolia Extract Powder

26. Monographs in which the test ``Content deter-mination'' was changed to ``Assay'' were as follows:

AloePowdered AloeTurmericPowdered TurmericUva UrsiUva Ursi FluidextractCorydalis TuberPowdered Corydalis TuberApricot KernelMagnolia BarkPowdered Magnolia BarkBupleurum RootGardenia FruitPowdered Gardenia FruitCornus FruitToad VenomPerilla HerbUncaria HookCapsicumPowdered CapsicumCapsicum TincturePeach KernelPowdered Peach KernelIpecacPowdered IpecacIpecac SyrupMoutan BarkPowdered Moutan Bark

Royal JellyThose who were engaged in the preparation of JP 16

are as follows:Norio AimiFumiaki AkahoriTeruo AmagasaMitsuo AokiKiichi AonukiNobuo Aoyagi**Hiroshi AsamaToshiki AsanoKazuhide AshizawaShinichiro AsoYukio AsoHiroyuki AraiKeiko ArimotoTakashi BambaMasahiko ChikumaMakoto EmuraHiroyuki FuchinoShigeyuki FujikuraKiyoshi FukuharaAkihiko FujiseGoro FunamotoYukihiro GodaTakashi GotoNoriaki HabasakiTakashi HakamatsukaRuri HanajiriKentaro HanadaToshikazu HaradaKouji HasegawaMitsuru Hashida*Susumu HashimotoHarumi HatanoRika HatanoTakao Hayakawa*Masahiro HayashiYoshinori HayashiKenji HiguchiKatsuhuto HiramatsuYuuki HirataFusayoshi HirayamaTakashi HiroshimaYukio HiyamaNaoki HosonoKenji HosoyaKunimoto HottaAkihiro HurukawaMasashi HyugaTakanori IchikawaNobukazu IgoshiKazuhiko Ikegami

xiiixiiiJP XVI Preface

Koichi InubushiKenichi InuiAkiko IshiiTsuneo IshizukaShigeru ItaiChizuko ItohYuji ItoTakashi ItohMasao IzakiKenichi IzutsuAkemi KaiKazuaki KakehiTakemine KanaiMotoko KankeHirohito KatayamaHaru KatoKumiko KatoYoshiaki KatoNoriko KatoriSatoshi KawadaNobuo KawaharaUrao KawakamiToru KawanishiYoshihiko KawarasakiNana KawasakiToshisuke KawasakiYoshiaki KawashimaKeiji KijimaYutaka KikuchiYuuichi KikuchiYasuhiro KishimotoMitsukazu KitadaFumiyuki KiuchiJunko KizuTakashi KobayashiYukari KogaMasayoshi KohaseTatsuo KoideShigeo KojimaHiroyasu KokuboKatsuko KomatsuHitoshi KomatsubaraAkio KomuraTetsuya KondaToshifumi KondaKenji KondoSeizo KondoKenichi KumasakaTakao KunisadaMasaaki KuriharaHiroyuki KuritaHaruo KuriyamaFumiyo Kusu

Kumiko KusuyamaMasako MaedaMidori MakitaMasahiko MarumotoYoshihisa MatsudaNorio MatsukiEiichi MikamiSatoshi MinobeTakao MitsuhashiTsuyoshi MiuraTsuyoshi MiyagawaHiroto MiyamotoNaoki MiyataTamaki MiyazakiMichinao MizugakiTaiichi MizutaMitsuo MoriKaoru MorikawaSeiki MorimotoKatsuhiro MorisawaOsamu MoritaTakashi MoritaToshimi MuraiMasashi MuroiHiroaki NagashigeTakahiro NaitoSinsaku NakagawaEmi NakajimaHiroshi NakamuraTatsuya NakanoTatsumi NakashimaMitsuo NanauraMasaaki NaotsukaMasao NasuShingo NiimiYutaka NishiharaHiroshi NishimuraAtsushi NukanobuSumiaki ObaShukichi OchiaiYasumitsu OguraAtsuyuki OhtsukiRyozo OishiSatoshi OkadaMinoru OkadaNorio OkahanaKimiya OkazakiAkira OkonogiTsuneo OkuboHaruhiro OkudaTakamasa OkugawaYuko OsumiMasami Otsuka

xivxiv JP XVIPreface

Tadashi OuchiKazuhiro OwadaKenji SaikiYukio SaitoYoshikazu SakagamiEiji SakaiTomoaki SakamotoShingou SakuraiTomofumi SantaHideki SasakiHiroshi SasakiKunio SasakiTomoko SasakiTsuguo SasakiKazumichi SasaokiMotoyoshi SatakeKyoko SatoMichiko SekiguchiSetsuko SekitaYasuo ShimadaKesamitsu ShimizuKozo ShimodaKyoko ShimuraOsamu ShirokizawaOsamu ShirotaTakuji ShodaJunya SoumaTakashi SonobeKeiichi SudoShoko SueyoshiShinji SugayaDaisuke SugiuraHisakazu SunadaHideyo SuzukiMikio SuzukiShinichi TadakiNobuo TaguchiToshio TakachiWataru TakadaYoshikazu TakahashiKunihiro TakaiMasaki TakaoKikuo TakateraOsami TakedaTadahiro TakedaYasushi TakedaHirohumi TakeuchiToyoshige TanabeHaruo TanakaMasaaki TanakaToshihiro TanakaKenichi Tanamoto**Tsuyoshi Tanimoto

