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THE MODERN THE MODERN PERIODIC TABLEPERIODIC TABLE
MendeleevMendeleev
1834 - 19071834 - 1907 1869 – Dmitri 1869 – Dmitri
Mendeleev Mendeleev published the first published the first periodic tableperiodic table
MendeleevMendeleev
Born in Siberia, the last Born in Siberia, the last of 14-17 childrenof 14-17 children
Father blind, mother ran Father blind, mother ran glass factoryglass factory
When he finished high When he finished high school, his father died school, his father died and the factory burnt and the factory burnt downdown
MendeleevMendeleev
His mother took His mother took him to St. him to St. Petersburg to study Petersburg to study sciencescience
Denied admission Denied admission to the university, he to the university, he studied at a school studied at a school for teachersfor teachers
MendeleevMendeleev
In time, he became In time, he became a professor of a professor of chemistry at the U. chemistry at the U. of St. Petersburgof St. Petersburg
While writing a While writing a chemistry chemistry textbook, he textbook, he developed the developed the periodic tableperiodic table
MendeleevMendeleev Where a gap existed in Where a gap existed in
his table, he predicted his table, he predicted a new element would a new element would be found and deduced be found and deduced its propertiesits properties
He was right. Three He was right. Three elements were found elements were found during his lifetimeduring his lifetime
Ga, Sc, GeGa, Sc, Ge
MendeleevMendeleev
The discovered The discovered elements provided the elements provided the strongest support for strongest support for his periodic tablehis periodic table
It is a cornerstone in It is a cornerstone in chemistry and in our chemistry and in our understanding of how understanding of how the universe is put the universe is put togethertogether
MendeleevMendeleev
Mendeleev’s Mendeleev’s table arranged table arranged the elements in the elements in order of order of increasing increasing atomic massatomic mass
Modern Periodic TableModern Periodic Table
Modern Periodic TableModern Periodic Table
Square of the periodic table contains anSquare of the periodic table contains an
element’s atomic #, chemical symbol, element’s atomic #, chemical symbol, atomic massatomic mass
Modern Periodic TableModern Periodic Table
An element’s An element’s properties can be properties can be predicted from its predicted from its location in the location in the periodic tableperiodic table
The elements in each The elements in each group have the same group have the same number of valence number of valence electronselectrons
METALSMETALS
Most elements are Most elements are metalsmetals
88 elements to the 88 elements to the left of the left of the “staircase” are “staircase” are metals or metal like metals or metal like elementselements
Physical Properties Physical Properties of Metalsof Metals
Luster (shininess)Luster (shininess) Good conductors of heat and Good conductors of heat and
electricityelectricity High density (heavy for their size)High density (heavy for their size) High melting pointHigh melting point Some metals (Fe, Co and Ni) are Some metals (Fe, Co and Ni) are
magneticmagnetic
Physical Properties Physical Properties of Metalsof Metals
Ductile (most metals can be drawn out Ductile (most metals can be drawn out into thin wires)into thin wires)
Malleable (most metals can be Malleable (most metals can be hammered into thin sheets)hammered into thin sheets)
METALSMETALS
Chemical Properties Chemical Properties of Metalsof Metals
Metals show a wide Metals show a wide range of chemical range of chemical propertiesproperties
Reactivity – ease and Reactivity – ease and speed with which an speed with which an element combines, or element combines, or reacts with other reacts with other elements and elements and compoundscompounds
Chemical Properties Chemical Properties of Metalsof Metals
Some metals are Some metals are very reactive, some very reactive, some do not react easilydo not react easily
AlloyAlloy – mixture of – mixture of metalsmetals
Examples: bronze, Examples: bronze, brass, stainless brass, stainless steelsteel
Chemical Properties Chemical Properties of Metalsof Metals
