The Most Dangerous Games

By William Golding

Lesson Nine

Contents

• Part One: Warm-up

• Part Two: Background Information

Part Three: Text Appreciation Part Four: Detailed Study

Part Five: Assignment

Warm upQuestions

1.What games did you play in childhood? And which one impresses you most?

2.Have you played any dangerous games? What are they? Would you introduce one to your classmates?

3. Work together with your classmates and make up a story entitled “The Most Dangerous ____”.

Background information

1. About the author• Richard Connell was a prolific writer in the first several decades of the

twentieth century. He was born October 17,1893, in a New York state community near the Hudson River, not far from Theodore Roosevelt's homestead. He started his writing career early, working as a reporter for the Poughkeepsie News-Press while still in high school. He spent a year at Georgetown College

Richard Connell was a prolific writer in the first several decades of the twentieth century. He was born October 17,1893, in a New York state community near the Hudson River, not far from Theodore Roosevelt's homestead. He started his writing career early, working as a reporter for the Poughkeepsie News-Press while still in high school. He spent a year at Georgetown College

He was a very prolific writer. Connell was claimed to have written over 300 short stories. His novels Mad Lover, (1927) Murder at Sea (1929) Playboy (1936) What Ho! (1937) His short story The Sin of Monsieur Pettipon and Other Tales (1922)

Apes and Angels (1924) Variety (1925) Ironies (1930)

Background information2. The Fox and the cat

There are two versions for the fable. One is Aesop’s version, and the other is Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm’s version.Aesop’s VersionA fox was boasting to a cat of its clever devices for escaping its enemies. "I have a whole bag of tricks," he said, "which contains a hundred ways of escaping my enemies." "I have only one," said the cat. "But I can generally manage with that."

Just at that moment they heard the cry of a pack of hounds coming towards them, and the cat immediately scampered up a tree and hid herself in the boughs. "This is my plan," said the cat. "What are you going to do?" The fox thought first of one way, then of another, and while he was debating, the hounds came nearer and nearer, and at last the fox in his confusion was caught up by the hounds and soon killed by the huntsmen.Miss Puss, who had been looking on, said, "Better one safe way than a hundred on which you cannot reckon."

Background information3. Madam Butterfly

• Nagasaki, Japan, the end of the Nineteenth Century. Benjamin Franklin Pinkerton (Richard Troxell), a young American lieutenant, buys a home and a geisha-wife (Butterfly), 15 years old. Sharpless (Richard Cowan), the U.S. consul, warns him that what for him is an exotic, passing fling, for Butterfly has serious consequences, having broken her ties with her family, culture and religion. Pinkerton goes back to his ship and his commission, to return three years later with an American wife. Butterfly, who has borne him a son and has rejected an offer of marriage from a rich nobleman, feels obliged to sacrifice her life in order to safeguard her honor.

Text Appreciation 1. Theme

• Rainsford, a noted hunter, falls off a ship and swims to an island. He finds there the evil General Zaroff who, with the help of his assistant, hunts humans for sport. After three days of fighting for his life in the jungle while Zaroff hunts him, Rainsford surprises Zaroff and kills him.

Text Appreciation 2. Structure

• Part 1 (Paras. 1—14 ) Zaroff invited Rainsford to play the game and Rainsford was forced to accept the proposal.

• Part 2 (Paras.15—45 ) The game began and Rainsford tried his best to survive.

• Part 2 ( Para.46 ) The game ended in the winning of Rainsford. And Rainsford proved to be the most dangerous game.

Text Appreciation 3. Writing Devices

• Oxymoron: a compressed paradox, formed by the conjoining of two contrasting, contradictory or incongruous terms

e.g. He was deliciously tired. (Para. 39)

Here “deliciously” and “tired” are two contradictory ideas. The author uses the two together in order to convey the idea that although the General is very tired, he has enjoyed himself in playing the game with Rainsford and his illness “boredom” has been driven away.

Text Appreciation 4. Questions for discussion

• l. What made The Most Dangerous Game frightening?• 2.Talk about how Connell inspires fear without obvious

bloodshed/grotesqueness.• 3. What is setting? • 4. The importance of setting in this part (18-19)• 5. Where is the story set (geographically)? • 6. What is your feeling when reading Para (15-19)?

What are the words, phrases or sentences contributing to your feeling?