Yoshikazu TashiroKatsuhide TeradaReiko TeraokaKeijiro TerashitaSusumu TerabayashiMasafumi TeshigawaraHiroshi TokunagaKiyoshi TomiokaMotowo TomitaHiroyuki TomitsukaYosuke TsujiHiroyuki TsujimotoKazunori TsutsuiHideya TugeEriko UchidaYoshimasa UeharaAtsuhiro UetakeKazuichi UmemotoMasaaki WadaEiji WatanabeHaruo WatanabeTakehiko YajimaToshiyasu YamadaTeruhide YamaguchiTetsuji YamaguchiKeiichi YamamotoKeiji YamamotoTosuke YamamotoChikamasa YamashitaTakeshi YamazakiMasato YasuharaShiho YasuoHikaru YodenHitoo YoshidaKumi YoshidaSumie YoshiokaChikako YomotaEtsuo Yonemochi

*: Chairman, the Committee on JP**: Acting Chairman, the Committee on JP

11

GENERAL NOTICES

1. The official name of this pharmacopoeia is, and may be abbreviated as , 16, JP XVI or JP 16.2. The English name of this pharmacopoeia is TheJapanese Pharmacopoeia, Sixteenth Edition.3. Among drugs, the Japanese PharmacopoeiaDrugs (the JP Drugs) are those specified in themonographs. The title names and the commonly usednames adopted in the monographs should be used asofficial names. In the drug monographs, in addition toEnglish name, chemical names or Latin names can bementioned in the titles, as appropriate.4. ``Crude Drugs and related drugs'' are placedtogether in the posterior part of the Official Mono-graphs. These include: Crude Drugs being applied therequirements of the General Rules for Crude Drugs, orPowders, Extracts, Tinctures, Syrups, Spirits, Fluidex-tracts or Suppositories containing Crude Drugs as theactive ingredient, combination preparations contain-ing Crude Drugs as the principal active ingredient.5. Drugs are to be tested according to the provisionsgiven in the pertinent monographs, General Notices,General Rules for Crude Drugs, General Rules forPreparations, and General Tests for their conformityto the Japanese Pharmacopoeia. However, the itemsof ``Description'' and ``Storage'' under Containersand storage in the monographs on preparations aregiven for information, and should not be taken asindicating standards for conformity.6. In principle, unless otherwise specified, animalsused for preparing the JP Drugs or their sourcematerials must be healthy.7. In this English version, the JP Drugs described inthe monographs begin with a capital letter.8. The molecular formulas or constitution formulasin parentheses ( ) after the name of drugsor chemicals designate chemically pure substances.Atomic masses adopted in the Japanese Pharmaco-poeia conform to the table of ``Standard AtomicWeights 2010''. Molecular masses are indicated to twodecimal places rounded from three decimals.9. The following abbreviations are used for the prin-cipal units.

meter mcentimeter cmmillimeter mmmicrometer mm

nanometer nmkilogram kggram gmilligram mgmicrogram mgnanogram ngpicogram pgCelsius degree 9Cmole molmillimole mmolsquare centimeter cm2

liter Lmilliliter mLmicroliter mLmegahertz MHzper centimeter cm1

newton Nkilopascal kPapascal Papascal second Pasmillipascal second mPassquare millimeter per second mm2/slux lxmole per liter mol/Lmillimole per liter mmol/Lmass per cent zmass parts per million ppmmass parts per billion ppbvolume per cent volzvolume parts per million vol ppmmass per volume per cent w/vzmicrosimens per centimeter mScm1

endotoxin unit EUcolony forming unit CFU

Note: ``ppm'' used in the Nuclear Magnetic ResonanceSpectroscopy indicates the chemical shift, and``w/vz'' is used in the formula or composition ofpreparations.10. The unit used for expressing the potency of drugis recognized as the quantity of drug. Usually it is ex-pressed by a definite quantity of a definite standardsubstance which shows a definite biological activity,and differs according to each drug. The units aredetermined, in principle, by comparison with each ref-erence standard by means of biological methods. Theterm ``Unit'' used for the JP articles indicates the unit

2

Table 1

Sieve No. 4 6.5 8.6 18 50 100 200

NominalDesignationof sieve

4750 mm 2800 mm 2000 mm 850 mm 300 mm 150 mm 75 mm

Names ofthe drugswhich passthrough therespectivesieves

Coarsecutting

Moderate-ly

finecutting

Finecutting

Coarsepowder

Moderate-ly

finepowder

Finepowder

Veryfine

powder

2 JP XVIGeneral Notices

defined in the Japanese Pharmacopoeia.11. The statement ``Being specified separately.'' inthe monographs means that the tests are to be speci-fied when the drugs are granted approval based on thePharmaceutical Affairs Law.12. When an assurance that a product is of the JPDrug quality is obtained consistently from data de-rived from the manufacturing process validationstudies, and from the records of appropriate manufac-turing process control and of the test results of thequality control, some of the test items in the mono-graph being performed for the release of a productmay be omitted as occasion demands.13. The test methods specified in the Japanese Phar-macopoeia can be replaced by alternative methodswhich give better accuracy and precision. However,where a difference in test results is suspected, only theresult obtained by the procedure given in thePharmacopoeia is effective for the final judgment.14. The details of the biological test methods may bechanged insofar as they do not affect the essentialqualities of the test.15. The temperature for the tests or storage isdescribed, in principle, in specific figures. However,the following expressions may be used instead.