Easily lose electronsEasily lose electrons Corrode easily. Corrosion is a gradual Corrode easily. Corrosion is a gradual
wearing awaywearing away Examples of corrosion: silver Examples of corrosion: silver
tarnishing and iron rustingtarnishing and iron rusting
Families of MetalsFamilies of Metals
Group 1 – Alkali MetalsGroup 1 – Alkali Metals
Group 1 – Alkali MetalsGroup 1 – Alkali Metals
Li Li
Na Na
One valence One valence electronelectron
Most reactiveMost reactive SoftSoft Low densitiesLow densities Low melting pointLow melting point
Group 1 – Alkali MetalsGroup 1 – Alkali Metals
Combine with Combine with negative ions to negative ions to form saltsform salts
Group 1 – Alkali MetalsGroup 1 – Alkali Metals
Na, KNa, K Na compounds in Na compounds in
large amounts in large amounts in sea watersea water
Na and K both Na and K both essential for lifeessential for life
Group 1 – Alkali MetalsGroup 1 – Alkali Metals
Group 2 – Alkaline Earth MetalsGroup 2 – Alkaline Earth Metals
Two valence Two valence electronselectrons
Very reactiveVery reactive
Group 2 – AlkalineGroup 2 – AlkalineEarth MetalsEarth Metals
Magnesium and Magnesium and calcium are common calcium are common alkaline earth metalsalkaline earth metals
Calcium compounds Calcium compounds make up much of your make up much of your bones and teethbones and teeth
Group 2 – AlkalineGroup 2 – AlkalineEarth MetalsEarth Metals
Magnesium, when Magnesium, when combined with combined with aluminum, makes a aluminum, makes a strong but strong but lightweight alloylightweight alloy
Group 2 – Alkaline Earth MetalsGroup 2 – Alkaline Earth Metals
Transition MetalsTransition Metals
Transition MetalsTransition Metals
Elements in Groups Elements in Groups 3 – 12 3 – 12
Bridge between very Bridge between very reactive metals on reactive metals on left side and less left side and less reactive metals on reactive metals on the right sidethe right side
Transition MetalsTransition Metals
Transition metals Transition metals are fairly stableare fairly stable
React slowly or not React slowly or not at allat all
Rare Earth MetalsRare Earth Metals
Lanthanides and Lanthanides and ActinidesActinides
Lanthanides are Lanthanides are soft, shiny metals soft, shiny metals with high with high conductivityconductivity
Actinides are all Actinides are all radioactive. Some radioactive. Some not found in naturenot found in nature
NONMETALSNONMETALS
Nonmetals are found to the right of the Nonmetals are found to the right of the stair step linestair step line
17 elements17 elements Make up most of the human bodyMake up most of the human body
Physical Properties of NonmetalsPhysical Properties of Nonmetals
The physical properties of The physical properties of nonmetals are opposite to nonmetals are opposite to those of metalsthose of metals
Physical PropertiesPhysical Propertiesof Nonmetalsof Nonmetals
No luster (dull appearance)No luster (dull appearance) Poor conductor of heat and electricityPoor conductor of heat and electricity Brittle (breaks easily)Brittle (breaks easily) Not ductileNot ductile Many are gases at room temperatureMany are gases at room temperature
Physical PropertiesPhysical Propertiesof Nonmetalsof Nonmetals
Not malleableNot malleable Low densityLow density Low melting pointLow melting point Elements in this group have one Elements in this group have one
valence electronvalence electron How does this affect their reactivity?How does this affect their reactivity? It makes them It makes them VERY REACTIVE.VERY REACTIVE.
Chemical Properties Chemical Properties on Nonmetalson Nonmetals
Have many electrons in their highest Have many electrons in their highest energy levelenergy level
Form negative ionsForm negative ions Gain electronsGain electrons Noble gases do not react with other Noble gases do not react with other
elementselements
Chemical PropertiesChemical Propertiesof Nonmetalsof Nonmetals
Diatomic molecule Diatomic molecule – when nonmetals form – when nonmetals form molecules of two identical atomsmolecules of two identical atoms
H HH H
METALLOIDSMETALLOIDS
Elements that Elements that border the zigzag border the zigzag line have properties line have properties of both metals and of both metals and nonmetalsnonmetals
These elements are These elements are called called metalloidsmetalloids..
