Министерство Образования Российской Федерации
Таганрогский государственный радиотехнический университет
Кафедра лингвистического образования
Пособие по обучению переводу
THE NON-FINITE FORMS OF THE VERB
Таганрог 2001
Составители: Мельник О.Г. Тарасенко О.С., Нечаева Н.В., Краснощекова Г.А. Учебное пособие по неличным формам английского языка “The non-finite forms of the verb”. Таганрог: Изд-во ТРТУ, 2001, 36 с. Учебное пособие предназначено для студентов технических специальностей. Цель пособия – формирование грамматических умений для преодоления трудностей при переводе технических текстов, содержащих неличные формы глагола. Рецензенты: Стеченко О.Г. Черноморова О.Н.
Неличные формы глагола
К неличным формам относятся: Инфинитив: To be or not to be, that is the question. Герундий: The best part of living is loving and giving, Причастие I: Lose an hour in the morning and you will spend all day looking for it. Причастие II: Lost time is never found again.
THE INFINITIVE
Инфинитив – это основная форма глагола. Его формальным показателем является частица to.
Формы инфинитива
Forms Active voice Passive voice Simple to translate to be translated Continuous to be translating - Perfect to have translated to have been translated Perfect Continuous to have been translating - Simple Infinitive обозначает действие, одновременное действию, выраженному глаголом-сказуемым. I am glad to see you.- Рад тебя видеть. Continuous Infinitive обозначает действие, которое развивается одновременно с действием, выраженным глаголом-сказуемым. It is pleasant to be walking along the shady alley.- Приятно идти по тенистой аллее. Perfect Infinitive обозначает действие, которое предшествовало действию, выраженному глаголом-сказуемым. I am sorry not to have helped you. - Мне жаль, что не смог тебе помочь. Perfect Continuous Infinitive- обозначает действие, которое длилось в течение определенного периода времени до настоящего момента. It seems to have been raining since the very morning.- Кажется, дождь идет с самого утра.
10. Video Art
Video artists combine many different ways of using video equipment for creating and recording a variety of artistic expressions. It provides videotaped documents of musical, dance and dramatic performances, art, on-the-street happenings or even of self-portraits in motion of the artist at work. In this kind of usage the video camera performs the same function as a motion picture camera. Though it can be shown on the television receiver immediately, videotape editing and the addition of special effects can be done in the artist’s studio using relatively inexpensive and easily available video devices.
Most video art practitioners have come to this medium via other art forms – painting, sculpture, music, film, theatre, dance or conceptual and performance art. The field covers a wide spectrum of styles and approaches, from the use of abstract special effects to documentary and narrative themes. Techniques range from primitive black-and-white images to sophisticated polished work in full colour.
Beyond the simple recording of an event or the use of TV equipment to make literal, ironic or parodic statements there is an enormous range of possibilities in using the video screen as a canvas, “painting” on it with professional video equipment and various special devices, some of them run by computer.
Video art has always been a product of what the available equipment allowed artists to do. With the very small, lightweight 8-mm camcorders and the graphics and animation capabilities of home computers, artists today can own many of the tools needed to produce a new generation of work in video art.
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Passive Infinitive. Инфинитив переходных глаголов имеет 2 формы пассивного залога (Simple and Perfect). В отрицательных предложениях перед инфинитивом ставится not: We decided not to go out because of the weather.
Инфинитив без частицы to употребляется в следующих случаях: 1) после вспомогательных глаголов: I don’t understand. 2) после модальных глаголов: If one cannot have what one loves, one must love what one has. 3) после глаголов чувственного восприятия: I never saw you look so well before. 4) после глагола to let: Let us be friends. 5) после глагола to make (заставлять): What makes you think so? 6) после конструкций had better, would rather, would sooner: You’d better go to bed.
Функции инфинитива в предложении В простейших случаях английский инфинитив не отличается от русского. 1. Если инфинитив стоит в начале предложения, а за ним стоит сказуемое, то он выполняет функцию подлежащего и переводится на русский язык инфинитивом или существительным: To read is useful. – Читать полезно. 2. Инфинитив выполняет функцию части составного именного сказуемого, если стоит после глагола to be, который переводится словами «состоит в том, чтобы», «заключается в том, чтобы» или вообще не переводится: The purpose of this test is to determine the mechanical characteristics of the material. – Цель испытания – определить механические характеристики материала. В сочетании с модальными глаголами и их эквивалентами инфинитив выполняет функцию части составного глагольного сказуемого:
9. Computer music
Computer music is any music in which computers are used to transmit musical instructions to electronic instruments or live performers. The transmissions are made in the form of electric impulses, which are in turn reproduced in sounds. In the classic computer music studio the following series of events occurs (direct synthesis). The composer programs instructions into a computer in a language that it understands. This is usually done through an alphanumeric keyboard. The instructions are converted into numbers. The computer performs the functions that the composer has requested. A digital-to-analogue converter converts the resultant information to varying voltages. These voltages drive one or more loudspeakers thus creating sound.
Another compositional technique is analyses–based synthesis. A spoken text is recorded digitally. The digitised speech information is analysed and the resultant information is used to recombine the speech sounds. Thus the computer both analyses and synthesises sounds.
In yet another technique, acoustic sounds – natural or human-made are digitally recorded then modified by the computer in a manner similar to tape manipulation in concrete music.
The growing sophistication of the real time computer performance techniques has freed computer music from unconditional bondage to the studio. The popular 1983 invention called MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) can expand the capacity of the personal computer to equal or surpass that of a professional studio system. Using the MIDI, information can be communicated between computers, electronic keyboards, synthesisers and any other necessary modules for the generation of sound. Data to be communicated can include pitches, dynamic levels, timbers and other elements common to musical performance.