Standard temperature, ordinary temperature, roomtemperature, and lukewarm are defined as 209C, 15 259C, 1 309C, and 30 409C, respectively. A coldplace, unless otherwise specified, shall be a placehaving a temperature of 1 159C.

The temperature of cold water, lukewarm water,warm water, and hot water are defined as not exceed-ing 109C, 30 409C, 60 709C, and about 1009C,respectively.

The term ``heated solvent'' or ``hot solvent'' meansa solvent heated almost to the boiling point of thesolvent, and the term ``warmed solvent'' or ``warmsolvent'' usually means a solvent heated to a tempera-ture between 609C and 709C. The term ``heat on or ina water bath'' indicates, unless otherwise specified,heating with a boiling water bath or a steam bath atabout 1009C.

Cold extraction and warm extraction are usuallyperformed at temperatures of 15 259C and 35 459C, respectively.16. To measure the number of drops, a droppingdevice which delivers 20 drops of water weighing0.90 1.10 g at 209C shall be used.17. The term ``in vacuum'' indicates, unlessotherwise specified, a pressure not exceeding 2.0 kPa.18. The acidity or alkalinity of a solution, unlessotherwise specified, is determined by blue or red lit-mus papers. To indicate these properties more pre-

cisely, pH values are used.19. The terms in Table 1 are used to express thedegree of cutting of Crude Drugs or fineness of pow-der Drugs.

20. The water to be used in the tests of drugs shall bethe water suitable for performing the relevant test,such as the water not containing any substance thatwould interfere with the test.21. As for wording ``solution of a solute'', where thename of the solvent is not stated, the term ``solution''indicates a solution in water.22. For solution an expression such as ``(1 in 3)'',``(1 in 10)'', or ``(1 in 100)'' means that 1 g of a solid isdissolved in, or 1 mL of a liquid is diluted with thesolvent to make the total volume of 3 mL, 10 mL or100 mL, respectively. For the liquid mixture anexpression such as ``(10:1)'' or ``(5:3:1)'' means thatthe respective numbers of parts, by volume, of thedesignated liquids are to be mixed.23. The term ``weigh accurately'' means to weighdown to the degree of 0.1 mg, 0.01 mg or 0.001 mg bytaking into account the purpose of the test and using arelevant weighing device. The term ``weigh exactly''means to weigh to the given decimal places.24. A value of ``n'' figures in a test of a JP Drugshall be obtained by rounding off a value of ``n 1''figures.25. Unless otherwise specified, all tests of the drugsshall be performed at the ordinary temperature andobservations of the results shall follow immediatelyafter the operations. However, the judgment for a testwhich is affected by temperature should be based onthe conditions at the standard temperature.26. The terms ``immediately''/``at once'' used in thetest of a JP Drug mean that the procedure is to be per-formed within 30 seconds after the precedingprocedure.27. In the section under the heading Description, theterm ``white'' is used to indicate white or practicallywhite, and ``colorless'' is colorless or practically color-less. Unless otherwise specified, the test of color is car-ried out by placing 1 g of a solid drug on a sheet of

3

Table 2

Descriptive term Volume of solvent requiredfor dissolving1 g or 1 mL of solute

Very soluble Less than 1 mLFreely soluble From 1 mL to less than 10

mLSoluble From 10 mL to less than 30

mLSparingly soluble From 30 mL to less than 100

mLSlightly soluble From 100 mL to less than

1000 mLVery slightly soluble From 1000 mL to less than

10000 mLPractically insoluble, or insolu-ble

10000 mL and over

3JP XVI General Notices

white paper or in a watch glass placed on white paper.A liquid drug is put into a colorless test tube of 15-mminternal diameter and is observed in front of a whitebackground through a layer of 30 mm. For the test ofclarity of liquid drugs the same procedure is appliedwith either a black or white background. For theobservation of fluorescence of a liquid drug, only ablack background shall be used.28. In the section under the heading Description, theterm ``odorless'' is used to indicate odorless or practi-cally odorless. Unless otherwise specified, the test ofodor shall be carried out by placing 1 g of a solid drugor 1 mL of a liquid drug in a beaker.29. In the section under the heading Description,solubilities are expressed by the terms in Table 2.Unless otherwise specified, solubility means the degreeof dissolution of a JP Drug, previously powdered inthe case of a solid drug, within 30 minutes in a solventat 20 59C, by vigorous shaking for 30 seconds eachtime at 5-minute intervals.

