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[ec livvimb likkdc7 {ec fnvc jr vfejjd fjllivvijmcrv>?
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>6? [ec rivc$ ndd nmk rcimfnrmn{ijm j djfnd cksfn{ijm ns{ejri{icv
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[ec livvimb likkdc7 {ec fnvc jr vfejjd fjllivvijmcrv>;
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vfejjdv nmk jfsv DCNv jm qrjpikimb vsqqjr{7 im{crpcmimb jmdy im impcrvc
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cnh vfejjdv nmk vfejjdv fnsvimb fjmfcrm-
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?1>1 Im{rjksf{ijm j fjmpcr{cr nfnkclicv nmk rcc vfejjdv-
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>3? [ec rivc$ ndd nmk rcimfnrmn{ijm j djfnd cksfn{ijm ns{ejri{icv
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[ec livvimb likkdc7 {ec fnvc jr vfejjd fjllivvijmcrv>0
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>26 @i{ jr qsrqjvc:
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[ec livvimb likkdc7 {ec fnvc jr vfejjd fjllivvijmcrv>5
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>96 @i{ jr qsrqjvc:
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[ec livvimb likkdc7 {ec fnvc jr vfejjd fjllivvijmcrv?1
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i{y qcrjrlnmfc iv qn{fey- Fcm{rnd bjpcrmlcm{ env {nhcm jm rjdcv {en{
nrc smvsv{nimnodc- [ec vfejjd ilqrjpclcm{ vyv{cl env lnmy qjvi{ipc
cn{srcv os{ iv rnblcm{ck- Nmk qjdify imfjecrcmfc {ercn{cmv {ec ccf,
{ipcmcvv j hcy rcjrlv- I{ iv n{ {eiv qjim{ {en{ i{ iv jr{e djjhimb n{ {ec
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?3; Ren{ fnm c dcnrm rjl j{ecr ccf{ipc cksfn{ijm ilqrjpclcm{ imi{in{ipcv:
; Ren{ fnm cdcnrm rjl j{ecr
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imb {j ocmfelnrh nmk ilqrjpc qcrjrlnmfc nmk kcpcdjq qjdify- Im qnr{
{eiv iv kripcm oy fjsm{ricv fjmfcrm nojs{ {ecir rcdn{ipc rnmhimb im im{cr,
mn{ijmnd {cv{v fjmksf{ck oy {ec Jrbnmivn{ijm jr Cfjmjlif Fj,jqcrn{ijm
nmk Kcpcdjqlcm{ %JCFK) nmk j{ecr ojkicv- [eiv im {srm env dck cks,
fn{ijm qjdifylnhcrv {j djjh n{ {ec nqqrjnfecv ocimb nkjq{ck oy {ejvc
gsrivkif{ijmv {en{ qcrjrl v{rjmbdy im {ecvc {cv{v-
[eiv rcqjr{ env vcdcf{ck cdd,cv{nodiveck fjlqrcecmvipc vfejjd
ilqrjpclcm{ qrjbrnllcv im {ercc kicrcm{ fjsm{ricv- Im cnfe fnvc {ecy
fjllcmfck gsv{ n{cr {ec {srm j {ec fcm{sry nmk enpc occm vsv{nimck
jr cibe{ ycnrv jr ljrc- [ec fnvc v{skicv im @ibsrcv ;->$ ;-? nmk ;-6
kcvfrioc {ec rjdc j {ec likkdc {icr im kcpcdjqimb nmk ilqdclcm{imb
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qrjqrin{c fjmfdsvijmv nrc krnm nmk smivcdy {rnmvqdnm{ck im{j kjlcv{if
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>- V{rjmb nmk ccf{ipc qjdi{ifnd dcnkcrv n{ n fi{y*rcbijmnd dcpcd dck