Detailed study of the Text• Words :• Verb: fight his way, plunge, spur, • blunder, crawl• Noun: panic, devil, snake/night, • silence/jungle, cry/bird• Adj/adv: tight (teeth), sharp (feeling), • rude path, legweary, • dead/wounded, dingy gray, • startled, slowly/ carefully

• 1 ．“ Genneral，” said Rainsford firmly “I wish to leave this island at once.” (1)

Rainsford wishes to leave that island at once because he feels extremely uncomfortable when the general tells him about his favorite game. He does not want to stay any longer under the same roof with this maniac.

• 2. The general raised his eyebrows. He seems hurt. (2)

The general seems hurt because he had expected Rainford, a great hunter himself, to jump at his proposal: Rainsford’s refusal to play the game therefore seems to be ingratitude. Notion how lightly the general takes human life. For him, the whole thing is just sport. The fact that it amounts to murder obviously never occurs to him.

• 3. ＂ I wish to go today,” said Rainsford. He saw the dead black eyes of the general on him, studying him. General Zaroff’s face suddenly brightened. He filled Rainsford’s glass.(3)

Rainsford sees the general starling’s response. He does not know whether or not he is serious.

To brighten: to become cheerful• 4. ＂ Tonight,” said the general, “we will hunt—you

and I .”(4) Notice how the general makes it sound like a fair game.

Instead of saying “ I will hunt you down, and you can try to slip through my fingers,” he says, “We will hunt—You and I.”

• 5. ＂ No, General,” said Rainsford. “I will not hunt.” (5)

Rainsford refuses to play the game of hunting human being. “Will” is used here to indicate volition.

• 6. The general shrugged his shoulders. ”As you wish, my friend. The choice rests entirely with you. But may I venture to suggest that you’ll find my idea of sport more interesting than Ivan’s?” (6)

The choice rests entirely with you: It’s up to you (It’s for you to decide) whether to playthis game or not.

To rest with sb to do sth: (fml) to be sb’s responsibility to so sth

• 7. He nodded toward the corner to where the giant stood, his thick arms crossed on his hogshead of a chest. (7)

He nods toward Ivsn, who is standing in the corner of the room, whose chest is as big and thick as a barrel.

Notice that here “of” is used between two nouns, with the first describing second.

More examples: the devil of a temper; the fool of a doctor; the monkey of a child

• 8. ＂ You don’t mean— ”cried Rainsford.(8) Rainsford cannot believe his ears that the man who has

shown such hospitality and has talked like a gentleman is now actually threatening to have him flogged to death.

• 9. “My dear follow,” said the general, “ have I not told you I always mean what I say about hunting?”(9)

Notice the police tone that the general always uses.• 10. The general raised his glass, but Rainsford sat at

him.(10) The general is now ready to propose to toast to Rainsford

for the coming game. But Rainsford still does not know what to make of the whole thing.

• 11. “You`ll find the game worth playing ,” the general said enthusiastically. “Your brain against mine. Your woodcraft against mine. Your strength and stamina against mine. Outdoor chess!And the stake is not without value, ah?”(11)

Zaroff viewed this hunting game as a contest of intelligence ,ability, knowledge, skill, experience, mental and physical power.

Your brain against mine: Your brain will be competing with mine. Notice that this is not a complete sentence.

Outdoor chess: It will be just like outdoor chess. And the stake is not without value: And in this game our

stake are our precious lives. Stakes: (usually plural)money risked on the result of a

game or a game or race, all of which is taken by the winner

• 12. “ And if I win ---“ began Rainsford huskily . (12)• Huskily: in a husky voice ; in a semi-whispered tone,

hoarse from passion• 13. “I`ll cheerfully acknowledge my defeat…”(13)• I`ll happily admit my defeat.• 14. “ My boat will place you on the mainland near a

town .” (13)• To place : to put sb/sth somewhere carefully• 15. He sipped his wine , and then in a businesslike air ,

he went on ,…(13)• To sip his wine: to drink very slowly , taking small

mouthful (called sips)• In a businesslike air : in a businesslike manner; in a

practical way

• 16. “Ivan will supply you with hunting clothes, food, a knife. I suggest you wear moccasins; they leave a poorer trail. I suggest too that you avoid the big swamp in the southeast corner of the island. (13)

• Notice how the general tries to make things easy for his adversary and make things difficult for himself. He does this because he is absolutely sure of the result of the game. He knows that he will win. His only worry is that the game would end too soon. Therefore he adopts this condescending attitude throughout.

