The New Moon and a Calendar for YHVH’s People Summary of ...

The New Moon and a Calendar for YHVH’s People Summary of the New Moon SeriesThe New Moon and a Calendar for YHVH’s People
Summary of the New Moon Series

The New Moon Series
• In this presentation we will summarize a 5-part New Moon Series:
1. The New Moon’s Significance
2. Historical Practice and Debate of the New Moon
3. Astronomy
5. A Calendar for YHVH’s People
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The New Moon’s Significance
• In part 1 of the New Moon Series, we utilize analysis of thematic patterns found in Scripture, in combination with 4 phases of the moon, to determine the significance of the new moon.
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Lunar Cycle
Full Moon
Waning crescent
Jonah
Revelation
Hiddenness
• Examining the thematic pattern of the moon’s modified phases against the same thematic patterns in Scripture allows for us to see that:
• The new waxing crescent moon represented birth, rebirth, resurrection, and Yeshua’s return.
• The full moon represented a time of life.
• The waning crescent represented a decline in life.
• The conjunction represented hiddenness and death.
• This pattern is seen multiple times in Scripture from Genesis to Revelation.
• Please see this presentation for full details.
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Historical Practice and Debate of the New Moon
• In Historical Practice and Debate of the New Moon, we discussed 3 attempts that people use to prove conjunction is the new moon.
Attempts that Inconclusively Prove Conjunction is the New Moon:
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1
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• 3 periods of historical practice
• As you can see, these 3 attempts to prove the new moon is conjunction were inconclusive.
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Historical Practice and Debate Of the New Moon
• As it pertains to English speakers, we saw that how the term “new moon” is defined depends on who you are:
• Astronomer
• As it pertains to English speakers, we saw that how the term “new moon” is defined depends on who you are: • Astronomer – calculated conjunction based on Kepler’s law of
planetary motion, one that is elliptical in nature. • English speaking American – conjunction • English speaking Brit – new crescent moon • Present-day Jew – calculated conjunction of the Hillel II calendar,
which was codified in the 12th century and is based on the incorrect Ptolemaic type of planetary motion called epicycles (circle within a circle).
• 1st century Jew – new crescent moon
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1
• We also looked at the debate over the meaning of the Hebrew word = bak-keseh in Psalm 81:3.
• We compared the English version of Psalm 81:3 to the corresponding Hebrew verse in Psalm 81:4 of the Masoretic text, and the Greek verse in Psalm 80:4 of the Greek Septuagint.
• All three translations for Psalm 81:3 agree This verse tells us to blow the shofar on the new moon, Yom Teruah, in the month when the moon is full and not conjunction -- Chag HaSukkot.
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Psalm 81:3 (BCM)
Blow the shofar at the time of the new moon (…)
when the moon is full on our feast day…
My translation:

Psalm 80:4 (LXX)
ν εσμ μρ ορτς μν
Blow the shofar on Yom Teruah [in the month of Tishrei], when a full moon takes place during Chag HaSukkot [on Tishrei 15th].
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• There were 3 time periods as the Jews transitioned from sighting the new crescent moon to observing the moon’s conjunction:
1. Actually sighting the new crescent moon on the 29th or 30th day of the month (until approximately 10-220 CE).
2. Sighting the crescent moon was gradually replaced by calculations throughout the Amoraic period (220-1038 CE) and into the Geonic period (589-1038 CE).
3. Hillel II (330-365 CE) is considered the creator of the current Hebrew calendar; however, it was not codified until the 12th century CE by Maimonides (Rambam) in the Mishneh Torah (Kiddush HaChodesh in Sefer Zemanim).
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Astronomy
Key Verses Genesis 1:14-15:
• Then God said, "Let there be lights in the firmament of the heavens to divide the day from the night; and let them be for signs ( ; otot) and seasons ( ; moedim), and for days ( ; yamim) and years ( ; shanim);
• 15 and let them be for lights in the firmament of the heavens to give light on the earth"; and it was so.
• Verse 14 indicates that the lights in the sky are the major factors that determine the signs, timing of the moedim (seasons and appointed times of YHVH), and calendar reckoning. All other factors should be considered secondary.
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Astronomy
• The movements of the sun, moon, and stars through the zodiac are similar to a clock.
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24 hours Second hand
Moon orbits the earth in a month (~ new zodiac sign at the beginning of each month).
29-30 days Minute hand
1 year (~365 days)
Hour hand By Jay8085 [CC BY 2.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0) ], via Wikimedia Commons
** Because of the elliptical orbit, the clock can run a bit slow or fast as it moves through the constellations during the year.
Astronomy
By Tfr000 (talk) 15:34, 15 June 2012 (UTC) [CC BY-SA 3.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0) or GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html)], from Wikimedia Commons 16
When learning astronomy, we begin with an imaginary celestial field that is projected from and surrounds the earth.