nmk fenlqijmck {ec cksfn{ijm rcjrl qrjfcvv im Jm{nrij i{
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[ec livvimb likkdc7 {ec fnvc jr vfejjd fjllivvijmcrv?0
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rcjrlcrv j {ec dihcv j Ocm Dcpim$ [il Oribejsvc$ Vir Lihc
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licr nmk n vsffcvvijm j fnqnodc limiv{crv$ nmk pcry v{rjmb qrjcvvijmnd
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6- N vimbdc fi{y*rcbijmnd fcm{rc i{e ns{ejri{y {j nf{ qrjpikck nm
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jrcunlqdc$ bnpc v{skcm{v brcn{cr fejifc jpcr eife vfejjd {ecy
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rnmbc j cu{rn,fsrrifsdnr nf{ipi{icv nmk svck Nil Eibecr {j
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imb vfejjdv nmk fjllsmi{icv- Djmkjm Fenddcmbc enk {j bnim {ec
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kjm bjpcrmlcm{ qrjbrnllc- [ec LfBsim{y bjpcrmlcm{ im
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2- Nm js{fjlcv,onvck nffjsm{noidi{y rnlcjrh vsqqjr{ck oy
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{ec LfBsim{y bjpcrmlcm{ lnkc mj n{{clq{ {j kivlnm{dc jr
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?2; Ren{ fnm c dcnrm rjl j{ecr ccf{ipc cksfn{ijm ilqrjpclcm{ imi{in{ipcv:
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{cnfecr,{j,{cnfecr dcnrmimb nmk vfejjd,{j,vfejjd ilqrjpc,
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{jeibe{rsv{-9- Vfejjdv ikcm{ick nv mcckimb ljv{ ilqrjpclcm{ crc {nrbc{ck
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ImDjmkjm nmk Mc Yjrh {eiv imfdskck fdjvimb vfejjdv {en{
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pivijm j nkki{ijmnd mnmfind rcvjsrfcv n{ n fi{y*rcbijmnd dcpcd-
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{en{ fi{icv nmk rcbijmv$ im qnr{mcrveiq i{e vfejjdv nmk j{ecr ns{ejri{icv$
fnm qdny n pi{nd rjdc im hmi{{imb {jbc{ecr {ec kicrcm{ v{rnmkv j rcjrlv{j vsqqjr{ n qjcrsd$ fjecrcm{ nmk vsv{nimck vfejjd ilqrjpclcm{
qrjbrnllc- Dcnkcrveiq nmk ndibmlcm{ j rcjrl imi{in{ipcv rcvjsmk
dihckrslocn{v {erjsbe {ec di{crn{src jm {ecvc rcjrl imi{in{ipcv-
[ec mnd fenq{cr djjhv n{ en{ i{ libe{ lcnm {j nqqdy {ecvc dcvvjmv
imnm Cmbdive fjm{cu{-
@ibsrc ;->7 Ren{ fnm c dcnrm rjl j{ecr vyv{clv Jm{nrij
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i{ ndicmn{ck {ec cksfn{ijm fjllsmi{y oy fs{{imb smkimb$ rcksfimb qrjcv
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[ec livvimb likkdc7 {ec fnvc jr vfejjd fjllivvijmcrv?5
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{nrbc{v nmk qdnmv jr bnimv im v{skcm{ nfeicpclcm{8
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nmk cpcry vfejjd8