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The design engineer must consider many factors. – Инженер-конструктор должен учитывать многие факторы. 3. Инфинитив, стоящий после сказуемого или косвенного дополнения, выступает в функции прямого дополнения: I like to read. – Я люблю читать. Разберем основные особенности, отличающие английский инфинитив от русского и, тем самым, представляющие трудности при переводе. 4. Инфинитив, стоящий в начале предложения до группы подлежащего или после сказуемого, выполняет функцию обстоятельства цели и переводится на русский язык придаточным предложением с союзами «чтобы»», «для того, чтобы»: Laws were not made to be broken. - Законы созданы не для того, чтобы их нарушать. Инфинитив цели может вводиться словами in order to, so as: Sometimes you retreat in order to advance.- Иногда нужно отступить, чтобы продвинуться вперед. 5. Инфинитив в роли определения, стоящего после определяемого слова, чаще бывает в форме пассивного залога и переводится на русский язык придаточным определительным предложением с оттенком будущности и модальности: The strengh of radio waves to be measured is expressed in microvolts. - Сила радиоволн, которая должна быть измерена, выражается в микровольтах.
Инфинитивные обороты (The Infinitive Constructions)
1. Complex Object - сложное дополнение В научной литературе встречаются также инфинитивные обороты, при помощи которых можно соединить два простых предложения: Smb. did smth. + I saw this = I saw smb. do smth. I saw him cross the street. – Я видел, как он переходил улицу. The scientist consider the sun to emit radio signals. - Ученые считают, что солнце испускает радиоосигналы.
applications and for replacing old terminals. At the end of ‘90s, they may have a chance at the home market, but by than many homes may already have other information appliances that access the Internet.
The likely demand for network computers is being debated heatedly among market researches and analysts. In four to five years, it could grow to 5-10 percent of the world-wide PC unit market, or 5 millions to 10 million units a year.
8. Life in their hands
The latest craze to hit Japan is a computer pet called
Tamagotchi. It is a pocketsize toy with a tiny screen on which a bird is born and then by its owner. But beware, Tamagotchi will die if it is not properly looked after. Who on earth could get attached to a silly egg-shaped game on a key ring? Within no time Tamagotchi were selling like hot cakes. Originally priced at less then $ 20 each, they were soon changing hands on the black market for $ 800.
Tamagotchi starts as a pulsating egg on a screen. After five minutes it hatches into a demanding click which wants to be fed, played with and have its dropping cleared away regularly. Like many small creatures it’s prone to infections and needs to be given injections at the first sign of illness. All these are done with the series of bleeps and squeaks via three little buttons.
Tamagotchi has captured the imagination of the Japanese. It’s ideal for a country in which many people live in small houses or apartments where’s there’s no room for a real pet. Sometimes the whole office may take interest in the computer pet. People argue on how much to feed it, when to give a virtual snack, make nests for Tamagotchi and even baby-sit. All the colleagues anxiously wait the day when it will grow a beak and make celebrations when it finally sprouts its wings. It’s even rumoured that a member of a parliament takes his computer pet into the debating chamber. But being a Tamagotchi owner is not all fun. The pets can grow into snake-like monsters if they aren’t brought up properly. And they can be dangerous too. People have been mugged for their Tamagotchi.
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В этих оборотах используются глаголы: see, hear, feel, notice, smell, find, know, think. На русский язык придаточное предложение переводится с помощью союзов «как, что». После глаголов want, wish при переводе придаточное предложение начинается с союза «чтобы»: I want smb to do smth I want him to open the door. Я хочу чтобы он ооткрыл дверь. 3. Complex Subject - сложное подлежащее Этот оборот состоит из подлежащего, выраженного существительным в общем падеже или местоимением в именительном падеже и инфинитива. Между компонентами оборота стоит сказуемое, выраженное: 1) глаголом в форме страдательного залога is said - говорят; is known - известно; is supposed - предполагают; is believed – полагают; is assumed - предполагают; is thought - думают; is considered - считают; is found - обнаружено. These tubes are said to give considerable economy. Говорят, что эти лампы дают значительную экономию. 2) с глаголами в форме активного залога to seem, to appear, to prove, to happen перевод начинается с вводного слова «кажется, оказывается»: He seems to know English.- Кажется, он знает английский. 3) инфинитив употребляется со словосочетаниями to be likely, to be unlikely, to be certain, to be sure (вероятно, похоже, наверняка). He is likely to know English.- Вероятно, он знает английский. 4. For-to- Infinitive -Инфинитив с for. Аналогичной конструкции в русском языке нет, поэтому она представляет некоторую трудность для понимания. It is not unusual for restored cars to sell for more than they did when new. - Для реставрированных машин не является необычным тот факт, что они продаются дороже, чем стоили, когда были новыми.
Exercises 1. Read the sentences and state the function of the Infinitive: 1. To greet the guests is the hostess’ duty. 2. The boy explained seriously that the pockets were used to carry things that were absolutely necessary. 3. Mother had to repeat her request twice before her son turned his head. He seemed to have been lost in his thoughts. 4. The aim of the lesson was
type, such as the North Carolina kitchen, emphasises immersion. The computer-generates all that is seen by the user. Another approach, called augmented reality, enhances the real world by computer-generated overlays. For instance, a worker might ask the computer to display the correct electrical connection while he is looking at the actual aircraft wiring with see-through goggles. And some “virtual presence” work goes beyond videoconferencing to sense and manipulate objects from afar. Such applications include monitoring a robot on Mars or diagnosing casualties near hazardous front line.
In the mid-1980s, researchers at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Ames Research Centre had to use stick graphics to get 20-30 frames per second in architectural modelling. Now much richer scenes are available and it gets better every year. A small VR industry has sprung up, offering a variety of mainly first-generation methods of creating synthetic environments.
7. Network computers
The network computer, first promoted in late 1995 by Larry
Ellison of Oracle Systems Corp., Redwood Shores, Calif., hit the headlines in 1996. Such computers dedicated to accessing the Internet and Intranets will cost less than a PC because they will not have mass storage devices and will use Web browsers instead of Windows or Macintosh operating software. The units will probable have much lower support costs than a PC because they can be managed remotely and centrally.
Oracle, IBM, Sun Microsystems, Netscape Communications Corp., Apple, and many other companies agreed on the network computer standard last June. In the next few moths, numerous models are expected to become available, and by yearend, it will be clear whether they have succeeded instantly or will require further work and more infrastructures.