30. In the test of a drug, the term ``dissolve'' or``miscible'' indicates that it dissolves in, or mixes inarbitrary proportion with the solvent to form a clearsolution or mixture. Insoluble materials other than thedrug including fibers should not be detected or practi-cally invisible, if any.31. Identification is the test to identify the activeingredient(s) of the drug based upon its specificproperty.32. Purity is the test to detect impurities/con-taminants in drugs, and it, as well as other require-ments in each monograph, specifies the purity of thedrug usually by limiting the kind/nature and quantityof the impurities/contaminants. The impurities/contaminants subject to the purity test are those sup-posed to generate/contaminate during the manufac-turing process or storage, including hazardous agents

such as heavy metals, arsenic, etc. If any foreign sub-stances are used or supposed to be added, it is neces-sary to perform tests to detect or limit the presence ofsuch substances.33. The term ``constant mass'' in drying or ignition,unless otherwise specified, means that the mass differ-ence after an additional 1 hour of drying or ignition isnot more than 0.10z of the preceding mass of thedried substance or ignited residue. For crude drugs,the difference is not more than 0.25z. However,when the difference does not exceed 0.5 mg in a chemi-cal balance, 0.05 mg in a semi-microbalance, or 0.005mg in a microbalance, the constant mass has been at-tained.34. Assay is the test to determine the composition,the content of the active ingredients, and the potencyunit of medicine by physical, chemical or biologicalprocedures.35. In stating the appropriate quantities to be takenfor assay, the use of the word ``about'' indicates aquantity within 10z of the specified mass. The word``dry'' in respect of the sample indicates drying underthe same conditions, as described in Loss on drying inthe monograph.36. For the content of an ingredient determined byAssay in the monographs, if it is expressed simply as``not less than a certain percentage'' without indicat-ing its upper limit, 101.0z is understood as the upperlimit.37. The container is the device which holds drugs.The stopper or cap, etc., is considered as part of thecontainer. The containers have no physical and chemi-cal reactivity affecting the specified description andquality of the contents.38. A well-closed container protects the contentsfrom extraneous solids and from loss of the drugunder ordinary or customary conditions of handling,shipment, and storage.

Where a well-closed container is specified, it may bereplaced by a tight container.39. A tight container protects the contents fromextraneous solids or liquids, from loss of the contents,and from efflorescence, deliquescence, or evaporationunder ordinary or customary conditions of handling,shipment, and storage.

Where a tight container is specified, it may bereplaced by a hermetic container.40. A hermetic container is impervious to air or anyother gas under ordinary or customary conditions ofhandling, shipment, and storage.41. The term ``light-resistant'' means that it can pre-vent transmittance of light affecting in the specifiedproperties and quality of the contents and protect the

4

AbbreviationsCS: Colorimetric Stock SolutionRS: Reference StandardTS: Test SolutionVS: Refer to a solution listed in Standard Solutions for Volumetric Analysis .

4 JP XVIGeneral Notices

contained medicament from the light under ordinaryor customary conditions of handling, shipment, andstorage.42. For the JP Drugs, the contents or potency interms of units of the active ingredient(s), or the speci-fied expiration date in the monographs have to beshown on the immediate container or wrapping ofthem.43. The origin, numerical value or physical proper-ties of the JP Drugs, being stipulated by the special

labeling requirements in the monographs, have to beshown on the immediate container or wrapping ofthem.44. The harmonized General Tests and Monographsamong the Japanese Pharmacopoeia, the EuropeanPharmacopoeia and the United States Pharmacopeiaare preceded by the statement as such.

The parts of the text, being not harmonized, aresurrounded by the symbols ( ).

55

GENERAL RULESFOR CRUDE DRUGS

1. Crude drugs in the monographs include medicinalparts obtained from plants or animals, cell inclusionsand secretes separated from the origins, their extracts,and minerals. General Rules for Crude Drugs andCrude Drugs Test are applicable to the following:

