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The New Republic1789-1816
How did the United States build a government, expand its territory, and conduct foreign policy in its
early years?
Government and Party PoliticsChapter 6, Section 1
How did debate over the role of government lead to the formation of
political parties?
Government and Party Politics
Building the Federal Government Main Idea: The new government started out with enormous problems, including a large national debt, a small military, Spain’s efforts to keep trade closed along the Mississippi River, and British forts still maintained along the Great Lakes. Important tasks for the new republic included electing a president, and setting up the judiciary and Cabinet.
Hamilton’s Plans Stir Debate
Main Idea: As a Federalist, Hamilton believed that a strong centralized government was necessary to preserve the Union. However, as he developed plans for paying off the new nation’s great debts, his plans received fierce and vocation opposition from Antifederalists.
Opposing Hamilton
Main Idea: Opposition to Hamilton’s plans grew steadily in the South, where the states’ income from agriculture enabled them to pay their share of the country’s debts.
A Two-Party System Emerges
Main Idea: The federal government, headed by Washington and Hamilton, sought to secure its power and authority. Meanwhile the opposition, led by Madison and Jefferson, grew stronger.
Continued…
Witness History: The First Inaugural
Note Taking: Reading Skill: Summarize
Chart: Hamilton’s Plan for Restructuring Debt
Color Transparencies: The First President
Political Cartoons: The Whiskey Rebellion
Infographic: Political Parties Grow
History Interactive: Political Parties Grow
Progress Monitoring Transparency
Government and Party Politics (continued…)
Reading Skill: Summarize NOTE TAKING
Problems Faced by the New Problems Faced by the New GovernmentGovernment
• Huge war debt from the Revolutionary War
• No permanent capital• No federal officers
beyond Washington, John Adams, and the newly elected Congress
First Inauguration• The oath of office was administered in New
York City• George Washington repeated the oath of
office of President• Inauguration: official swearing-in ceremony• Cabinet: leaders of the executive
departments of the federal government
President Washington• Administration: staff in the executive branch• Precedent: something done or said that
becomes an example, rule, or tradition• Established a tone of dignity; Washington
believed that parties and pomp were necessary to command the respect of the world
• Elected to second term in 1792• Tradition of being elected for only two terms
Leaders• President: George Washington
• Vice President: John Adams
The First President TRANSPARENCY
Setting Up the Judiciary• Constitution called for Supreme Court and
smaller ones• Left details of organization to Congress• Judiciary Act of 1789 – system of courts• Thirteen federal district courts• John Jay was first Chief Justice of the U.S.
Government AffairsGovernment Affairs• Foreign affairs: relations with foreign
countries; the Secretary of State heads the State Department and coordinated U.S. involvement with foreign countries
• Domestic affairs: Issues relating to a country’s internal affairs
Cabinet• Cabinet: officials selected by the President
to head the major departments of the executive branch and to advise the President
• Attorney General: Edmund Randolph• Secretary of War: Henry Knox• Secretary of State: Thomas Jefferson• Secretary of the Treasury: Alexander
Hamilton
Thomas Jefferson• Planter, lawyer, and
diplomat; had served several years as ambassador to France
• Writer, inventor, and violinist
• Founded the University of Virginia
Alexander Hamilton• Brilliant man• Private secretary to
General Washington• Believed that
governmental power could accomplish great things
Hamilton and Jefferson in Conflict• Hamilton: strong central government led by wealthy,
educated• Jefferson: strong state, local government; people’s
participation • Hamilton has Northern support; Jefferson has
Southern, Western
Hamilton and Jefferson Debate
Hamilton’s Economic Plan• U.S. owes millions to foreign countries, private
citizens• Plan—pay foreign debt, issue new bonds, assume
states’ debt• Some Southern states have paid debts, against
taxes to pay for North
Hamilton’s Program• Supported strong
national power • Little faith in the people• Felt that government
needed to direct the development of the American economy
• Hamilton’s Plan: take on Revolutionary War debts of states
• Wanted to charter a Bank of the U.S.
DealDeal • Southern states would support the debt plan, if
northern states would support the plan to locate the capital in the South
• Hamilton’s strategy: - Creditors owed money by the government did
not want government to collapse - Creditors were concerned with the future of
the U.S. so they would get paid• Set up a budget payment plan: sell government
bonds
Hamilton’s Plan for Restructuring DebtCHART
Hamilton’s Opponents
• Washington sided with Hamilton
• Thomas Jefferson resigned from the Cabinet in 1793.