Physical PropertiesPhysical Propertiesof Metalloidsof Metalloids
SolidsSolids Can be shiny or dullCan be shiny or dull DuctileDuctile MalleableMalleable Conduct heat and electricity better Conduct heat and electricity better
than nonmetals, but not as well as than nonmetals, but not as well as metalsmetals
Physical PropertiesPhysical Propertiesof Metalloidsof Metalloids
Some are Some are semiconductors, semiconductors, such as Si (silicon)such as Si (silicon)
Boron GroupBoron Group Boron is the only Boron is the only
element in group 13 element in group 13 that is not a metalthat is not a metal
B is brittle, black B is brittle, black metalloidmetalloid
Al is the most Al is the most abundant metal in the abundant metal in the earth’s crustearth’s crust
Aluminum has many Aluminum has many usesuses
Carbon GroupCarbon Group
Carbon is the only Carbon is the only nonmetal in Group nonmetal in Group 1414
Two common forms Two common forms – graphite and – graphite and diamonddiamond
Each element has Each element has four valence four valence electronselectrons
Group 14 – Carbon GroupGroup 14 – Carbon Group
Carbon is the Carbon is the element essential element essential for lifefor life
It is unique because It is unique because it can link up with it can link up with other C atoms to other C atoms to form long chainsform long chains
Carbon GroupCarbon Group
Si and Ge are Si and Ge are metalloidsmetalloids
Sn and Pb are Sn and Pb are metalsmetals
Group 15 – Nitrogen GroupGroup 15 – Nitrogen Group
N and P are nonmetalsN and P are nonmetals N makes up 80% of airN makes up 80% of air N is essential to lifeN is essential to life N-fixing bacteria take N-fixing bacteria take
N from air and change N from air and change into compounds into compounds plants can useplants can use
Group 15 – Nitrogen GroupGroup 15 – Nitrogen Group
P (Phosphorus) P (Phosphorus) also necessary for also necessary for lifelife
P in bones, teeth P in bones, teeth and DNAand DNA
As and Sb are As and Sb are metalloidsmetalloids
Group 16 – Oxygen GroupGroup 16 – Oxygen Group
O is the most O is the most abundant element abundant element on earthon earth
O is very reactive O is very reactive and can combine and can combine with almost every with almost every other elementother element
S, Se are also S, Se are also nonmetalsnonmetals
Group 17 -- HalogensGroup 17 -- Halogens
Halogen means Halogen means “salt-former”“salt-former”
Halogens combine Halogens combine with metals to form with metals to form saltssalts
Have 7 valence Have 7 valence electronselectrons
F is the most F is the most reactive nonmetalreactive nonmetal
Group 18 – The Noble GasesGroup 18 – The Noble Gases
Colorless gasesColorless gases Do not combine Do not combine
with other elementswith other elements Outer electron shell Outer electron shell
is fullis full
Group 18 – The Noble GasesGroup 18 – The Noble Gases
He is the second He is the second lightest gaslightest gas
HydrogenHydrogen
H does not fit in H does not fit in with any groupwith any group
Reacts easily with Reacts easily with other elementsother elements
Can act like a metal Can act like a metal or a nonmetalor a nonmetal
QUIZ YOURSELF!QUIZ YOURSELF!
What are the rows What are the rows across the periodic across the periodic table called?table called?
Answer:Answer:
PERIODSPERIODS
QUIZ YOURSELF!QUIZ YOURSELF!
What is the term for What is the term for the vertical the vertical columns in the columns in the Periodic Table?Periodic Table?
Answer: Groups or Answer: Groups or FamiliesFamilies
QUIZ YOURSELF!QUIZ YOURSELF!
How are the elements arranged in the How are the elements arranged in the periodic table?periodic table?
In order of increasing atomic numberIn order of increasing atomic number
QUIZ YOURSELF!QUIZ YOURSELF!
What is the most What is the most reactive group of reactive group of metals?metals?