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The NERVOUS
SYSTEM
__________________ &
__________________ Nervous System
CSI #8 – Function of the Nervous System
You at a friend’s backyard party when her uncle starts to stumble, and complain of dizziness and tiredness. He is also having difficulty breathing. He mentions that he was spraying for insects in the front yard and may have breathed in too much spray. He sits and relaxes, but does not feel any better after 15 min. His blue complexion provides a good signal that you should take him to the hospital. On the way to the hospital, his muscles go from tense to limp. The emergency-room physician finds out that your friend’s uncle had a busy day before the party.
He was involved in cleaning algae out of the large pond behind the house before spraying the yard. He ate some old beef stew that was in the refrigerator, but claims it didn’t look or smell bad. Your friend is concerned about her uncle and asks you to explain what the physicians are looking for as the cause to her uncle’s illness.
You explain that the physicians must use a process of elimination to determine what caused her uncle’s problems.
CSI #9 – Structure of the Nervous System
You just heard that a former professional football player living in your neighborhood was taken to the police station after a disturbance at a local grocery store. You find out that he was wandering around the store aimlessly and making aggressive comments as if he were drunk. A friend then calls to tell you that the football player was admitted to the hospital because he started having seizures. Later in the week, some neighbors tell you that the football player was showing signs of weakness and often acted confused during conversation. There were also some concerns mentioned about his excessive alcohol consumption and weight gain. Your friend asks you what might be wrong with the 50 year old former athlete. Determine the possible nervous system problems causing the illness.
Central NS (CNS) Peripheral NS (PNS) ____________cord stimulates _______, emotions, _________, glands, and memories
nervous tissue _______ ________the brain & spinal cord
SENSORY function
(________________)
transmits impulses
body ____________________
MOTOR function
(_________________)
transmits impulses
brain/spinal cord __________
FUNCTIONS of the NERVOUS SYSTEM
1. _________ “glue” that _____ neurons together
glioma – most common type of
________________
Blood Brain Barrier –glia that _________ _________________
tissue for protection
2 TYPES OF CELLS within the NERVOUS SYSTEM
2. Neurons (nerve cells) _______________________impulses
Ex. sensory & motor neurons
(membrane that surrounds the entire ____________)
(membrane that surrounds each ____________)
___________(bundle of axons)
Nerve Structure
(bundle of peripheral_______)
(membrane that surrounds each ______)
_____________(contains nucleus)
_______________(transmit impulses _____ the cell body)
_________ (transmit impulses ________ from the cell body)
STRUCTURE of a NEURON
__________________of nerve impulse
(cells that produce _________)
(white fatty substance that ____________ the axon)
(_____________ between___________ cells)
Axons in the brain/spinal cord lack a neurilemma so regeneration is much less
than it is in the PNS.
(__________btwn neurons were impulses are transmitted)
(_____________ impulses)(_______________ impulses)
Conduction of Impulses
_______________: a nerve ________ at a given point on an ____________(neuron)
1. ___________
Neuron(maintaining an
excitable condition)
2. Impulse
_____________
(cell has lost its
resting potential)
3. Impulse _____________
(Refractory period)
4. _________
___ (+) charge
---------------
___ (-) charge
(-) charge
---------------
________(+) charge
___ (+) charge
---------------
___ (-)Charge
___ (+) charge
--------------
___ (-)Charge
It takes 0.001 seconds to reset a neuron; can carry 1000 impulses/sec.http://www.mind.ilstu.edu/curriculum/neurons_intro/flash_chemical.php?modGUI=232&compGUI=1827&itemGUI=3159
http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/matthews/actionp.html
a. conduction along ______________ fibers
b. conduction along _____________ fibers
Action Potential Animation:http://outreach.mcb.harvard.edu/animations/actionpotential.swf
Myelin and Multiple Sclerosis ________________disorder that destroys _____ (demyelination) & leads to impaired nerve conduction called __________________(MS)
most common in women btwn 20 – 40
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qgySDmRRzxY
Neuron Physiology
__________________ chemicals by which neurons communicate
can assist, stimulate, or inhibit communication
Acetylcholine, Dopamine, and Serotonin = play a role in motor function, sleep, mood, and pleasure
Endorphins and Enkephalins = _____conduction of pain impulses (natural pain killers)http://www.wnet.org/closetohome/animation/coca-anim-main.html
Have 2 different effects…1) _______________: a stimulus that encourages an A.P. 2) ______________: a stimulus that discourages an A.P.