• 17. One foolish fellow tried it. The deplorable part of it was that Lazarus followed him. He was the finest hound in my pack. (13)

• One fellow (someone who was forced to play this game) was foolish enough to try to escape through the Death Swamp, and he got himself killed. His death was no big loss to the general. But the trouble was his best hound followed that foolish man and also got sucked in by quicksand.

• 18. General Zaroff, with a deep courtly bow, strolled from the room. (14)

• Courtly: graceful and polite (Remember that the general had been a Russian general.)

• To stroll from the room: to walk away slowly and in a relaxed way

• 19.Rainsford had fought his way through the bush for two hours .”I must keep my nerve. I must keep my nerve,” he said through tight teeth. (15)

• Rainsford realizes that his life is at sake, and unless he keeps calm and acts wisely, he would certainly be hunted down.

• to fight one’s way: Compare with “to make one’s way”, “to struggle along “, “to press on”, “to plunge on/along,”etc.

• to keep one’s way: opposite: to lose one’s nerve.

• 20.He had not been entirely clear-headed when the chateau gates snapped shut behind him. (16)

• Rainsford is half dazed when the gates close behind him because everything seems so weird.

• to snap shut: to be shut with a snap (a sudden loud sound)• Similar expressions: to roar past; to bang shut; to pop

open; to rattle past.• 21. His whole idea at first was to put distance between

himself and Genera Zaroff. (16)• At first he just wanted to get as far away as possible from

this terrible man.• His whole idea: his only aim or intention • to put distance between himself and General Zaroff: to

get far away from General Zaroff

• 22. He had plunged along, spurred on by a sharp feeling of panic. (16)to plunge: to move suddenly and quickly

to be spurred on: to be driven; to be pushed forward; to be stimulated

• 23. But now he had got a grip on himself, had stopped, and was taking stock of himself and the situation. (16)

to get a grip on oneself: to start controlling one’s emotion; to calm down

to take stock of: to assess; to make an appraisal of; to size up (the situation)

• 24. He saw that straight flight was futile; inevitably it would bring him face to face with the sea. He was in a picture with a frame of water, and his operations, clearly, must take place within that frame. (17)

He knows that he cannot escape General Zaroff by simply running straight ahead because he is on a small island.

• 25. I’ll give him a trail to follow,” muttered Rainsford, and he struck off from therude paths he had been following into the trackless wilderness. (18)

to strike off: to walk away in a determined way rude paths: rough-hewn paths• 26. He executed a series of intricate loops; he doubled

on his trail again and again. (18) He performs a series of complicated loops; He moves round and round, covering the same trail again and again so as to confuse his pursuer.

to execute: (fml) to perform a difficult act or movement loop: a sharp produced by a curve crossing itself; a path or

trail shaped roughly like this• 27. … recalling all the lore of the fox hunt, and all the

dodges of the fox. (18) … remembering all the things he learned in fox hunt and the way the hunted tried to escape.

• 28. Night found him legweary, with hands and face lashed by the braches, on a thickly wooded ridge. (18)

When night falls, he is too tired to walk. Notice that the subject in the sentence is impersonal.

More examples: The new semester found her fresh and energetic. The year 2002 witnessed a sharp increase in our export.• 29.He knew it would be insane to blunder on through

the dark, even if he had the strength. (18) He knows that it would be silly (crazy, mad) to continue running blindly in the dark.

To blunder on: to go on blindly and unthinkingly To blunder: to make a big mistake, esp. because you are

careless or stupid Also: to blunder out the truth; to blunder into the room

• 30. “I have played the fox,” he thought, “now I must play the cat.” (18)

Rainsford says to himself that he has done enough running and now should hide up in a tree.

Here he is alluding to the fable about the fox and the cat (see notes to the text).

• 31. …after a fashion , rested. (18) …rested in a way although it is not very satisfactory.• 32.Even so zealous a hunter as General Zroff could not

trace him there, he told himself. (18) Even a fanatic hunter such as General Zroff could not

follow him there, he tells himself.