This is where the sun, moon, stars, and planets move around in relation to the earth.
Astronomy
An invisible plane, called the equatorial plane, extends from the equator of the earth.
Another plane, called the ecliptic plane , intersects with the equatorial plane at the equinoxes. It is positioned 23.4 degrees above and below the equatorial plane.
Astronomy
Locations of celestial bodies are measured from the First Point of Aries which is the March equinox (X, Y = 0, 0).
Right ascension (X) is measured in hours but can be measured in degrees (24 hours = 360 degrees).
Declination (Y) is measured in degrees (+/- 90 degrees above/below equator).
• As we just said, the March equinox (1st point of Aries, which is currently in Pisces) is the point where the equatorial plane crosses over the ecliptic plane.
• The March equinox may have been the day when YHVH came from the heavenly realm with His army of destroyers, crossed over into the earthly realm, and killed the firstborn Egyptians at midnight on the 15th of Nisan. This was the last day the mixed multitude was in Egypt. The 16th of Nisan was the first full day the mixed multitude was out of Egypt.
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Pattern Month Passover Year
Beginning – New Life
New crescent Day
16th – First full day out of Egypt in 1st month = Aviv (spring, Nisan).
First month of Nisan has begun if equinox occurs before Nisan 16th.
End – Death Conjunction Day
15th – Death of Firstborn; Possible time of equinox.
Adar II needed if equinox is on or after what would be Nisan 16th.
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Astronomy
A conjunction occurs anytime two solar system bodies, such as the moon and sun, have the same right ascension.
This is the time in which the moon is at its lowest point of illumination, thereby representing the moon’s death, not its birth (molad).
Astronomy
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From our position on earth, the sun seems to go around the earth; however, the earth really goes around the sun.
The equinoxes take place when the apparent path of the sun in the ecliptic plane crosses over the equatorial plane. The March equinox is the beginning point of the year.
By Divad [Public domain], from Wikimedia Commons
After removing the grid lines of the celestial field, we can simply see the equatorial plane and the ecliptic plane.
(1st point of Aries)
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Astronomy
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• Non-circumpolar constellations shift with the seasons. These constellations are visible or invisible as the seasons of the year shift.
• These are the constellations of the zodiac (mazzarot) that are located in a band that is about 20 degrees wide, the center of which is the ecliptic plane.
From our position on earth, the sun appears to travel through all of the constellations each year.
Astronomy
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• Each month, the sun appears to be in a certain position throughout the year.
• The position of the sun varies a bit in a regular year compared to a leap year.
From our position on earth, the sun appears to travel through all of the constellations each year.
Astronomy
• The constellations seem to have 2 functions, They are similar to the:
• Numbers on a watch-face to count hours of the day, months of the year, and the passing years.
• Numbers on the bezel (outer ring) of a watch to mark the March equinox and to count the astronomical ages that are passing due to precession (a wobbling motion of the earth on its axis).
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There are different kinds of bezels depending on the kind of watch.
Astronomy • Because of precession (wobbling motion of
the earth), the equinoxes have moved:
• The first point of Aries is now in Pisces. • Northern hemisphere – Vernal (Spring)
equinox • Southern hemisphere – Autumnal equinox • Around March 19-21.
• The first point of Libra is now in Virgo. • Northern hemisphere – Autumnal (fall)
equinox • Southern hemisphere – Vernal (spring)
equinox • Around September 22/23.
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These locations will change as we enter the age of Aquarius.
Calendars Including The Metonic Cycle
• In Calendars Including the Metonic Cycle, we examined several solar and lunisolar calendars being used by YHVH’s people today.
• It is important that any calendar used by YHVH’s people take into account the sun, moon, and stars. These are the primary factors that govern YHVH’s calendar.
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• Solar calendars (364-day calendars) do not consider the role of the moon and stars in YHVH’s calendar; therefore, they are unsuitable for YHVH’s people.
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• Lunisolar calendars (365-day calendars) are better suited for YHVH’s people; however, they require a lunar intercalation at the end of the year when the apparent position of the sun in the constellations requires it.
• Because these calendars have a lunar component, intercalations can’t be shorter than a lunar cycle. In other words, lunar months can’t be lengthened; they are set.
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• Most lunisolar calendars in use today do utilize intercalation; however, it is not done based on the position of the sun in the constellations. Instead, they fail to understand the role of the stars in YHVH’s calendar.
• In addition, these lunisolar calendars have various cons that make them unsuitable for YHVH’s people.
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• We looked at 3 lunisolar calendars in Calendars Including the Metonic Cycle.
• Each of these had various cons, which made them unsuitable for YHVH’s people.
• Of these three, the Hillel II calendar was the best, but it can be improved.
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• The month of Nisan in the Hillel II calendar does not always occur when the sun is in Pisces as it should.