• Believed that Hamilton was betraying the spirit of the Revolution
• Had more faith in the people
Interpretation of Constitution• Strict construction –
government should not do anything unless specified in the Constitution
• Loose construction – government could do anything that was not forbidden in the Constitution
Payment PlanPayment Plan• Tariff enacted in
1789 to tax imported goods to raise money
• 1791, congress placed a tax on whiskey
• Fund set up to pay creditors slowly, with interest
Whiskey RebellionWhiskey Rebellion• Corn made into whiskey• Used as a kind of
currency• Rebels closed courts
and attacked tax collectors
• 1794, army of 12,000 men put down the rebellion in Pennsylvania to demonstrate the power of the government
Analyzing Political Cartoons: The Whiskey Rebellion TRANSPARENCY
Political Parties GrowINFOGRAPHIC
Democratic RepublicansDemocratic Republicans• Stood for a more democratic republic• Along with Federalists, they became the first
political parties: a group of people who seek to win elections and hold public office in order to control government policy and programs
PM TRANSPARENCY Progress Monitoring Transparency
The Struggle Over Foreign Policy
Chapter 6 Section 2How did foreign policy challenges affect political debate and shape American government?
The Struggle Over Foreign Policy
Conflict in the Ohio Valley
Main Idea: From the forts they maintained along the Great Lakes, the British supplied the Miami Indians and their allies with arms and ammunition. The British hoped to limit American settlement in the Northwest Territory. This led to violent conflict.
American Relations With Europe
Main Idea: While the British were helping Native Americans take a stand against theUnited States, Americans became embroiled in the first major foreign policy event of its short history: the French Revolution.
The Parties Debate Foreign Policy
Main Idea: The Federalists and Antifederalists conflicted over many issues concerning government power. A crisis in France briefly united the nation, but the Alien and Sedition Acts and the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions soon revealed the party divisions once again.
The Election of 1800
Main Idea: Complications in the election of 1800 forced the House of Representatives to choose between Jefferson and Aaron Burr. Burr had been Jefferson’s running mate, and both men won 73 electoral votes. To avoid another electoral crisis, in 1804 the Constitution was amended to require electors to vote separately for President and Vice President.
Continued…
The Struggle Over Foreign Policy (continued…)
Witness History: A Great Orator Speaks
Note Taking: Reading Skill: Identify Supporting Details
Color Transparencies: The XYZ Affair
Political Cartoons: Fighting Over the Sedition Act
Map: Presidential Election of 1800
Progress Monitoring Transparency
Reading Skill: Identify Supporting Details NOTE TAKING
Analyzing Political Cartoons: Fighting Over the Sedition Act TRANSPARENCY
French Revolution• 1789 French people
overthrew King Louis XVI
• During the Reign of Terror, thousands of people were executed,
including King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette
War• Federalists opposed the
French Revolution, while Jefferson and his supporters thought of it as an extension of the American Revolution
• War broke out between Great Britain and France
• America neutral
Jay’s TreatyJay’s Treaty• Washington sided with
Britain in war because of British navy
• Britain agreed to leave the forts in Northwest Territory
• Expanded trade, but did not solve ship problem of stopping American ships to search for British subjects
• Lost support of many Americans
Washington’s LegacyWashington’s Legacy• Washington was
famous for his honesty, dignity, an self-control
• He was very popular in his first four years
• Problems clouded his second term
• Many distrusted the government
• Many disliked Hamilton’s economic plans
• Jefferson resigned in 1793
• Divisions in the government developed
Capital City• First government was in New York City• Capital moved to Philadelphia in 1790• Residence Act of 1790: 10-square-mile
stretch of land on Virginia-Maryland border• District of Columbia• Benjamin Banneker: surveyor• Pierre-Charles L’Enfant developed the city
plan with broad streets, the White House for the President’s residence, and the Capitol building for Congress; moved in 1800
U.S. Response to Events in EuropeReactions to the French Revolution• Federalists pro-British; Democratic-Republicans
pro-French• Washington declares neutrality, will not support
either side• Edmond Genêt, French diplomat, violates
diplomatic protocol
Treaty with Spain• Spain negotiates with Thomas Pinckney, U.S.
minister to Britain• Pinckney’s Treaty of 1795, or Treaty of San
Lorenzo, signed:- Spain gives up claims to western U.S. - Florida-U.S. boundary set at 31st parallel- Mississippi River open to U.S. traffic
Washington’s Farewell Washington’s Farewell AddressAddress
• “[A system of political parties] agitates the Community with ill-founded jealousies and false alarms, kindles the animosity of one part against another, [and] foments [stirs up] occasional riot and insurrection.” 1796
Election of 1796Election of 1796• Washington set a
precedent of serving two terms
• John Adams ran against Thomas Jefferson.