Acacia, Achyranthes Root, Agar, Akebia Stem,Alisma Rhizome, Aloe, Alpinia Officinarum Rhi-zome, Aluminum Silicate Hydrate with Silicon Diox-ide, Amomum Seed, Anemarrhena Rhizome, AngelicaDahurica Root, Apricot Kernel, Aralia Rhizome,Areca, Artemisia Capillaris Flower, Asiasarum Root,Asparagus Tuber, Astragalus Root, AtractylodesLancea Rhizome, Atractylodes Rhizome, Bear Bile,Bearberry Leaf, Belladonna Root, Benincasa Seed,Benzoin, Bitter Cardamon, Bitter Orange Peel, BrownRice, Bupleurum Root, Burdock Fruit, Calumba,Capsicum, Cardamon, Cassia Seed, Catalpa Fruit,Chrysanthemum Flower, Cimicifuga Rhizome, Cinna-mon Bark, Citrus Unshiu Peel, Clematis Root, Clove,Cnidium Monnieri Fruit, Cnidium Rhizome, CoixSeed, Condurango, Coptis Rhizome, Cornus Fruit,Corydalis Tuber, Crataegus Fruit, Cyperus Rhizome,Digenea, Dioscorea Rhizome, Dolichos Seed,Eleutherococcus Senticosus Rhizome, Ephedra Herb,Epimedium Herb, Eucommia Bark, Euodia Fruit,Fennel, Forsythia Fruit, Fritillaria Bulb, Gambir,Gardenia Fruit, Gastrodia Tuber, Gentian, GeraniumHerb, Ginger, Ginseng, Glehnia Root and Rhizome,Glycyrrhiza, Gypsum, Hemp Fruit, Honey, Hout-tuynia Herb, Immature Orange, Imperata Rhizome,Ipecac, Japanese Angelica Root, Japanese Gentian,Japanese Valerian, Jujube, Jujube Seed, Koi, Leonu-rus Herb, Lilium Bulb, Lindera Root, LithospermumRoot, Longan Aril, Longgu, Lonicera Leaf and Stem,Loquat Leaf, Lycium Bark, Lycium Fruit, MagnoliaBark, Magnolia Flower, Mallotus Bark, Mentha Herb,Moutan Bark, Mulberry Bark, Nelumbo Seed, Notop-terygium, Nuphar Rhizome, Nutmeg, Nux Vomica,Ophiopogon Tuber, Oriental Bezoar, Oyster Shell,Panax Japonicus Rhizome, Peach Kernel, PeonyRoot, Perilla Herb, Peucedanum Root, PharbitisSeed, Phellodendron Bark, Picrasma Wood, PinelliaTuber, Plantago Herb, Plantago Seed, PlatycodonRoot, Pogostemon Herb, Polygala Root, Polygona-tum Rhizome, Polygonum Root, Polyporus Scleroti-

um, Poria Sclerotium, Powdered Acacia, PowderedAgar, Powdered Alisma Rhizome, Powdered Aloe,Powdered Amomum Seed, Powdered AtractylodesLancea Rhizome, Powdered Atractylodes Rhizome,Powdered Calumba, Powdered Capsicum, PowderedCinnamon Bark, Powdered Clove, Powdered CnidiumRhizome, Powdered Coix Seed, Powdered Coptis Rhi-zome, Powdered Corydalis Tuber, Powdered CyperusRhizome, Powdered Dioscorea Rhizome, PowderedFennel, Powdered Gambir, Powdered Gardenia Fruit,Powdered Gentian, Powdered Geranium Herb, Pow-dered Ginger, Powdered Ginseng, Powdered Glycyr-rhiza, Powdered Ipecac, Powdered Japanese AngelicaRoot, Powdered Japanese Gentian, PowderedJapanese Valerian, Powdered Longgu, PowderedMagnolia Bark, Powdered Moutan Bark, PowderedOyster Shell, Powdered Panax Japonicus Rhizome,Powdered Peach Kernel, Powdered Peony Root,Powdered Phellodendron Bark, Powdered PicrasmaWood, Powdered Platycodon Root, Powdered Polyg-ala Root, Powdered Polypourus Sclerotium, PowderdPoria Sclerotium, Powdered Processed Aconite Root,Powdered Rhubarb, Powdered Rose Fruit, PowderedScutellaria Root, Powdered Senega, Powdered SennaLeaf, Powdered Smilax Rhizome, Powdered SophoraRoot, Powdered Sweet Hydrangea Leaf, PowderedSwertia Herb, Powdered Tragacanth, PowderedTurmeric, Powdered Zanthoxylum Fruit, ProcessedAconite Root, Processed Ginger, Prunella Spike,Pueraria Root, Quercus Bark, Red Ginseng, Rehman-nia Root, Rhubarb, Rose Fruit, Rosin, Royal Jelly,Safflower, Saffron, Saposhnikovia Root and Rhi-zome, Sappan Wood, Saussurea Root, SchisandraFruit, Schizonepeta Spike, Scopolia Rhizome, Scutel-laria Root, Senega, Senna Leaf, Sesame, SinomeniumStem and Rhizome, Smilax Rhizome, Sophora Root,Sweet Hydrangea Leaf, Swertia Herb, Toad Venom,Tragacanth, Tribulus Fruit, Trichosanthes Root, Tur-meric, Uncaria Hook, Zanthoxylum Fruit, Zedoary.2. Crude drugs are usually used in the forms ofwhole crude drugs, cut crude drugs or powdered crudedrugs.

Whole crude drugs are the medicinal parts or theiringredients prepared by drying and/or simple proc-esses, as specified in the monographs.

66 JP XVIGeneral Rules for Crude Drugs

Cut crude drugs are small pieces or small blocks pre-pared by cutting or crushing of the whole crude drugs,and also coarse, medium or fine cutting of the crudedrugs in whole, and, unless otherwise specified, arerequired to conform to the specifications of the wholecrude drugs used as original materials.