• Sometimes the sun is in Aries, which should no longer be the case because of precession.
• Once these years of the current Metonic cycle were corrected, we could see the proper position and right ascension ranges for regular and leap years.
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Regular Year Leap Year
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The classical zodiac originated in the neo-Babylonian period (~6-7 century BCE). Originally, the 12 signs were arbitrary 30-degree segments. Precession has caused a shift in all of the constellations.
A Calendar for YHVH’s People
Right Ascensions After Cascade of Correction
# Hebrew Months 30o of Rt. Ascension
Regular Year Leap Year
11 Sh’vat 300-330 300-330 285-300
12 Adar (I) 330-360 330-345 315-330
13 Adar (II) -- N/A 345-360 35
• By Tishrei, it is very evident that the sun is extremely delayed in leap years as it moves through the constellations, and it will be necessary to add a second month of Adar so that Nisan will be between 0-30 degrees of right ascension before Nisan 16th.
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• As it stands, without these corrections, the Hillel II calendar causes people to observe the feasts not only a few days off, but sometimes a whole month off!
• This happened in March 2019.
• Nisan 1st was March 7, 2019 but the Hillel calendar has it as Adar I 30, 5779.
• Tisihrei 15th will be September 14, 2020, but the Hillel II calendar has it as Elul 14, 5779.
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• By the first week of Nisan, sufficient wild aviv barley was found in Israel. In addition, the March equinox occurred before what should have been Nisan 16th.
• In addition, many fruit trees in America were in bloom.
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• This shows that this proposed calendar is correct.
• Despite this, many people errantly celebrated Chag HaMatzot in April instead of March.
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• Assemblies, as a whole, must decide together as to whether or not they are willing to break free from such gross error or not.
• Remember, our goal is unity in the body, not individuals going off and doing their own thing.
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• We, as individuals, can easily try to do what’s right as we study Scripture and discover overlooked commandments; however, when it comes to holy convocations, this requires us to agree on a date and assemble as a body, not as individuals.
• Because of the typology of the feasts being rehearsals for YHVH’s people as a grand whole, it would be better if many assemblies can also agree and gather together on the same date for the same reasons.
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• In our final presentation, A Calendar for YHVH’s People, we looked at how we can create a lunisolar calendar that also utilizes the role of the stars, so that YHVH’s feasts can be celebrated in their appointed times.
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2
3
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Must be lunisolar.
Must utilize an intercalation of one lunar month if the sun is not going to be past the March equinox by Nisan 16th (between 0-30 degrees
of right ascension).
Days must be reckoned from sunset to sunset.
The day of conjunction is the last day of the month.
The day of new crescent moon is the first day of the month.
Summary of the calendar for YHVH’s people:
1. Collect astronomical conjunction dates and sunset times for at least several years which are determined by NASA Sky Events Calendar and Greenwich Mean Time Sun Times. If you live in places where the sun doesn’t rise/set for certain times of the year, use Jerusalem, Israel for your sunset location; otherwise use your own location for sunset.
2. Based on this information, decide when the dates for the new crescent moon of the months begin. They begin at the sunset which follows the time of conjunction.
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Summary of the calendar for YHVH’s people (continued): 3. Determine if sun will be between 0-30 degrees of right ascension by the expected date for Nisan 15. Use free planetarium software for this.
If it will be between 0-30 degrees before Nisan 16, it is a regular year.
If the sun will still be between 330-360 degrees of right ascension, add a second Adar.
The new moon for Nisan can be as early as March 4-6 depending on when the equinox falls for that year (between March 19-21 respectively).
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Summary of the calendar for YHVH’s people (continued):
4. Assign Hebrew month names from new moon dates through the day of conjunction. When looking at your calendar, just remember that the dates really begin at sunset the previous evening. In addition, be sure to not miss when a Gregorian month has 2 conjunctions.
5. Determine and add the dates for the feasts to your calendar.
This information can be entered into Google Calendar as depicted in the next slide.
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EXAMPLE:
FALL FEASTS: Tishrei 1 = Yom Teruah Tishrei 10 = Yom HaKipurrim Tishrei 15-21 = Chag HaSukkot Tishrei 22 = Yom Shemini Atzeret
ANM = astronomical new moon (conjunction)
The New Moon and a Calendar for YHVH’s People

The following slides contain the references used for all 5 parts of the New Moon Series. They are separated according to each presentation.
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• REFERENCES:
• All of the thematic pattern analysis was done by me, Beth Mehaffey, with the help of YHVH. All work in relation to this can be reviewed in part 1 of The New Moon Series called The New Moon’s Significance.
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• REFERENCES:
• Abbott-Smith Manual Greek Lexicon of the New Testament. PC Study Bible formatted electronic database Copyright © 2014 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved.