• Adams elected with Jefferson his Vice President (from different political parties)
PM TRANSPARENCY Progress Monitoring Transparency
John AdamsJohn Adams Second President Lacked the prestige of
Washington Rise of political parties Threat of war from
abroad with the French over Jay’s Treaty
French began seizing American ships in French harbors
XYZ AffairXYZ Affair French were seizing
American ships X, Y, and Z were French
agents sent by Tallyrand to demand a bribe from America to see him
Americans returned home
Undeclared war with France
The XYZ AffairTRANSPARENCY
First Party-Based Elections• 1796, Federalist John Adams elected president
- Jefferson, a Democratic-Republican, is vice-president
• Result of sectionalism, placing regional interests above nation
Adams Provokes Criticism
Adams Tries to Avoid War• French see Jay’s Treaty as violation of alliance;
seize U.S. ships• XYZ Affair—French officials demand bribe to see
foreign minister• Congress creates navy department; Washington
called to lead army • Undeclared naval war rages between France,
U.S. for two years
Alien ActAlien Act President gained the
right to imprison or deport citizens of other countries residing in the U.S.
Sedition ActSedition Act• Persons who wrote,
published, or said anything “of a false, scandalous, and malicious” nature against the American government or its officials could be jailed or fined
Virginia and Kentucky Virginia and Kentucky ResolutionsResolutions
Jefferson, Madison, and others felt the Sedition Act violated free speech
Legislatures of two states came up with “null and void” idea
Stated that states had the right to judge whether federal laws agreed with the Constitution
NullificationNullification Principle that a state
could declare a federal law “null and void” in a state
Principle unresolved
Prosser’s RebellionProsser’s Rebellion Gabriel Prosser, a
blacksmith, in Richmond, Virginia, led a rebellion. It failed and twenty of them were executed.
Election of 1800Election of 1800
Personal attacks Jefferson versus
Adams Jefferson did not gain a
majority so decided in the House of Representatives
Transfer of PowerTransfer of Power Peaceful Americans must be
willing to disagree peacefully
Presidential Election of 1800MAP
The Age of Jefferson
Chapter 6 Section 3What were the successes and failures of the Jefferson administrations?
The Age of Jefferson
Pursuing Republican Principles Main Idea: Jefferson and his administration set out to do things quite differently from their Federalist predecessors. Jefferson cut taxes but succeeded at cutting the national debt by streamlining government bureaucracy. Federal revenue also surged due to growth in foreign trade and sale of federal lands.
John Marshall’s Supreme Court
Main Idea: John Marshall, a Federalist, became the Chief Justice of the United States in 1801. His four-part legacy and his participation in over 1,000 court decisions made a tremendous impact on the nation’s history.
The Nation Expands
Main Idea: Jefferson insisted that farm ownership was essential to the freedom of white Americans. Yet, without expansion there would not be enough farms for the rapidly growing population. As a result, Jefferson set his sights on expanding the U.S. to the Pacific.
Jefferson’s Foreign Troubles
Main Idea: While Jefferson succeeded in his plans to expand to the west, he faced significant challenges to solidifying the position of the United States as an international power.