In all likelihood network computers will have some degree of success, but the will certainly not become PC-killers. They need Internet bandwidth and today only large corporations have it. Initially, they will be most attractive to corporations for Intranet
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to introduce the words and train them in oral practice. 5. This is a hint for you to understand the whole thing better. 6. They decided to play the match on Saturday. 7. He made a remark in an angry voice to get me cross, too. 8. She seemed to have lost her temper. 9. Why do you want to be taken seriously in such a situation? 10. The people round the king were superstitious enough to have believed every word and trick of the witch. 2.Define the functions of the Infinitive in the following sentences. Translate them into Russian: 1. Our task is to study well. 2. The idea to use this substance is not new. 3. He described the device to be used in all modern systems. 4. The apparatus to be assembled is very complicated. 5. To translate the text without a dictionary is difficult. 6. To make the experiment you must improve the device. 7. The engineer wanted to be sent to the conference. 8. Lodygin was the first to invent the electric lamp. 9..In order to solve these problems, scientists must make many experiments. 10. To carry out this research work requires special knowledge. 3.Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the functions of the Infinitive: 1.We shall consider a very simple example in order to explain this phenomenon. 2. Computer science is to be regarded as a new discipline. 3. It is quite necessary for him to make a great number of calculations to solve the problem. 4. We know silver to be the best of conducting materials. 5.Michael Faraday had little chance to get an education. 6. An attempt to form a theory of such systems was made by Professor W. 7. We expect the article to be published next year. 8. I believe him to have changed his plans. 9. Radio and television continue to develop and to find wider application in science and industry. 10. I saw the workers repair the machine. 11. The fastest way to detect an artificial satellite is by radio. 12. We watched the robot perform many operations. 13. We are to study the main laws of physics. 14. An electronic machine has to be used to make these calculations.
been a year in the hatching. A diary believed to have been kept by Eric Harris, aged 18, one of the two gunmen responsible for the shooting, recorded daily, meticulous planing of the event from last April.
The sheriff Jefferson county, John Stone, said the preparations and details outlined in the dairy extended to hand signals between Harris and Dylan Klebold, aged 17 for is ease of communication when they attacked the school, and the timing and location of the maximum number of students in a specific area.
“They were going for the big kill,” the sheriff said. The handwritten dairy is said to contain German words and phrases, references to Nazi Germany and racial slurs, despite the fact that Klebold’s mother, Suzan, grew up in a prominent Jewish family in Ohio.
The sheriff said the barrel of a sawn-off shotgun and Nazi paraphernalia had been found in Harris’s bedroom – prompting him to add to speculation that April 20 was chosen for the shooting because it was the 110th anniversary of Hitler’s birth.
6. Virtual reality is for real
Virtual environments have been around for decades, mainly
in expensive flight simulators and military displays. What’s new about “virtual reality” is that the necessary computing power and displays are more affordable and new peripherals such as data gloves have become available, generating still further dimensions of immersion and interactivity.
In prosaic terms, VR endeavours to create a very natural interface between humans and computers, where communication can take the form of moving 3-D imagery, spatial sounds, and even physical forces - from motion to crude touch. (Smell is also being examined.)
This has all sorts of entertainment possibilities, like immersive video games and films, and many practical ones, too. For instance, the ability to do “soft designs” of cars or space stations that engineers can literally enter (rather than view from the window of a computer) might result in better products at lower cost.
There are many mutations of virtual environments. One
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4. Read the sentences and state the form and function of the
Infinitive: 1.Can it be still raining? 2. She can't have been lying to everyone. 3. He could see that everybody was ready to set off for the trip. 4. Could I ask for help? 5. She can't still be waiting for us. 6. Could you have misunderstood me? 7. Helen seems to be losing her temper. 8. I want you to take Jenny to the dentist. 9. She wants to be taken seriously. 10. It was nice to be speaking Russian after a week of staying in England. 11. What I want most of all at the moment is to be left alone. 12. They were astonished to have found me in such a company. 13. The girl was delighted to have been dancing the whole evening. 14. The boy was old enough to be taken to the ceremony. 15. You are too careless to have promised Jim so much. 16. He is known to have been one of me most famous writers of the 50s. 17. I was walking so quickly that I might be thought to be following the woman in front of me. 18. Granny is supposed to be taken to hospital. 19. The cat is not likely to have been stolen. 20. At that time I happened to be working at my first book of poems. 5.Open the brackets using the appropriate form of the Infinitive: 1.I don't want her /think, to think/ me /say, to say/ a lie. 2. The doctor made them /to open, open/ the windows to air the stuffy room and /stop, to stop/ smoking at once. 3. His joke made us all /to laugh, laugh/ heartily. 4. Don't make her /agree, to agree/ with you. It will do no good - she is very stubborn. 5. She saw them /look, to look/ at the map of the city that is why she saw /they were strangers, them to be strangers/. 6. I didn't expect the weather /to change, change/ soon so I hadn't taken the umbrella. 7. Everybody believes Greg /to be, be/ a very good surgeon. 8. Why didn't you want us /see, to see/ him off to the railway station? 9.I think I was right - I let him /ask, to ask/ all the questions and answered them frankly. There is no place for tricks between the partners. 10. She didn't want anyone to see her /to cry, cry/ and wanted everyone/to leave, leave/ her alone. 6. Choose the right translation: 1 To read English is a great pleasure. а) читать на английском б) чтобы прочитать на английском
Pennsylvania, called for night eating syndrome to be classed as a serious illness alongside bulimia and anorexia. Sufferers are usually stressed and poor sleepers, waking on average 3.5 times a night. When they wake they snack on food high in carbohydrates, so-called comfort foods.
In paper to be published in the summer, Dr Stunkard said night snackers consumed 500 calories more than those with more regular eating habits and were often obese. Dr Stunkard estimated than 10 per sent of obese people suffered from night eating syndrome. Nighttime snacking is also caused by mood and sleeping disorders. The urge to eat increases during the night as night eaters become more anxious and depressed. By eating, sufferers boost levels of serotonin, a pleasure-enhancing chemical that occurs in the brain.
Dr Stunkard said: “They are eating to medicate themselves because the eating is very high in carbohydrates, which are likely to increase the serotonin in the brain, and that stimulates sleep.” Tests had shown that people with the condition experienced a decrease during the night in levels of two hormones linked to sleep and appetite – melatonin and leptin.
5. 15 die in high school massacre
Twelve students and a teacher were killed last week after two
young men dressed in trench coats and sky masks walked into a Denver high school and opened fire, giggling as they scattered pupils and staff. The two youngsters, both students at the school, committed suicide.