Neurotransmitters:
4-stage process when communicating with neurotransmitters:
1. __________________________of neurotransmitters (made in nerve cell body & stored in vesicles)
2. Neurotransmitter _______________ (influx of Ca during A.P. causes neurotransmitter release)
3. Neurotransmitter ________ to post-synaptic receptors
4. _______________________of neurotransmitters (cell inactivates neurotransmitters by degrading them in synapse or re-uptake them for recycling.)
presynaptic neuron
postsynaptic neuron
http://www.bishopstopford.com/faculties/science/arthur/synapse.swf
http://www.mind.ilstu.edu/curriculum/neurons_intro/flash_chemical.php?modGUI=232&compGUI=1827&itemGUI=3159
Neurotransmitters:
Major Neurotransmitters in the BodyNeurotransmitter Role in the Body
_______________
- used to control muscles and by many neurons in the brain to regulate memory.
- In most instances, acetylcholine is excitatory but can be inhibitory
Dopamine - Main focus neurotransmitter (no daydreaming) (___________________)
-produces feelings of pleasure when released by the brain reward system (_________________)
____________
(gamma-aminobutyric
acid)
- acts like a brake to excitatory neurotransmitters that lead to anxiety (major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain)
_______________
- neurotransmitter /hormone; part of the flight-or-flight response and normal brain processes (________________)
Drugs Interfere with Neurotransmission
Change in
Neurotransmission
Effect on Neurotransmitter release or availability
Drug that acts this way
____________ the # of impulses
increased neurotransmitter release
____________, alcohol, opiates
release neurotransmitter
from vesicles with or without impulses
__________________ neurotransmitter release
Amphetamines
(Adderall, ______, ecstasy)
_________________ more neurotransmitter present in synaptic cleft
_____________
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tqwo9dmIXAQ
Effects of Alcohol on the Brainhttp://www.thirteen.org/closetohome/animation/gaba-anim2-main.html alcohol
http://www.thirteen.org/closetohome/animation/coca-anim2-main.html coccaine
Spatial Summation Are your fingers moving?
Are both your pant legs touching your knees?
Is your pinky toe touching the ground?
Are you wearing underwear?
Information is being sent to your brain ALL the time - but is shut off by
inhibitory impulses.
Clear your Minds
Threshold = 80 impulses / sec
Spatial Summnation-
_________________– the minimal stimulus requiredto evoke a response
A +50 imp
B - 50 imp C -10 imp
All or None Response
D + 30 imp
cell body
learn something new – synapse ________ forget something – synapse ____________
Excitatory
E + 30 imp A by itself = __ transmission
A+D = ________________
A + B + D = __ transmission
_________________ are released by neurons in brain to inhibit pain/fear; reason we can calm ourselves down?
Concept Check #11. How do the Central NS & Peripheral NS differ?
2. How do the sensory and motor neuron function in the NS differ?
3. We know that the Blood Brain Barrier separatesblood and nervous tissue, but why is this important?
4. Draw and label the structure of a neuron. Includethe dendrites, cell body, axon, nodes of ranvier andschwann cells.
Concept Check #25. What is believed to be the cause of myelindestruction in the auto-immune disease multiple sclerosis?
6. How do pre & post synaptic neurons differ?
7. Explain the direction in which nerve impulsestravel? (use the terms axon, dendrite, pre & post synaptic neurons)
8. What is a nerve? What are the 3 layers of a nerveand how do they differ?
Concept Check #39. What are neurotransmitters and how do theyfunction?
