The Modal Model of Memory1

8/12/2019 The Modal Model of Memory1

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Modal Model of the Mind

Long-term

memory

Working or

Short-termMemory

Sensory

Input

Sensory

Memory

AttentionEncoding

Retrieval

Maintenance Rehearsal


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Modal Model of the Mind

Three memory store that differ in function, capacity and

duration

Control processes - control movement of information

within and between memory stores

Long-term

memory

Working or

Short-term

Memory

Sensory

Input

Sensory

Memory

AttentionEncoding

Retrieval



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Sensory Memory Store

Function - holds

information long enough to

be processed for basic

physical characteristicsCapacity - large

can hold many items at once

Duration - very brief

retention of images.3 sec for visual info

2 sec for auditory info

Sensory

InputSensory

Memory


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Divided into two

subtypes:

iconic memory -

visual information

echoic memory -

auditory information

Visual or iconic

memory wasdiscovered by Sperling

in 1960

Sensory

InputSensory

Memory


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Sperlings Experiment

Presented matrix of letters for

1/20 seconds

Report as many letters as

possible Subjects recall only half of the

letters

Was this because subjects

didnt have enough time to

view entire matrix? No

How did Sperling know this?

K Z R

Q B T

S G N


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Sperlings Experiment

Sperling showed people can

see and recall ALL the letters

momentarily

Sounded low, medium or high

tone immediately after matrix

disappeared

tone signaled 1 row to report

recall was almost perfect

Memory for image fades after1/3 seconds or so, making

report of entire display hard to

do

K Z R

Q B T

S G N

High

Medium

Low


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Sperlings Iconic Memory

Experiment

Q C F T

S K G O

W R J B

1. Letters are displayed

on a screen for 1/20

of a second


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Experiment

2. Screen is blank


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Experiment

Length of time

varies up to

one second

HIGH

LOW

MEDIUM

3. Tone is sounded,

indicating row


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Experiment

4. Subject reports

letters in row

indicated by tone

S, K, G, ...


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Experiment

G V U

L S J

N A Z

A M K

X F Q

O U N


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What Letters Do You See?


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Sensory memory forms

automatically, withoutattention or

interpretation

Attention is needed to

transfer information toworking memory

Sensory

InputSensory

Memory


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Working Memory Store

Working or

Short-term

Memory

Sensory

Input

Sensory

Memory

Attention


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Function - conscious processing of information

where information is actively worked on

Capacity - limited (holds 7 +/- 2 items)

Duration - brief storage (about 30 seconds)

Code- Often based on sound or speech even

with visual inputs.

Working or

Short-term

Memory

Sensory

Input

Sensory

Memory

Attention


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What happens if you need to keep information

in working memory longer than 30 seconds?

To demonstrate, memorize the following

phone number (presented one digit at a time):

8 361975


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What is the number? 857-9163The number lasted in your working memory

longer than 30 seconds

So, how were you able to remember the

number?


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Mental or verbal repetition of information

allows information to remain in working

memory longer than the usual 30 seconds

Working or

Short-term

Memory

Sensory

Input

Sensory

Memory

Attention



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What happens if you cant use maintenance

rehearsal?

Memory decays quickly

To demonstrate, again memorize a phonenumber (presented one digit at a time)

BUT, have to count backwards from 1,000 by

sevens (i.e., 1014, 1007, 1000 etc.)

6 490582


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What is the number? 628-5094

Without rehearsal, memory fades


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Petersons STM Task

Test of memory for

3-letter nonsense

syllables Participants count

backwards for a few

seconds, then recall

Without rehearsal,memory fades 0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

3 6 9 12 15 18Time in seconds between presentation

of consonants and recall request(no rehearsal allowed)

Percentagewho recalledconsonants


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What happens if you need to remember more

than 7 +/- 2 items?

To demonstrate, memorize the following 16

digit number (presented one digit at a time):

181219982 00 11492


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Working Memory Model

Visuospatial sketch pad - holds visual and spatial info

Phonological loop - holds verbal information

Central executive - coordinates all activities of working

memory; brings new information into working memory fromsensory and long-term memory

Central

Executive

Visuospatial

Sketch Pad

Phonological

Loop


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Long-Term Memory Store

Once information passes from sensory to

working memory, it can be encoded into

long-term memory

Long-term

memory

Working or

Short-term

Memory

Sensory

Input

Sensory

Memory

AttentionEncoding

Retrieval



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Long-Term Memory Store

Function - organizes and stores information

more passive form of storage than working memory

Unlimited capacity

Duration - thought by some to be permanent

Long-term

memory

Working or

Short-term

Memory

Sensory

Input

Sensory

Memory

AttentionEncoding

Retrieval



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Summary

Modal model of memory

three memory stores (sensory,

working and long-term memory)

control processes (attention,

maintenance rehearsal, encoding

and retrieval) govern movement of

information within and betweenstores

Date post:	03-Jun-2018
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The Modal Model of Memory1

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