The two suspects where found dead inside the library of Columbine high school in the suburb of Littleton, their bodies next to devices believed to have been bombs.
The attack left the United States, already accustomed to classroom shootings,stunned by the scale of the bloodshed. The tragedy will inevitable reopen the debate about gun control, pitting the mounting indignation of parents and urban dwellers against the multi-billion dollar gun industry and the country’s most powerful lobbing group, the National Rifle Association.
Evidence a later emerged that the massacre appears to have
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2 Tо read English well students must work hand, а) чтобы читать на английском б) читать на английском 3. The experiment to be made is very important а) эксперимент, который был выполнен б) эксперимент который надо провести 4 The problem to be solved was discussed at the last meeting а) проблема была решена б) проблема, которую надо решить 5 Tо finish this work they had to invite American experts а) чтобы завершить эту работу б) завершение этой работы. 6 To finish this work was easy а) чтобы завершить эту работу б) завершение этой работы. 7, The sum to be paid was terrible а) сумма, которую нужно заплатить б) сумма была выплачена 7.Open the brackets and use to or "bare" Infinitive: 1. He was so clever that he could (to answer, answer) all possible questions. 2. The story was too short (to be read, be read), at the lesson. 3. Bob is as pleased as Punch (to have been praised, have been praised) in the class. 4. We must (to arrive, arrive) there in the morning. 5. You ought (have been, to have been) more attentive during the last test. 6. He seems (to be asking, be asking) stupid questions - look, everyone is smiling. 7. Kate asked me to show how (open, to open) the box. 8.Change the following complex sentences given below according to the example and translate them: Example: The process which will be described in this article is known as ionization. The process to be described in this article is known as ionization. 1.The method which will be used is reliable. 2. The results which will be received will be published next month. 3. The data that are to be obtained will be of great interest. 4. The measurements that must be made should be accurate enough. 5. The experiments which will be demonstrated are closely related to our research. 6. The problem that must be solved is very difficult. 7. The work that must be done is of great importance. 8. The method that will be used was developed in our laboratory. 9. The equipment that is to be installed is very effective. 10. The instrument which will be used must make precise measurements.
3. Safety Systems in SAAB Car Engineering. From the drawing board onwards, Saab is designed to offer
superb protection to all its occupants and constructed in philosophy that no accident occurs in a vacuum and that no one safety feature can insure your protection if an accident occurs.
In this way, Saab's integrated crash-protection system is composed of a number of safety features. There's a collapsible steering column; densely padded interior; front and rear energy-absorbing crumple zones; a welded-steel safety cage; an integrated side-impact protection system.
Every component of the computer-generated body has a specific part to play. Some parts, such as those found in the energy-absorbing front and rear crumple zones, have to be less rigid to absorb some of the crash force, allowing the integrated occupant restraint systems to be effective. Other parts have to be immensely rigid to keep the crash force away from the occupants. These members form the sturdy safety cage, which surrounds the passenger compartment and must remain intact in a serious collision or rollover, preventing intrusion into the cabin.
Together with the three-point safety belts for all occupants, front safety belt tensions and dual air-bags, these components work together to form the safety chain".
Saab's safety innovations don't revolve around any single technology, but integrate literally hundreds of features throughout the entire car.
4. Professor claims night eating a ‘clinical illness’
If you got up the middle of last night for a snack you may not be greedy, but ill, and up to 900,000 Britons may have joined you in furtive nocturnal nourishment. An expert in eating disorders last week claimed that night eating syndrome was a clinical illness caused by low levels of key hormones and linked stress.
Dr.Albert Stunkard told the International Conference on Eating Disorders in London that up 1.5 per cent of the population could be sufferers. The professor of psychiatry at the University of
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9. Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the Infinitive Constructions: 1. The professor made the students repeat the experiment. 2. We want them to receive this information as soon as possible. 3. We know the first atomic power station to have been built in the USSR. 4. The only thing for you to do is to use a microscope. 5. A material which allows electricity to flow through it is called a conductor. 6. We did not see them make this experiment. 7. For him to take this decision was not easy. 8. We think this work to be completed in a month. 9. Our professor wants us to use these data. 10. It was easy for our mechanic to repair this device. 11. Electronics enabled scientists to take pictures of the moon. 12. For the decision to be correct all facts must be considered. 10.Change the following complex sentences according to the example. Translate them into Russian: Example: Yablochkov was the first who realized the advantages of the alternating current. Yablochkov was the first to realize the advantages of the alternating current. 1. The Soviet Union was the first country that put into operation atomic power stations. 2. Franklin was the first who developed a new theory of electricity. 3. Lomonosov and Franklin were the first who made their experiments in the field of atmospheric electricity. 4. The engineer was the last who made the report at the conference. 5. The famous scientist was the first who proved this theory. 6. Newton was one of the first who studied light. 7. Lodygin was the first who invented the electric lamp. 8. These metals were the first that were used in industry. 9. This scientist was the first who developed the new process. 10. These devices were the first that were tested in our laboratory. 11.Translate the sentences into Russian: 1. Electrons were shown to be particles of negative electricity. 2. When illuminated by a radar wave, Venus is found experimentally to be darker at the limbs than at its centre. 3. The vacuum is ordinarily defined as a state of absence: a vacuum is said to exist in a region of space if there is
2. Technology for the Future
The future of the electronics industry lies in developing and applying new technologies. Digital technology facilitates high quality stereo sound and video transmission and is likely to revolutionise radio and television broadcasting. The network will comprise optical fibres and microwave links and the latest computer technology will be integrated into management systems. Digital Audio Broadcasting could permit radio stations to cover the whole of western Europe from one satellite. Negotiations between European states are currently under way to decide which frequencies to use.
Mobile telephony experienced rapid growth during the 1980s, based on analogue cell-phones, and the sector is set to expand again with the launch of digital systems. Croupe Specialc Mobile (GSM) is a pan-European digital mobile communications standard to which 17 countries have agreed.
Video-conferencing and video-telephony enable business telecommunications. to take place without costly and time-consuming travel. The technology is expected to transform offices in the same way that facsimile -machines and PCs did during the 1980s.
New car technologies are likely to be operational in the near future include vision systems, cruise control and automatic route guidance. Longer-term projects include a system allowing drivers to 'see' through fog and collision avoidance systems.