• 33. The night crawled slowly like a wounded snake, and sleep did not visit Rainsford although the silence of a dead world was on the jungle. (19)

Time moves very slowly. Rainsford is so worried and scared that he cannot sleep although it is very quiet in the jungle.

Notice the author’s metaphor, comparing the advancing of the night to the crawling of a wounded snake. A wounded snake moves very slowly of course, but it is very dangerous and is ready to attack at any moment.

• 34. Toward morning when a dingy gray was varnishing the sky, the cry of some startled bird focused rainsford’s attention in that direction. Something was coming through the bush, slowly, carefully; by the same winding way rainsford had come. He flattened himself down on the limb, and through a screen of leaves, saw it was a man. (19)

Notice how the author skillfully builds up the tension: First, the cry of a startled bird, then something moving by the same winding way, then the sight of a man, finally the realization of who the man is. This method is used repeatedly throughout the story.

• 35. Rainsford’s impulse was to hurl himself down like a panther, but he saw that the general’ right hand held something metallic---a small automatic pistol. (20)

Rainsford’s first reaction is to jump upon General Zaroff and take his chances, but then he is checked by the sight of the pistol in the general’s right hand.

• 36. The general’s eyes were now traveling inch by inch up the tree, Rainsford froze there, every muscle tensed for a spring. But the sharp eyes of the hunter stopped before they reached the limb where Rainsford lay; a smile spread over his face. (20)

by: after; next after, as of the same items in a series, e.g. inch by inch; day by day; piece by piece; little by little; bit

by bit Why do the general’s eyes move so slowly up the tree? And

why do his sharp eyes suddenly stop before they reached the limb where Rainsford is lying? Perhaps his eyes are not so sharp after all? Then why does he smile if he has failed?

• 37. Very deliberately he blew a smoke ring into the air, and then turned and walked carelessly away. (21)

deliberately: slowly and unhurriedly It is clear that he has discovered Rainsford’s hiding place.

He does not want to fin

• 38. The pent-up air burst hotly from Rainsford’s lungs. (22)

The pent-up air: the air he had held in his lungs while the general was right under the tree. It probably comes from the phrasal verb “to open up”, which means to restrict or to shut animals in a small enclosed area.

• 39. …he must have uncanny powers; only by the merest chance had the Cossack failed to see his quarry. (22)

Rainsford’s first thought is terrible. He now realizes that the general has incredible or even supernatural powers, and he has had a very narrow escape only by the merest chance.

• 40. Rainsford’s second thought was even more terrible. It sent a shudder of cold horror through his whole being. (23)

• Rainsford’s second thought is even more terrible. It makes him tremble all over. (Or: A feeling of horror sweeps over him.)

• through his whole being: through his whole body• 41. “I will not lose my nerve. I will not.”(25)• It shows that Rainsford is already losing nerve. He is

trying desperately not to let this happen.• 42. The job was soon finished, and he threw himself

down behind a fallen log a hundred feet away. (26)• What job is soon finished? The author doses not say. He

wants to keep the readers in suspense.

• 43. Following the trail with the sureness of a bloodhound came the general. (27)

Inverted sentence. The normal order should be: the general came following the trail with the sureness of a bloodhound.

Bloodhound: a large hunting dog with a very sharp sense of smell

• 44. So intent was the Cossack on his stalking that he was upon the thing Rainsford had made before he saw it. (27)

Inverted sentence. The normal order should be: the Cossack was so intent on his stalking that he was upon the thing rainsford had made before he saw it.

• 45. His foot touched the protruding bought that was the tiger. (27)

the protruding bought: the bough that was sticking out bough: a main branch on a tree Cf. branch; limb; twig; trunk• 46. He sensed the danger and leaped back with the agility of

an ape. (27) to sense the danger: to feel that there is danger although there is

no proof with the agility of an ape: with the quickness of a monkey to be agile: to be able to move quickly and easily• 47. delicately adjusted(←27) Very carefully adjusted• 48. … but for his alertness, he must have been smashed

beneath it. (27) If it had not been for his alertness ( If he had not been so alert ),

he would certainly have been crushed to death. but for: without

• 49. “Rainsford ,” called the general , “ if you are within sound of my voice , as I suppose you are , let me congratulate you . Not many men know how to make a Malay man-catcher. You are proving interesting , Mr. Rainsford.” (28)

• The general knows the trick. He wants to show his appreciation for Rainsford’s effort. But he still does not give up his condescending tone because he is still confident that he is the better hunter.