Continued…
The Age of Jefferson (continued…)
Witness History: A Jefferson Calls for Free Speech
Note Taking: Reading Skill: Identify Main Ideas
Note Taking: Reading Skill: Recognize Sequence
Color Transparencies: The Marshall Court
Geography Interactive: U.S. Territory, 1803
Chart: U.S. Population, 1790-1810
Map: The Reexport Trade in Action
Progress Monitoring Transparency
Reducing GovernmentReducing Government• Jefferson reversed much of what the
Federalists had done, such as presidential style; addressed as “Mr. President”
• Reduced taxes• Cut the bureaucracy – the departments and
workers that make up the federal government• Slashed the size of the army to 3,000 men• Let stand the Bank of the United States since
charter would expire in 1811
Rivals to JeffersonRivals to Jefferson• Aaron Burr: Vice
President • Alexander Hamilton,
now a lawyer in New York
• Burr killed Hamilton in a duel in 1804, ending his political future
Judiciary ActsJudiciary Acts• Judiciary Act of 1789: created a national
court system with three circuit courts and thirteen district courts, headed by the Supreme Court
• Stated that the Supreme Court would settle differences between state and federal laws
Judiciary ActsJudiciary Acts• Judiciary Act of 1801: decreased the number
of Supreme Court justices and increased the number of federal judges. Adams filled the new posts to have more Federalists judges;
• Known as midnight judges• Angered Jefferson who felt that he should
appoint new judges from his political party
John MarshallJohn Marshall• Federalist leader• Became Chief Justice in
1801 and held post for 34 years
• Established principle of constitutional law – judicial review
• Insisted federal laws were superior to state laws
Marbury v. MadisonMarbury v. Madison• Adams appointed Marbury as justice of the
peace for the District of Columbia• Secretary of State Madison never delivered
the papers• Marbury sued Madison• Chief Justice Marshall ruled against Marbury;
declared part of the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional
• Established the power of judicial review
Judicial ReviewJudicial Review• Enables federal courts to review state laws
and court decisions• Can decide if laws passed by Congress are
constitutional
Reading Skill: Recognize Sequence NOTE TAKING
The Marshall CourtTRANSPARENCY
U.S. Population, 1790-1810CHART
Louisiana Purchase• Northwest Ordinance of 1787: established a
process by which territories could become states
• Land Act of 1800: Americans able to buy land in small parcels and on credit
• Napoleon, the French ruler, took over much of the Spanish land in the West and charged large sums of money from American traders to use the Mississippi River and New Orleans
Louisiana PurchaseLouisiana Purchase• France controlled New Orleans• Napoleon failed to stop a rebellion in Haiti• Jefferson sent James Monroe to Paris to buy
New Orleans for $10 million, but he bought all French land for $15 million
• Jefferson overcame doubts about constitutionality of buying land and signed purchase
• Doubled the size of the U.S.
Lewis and Clark ExpeditionLewis and Clark Expedition• Meriwether Lewis and William Clark explored
the Louisiana Purchase in 1804 to make contact with Native Americans and to gather information about the region’s natural resources
• Sacajawea and husband were interpreters
Zebulon PikeZebulon Pike• Traveled as far west
as the Rockies and then south into Spanish-held territory between 1806 and 1807
• Pike’s Peak
Foreign PolicyForeign Policy• Jay’s Treaty expired in 1805• Great Britain and France at war again• Harassing American ships; British
kidnapping American sailors• Leopard incident – British ship, the Leopard,
attacked the U.S.S. Chesapeake, inflicting 21 casualties in search of deserters from the British navy
Barbary War• Barbary States of North Africa used piracy
for profit• U.S. had paid prote4ction money to the
Barbary States• Price increased, so Jefferson blockaded the
port of Tripoli• Peace in 1805
Reexport Trade• War between Britain and France with British
capturing French merchant ships• Americans brought cargoes from French
islands to American ports, and then shipped them to France
• British began to confiscate American merchant ships for trading with the French
• British began to impress American sailors
The Reexport Trade in ActionMAP
Embargo of 1807Embargo of 1807• Outlawed almost all trade with foreign
countries• Little effect on British or French trade• Americans smuggled goods to Europe in
defiance of the embargo (a restriction of trade)
• Jefferson used navy and federal agents to enforce the law
• Ruined Jefferson’s second term
Reading Skill: Identify Main Ideas NOTE TAKING
Election of 1808Election of 1808• James Madison was
elected president• Jefferson retired to his
home
PM TRANSPARENCY Progress Monitoring Transparency
The War of 1812
Chapter 6 Section 4Why did the United States go to war with Britain, and what was the outcome of that war?
The War of 1812
Gearing Up for War
Main Idea: Democratic Republicans felt humiliated by the failure of the 1807 embargo against Britain. With persistent British abuses on the oceans, and stepped-up Native American resistance in the West, Americans increasingly blamed the British for their problems.