11. What is an action potential? Finish the diagrambelow. ++++ -+++ - - - - + - - -
13. Explain how your brain can receive tons ofinformation but you only reacte or realize some ofthem? (be sure to use threshold stimulus and inhibitory impulses in your answer)
The HUMANBRAIN
http://media.jeffersonhospital.org/videos/animation-meningitis?page=9&quicktabs_1=0
The _______________ controls your _______ (heartbeat, respiration, b.v. diameter)
consists of ___________________________
Cerebellum________________part of the human brain
responsible for ________________ movements, equilibrium, normal posture
heartbeat, temp., peristalsis, appetite, sexual arousal; vol. of urine &H2O
The _______________ (hypothalamus / thalamus) Hypothalamus controls all ____________ Thalamus regulates ___________
The ____________________ largest and ______________ part of the brain
controls ______________ thinking, memory, sensations, and emotions
4 Major Lobes of the Human Brain
http://www.physpharm.fmd.uwo.ca/undergrad/sensesweb/L12Memory/L12Memory.swf
_________________:(surface of cerebrum)
Parts of the Cerebrum
(_________ of cortex)
(___________ of cortex)
lateral fissure:deepest _______ of the brainthat separates thebrain into ____ ______________
Corpus
_________
• ______________ the
hemispheres at
the _____
point
http://viewzone2.com/bicamx.htmlLeft Brain vs. Right Brain
LEFT BRAIN FUNCTIONS
uses logicdetail oriented
facts rulewords and language
present and pastmath and sciencecan comprehend
knowingacknowledges
order/pattern perceptionknows object name
reality basedforms strategies
practicalsafe
RIGHT BRAIN FUNCTIONS uses feeling"big picture" orientedimagination rulessymbols and imagespresent and futurephilosophy & religioncan "get it" (i.e. meaning)believesappreciatesspatial perceptionknows object functionfantasy basedpresents possibilitiesimpetuousrisk taking
_______ Hemispherelanguage processingspeech production
comprehension
Left vs. Right Hemisphere Damage
________ disorder – loss of ability to speak; caused by stroke / injury or tumor / infection
(analyzing spoken language; comprehension)
_______ Hemispherememory
organizationproblem solving
reasoning
http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/wacky/the-right-brain-vs-left-brain/story-e6frev20-1111114577583
(language processing)
Mr. Split Brainyhttp://nobelprize.org/educational_games/medicine/split-brain/S
Split Brain Experiments
1. http://brain.web-us.com/brain/right_left_brain_characteristics.htm2. http://brain.w-us.com/brain/braindominance.htm3. http://www.angelfire.com/wi/2brains/test.html
Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)• causes ___________ (rush of blood) or
________ (blood stops flowing through cerebral blood vessels)
• victim can’t voluntarily move parts of the body on the side __________ to the side on which the accident occurred.
12 PAIRS of CRANIAL NERVES
http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP11504
Concept Check #413. What is the protective covering of the brain andspinal cord? What 3 layers make this covering up?
14. What is the brainstem responsible for and whatare its 3 parts?
15. What is the 2nd largest part of the brain and whatis it responsible for?
16. What is the largest part of the brain and what areeach of its lobes responsible for?
Concept Check #517. The ___________ separates the 2 hemispheres but theyconnect at the ___________________.
18. How do hemorrhages and strokes differ?
19. What do each of the following cranial nerves control:Optic? Olfactory? Glossopharyngeal? Vestibulocochlear??
1. Pesticides can affect the nervous system. A) Explain how. B) What symptoms did the uncle have that could indicate pesticides as the cause for his hospitalization).
2. Food-poisoning can affect the nervous system. A) Explain how. B) What symptoms did the uncle have that could indicate Botulism as the cause for his hospitalization).
3. Handling blue-algae can affect the nervous system. A) Explain how. B) What symptoms did the uncle have that could indicate blue-algae as the cause for his hospitalization).
Nervous System CSI #8 Questions….
1. List the problems this former football player was experiencing.
2. While he could be confused with having prion-related disordersor Alzheimer’s disease because of his symptoms, he is actuallysuffering from something else. What neurovascular condition is hesuffering from? Explain what this condition is.
3. What causes this condition? And, what was the football playerdoing to aggravate his condition?
4. What can be done, if anything, to cure or reverse this condition?
Nervous System CSI #9 Questions….