Powdered crude drugs are coarse, medium, fine orvery fine powder prepared from the whole crude drugsor the cut crude drugs; usually powdered crude drugsas fine powder are specified in the monographs.3. Unless otherwise specified, crude drugs are used indried form. The drying is usually carried out at a tem-perature not exceeding 609C.4. The origin of crude drugs is to serve as thecriteria. Such statements as `other species of the samegenus' and `allied plants' or `allied animals' appearingin the origin of crude drugs usually indicate plants oranimals which may be used as materials for crudedrugs containing the same effective constituents.5. Description in each monograph for crude drugsusually covers the crude drug derived from its typicaloriginal plant or animal and includes statements ofcharacteristic properties of the crude drug. As for thecolor, odor and solubility, apply correspondingly tothe prescription of the General Notices, except the

odor which is to serve as the criteria. The taste andaspects obtained by microscopic observation are toserve as the criteria.6. Powdered crude drugs, otherwise specified, maybe mixed with diluents so as to attain proper contentand potency.7. Powdered crude drugs do not contain fragmentsof tissues, cells, cell inclusions or other foreign matteralien to the original crude drugs or cut crude drugs.8. Crude drugs are as free as possible from contami-nants and other impurities due to molds, insects andother animals and from other foreign matters, and arerequired to be kept in a clean and hygienic state.9. Crude drugs are preserved under protection frommoisture and insect damage, unless otherwise spec-ified. In order to avoid insect damage, suitablefumigants may be used to preserve crude drugs,provided that the fumigants are so readily volatilizedas to be harmless at the usual dosage of the crudedrugs, and such fumigants that may affect the ther-apeutic efficacy of the crude drugs or interfere withthe testing are precluded.10. Crude drugs are preserved in well-closed contain-ers unless otherwise specified.

77

GENERAL RULESFOR PREPARATIONS

[1] General Notices for Preparations

(1) General Notices for Preparations present gen-eral rules for pharmaceutical dosage forms.

(2) In [2] Monographs for Preparations, dosageforms are classified mainly by administration routesand application sites, and furthermore are subdividedaccording to their forms, functions and characteris-tics.

Those preparations containing mainly crude drugsas active raw materials are described under [3] Mono-graphs for Preparations Related to Crude Drugs.

(3) In Monographs for Preparations and Mono-graphs for Preparations Related to Crude Drugs,dosage forms, which are generally or widely used, aredescribed. However, any other appropriate dosageforms may be used where appropriate. For example, adosage form suitable for a particular application maybe designated by combining an administration routeand a name of a dosage form listed in these chapters.

(4) In these monographs, preparation characteris-tics are specified for the dosage forms. The prepara-tion characteristics are confirmed by appropriate tests.

(5) In the case of preparations, functions that con-trol the release rate of active substance(s) may be ad-ded for the purpose of controlling the onset and dura-tion of therapeutic effects and/or decreasing adverseor side effects. The preparations modified in releaserate must have an appropriate function of controlledrelease for the intended use. The added functionalmodification must generally be displayed on the packinsert and on the direct container or packaging ofthese preparations.

(6) Pharmaceutical excipients are substances otherthan active substances contained in preparations, andthey are used to increase the utility of the activesubstance(s) and preparation, to make formulationprocess easier, to keep the product quality, to improvethe usability, and so forth. Suitable excipients may beadded for these purposes. The excipients to be used,however, must be pharmacologically inactive andharmless in the administered amount and must notinterfere with the therapeutic efficacy of the prepara-tions.

(7) Purified water to be used for preparations isPurified Water or Purified Water in Containers, andwater for injection is Water for Injection or Water forInjection in Containers.

Vegetable oils to be used for preparations are usu-ally edible oils listed in the Pharmacopoeia. Whenstarch is called for, unless otherwise specified, anykind of starch listed in the Pharmacopoeia may beused.

In addition, ethanol specified in volz is preparedby adding Purified Water or Water for Injection toethanol at the specified volz.

(8) Even non-sterile preparations should be pre-pared with precautions to prevent contamination andgrowth of microorganisms, and they are applied to thetest of Microbial Limit Test , if necessary.

(9) The test for Content Uniformity under theUniformity of Dosage Units and the Dissolu-tion Test are not intended to apply to the crudedrug component of preparations which are preparedusing crude drugs or preparations related to crudedrugs as raw materials.

(10) Containers and packaging for preparationsmust be suitable for their proper use and for ensuringsafe application, as well as for maintaining the qualityof the preparations. To protect preparations that maybe susceptible to oxygen in the air, deoxidants or con-tainers made of low-gas-permeability material may beused. For preparations susceptible to degradation bymoisture, packages with desiccants or moisture-proofpackaging using low-moisture-permeability materialsfor containers may be used. For preparations suscepti-ble to degradation by evaporation of water, containersof low-moisture-permeability material may be used.

Preparations for single-dose use are referred to as``preparations in single-dose packages''.

(11) Unless otherwise specified, preserve prepara-tions at room temperature. Store them in light-resistant containers or packaging, if light affects thequality of the preparation.

88 JP XVIMonographs for Preparations / General Rules for Preparations

[2] Monographs for Preparations

(1) In the Monographs for Preparations, the defi-nitions of dosage forms, manufacturing methods,test methods, containers and packaging, and storageare described.

(2) The descriptions of the test methods and thecontainers and packaging in these monographs arefundamental requirements, and the manufacturingmethods represent commonly used methods.