Compact Disc-Interactive (CD-I) technology allows video images and graphics to be stored on digital disc and played back using a portable CD-1 player and a television set. The British firm Futurcmedia is developing CD-1 software for corporate training. This market is estimated to be worth about £250 million a year.
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nothing in it. 4. Some of the ancients held that matter was composed of atoms. Still they can hardly be said to have formulated a true scientific theory.5. The solar wind has been found to consist of a completely ionized plasma—a gas composed of electrically charged fragments of atoms. 6. The atmosphere on Mars is thought to be substantially thicker than on the earth and thus capable of statically supporting larger surface blocks. 7. If a particle moves in a circle with a constant speed, it is said to be in uniform motion. 8. Natural uranium was stated to consist mainly of two isotopes. 9. Electronic computers are likely to have as profound effect as nuclear energy on the future of man. 10. The best current estimates suggest that the population of the Third World is likely to triple in the next century and thereafter remain stable. 11. The chief difficulty turned out to be the determination of the formulae of the compounds.12. A supernova, the catastrophic explosion of a massive star, is believed to occur in a galaxy twice a century. 13. The experiment turned out to be more difficult than could be expected. 14. All students are supposed to know Newton's laws of mechanics. 15. Automation is known by everyone to have reduced the demand for some types of labour. 16. The light from a star only recently discovered is known to be coming to us during many years. 17. A number of salts have been prepared in the laboratories which have not been found to occur naturally. 18. The surface of the earth is thought to be like the hard shell of a nut. 19. The sun is thought to be in the first stage of nuclear burning. 20. The atmosphere is thought to have developed as the result of chemical and photochemical processes. 12. Translate the sentences into English: 1.Чтобы начать эксперимент необходимо изготовить новое оборудование. 2.Чтобы добраться до деревни, он вынужден был брать такси. 3. Чтобы перевести этот текст, она вынуждена пользоваться словарем. 4. Чтобы написать эту книгу, он посетил много стран. 5. Чтобы организовать встречу, он позвонил своему другу. 6. Дом, который будет продаваться, был построен в 18 веке. 7. Программа, которую необходимо разработать, будет использоваться математиками. 8. Делегация, которую нужно встретить в Москве, состоит из бизнесменов. 9. Статью, которую необходимо перевести, была опубликована в прошлом году. 10. Дорога, которую начнут строить в будущем году, будет на 200 км короче старой.
TEXTS for written translation
1.Computer graphics
Computer graphics is the use of computers to produce
pictorial representations of information, from a graph of a com-pany's earnings to a video-game maze. Almost any pictorial image may be stored in a computer and rendered and manipulated according to the user's wishes. To generate such graphics, the user needs a computer, a graphics software program, and INPUT-OUTPUT DEVICES. Computer graphics often employs specialised hardware and software technologies. Most computer graphics are shown on a monitor, or VIDEO DISPLAY TERMINAL, in the form of a CATHODE-RAY TUBE (CRT). On the software side, graphics programs employ a wide variety of special display algorithms.
Researchers use computer graphics for such purposes as producing three- dimensional (3D) views of the human brain or studying how pollutants interact with various meteorological phenomena. In addition to the exploration of 3D possibilities in themselves (see VIRTUAL REALITY), there are also growing educational applications. For example, flight simulators have become indispensable tools for training pilots and astronauts, visualisations of complex equations increase understanding for mathematics students, on and "virtual" bodies enable physicians to practice delicate procedures before operating patients. Few industries have taken as thorough advantage of the computer's ability to generate and manipulate images as the VIDEO GAME business. The computer's imaging ability has also found a home in Hollywood, where dazzling special effects are often fashioned by computer. A growing percentage of advertising also incorporates attention-grabbing computer graphics that increasingly blend real and imaginary events.
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THE GERUND
Герундий – это неличная форма глагола, имеющая признаки как существительного, так и глагола и выражающее действие, как процесс. Герундий образуется путем прибавления окончания – ing к основе глагола и выражает отвлеченное понятие о действии, не указывая на число, лицо и наклонение. Самостоятельно вне контекста на русский язык не переводится, так как в русском языке аналогичных форм нет.
Формы герундия
Forms Active Passive Simple discovering
(Infinitive + ing) being discovered (being + Participle II)
Perfect having discovered (having + Participle II)
having been discovered (having been + Participle II)
Свойства герундия
Свойства глагола Свойства существительного
1) имеет видо-временные формы (см. таблицу выше)
1) в предложении выполняет те же функции, что и существительное I like swimming – Я люблю плавание (дополнение)
2) имеет формы залога (см. таблицу выше)
2) употребляется с предлогом (в функции обстоятельства и определения). In melting the ice keeps the same temperature. – Тая, лед сохраняет такую же температуру. (обстоятельство).
3) может иметь прямое дополнение. Making experiments is his favorite occupation
3) может иметь определение в виде притяжательного местоимения или существительного в притяжательном падеже. I never doubted his working in this field of science. Scientists’ working together and their sharing ideas with one another is of great advantage for science.
4) определяется наречиями. Thank you for coming quickly
equipment, are studying the atmosphere. 3. Study the following common verbs. These ones always take the gerund: succeed in, consider, deny, look forward to, avoid, risk; these ones always refer to the infinitive: manage, pretend, offer, promise, hope, plan. . Now use one of these verbs in the correct form to complete of the following sentences. 1. She finally ………. to escape by stealing a key. 2. He ………. to carry the old man’s suitcase. 3. I’ve never been to France before. I’m ………. going there next year. 4. They ………. reaching the frontier the following day. 5. She realized that she ………. breaking a leg if she jumped from the window, but she knew there was no other choice. 6. Her mother made her ………. to write home every week. 7. It was nice to see you. I ………. to see you again soon. 8. When he gets out of prison, he ………. to travel. 9. I would like you to ………. working for me. 10. He ………. stealing the car, although a witness saw him. Give up smoking if you want to ………. getting a cough. He ………. To be asleep, but in fact he heard everything they said. 3. Open the brackets using the proper form of the Infinitive or Participle: 1. I heard him (to speak) to his friend about his voyage to far-away countries. 2. They wanted us (to do) this work as soon as possible. 3. For a long time they watched the girls (to play) tennis. 4. We didn't expect him (to be) so rude with his parents. 5. The revolution made lots of people (to leave) their native country. 6. I can't let you (quarrel) on trifles. 7. He was known (to be) an ethnologist and a linguist. 8. All of sudden she felt her limbs (to tremble). 9. The teacher was closely watching the students (to write) the dictation. There was no way to peep into a scribble.