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jr cksfn{jrv {j vsqqjr{ {ec v{rn{cbicv {erjsbe ilqrjpck
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eibe vfejjd brnksn{ijm dcb j {ec v{rn{cby imfdskck v{rjmbcr {rnmvi{ijm
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?9; Ren{ fnm c dcnrm rjl j{ecr ccf{ipc cksfn{ijm ilqrjpclcm{ imi{in{ipcv:
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n v{skcm{ fjejr{ fenmbimb vfejjdv ksrimb {ecir vcfjmknry vfejjd fnrccr-
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Im Lny ?116 {ec bjpcrmlcm{ dnsmfeck {ec Djmkjm Fenddcmbc- [ec
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n kckifn{ck limiv{cr im {ec cksfn{ijm kcqnr{lcm{ nmk vsqqjr{ck oy n
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vfejjdv lc{ {ec cuqcf{n{ijmv j qsqidv$ {cnfecrv$ dcnkcrv$ qnrcm{v nmk
{ec ikcr fjllsmi{y nmk ecdq Djmkjm {j ocfjlc {ec jrdkv dcnkimb
dcnrmimb nmk frcn{ipc fi{y-
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{j vcpcm{y vfejjdv nfrjvv Djmkjm$ hmjm nv Hcy {j Vsffcvv vfejjdv-
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{icv %Enfhmcy$ Ivdimb{jm$ Enrimbcy$ Vjs{enrh nmk Dnloc{e) ojrjsbev
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[ec livvimb likkdc7 {ec fnvc jr vfejjd fjllivvijmcrv61
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vfejjdv {j ilqdclcm{ nm nbrcck vfejjd ilqrjpclcm{ v{rn{cby- Qrjbrcvv
nv ljmi{jrck {erjsbe vfejjd ilqrjpclcm{ qnr{mcrveiq ojnrkv impjdpimb
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{ec brjsq kcqcmkimb jm {ecir qrjbrcvv-
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{j ojjv{ {cnfecr rcfrsi{lcm{ nmk rc{cm{ijm nmk {cnfecr ~sndi{y- [eiv nv
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ljrc {cnfecrv {j {cnfe im {ec ljv{ fenddcmbimb vfejjdv8
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jr Cksfn{ijm$ {en{ dimhck cksfn{ijm rcvcnrfe$ imi{ind {cnfecr {rnimimb
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Fjddcbc jr Vfejjd Dcnkcrveiq {ec fcm{rc qrjpikck n qjjd j vfejjddcnkcrv nodc {j qrjpikc {nrbc{ck vsqqjr{ {j Hcy {j Vsffcvv vfejjdv8
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vilidnr vfejjdv8
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nodc v{skcm{v8
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vqcfindiv{ vfejjdv$ mc vfejjdv nmk vqjmvjrck nfnkclicv8 nmk
N qdckbc {j qrjpikc cpcry Djmkjm v{skcm{ i{e nffcvv {j Djmkjmv
ecri{nbc j fsd{srnd nmk vqjr{imb cuqcricmfcv-
[ec bjpcrmlcm{ qrjpikck kckifn{ck rcvjsrfcv {j vsqqjr{ {ec ilqdc
lcm{n{ijm j Djmkjm Fenddcmbc- N{ i{v dnsmfe {ec qrjbrnllc enk n {j{nd
oskbc{ j nrjsmk ?1 liddijm qcr nmmsl$ i{e nrjsmk 6 lidd ijm npnidnodc
{jvsqqjr{ rnivimb v{nmknrkv im {ec Hcyv {j Vsffcvv vfejjdv-
Djmkjm Fenddcmbc cpjdpck nv i{ ocfnlc ljrc ln{src- @jr cunlqdc$