1. Preparations for Oral Administration(1) Immediate-release dosage forms are prepara-

tions showing a release pattern of active substance(s)that is not intentionally modified and is generally de-pendent on the intrinsic solubility of the active sub-stance.

(2) Modified-release dosage forms are prepara-tions showing a release pattern of active substance(s)that is suitably modified for the desired purpose bymeans of a specific formulation design and/ormanufacturing method. Modified-release dosageforms include enteric-coated and extended-releasepreparations.

(i) Enteric-coated (delayed-release) preparationsEnteric-coated preparations are designed to

release the bulk of the active substance(s) not instomach but mainly in small intestine, in order toprevent degradation or decomposition of the activesubstance(s) in stomach or to decrease the irritationof the active substance(s) on stomach. Enteric-coated preparations are generally coated with anacid-insoluble enteric film.

(ii) Extended-release preparationsExtended-release preparations are designed to

control the release rate and release period of activesubstance(s) and to restrict the release to appropri-ate sites in the gastrointestinal tracts in order todecrease the dosing frequency and/or to reduce ad-verse or side effects. Extended-release preparationsare generally prepared by using suitable agents thatprolong the release of the active substance(s).(3) Oral dosage forms such as capsules, granules

and tablets can be coated with appropriate coatingagents, such as sugars, sugar alcohols, or polymers,for the purpose of enabling the ingestion easy or ofpreventing degradation of the active substance(s).

1-1. Tablets(1) Tablets are solid preparations having a desired

shape and size, intended for oral administration.Orally Disintegrating Tablets, Chewable Tablets,

Effervescent Tablets, Dispersible Tablets and SolubleTablets are included in this category.

(2) Tablets are usually prepared by the followingprocedures. Enteric-coated or extended-release tabletscan be prepared by appropriate methods.

(i) Mix homogeneously active substance(s) andexcipients such as diluents, binders and disintegra-tors, granulate with water or a binder solution by asuitable method, mix with a lubricant, and thencompress into a desired shape and size.

(ii) Mix homogeneously active substance(s) andexcipients such as diluents, binders, and disintegra-tors, and then directly compress with a lubricant, orcompress after adding active substance(s) and alubricant to granules previously prepared from ex-cipients and then mixing homogeneously.

(iii) Mix homogeneously active substance(s) andexcipients such as diluents and binders, moisten witha solvent, form into a certain shape and size or moldthe mixed mass into a certain shape and size, andthen dry by a suitable method.

(iv) Plain Tablets are usually prepared accordingto (i), (ii) or (iii).

(v) Film-coated Tablets can be prepared, usu-ally, by coating Plain Tablets with thin films usingsuitable film coating agents such as polymers.

(vi) Sugar-coated Tablets can be prepared, usu-ally, by coating Plain Tablets using suitable coatingagents including sugars or sugar alcohols.

(vii) Multiple-layer Tablets can be prepared bycompressing granules of different compositions toform layered tablets by a suitable method.

(viii) Pressure-coated Tablets can be preparedby compressing granules to cover inner core tabletswith different compositions.(3) Unless otherwise specified, Tablets meet the

requirements of Uniformity of Dosage Units .(4) Unless otherwise specified, Tablets meet the

requirements of Dissolution Test or Disintegra-tion Test . For Effervescent tablets from whichactive substance(s) are dissolved before use and Solu-ble tablets, these tests are not required.

(5) Well-closed containers are usually used for thepreparations. For preparations susceptible to degrada-tion by moisture, a moisture-proof container or pack-aging may be used.

1-1-1. Orally Disintegrating Tablets/Orodispersi-ble Tablets

(1) Orally Disintegrating Tablets are tablets whichare quickly dissolved or disintegrated in the oralcavity.

(2) Orally Disintegrating Tablets shows an appro-priate disintegration.

99JP XVI General Rules for Preparations / Monographs for Preparations

1-1-2. Chewable Tablets(1) Chewable Tablets are tablets which are admin-

istered by chewing.(2) Chewable Tablets must be in shape and size

avoiding danger of suffocation.1-1-3. Effervescent Tablets(1) Effervescent Tablets are tablets which are

quickly dissolved or dispersed with bubbles in water.(2) Effervescent tablets are usually prepared using

suitable acidic substances and carbonates or hydrogencarbonates.

1-1-4. Dispersible Tablets(1) Dispersible Tablets are tablets which are ad-

ministered after having been dispersed in water.1-1-5. Soluble Tablets(1) Soluble Tablets are tablets which are adminis-

tered after having been dissolved in water.

1-2. Capsules(1) Capsules are preparations enclosed in capsules

or wrapped with capsule bases, intended for oral ad-ministration. Capsules are classified into Hard Cap-sules and Soft Capsules.

(2) Capsules are usually prepared by the followingmethods. Enteric-coated or extended-release capsulescan be prepared by a suitable method. Coloringagents, preservatives, etc. may be added to the capsulebases.

(i) Hard Capsules: A homogeneous mixture ofactive substance(s) with diluents and other suitableexcipients, or granules or formed masses preparedby a suitable method, are filled into capsule shells asthey are or after slight compression.