• man-catcher: Notice that “-er” is not used here to refer to a person. It refers to a device.

• You are proving interesting: You are becoming interesting. You are turning out to be more interesting than I thought. Now I will take you a little more seriously. (Notice the arrogance in his tone.)

• 50. “I’m going now to have my wound dressed. But I shall be back. I shall be back.” ((28)

to have my wound dressed: to have my wound cleaned and bandaged

But I shall be back: “Shall” here indicates will and determination. The general promises

Rainsford that he would come back to get him.• 51. …When the general had gone , Rainsford took up his

flight again. ((29) to take up : to continue an activity• 52. and insect bit him savagely. (29) Insect : It should be in the plural , misprint in the text. Savagely : viciously; violently; fiercely• 53. Then, as he stepped forward, his foot sank into the

ooze. (29) Then, as he stepped forward, his foot sank into the muck or

quicksand.

• 54. He tried to wrench it back, but the muck sucked viciously at his foot as if it were a giant leech. (30)

to wrench back: to twist and pull it away• 55. He had dug himself in France when a second’s

delay meant death. That had been a placid pastime compared to his digging now. (30)

Here both “ins” should be kept. To dig in means to dig a hole to hide in and protect yourself from enemy bullets.

• 56. … he climbed out and from hard saplings cut stakes and sharpened them to a fine point. (30)

… he climbed out of the pit and cut stakes from young hard-wood trees and sharpened them.

• 57. He crouched behind a lightning-charred tree and waited. Soon he heard the padding sound of feet on the soft earth. (31)

a lightning-charred tree : a tree which had been struck and burnt by lightning

to pad : to walk with a soft , steady sound• 58. Rainsford lived a tear in a minute. (32) For Rainsford , a minute seems as long as a year because he is so

frightened and anxious.• 59. Then he felt an impulse to cry out with joy , for he heard

the sharp scream of pain as the cover of the pit gave way and the pointed stakes found their mark.(←31)

to give way : to break because of too much weight or pressure ; to collapse

to find their mark : to hit their target• 60. “Your Burmese tiger pit has claimed one of my best

dogs.” (32) “Your Burmese tiger pit has killed one of my best dogs.”

• 61. At daybreak Rainsford was awakened by a sound that made him know that he had new things to learn about fear. (33)

At dawn Rainsford is awakened by the baying of the hounds that makes him even more terrified than before.

• 62. That was postponing the inevitable. (34) That was merely delaying the inevitable result. He was

going to die either way.• 63. Straining his eyes, he saw the lean figure of the

general; just ahead of him he made out another figure; it was the giant Ivan. ( 35)

lean: thin in a healthy and athletic way

• 64. He caught hold of a springy young sapling and to it he fastened his hunting knife, with the blade pointed down the trail. ( 36)

Springy: like a spring More examples: cottony snow ( like cotton ); rubbery taste ( like

rubber ) ; feathery leaves ( like feathers ); an oily liquid ( like

rubber ) to fasten sth to a place : to tie sth to a place with the blade pointed down the trail : Compare the word

blade here with the same word in “ no crushed blade of grass “• 65.The hounds raised their voices as they hit the fresh scent.

（ 36 ） to hit the fresh scent: to pick up the smell of the hunted animal

or person again

• 66.But the hope that was in his brain died.(37) Rainsford had hoped that this time he would kill General

Zaroff.• 67.The knife, driven by the recoil of the springing tree had

not wholly failed.(37) recoil: a sudden backward movement (often said of a gun

when it is fired) The knife had not wholly failed because it had found a lesser

mark.• 68.Rainsford had hardly tumbled to the ground when the

pack took up the cry again.(38) As soon as Rainsford tumbled to the ground, the pack took

up the cry again. Or : Rainsford had no soone tumbled to the ground than the pack took up the cry again. Refresh students’ memory of this expression: had hardly done sth when sth else happened. Notice that Rainsford does not climb or slide down the tree this time, he tumbles to the ground.

• 69. “Nerve, nerve, nerve!” he panted, as he dashed along.(38)

As the story moves quickly toward its climax, the author begins to use increasingly shorter sentences which has the effect of quickening the tempo of the narration. When Rainsford first start his flight, he keeps saying to himself that he must keep his nerve. Later he mutters to himself that he must not lose his nerve because he is really losing his control, now he can say only one word “nerve, nerve, nerve!”