qrilnry vfejjdv crc imfdskck im {ec qrjbrnllc rjl ?115 jmnrkv-
Mc{jrhv j cuqcricmfck vfejjd dcnkcrv$ fjjrkimn{ck oy Dcnkcrveiq
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kcpcdjqimb nmk kcdipcrimb {cnfeimb nmk dcnkcrveiq qrjbrnllcv {en{
ilqrjpck {ec fnqnfi{y j vfejjdv nmk vfejjd dcnkcrv nfrjvv {ec fnqi{nd-
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imb vsqqjr{ {eclvcdpcv-Oy ?1>1 Djmkjm enk ljpck rjl ocimb {ec rcbijm i{e {ec djcv{
qrjqjr{ijm j qsqidv nfeicpimb {ec bjpcrmlcm{v ocmfelnrh j pc N'F
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{nrbc{ enk occm rnivck rjl ?3 {j 61 qcrfcm{ nmk {ec ocmfelnrh j pc
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Im Kcfclocr ?1>1 Jv{ck rcqjr{ck {en{ 61 qcrfcm{ j Djmkjmv djfnd
ns{ejri{y fjm{rjd dck vcfjmknry vfejjdv crc gskbck {j oc js{v{nmkimb$
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?16 vcfjmknry vfejjdv ecrc im ?1>> {ec qrjqjr{ijm j feidkrcm cdibiodc
[ec nkpivcrvjrhck i{e {ecvfejjd nmk i{vdjfnd ns{ejri{y nmkcrc nodc {j krnkjm smkimb nmklnrvend rcvjsrfcv
rjl j{ecr vfejjdv{j ilqdclcm{ nmnbrcck vfejjdilqrjpclcm{v{rn{cby
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6>; Ren{ fnm c dcnrm rjl j{ecr ccf{ipc cksfn{ijm ilqrjpclcm{ imi{in{ipcv:
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Mc Yjrh
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ondnmfc nv cpcmdy vqdi{ oc{ccm Nvinm nmk ei{c v{skcm{v- Nojs{ >6
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oy 6? djfnddy cdcf{ck vfejjd ojnrkv- Im ?111 {ec cksfn{ijm vyv{cl nvimfdskck im {ec Lnyjrv jfc nmk qjcrv nmk n kcqnr{lcm{ j cksfn{ijm
nv cv{nodiveck dck oy n fenmfcddjr- [j ycnrv dn{cr Lifencd Odjjlocrb
nv cdcf{ck nv lnyjr- Ec im {srm nqqjim{ck Gjcd Hdcim nv fenmfcddjr-
Fjm{rjpcrvinddy ec enk mj kircf{ cuqcricmfc im cksfn{ijm os{ enk nonfh
brjsmk im osvimcvv$ dn nmk qjdi{ifv-
Odjjlocrb nmk Hdcim imecri{ck en{ nv ikcdy qcrfcipck {j oc n nidimb
vfejjdv vyv{cl- [ec eibe vfejjd brnksn{ijm rn{c enk occm v{sfh n{ nrjsmk
31 qcrfcm{ jr kcfnkcv- _cdn{ijmv i{e {cnfecrv crc jpcrvenkjck oy
rcv{rif{ipc nbrcclcm{v i{e {ec vfejjd smijmv- Hdcim vqcm{ lsfe j eiv rv{
ycnr nv fenmfcddjr cmbnbimb i{e {ec vfejjd vyv{cl nmk djfnd fjllsmi{icv
nmk n{ {ec cmk j eife ec dnsmfeck eiv Feidkrcm @irv{ rcjrl imi{in{ipc-
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[ec Odjjlocrb nmk Hdcim rcjrlv ndd im {j kiv{imf{ qenvcv- Im ?116 {ecy
ocbnm oy kivlnm{dimb {ec 6? vfejjd ojnrkv nmk rcqdnfimb {ecl i{e >1
rcbijmv- Cnfe rcbijm fjm{nimck nrjsmk >?1 vfejjdv {en{ crc liuck im
{crlv j {ecir imfjlc nmk qcrjrlnmfc- N vsqcrim{cmkcm{ nv {nvhck i{e
jv{crimb {ec venrimb j ocv{ qrnf{ifc i{eim cnfe rcbijm-
[ec Fi{yv Kcqnr{lcm{ j Cksfn{ijm %KJC) ndvj lnmkn{ck n fjrc fsr