War Breaks Out
Main Idea: President Madison urged Congress to declare war on Britain in June of 1812. Disunited, unprepared, and with only a small army and navy, the United States went to war once again with the world’s greatest power.
War’s Aftermath and Effects
Main Idea: After the War of 1812 and Jackson’s victory in New Orleans, Americans experienced a surge of nationalism and a new confidence in the strength of their republic. By weathering a difficult war, the nation seemed certain to endure. Also, westward expansion contributed to a union that was bigger and stronger than ever.
Witness History: Burning the Capital
Note Taking: Reading Skill: Recognize Sequence
Decision Point: Should the United States Declare War on Britain?
Continued…
The War of 1812 (continued…)
Geography Interactive: Major Battles of the War of 1812
Color Transparencies: The War of 1812
Analyze: Cause and Effect: The War of 1812
Progress Monitoring Transparency
Northwest Ordinance of 1787Northwest Ordinance of 1787• No state northwest of the Ohio River could
be a slave state• Missouri not covered by this law• Northern congressmen worried that if
Missouri was admitted as a slave state, the balance of power would tip toward the South
War in the Old NorthwestWar in the Old Northwest• American Revolution
weakened Iroquois and Cherokee
• Miami, Delaware, Shawnee, and other Native American groups grouped to fight expansion
• Miamitown 1790 – Little Turtle and Blue Jacket defeat army
• Expedition led by Arthur St. Clair defeated
Battles-Army VictoriesBattles-Army Victories• Legion of the U.S. led by
General Wayne win at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in Ohio
• Native American groups forced to accept Treaty of Greenville
• Miami, Delaware, Shawnee, and other groups lost southern two thirds of Ohio
• Ohio River no longer a permanent boundary between their land and settlers
Native American Reaction• 1. Accept white culture• 2. Blending Indian and American cultures• 3. Returning to Indian religious traditions• 4. Taking military actions
Accepting White CultureAccepting White Culture• Little Turtle-leader of
the Miami people• Adopted some
American customs• Tried to live peacefully
with settlers
Blending CulturesBlending Cultures• Handsome Lake - a
Seneca called for a rebirth of Seneca culture that would blend customs of both Native Americans and Americans
• Urged his people to abandon war and focus on rituals
Returning to TraditionsReturning to Traditions• Tenskwatawa (the
Prophet) called for a rejection of European ways and a return to tradition
• Established Prophetstown in Indiana; had warlike attitude
Military ActionMilitary Action• Tecumseh believed that
Native Americans must unite the Native American groups to fight the Americans; brother of Tenskwatawa
• Battle of Tippecanoe – William Henry Harrison was attacked by Tenskwatawa; Prophetstown burned
ResultResult• Tecumseh dies in Canada during the War of
1812 at the Battle of the Thames• Tecumseh does not accomplish goal of
uniting Native Americans• Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa showed
defiance and earned respect for their people and culture
Reading Skill: Recognize SequenceNOTE TAKING
Should the United States Declare War on Britain?DECISION POINT
Reasons for WarReasons for War• Americans believed the British were
encouraging the Native Americans to attack• War Hawks (Clay and Calhoun) wanted
Britain out of North America• British interference with shipping- impressment: the act of forcing people into
military service
Land WarLand War• Tried to defeat British in Canada; defeated by
the British in summer of 1812; Americans were poorly equipped and led
• Battle of the Thames, 1813, Americans defeated British and Native Americans, including Tecumseh
Naval WarNaval War• American vessels outnumbered 20 to 1• Perry defeated British fleet on Lake Erie,
protecting northern border• British blockaded coast
BaltimoreBaltimore• British bombarded Fort McHenry• Francis Scott Key watched and wrote the
Star-spangled banner
Washington, D.C.Washington, D.C.• 1814, British ended war
with Napoleon• British seized
Washington and burned the White House and the Capital
• President Madison fled
War EndsWar Ends• The Hartford Convention 1814: New England
considered leaving the Union; called for constitutional amendments to increase New England’s political power
• Treaty of Ghent -Representatives met in Belgium -All old boundaries between the U.S. and
Britain were restored
The War of 1812TRANSPARENCY
Battle of New OrleansBattle of New Orleans• Two weeks after treaty
signed• General Andrew
Jackson defeated the British
• Battle unified country and made Jackson a hero
Cause and Effect: The War of 1812ANALYZE