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THE NEW SOUTH THE NEW SOUTH AND AND
THE FRONTIERTHE FRONTIER
Unit VDUnit VD
AP United States HistoryAP United States History
Fundamental Questions
►Did the Civil War and Reconstruction solve the nation’s issues?
►How better off was the nation after the Civil War and Reconstruction?
The “New” South
►The Compromise of 1877 withdrew federal troops from former Confederate states, ended Reconstruction with a promise of development
►New vision From slave-dependency to self-sufficient and
diverse agricultural Industrialization and infrastructure Redemption…
Southern Agriculture
► Cotton remained the dominant crop Cotton farms doubled Large supply of world’s cotton drove prices down
►Drove prices down and led to foreclosures
► Diversity of crops Peanuts, sweet potatoes, soybeans Tobacco and cigarette companies
Sharecropping
► 50% white farmers and 75% black farmers► Crop liens kept small farmers in constant debt
Southern Industry► Growth of cities in
the South Textiles, steel,
lumber, tobacco
► Industrialization spearheaded by cheap labor rates
► More railroads built and designed on national standards
“Southern” Economy
►Northern investment control and slow progress kept the South poor
►Cheap labor wages and sharecropping►Poor education attributed to Southern
poverty
Redemption► Redeemer Democrats
White Democratic domination of state legislatures in Deep South
Rid of Republican state governments White supremacy States rights and small government laissez-faire economics
► Hamburg Massacre (July 1876)► Senator Benjamin Tillman (D-SC)► Origin of Bible Belt► Instituted Jim Crow laws
Segregation► Supreme Court
Civil Rights Cases of 1883► Civil Rights Act of 1875
unconstitutional► Segregation may be practiced by
private individuals and businesses
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)► Established “separate but equal”
► Jim Crow Laws Established by white Redeemer
state governments Legitimized by Plessy v.
Ferguson Examples
► Segregated public facilities and accommodations
► Disenfranchisement Grandfather clauses Literacy tests Poll taxes
Frontier Thesis► U.S. Census of 1890 claims American frontier is
closed► Frederick Jackson Turner in 1893► The frontier defined the American identity
It promoted independence and individualism unlike European conformity and social structure
► The distinct American political society was a result of surviving the frontier
► The edge of the frontier was the figurative border of civilization and the wild
► The loss of the frontier could signal the beginning of social conformity and rigidity
Railroads Drive the Expansion
► 35,000 miles in 1865 to 193,000 in 1900► Gauge standards connecting various local and
national lines► Connection of rails to cities, water ports, market
centers, Atlantic to Pacific First Transcontinental Railroad (1869)
► Federal land grants and subsidies► Overexpansion and corruption led to
consolidation by business moguls
Expansion of Railroads
Settling the West:Cattle Frontier
► Vaqueros – Cowboys► Cattle in West to Beef
Markets in East Cattle trails connect to
railways in Kansas
► Decline Loss of land
► Homesteader claims► Commercial agriculture
Environment► Overgrazing► Cold winters
Settling the West:Mining Frontier
► Gold and silver from California to Black Hills Comstock Lode in Nevada
(1859)
► Boomtowns and States Most settlers established
markets for miners Deadwood, Dakota; Tombstone,
Arizona
► Employed foreign-born miners South Americans brought
experience Chinese were cheap labor
Settling the West:Farming Frontier
► Homestead Act of 1862 160 acres for $10 and to live on
and cultivate land for 5 years
► Oklahoma Land Rush (April 1889) Sooners and Boomers
► Exodusters Southern free/freed blacks
► Innovation Barbed wire Dry farming
► National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry Movement to better connect
farmers amid dreary rural life Cooperatives
► Stores, elevators, insurance
Manifest Destiny and the Natives► Most western tribes based on a
nomadic lifestyle and buffalo herds White hunters decimated buffal
o herds for fur, sport, pests
► Reservations Concentrations of tribes
through separate treaties Tribal chiefs selected by white
officials
► Indian Wars Series of conflicts between U.S.
and Great Plains Natives► Sioux, Cheyenne, Ute, Apache
Sand Creek Massacre (1864)► Colorado militia attacked and
slaughtered Cheyenne
Buffalo Soldiers - 10th Calvary Little Big Horn (1876)
► Destruction of Colonel George Custer’s unit
Reactions Toward and By Natives► Assimilation
Formal education and religious conversion
A “white” education
► A Century of Dishonor by Helen Hunt Jackson in 1881 Nonfiction historical account of
government policies toward Natives
Purpose was to shed light on atrocities and pursue humane and equal treatment
► Dawes Severalty Act (1887) Broke up tribal organizations; lands divided into 160 acre plots; citizenship grants; disease, alcoholism, poverty, starvation
► Ghost Dance Movement Wovoka’s attempt to drive the settlers
out through circle dances and chants► Wounded Knee (1890)
Massacre of Sioux men, women, and children signifying the end of the Indian Wars