rifsdsl nmk imv{rsf{ijmnd nqqrjnfecv jr Cmbdive*dnmbsnbc nr{v %CDN) nmk
ln{ecln{ifv jr ndd vfejjdv n{ {ec cdclcm{nry dcpcd- [ec KJC vsqqjr{ck {ec
ilqdclcm{n{ijm j {eiv v{rn{cby oy7
Impcv{imb ecnpidy im qrjcvvijmnd kcpcdjqlcm{8
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vfejjdv v{rsbbdimb {ec ljv{-
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cv{nodiveck nm Ns{jmjly Wjmc bipimb {ec qrimfiqndv j ?9 vfejjdv %i{e {ec
mslocrv brjimb cnfe ycnr) brcn{cr kivfrc{ijm jpcr smkimb$ eirimb {cnfe
crv$ imv{rsf{ijmnd qrjbrnllcv nmk qrjcvvijmnd kcpcdjqlcm{- Im rc{srm
vfejjd dcnkcrv crc ecdk nffjsm{nodc jr lcc{imb vqcfif qcrjrlnmfc
{nrbc{v {en{ crc jpcrvccm oy n mcdyfrcn{ck Jfc j Nffjsm{noidi{y-
N{ {ec vnlc {ilc {ec KJC ocbnm {j fdjvc kjm qjjrdy qcrjrlimb eibe
vfejjdv$ frcn{imb mc vlndd eibe vfejjdv nmk cmfjsrnbimb {ec cuqnmvijm
j fenr{cr vfejjdv- V{skcm{ nffcvv {j mc vfejjdv nv nfidi{n{ck oy
jr rcc vfejjd lcndv jo{nimimb pc jr ljrc bjjk BFVCv cufcckck
{ec mn{ijmnd npcrnbc jr ndd feidkrcm- @jr{y qcrfcm{ j {ec vfejjdv crc
imDjmkjm-
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[ec livvimb likkdc7 {ec fnvc jr vfejjd fjllivvijmcrv6?
im{rjksfimb n fcm{rnd nklivvijmv vyv{cl {en{ ln{feck v{skcm{v qrccr
cmfcv i{e vfejjdv cdibioidi{y$ nklivvijmv qrijri{icv nmk lc{ejkv-
[ec vcfjmk qenvc j {ec Feidkrcm @irv{ rcjrlv ocbnm im ?110 onvck
rjsmk {ercc qrimfiqdcv7 dcnkcrveiq$ clqjcrlcm{ nmk nffjsm{noidi{y- [ec
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bjndv nmk nqqrjnfe-
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ecdk nffjsm{nodc jr v{skcm{ js{fjlcv- Eirimb jm {ec onviv j vcmijri{y nv
cmkck fjlqdc{cdy nmk vfejjdv clqjcrck {j fejjvc {cnfecrv jm lcri{-
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{jecdq {ecl rcpic imv{rsf{ijmnd c cf{ipcmcvv8
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nmk kcfivijmlnhimb i{eim fjddnojrn{ipc {cnlv oy gjim{dy cunlimimb
vfejjd kn{n$ {rjsodcvejj{imb fenddcmbcv nmk jfsvimb n{{cm{ijm jm
v{skcm{v ljv{ im mcck j vsqqjr{8 nmk
N fjlqrcecmvipc kn{n vyv{cl {ec Nfeicpclcm{ _cqjr{imb nmk
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kn{n im nm cnvidy nffcvviodc jrln{-
[ec Feidkrcm @irv{ rcjrlv enpc occm smkcrqimmck oy qrjpikimb qrimfi
qndv i{e imfrcnvck rcvjsrfcv {j ilqdclcm{ {ec v{rn{cbicv nmk n mc nir
v{skcm{ smkimb qrjfcvv {en{ nddjfn{cv smkimb onvck jm v{skcm{ fenrnf
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ny {j bj jm {ec ilqrjpclcm{ gjsrmcy {ec rcjrlv cmnf{ck oc{ccm ?116
nmk ?1>1 enk n qjvi{ipc ccf{ jm CDN nmk ln{ev qrjficmfy rn{cv im {ecjsr{e nmk cibe{e brnkcv nmk jm brnksn{ijm rn{cv %Hclqdc$ G- im JKny
c{nd$?1>>)-
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663 [ec ny jrnrk
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