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Функции герундия в предложении Так как в русском языке нет соответствующей формы, то герундий, в зависимости от его функции в предложении, переводится отглагольным существительным, инфинитивом, деепричастием или целым предложением (чаще придаточным). Обороты с герундием широко используются в научно-технической литературе. 1. Герундий в функции подлежащего может переводиться существительным или инфинитивом:
Существительное Using virtual environments has considerably widened the range of training possibilities. - Использование виртуальной реальности существенно расширило возможности обучения.
Инфинитив Measuring temperatures is necessary in many experiments. - Измерять температуру необходимо при многих опытах. 2 Именная часть составного именного сказуемого переводится существительным или инфинитивом: One more fact is worth mentioning. - Стоит упомянуть ещё один факт. I can’t help being surprised at their success. - Не могу не удивляться их успеху. 3 Герундий в функции дополнения. Герундий в функции прямого дополнения переводится существительным, придаточным предложением, инфинитивом. Most memory training systems involve associating the things you want to remember with something you already have safely stored in your head. - Большинство систем, тренирующих память, включают процесс ассоциирования вещей, которые вы хотите запомнить, с чем-то, что вы уже надежно запомнили. Герундий в данной функции употребляется: 1) после глаголов, выражающих предпочтение: like, love, hate, enjoy, prefer и т.д. и после глаголов, выражающих начало, конец и продолжение действия: start, begin, continue, finish, и т.д. Нужно иметь в виду, что после них может употребляться и инфинитив, без особого изменения значения высказывания. 2) после глаголов stop, regret, remember, forget, mean, go on может употребляться и герундий, и инфинитив, но значение
например: a writing table – письменный стол, т.е. стол для письма. Сравнение: a smoking man – курящий человек (причастие) a smoking room – комната для курения (герундий). Отглагольное существительное тоже имеет окончание –ing (verbal noun). Признаком такого существительного является наличие перед ing-формой артикля и предлога of перед идущим за ней существительным. Отглагольное существительное может употребляться в форме множественного числа. The readings of the voltmeter were correct. – Показания вольтметра были правильны.
Exercises
1. Define - ing-forms and translate them into Russian 1. Altering the motion of a body we increase or decrease its speed. 2. Tsiolkovsky’s having lost his hearing as a result of scarlet fever (скарлатина) made him leave school after the third form. 3. The energy produced by splitting of the nucleus of an atom is called nuclear or atomic energy. 4. The melting point of aluminium is 657°C. 5. The melting snow fills the river. 2. Translate the following sentences. Note the words which help you to define whether the word with the suffix -ing is a Verbal Noun, a Gerund or a Participle: 1. Our aim is solving this complex problem. 2. They succeeded in obtaining good results working with this metal. 3. The building of the house will be finished next month. 4. In testing the devices they found some serious faults. 5. The growing importance of automatic equipment in industry attracts world-wide attention. 6. Russian scientists played a great role in the spreading of the metric system in Russia. 7. After graduating from Petersburg University A.S.Popov remained there as a post-graduate at the Physics Department. 8. After Hertz had published his experiments proving the existence of electromagnetic waves, A.S.Popov thought of a possibility of using Hertz waves for transmitting signals over a distance. 9. On March 24, 1896 he demonstrated the transmission and reception of a radiogram consisting of two words: Heinrich Hertz. 10. Using the new method it is possible to increase accuracy and speed of spectral analysis. 11. Thousands of scientists, using the most modern
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высказывания при этом меняется, что, соответственно отразится и на переводе: STOP + герундий – обозначает прекращенное действие They stopped discussing the news. Они перестали обсуждать новости. + инфинитив - выступает в функции обстоятельства цели They stopped to discuss the news. Они остановились, чтобы обсудить новости. Герундий в функции предложного дополнения переводится существительным или придаточным предложением. There are many stories about dolphins saving sailors from drowning. - Существует много историй о том, как дельфины спасали тонущих моряков от гибели. The present project aims at promoting an active role of the astronomers. - Данный проект нацелен на формирование активной роли астрономов... There’s a common interest in developing in Naples a laboratory for measurements. - Все заинтересованы в открытии в Неаполе лаборатории для измерений… 3) после названных глаголов всегда употребляется герундий: to be capable of to depend on to consist in (on) to result in to be interested in to feel like to look like
to prevent from to accuse of to reply on to approve of to insist on to agree to to be tired of
to think of to complain of to rely on to speak of to suspect of to look forward to
It looks like raining. They insisted on prolonging the negotiations. 4. Определение. В этой функции герундий обычно употребляется с предлогами “of”, “for”, “in”. Переводится существительным с предлогом или неопределенной формой глагола, а также существительным в родительном падеже. After his illness he had no chance of passing the examinations. - После болезни у него не было никакой возможности сдать экзамены.
8. Translate the sentences from Russian into English paying special attention to Participle I and Participle II. 1. Открыв дверь, я увидел друга. 2. Студент, отвечающий (который отвечает) этот урок, из нашей группы. 3. Перевод, который делается студентами, очень трудный. 4. Она смотрела на играющих детей во дворе. 5. Будучи хорошим специалистом, он писал превосходные статьи. 6.Работая в читальном зале, она закончила свою статью. 7. Когда Попову предложили работу за границей, он отказался покинуть свою страну. 8. После того, как он окончил академию, его отправили за границу. 9. Проводя эксперимент, мы наблюдали новое явление. 10. Атомы, объединенные (которые объединены) в группы, называются молекулами.