• 70.A blue gap showed between the trees dead ahead.(39) Rainsford has a glimpse of the sea between the trees. dead ahead: straight ahead. Notice some of the idiomatic

intensifiers we often come across: to be dead serious ( very serious); to be dead drunk ;to be

dead certain; to be stone dead (very dead); to be dog-tired (very tired); to be stark naked (completely naked); to be stark raving mad ( completely mad)

• 71. Rainsford forced himself on toward the gap.(38) List and compare all the expressions the author uses to

describe how Rainsford tries to escape: to put distance between him and the general; to plunge on; to take up the flight again; to press on; to run for his life; to dash along; to force himself on.

• 72.The sea rumbled and hissed.(38) to rumble and hiss: (onomatopoeia) They refer to the

sound made by sea waves coming to the shore and receding

• 73. Rainsford hesitated. He heard the hounds.(38) What does he intend to do? Why does he hesitate? What

finally makes up his mind? Read on and students will be able to find the answers to these questions.

• 74.For some minutes he stood regarding the blue green expanse of water. He shrugged his shoulders.(39)

he stood regarding: he stood looking at ( the blue green expanse of water)

what do you think is going on in the general’s mind at that moment? Why does he shrug his shoulders?

• 75.Then he sat down,…and hummed a bit from “Madame Butterfly.”(39)

Is the general pleased of displeased with the result? Interestingly enough, he is very pleased because he has had an unusually exciting game. Therefore he has an exceedingly good dinner and hums a bit from “Madame Butterfly”.

• 76.Two slight annoyances kept him from perfect enjoyment.(39)

However it had not been perfect enjoyment for him because there were two slight annoyances.

• 77.He was deliciously tired. (39) This is a common figure of speech called oxymoron. For

more examples, see Exercise5 on Page 280.• 78. …and he called:“ Better luck another time,” to

them. It is the general’s usual practice to feed the dead body of

his captive played in the game. This time, however, the hounds do not have such luck because Rainsford drowned in the sea as the general thinks.

• 79.“I am still a beast at bay,”e said, in a low hoarse voice,“Get ready, General Zaroff.” （ 44 ）

“Get ready.” For what? Rainsford is now challenging the general to a duel.

• 80.The general made one of the deepest bows. “I see，” he said .“Splendid! One of us is to furnish a repast for the bounds. The other will sleep in this very excellent bed. On guard, Rainsford…”(45)

Does the general flinch at the suggestion? No, he actually likes the idea.

Notice that there is something amusing about the way the conflict is finally resolved. It was like a duel between knights in the Middle Ages, in which they fought hard but fair.

• One of us is to furnish a repast for the bounds: One of us ---that is , the one who loses---is to be thrown to the dogs.( The victor will sleep in this excellent bed. )

• 81. He had never slept in a better bed, Rainsford decided. (46)

So who won the dual? The fact that Rainsford can now sleep in this wonderful bed is a clear indication that he has come out the winner. Notice that the author does not waste words on describing the process. He simply tells us the result, thus leaving everything else to our own imagination.

• to decide: to come to a conclusion.

• His spectacles caught the light so that you could see nothing human behind them.

• P: The teacher’s glasses caught the light and therefore the boy could not see the teacher’s eyes. He could not have any eye contact. He could not have any communication with him.

Gandhi (1869-1948) and Nehru (1889-1964) were both leaders of the Free-India Movement which aimed at winning national independence for India through non-violent, civil-disobedience means. In the course of this struggle, they were jailed by the British government several times. But their efforts finally brought about the independence of India on August 15, 1947.

Gandhi (1869-1948) Nehru (1889-1964)

Paragraph 26:

• Saint Jerome’s Vulgate:

• This is the Latin translation of the Bile made by Saint Jerome at the end of the fourth century A.D. It is now used in a revised form as the Roman Catholic authorized version.

• Argument flagged.

• flag: to decline in interest; to become dull

• eg. his flagging interest in the subject

• 他对这问题的兴趣减退• P: Argument flagged because Ruth did not

know how to respond to this.

Assignment:

1. Discuss in groups “The Most Dangerous Game Plot Review”

2. Role play