• Babylonian Talmud, Tract Rosh Hashana, Ch. 2, Mishnas I-IV., p. XXVI.
• Collins English Dictionary. Copyright © HarperCollins Publishers https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/new-moon
• Hillel II https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillel_II
• REFERENCES (CONTINUED):
• Midrash Rabbah. https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/midrash- rabbah/
• Midrash Rabbah translated under the editorship of Rabbi Dr. H. Freedman, B.A., PH.D. and Maurice Simon, M.A. Exodus translated by Rabbi Dr. S. M. Lehrman, M.A., Ph.D., London Soncino Press 5 Gower Street 1939.
• Midrash Rabbah translated under the editorship of Rabbi Dr. H. Freedman, B.A., Ph.D. and Maurice Simon, M.A. Leviticus Chapters I-XIX translated by Rev. J. Israelstam, B.A., Chapters XX_XXXVII translated by Judah J. Slotki, M.A., London Soncino Press 5 Gower Street 1939.
• Philo: De specialibus legibus (The Special Laws). http://www.earlyjewishwritings.com/text/philo/book28.html
• The Complete Word Study Dictionary: Old Testament Copyright © 2003 by AMG Publishers. All rights reserved.
• The Cultic Calendars of the Ancient Near East by Mark E. Cohen CDL Press Bethesda, Maryland 1993. p. 4.
• Webster’s New World College Dictionary, 4th Edition. Copyright © 2010 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. All rights reserved. https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/new-moon
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https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/new-moon
Astronomy
• REFERENCES:
• Calendars by L. E. Doggett. https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEhelp/calendars.html
• Chart for Hebrew Months with Gregorian Equivalents http://jewishroots.net/library/calendar-reference/chart-for-hebrew- months-and-gregorian-equivelants.html
• How Does the Position of Moonrise and Moonset Change? (Intermediate) http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/about-us/46-our-solar-system/the- moon/observing-the-moon/128-how-does-the-position-of-moonrise-and- moonset-change-intermediate
• Lunar Perigee and Apogee https://www.timeanddate.com/astronomy/moon/lunar-perigee- apogee.html
• Planetarium screenshots created from Stellarium 0.17.0 -- downloadable from Stellarium.org.
• Sidereal and Tropical Astrology https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_and_tropical_astrology
• Top 4 Keys to Mastering Moon Phases http://earthsky.org/moon- phases/understandingmoonphases
• Visibility of the Thin Lunar Crescent: The Sociology of an Astronomical Problem (A Case Study) by N. Guessoum and K. Meziane http://www.astronomycenter.net/pdf/guessoum_2000.pdf
• What’s the Thinnest Crescent Moon You Can See? By Bob King. Sky and Telescope http://www.skyandtelescope.com/astronomy-news/observing- news/thinnest-crescent-moon/
• How the Sky Moves - Watching the Ecliptic https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R4y0fwJ8t5Y
• Is There Proof the Earth is Round? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OTSXGyGhrPo
• Lunar Eclipse 101 https://youtu.be/VW2xRR75lKE
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• The Sun’s surprising movement across the sky - Gordon Williamson
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xm13Kq_E1ik
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• REFERENCES:
• Calendars by L. E. Doggett. https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEhelp/calendars.html
• Calendars in the Dead Sea Scrolls: Measuring Time by James C. Vanderkam. Published by Routledge 1998.
• REFERENCES (CONTINUED): • Chart for Hebrew Months with Gregorian Equivalents
http://jewishroots.net/library/calendar-reference/chart-for-hebrew- months-and-gregorian-equivelants.html
translation by Eliyahu Touger. Published and copyright by Moznaim Publications, all rights reserved. https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/947915/jewish/Kidd ush-HaChodesh.htm
• Stellarium 0.17.0 -- downloadable from Stellarium.org.
• Sun, Rising and Setting of The: Jewish Encyclopedia http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/14114-sun-rising-and- setting-of-the
• The Constellations of the Zodiac http://astronomyonline.org/observation/zodiac.asp
• The Hebrew Calendar: A Marvel of Ancient Astronomy and Math https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/.premium-the-secrets-of-the- hebrew-calendar-1.5304911
• The Timing of the Barley Harvest in Israel https://franknelte.net/article.php?article_id=43 see same letter here: https://www.assemblyofyah.com/set-apart-days/calendar/342- barley-letter-from-israel-ag-minister
• REFERENCES:
• Jewish holiday calendars & Hebrew date converter www.hebcal.com/converter/
• NASA’S SKYCAL EVENTS CALENDAR https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SKYCAL/SKYCAL.html.
• Sidereal and Tropical Astrology https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_and_tropical_astrology
• REFERENCES:
• The Temple, Its Ministry and Services by Alfred Edersheim. https://archive.org/details/templeitsministr1800eder/page/n8
The New Moon and a Calendar for YHVH’s People

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