Сравнение неличных форм глагола The Comparison Between the Non-Finite Forms
Формы герундия совпадают с формами причастия, но герундий имеет ряд отличительных признаков. 1. Наличие перед формой с окончанием –ing какого-либо предлога (of, after, before, by, for, from, in, on, without) There are two ways of measuring engine power. – Существует 2 способа измерения мощности двигателя. 2. Наличие перед ing-формой притяжательного местоимения (my, her, etc) The professor approved of my solving problem. – Профессор одобрил мое решение задачи. 3. Наличие существительных в притяжательном или общем падежах We know of Newton’s having developed the principles of mechanics. – Нам известно, что Ньютон разработал основные принципы механики. 4. Герундий и причастие могут выполнять функцию левого определения. Различать их в этой функции можно только на основе смыслового содержания, учитывая, что причастие выражает действие определяемого существительного, например: a writing man – пишущий человек, тогда как герундий указывает на назначение предмета и на русский язык передается существительным,
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Let’s hope that they will regect any and every excuse for delaying negotiations.- Будем надеяться, что они отклонят любые предлоги приостановки переговоров. The difficulties in designing these devices led to the development of a new technological method. - Трудности в разработке данных приборов привели к развитию нового технологического метода. 5. Обстоятельство. Герундий в этой функции употребляется с предлогами и переводится существительным с соответствующим предлогом или деепричастием. After detecting Before using by measuring for demonstrating from damaging in transmitting on achieving without increasing
- после обнаружения - перед использованием - путем (при помощи) измерения - для демонстрации - от разрушения - при передаче, передавая (развернутость процесса)- по достижении, (завершенность процесса) - без увеличения, не увеличивая
A system can be realized by making a superconducting tunnel junction (STJ). - Можно реализовать систему, обеспечив сверхпроводящее туннельное соединение. On being heated to a sufficient temperature any body becomes a source of light. - Любое тело, нагретое до нужной температуры, становится источником света In leaving the metal surface the electrons can produce considerable currents. - Покидая поверхность металла, электроны могут создать значительный ток. After/On making a lot of experiments Faradey discovered the electromagnetic induction. - Проделав множество экспериментов, Фарадей открыл электромагнитную индукцию
Герундиальные обороты ( The Complex Gerundial Constructions)
Сочетание герундия с предшествующим ему притяжательным местоимением или существительным в притяжательном или общем падеже называется сложным герундиальным оборотом. Такой оборот обычно переводится придаточным предложением, вводными словами «то, что», «того, что», «о том, что». Существительное или местоимение, стоящее перед герундием,
1. The scientist who is working at the method is well known. 2. The students who are listening to the taped lesson study at the evening fa-culty. 3. These postgraduate students who are watching the experiment work in our laboratory. 4. The worker who is repairing the machine is very skilled. 5. The engineer who is carrying out these investigations is a well-known inventor. 6. The students who are doing the laboratory work are from various faculties. 7. The workers who are building this house will soon finish their work. 6. Choose the sentences with Participle I from the ones given below and translate them: 1. The falling water has kinetic energy. 2. While testing the motor we put down the results. 3. There is no simple explanation of the functioning of transistors. 4. Obtaining new data engineers can improve their knowledge. 5. Look at the reading of the device. 6. Robots are helping research scientists to answer many difficult questions. 7. By the beginn-ing of the 20th century man had learned something of the structure of the atom. 8. When applying these automatic devices we shall be able to control automatic lines. 9. The applying of lasers enables us to amplify electromagnetic waves. 10. A person beginning some experiment should be very careful and attentive. 7. Translate the sentences Weather permitting, we will go for a walk. 2. Electric current is capable of carrying power over a great distance, the conversion of power being effected with almost 100 per cent efficiently. 3. Young Dickens noticed everything, his power of observation being phenominal. 4. The manuscript being written in pencil, I cannot read it without spectacles. 5 Japan’s population has grown to 115 million with women outnumbering men by 1.7 million. 6. The text did not seem difficult, many words having been learned before. 7. Chemistry and physics are interrelated sciences, any chemical change involving a physical change.8. Of seven Ranger spacecraft aimed at the moon, five reached the lunar surface, with the last three providing 17,000 photographs. 9. Objects reflect only a certain part of the light, the remainder being absorbed. 10. Almost three-quarters of the earth is covered with water, the most extensive areas of water being the great oceans.
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становится в русском языке подлежащим придаточного предложения, а герундий – сказуемым. The man’s coming so early surprised us. - То, что этот человек пришел так рано, нас удивило. I never doubted his working in this field of science - Я никогда не сомневался в том, что он работает в этой области науки Scientists’ working together and their sharing ideas with one another is of great advantage for science. - То, что ученые работают вместе и делятся своими идеями друг с другом, приносит большую пользу науке. Если существительное, к которому относится действие, выраженное герундием, является неодушевленным, то оно ставится перед герундием в общем падеже, поскольку в притяжательном падеже неодушевленное существительное употребляться не может. They insist on this experiment being made once more. - Они настаивают на том, чтобы эксперимент был сделан еще раз. We looked forward to the contract being signed . - Мы с нетерпением ожидали подписания контракта.
Exercises
1. Find Gerunds, determine their functions in the sentences and translate the sentences into Russian. 1.In moving through a vacuum these electrons form an electric current. 2. For 40 years this device underwent constant improving and by 1997 it had performed so many different functions, that it seemed absurd to suppose it could ever be replaced. 3. The idea of using this technique is new and somewhat unexpected.4. It is worth mentioning in this connection that this technique found no support two years ago. 5. It’s useless devoting so much time to this problem without specifying all the details of the procedure. It’s no good wasting much time in debates. 6.The way of avoiding these difficulties is unknown at present. 7. This procedure will give us the possibility of determining both the state estimation and the time delay. 8. We succeeded in simplifying the calculations of the magnetic strength. 9. We can’t help recognizing the importance of their discovery. 10. One can increase the current by reducing the resistance of the circuit. 11.There are different ways of charging a body with electricity. 12. In recent years man has succeeded in controlling chemical reactions. 13. Researches studied the power of music by observing two groups of pre-schoolers.
parts. 10. The scientist is carrying on an important research. 11.Developing the new method they achieved good results. 4.Translate the following sentences: 1.Having improved this device they could use it for many purposes. 2. When making the experiment he made notes.. 3. The vibrations of a voice speaking into the microphone of a telephone cause vibrations in an electric current. 4. This varying current is carried along a wire to a receiver. 5. Electronics in our country has developed into hundreds of research institutes and laboratories employing tens of thousands of people. 6. Having been discovered many years ago this metal found a wide application in industry only last year. 7. While being checked the motor showed good performance. 8. Rostov region today is building high-capacity atomic power stations. 9. The man introducing this famous scientist is the dean of our faculty. 10. Cybernetics is gaining a growing importance. 5. Change the complex sentences given below according to the examples and translate them into Russian: Example A: While she was preparing for her physics exam she looked through all the notes of the lectures. While preparing for her physics exam she looked through all the notes of the lectures. 1. When he was translating the article he used a dictionary. 2. While the student was working at the problem he made many experiments. 3. When the scientist was carrying out research in the field of nuclear physics he came to Dubna to work there. 4. When the worker was applying the new method of work he got better results. 5. While he was experimenting with this substance he was very careful. 6. When the en-gineer was improving the design he made many calculations. 7. While the man was describing this phenomenon he illustrated it with numerous examples. 8. When these scientists were working in our laboratory they obtained good results. Example B: The scientists who are carrying out research into nuclear physics deal with most difficult problems. The scientists carrying out research into nuclear physics deal with most difficult problems.