(ii) Soft Capsules: Active substance(s) and suita-ble excipients (including solvents) are mixed, en-closed by a suitable capsule base such as gelatinplasticized by addition of glycerin, D-sorbitol, etc.and molded in a suitable shape and size.(3) Unless otherwise specified, Capsules meet the

requirements of Uniformity of Dosage Units .(4) Unless otherwise specified, Capsules meet the

requirements of Dissolution Test or Disintegra-tion Test .

(5) Well-closed containers are usually used forCapsules. For Capsules susceptible to degradation bymoisture, a moisture-proof container or packagingmay be used.

1-3. Granules(1) Granules are preparations prepared by granula-

tion, intended for oral administration. EffervescentGranules are included in this category.

(2) Granules are usually prepared by the following

methods. Granules can be coated using suitable coat-ing agents if necessary. Extended-release or enteric-coated granules can also be prepared by a suitablemethod.

(i) To powdery active substance(s) add diluents,binders, disintegrators, or other suitable excipients,mix to homogenize, and granulate by a suitablemethod.

(ii) To previously granulated active substance(s)add excipients such as diluents, and mix tohomogenize.

(iii) To previously granulated active substance(s)add excipients such as diluents, and granulate by asuitable method.(3) Among Granules, the preparations may be

referred to as ``Fine Granules'' if, when Particle SizeDistribution Test for Preparations is per-formed, all granules pass through a No. 18 (850 mm)sieve, and not more than 10z of which remain on aNo. 30 (500 mm) sieve.

(4) Unless otherwise specified, the Granules insingle-dose packages meet the requirements of Unifor-mity of Dosage Units .

(5) Unless otherwise specified, Granules complywith Dissolution Test or Disintegration Test. However, this provision is not to be applied toEffervescent granules, which are dissolved before use,and Disintegration Test is not required for theGranules not more than 10z of which remain on aNo. 30 (500 mm) sieve when the test is performed asdirected under Particle Size Distribution Test forPreparations .

(6) Among Granules, the particulate preparationsmay be referred to as ``Powders'' if, when the ParticleSize Distribution Test for Preparations is per-formed, all granules pass through a No. 18 (850 mm)sieve, and not more than 5z remain on a No. 30 (500mm) sieve.

(7) Well-closed containers are usually used forGranules. For the preparations susceptible to degrada-tion by moisture, a moisture-proof container or pack-aging may be used.

1-3-1. Effervescent Granules(1) Effervescent granules are granules which are

quickly dissolved or dispersed with bubbles in water.(2) Effervescent granules are usually prepared

using suitable acidic substances and carbonates orhydrogen carbonates.

1-4. Powders(1) Powders are preparations in powder form, in-

tended for oral administration.(2) Powders are usually prepared by homogene-

1010 JP XVIMonographs for Preparations / General Rules for Preparations

ously mixing active substance(s) with diluents or othersuitable excipients.

(3) Unless otherwise specified, the Powders insingle-dose packages meet the requirements of Unifor-mity of Dosage Units .

(4) Unless otherwise specified, Powders meet therequirements of Dissolution Test .

(5) Well-closed containers are usually used forPowders. For the preparations susceptible to degrada-tion by moisture, a moisture-proof container or pack-aging may be used.

1-5. Liquids and Solutions for Oral Administration(1) Liquids and Solutions for Oral Administration

are preparations in liquid form or flowable and vis-cous gelatinous state, intended for oral administra-tion. Elixirs, Suspensions, Emulsions and Lemonadesare included in this category.

(2) Liquids and Solutions for Oral Administrationare usually prepared by dissolving, emulsifying or sus-pending active substance(s) in Purified Water togetherwith excipients, and by filtering if necessary.

(3) For Liquids and Solutions for Oral Adminis-tration which are apt to deteriorate, prepare beforeuse.

(4) Unless otherwise specified, the preparations insingle-dose packages meet the requirement of Unifor-mity of Dosage Units .

(5) Tight containers are usually used for Liquidsand Solutions for Oral Administration. For the prepa-rations susceptible to degradation by evaporation ofwater, a low-moisture-permeability container or pack-aging may be used.

1-5-1. Elixirs(1) Elixirs are clear, sweetened and aromatic liquid

preparations, containing ethanol, intended for oral ad-ministration.

(2) Elixirs are usually prepared by dissolving solidactive substance(s) or their extractives in ethanol andPurified Water, adding aromatic agents and sucrose,other sugars or sweetening agents, and clarifying byfiltration or other procedure.

1-5-2. Suspensions(1) Suspensions are liquid preparations of active

substance(s) suspended finely and homogeneously in avehicle, intended for oral administration.

(2) Suspensions are usually prepared by addingsuspending agent or other suitable excipients and Puri-fied Water or oil to solid active substance(s), and sus-pending homogeneously as the whole by a suitablemethod.

(3) Mix homogeneously before use, if necessary.(4) Unless otherwise specified, Suspensions meet

the requirements of Dissolution Test .1-5-3. Emulsions(1) Emulsions are liq