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2.Define the functions of the Gerund in the following sentences and translate them: 1.A laser is a machine for making and concentrating light waves into a very intense beam. 2. Go on making the experiment, 3. The idea of using lasers came from A.Prokhorov and N.Basov. 4. The laser beam is made by exciting the atoms of a suitable material. 5. Measuring temperature is necessary in many experiments. 6. There can be no progress in science without experimenting. 7. Solving such problems helps us greatly. 8. Their wish is mastering the fundamentals of radio-engineering. 9. The melting point of aluminium is 657°C. 10.1 remember visiting this laboratory. 11. They succeeded in obtaining these data. 3. Choose the sentences with the Gerund from the ones given below and translate them: 1.Special instruments measuring cosmic radio signals are being installed in the observatory. 2. Penetrating into space was very important for mankind. 3. Applying the method we get better results. 4. Upon adding heat we can change the state of a substance. 5. When measuring the voltage we use a voltmeter. 6. A number of materials, including some gases and semiconductors, possess this property. 7. For many centuries men were interested in obtaining new sources of energy. 8. The engineer insisted on experimenting as the best method to solve this problem. 9. The importance of scientific researches and discoveries is growing with every year. .4. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the functions of the Gerund: 1. Large-scale application of electronic technique is a trend of technical progress capable of revolutionizing many branches of industry. 2. Leningrad physicists have developed a method for using optical quantum generators for spectral analysis. 3. When atoms or molecules are excited they emit electromagnetic waves. By counting the number of waves in a certain period, a very accurate measure of ume.can be defined. 4. The operating speeds of these systems will be measured in nano-seconds.5. Telemetry is the science of seeing some place without being there. 6. Electronics is not so much a new subject as a new way of looking at electricity. 7. We know of Kondakov's having made the first synthetic
Exercises
1. Define the functions of Participles in the following sentences and translate them into Russian. 1.Radio occupies one of the leading places among the greatest achievements of modern engineering. 2. Speaking about the new methods of work the engineer told us many interesting details.3. Having performed the flight around the Moon Zond VI automatic station returned to Earth. 4. Being heated a magnet loses some or all of its magnetism. 5. Having been carefully tested the device was put into operation. 6. A neutron is a particle having the same mass as a proton, but carrying no electrical charge. 7. Hydrogen is the lightest substance known. 8. If heated molecules of the material move faster. 9. Probably, the first metals used by man were gold, silver and copper, these metals being found in nature in the native or metallic state. 10. Oxygen combining with another substance, an oxide is formed. . 2.Chose the sentences with Particles I, II from the ones given below. 1. The falling water has kinetic energy. 2 While testing the motor he put down the results.3. Look at the readings of the device. 4. Robots are helping scientists to answer many difficult questions. 5.By the beginning of the 20th century man had learned something about the structure of the atom. 6.A person beginning some experiment should be very careful and attentive. 7. If frozen, water becomes ice. We call the element discovered by Pierre and Marri Curri radium.8. The importance of the scientific researches and discoveries is growing with every year. 9. Radio occupies one of the leading places among the greatest achievements of modern engineering. 3. Define the functions of Participle I in the following sentences and translate them: 1. The scientist working at this design is well known. 2. Carrying out the experiment he made use of some new instruments. 3. These new devices are replacing their older equivalents. 4. Speaking about the new method of work the engineer told us many interesting details. 5. Radio occupies one of the leading places among the greatest achievements of modern engineering. 7. Being cooled water turns into ice. 8.The electric current passing through a wire will heat it. 9. Transistors contain no moving
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rubber in the world. 8. Russian physicists saw in semiconductors the way of solving complicated engineering problems. 9. These scientists continue working in this promising field of knowledge. 10. We know of Yoffe's having contributed much to the research of transistors 5. Use the verb in brackets as a gerund. 1. He’s good at repairing. (repair) 2. ……. fruit is good for you. (eat) 3. ……. a car costs money. (run) 4. I hate ……. the washing-up. (do) 5. He enjoys ……. orders. (give) 6. ……. holes is hard work. (dig) 7. Do you mind ……. places? (change) 8. ……. beds is boring. (make) 9. What do you know about ……. maps? (make) 10. You should avoid ……. rules. (make) 6 Use an appropriate form of a Gerund. 1.I’m sorry for having disturbed you. (have disturb) 2. I didn’t take it. I deny ……. it. (have take) 3. I’m annoyed about ……. all that money. (have lose) 4. I appreciate ……. me. (you have help) 5. I enjoy ……. with you. (have work) 6. That explains his ( fire) from his job. 7. I don’t mind ……. above me. (his have promote) 8. I resent ……. . (have dismissed) 7 Use the verb in brackets as a Gerund. Supply the necessary preposition. 1.I have no intention … (to stay) here any longer. 2. She insisted … (to help) me. 3. Are you fond…(to play) chess? 4. He has very much experience … (to teach). 5. There’s no possibility...(to find) his address. 6. There’s little chance …(to see) her today. 7. We have the pleasure …(to send) you our catalogues. 8. I think …(to go ) to the south in summer. 9. He is afraid …( to catch) cold. 10. I’m proud …(to have) such a son. 11. The rain prevented me …(to come). 12. They had much difficulty …(to find) a house. 8 Replace subordinate clauses with Gerund Constructions, supply an appropriate preposition where necessary. 1.When I received the telegram, I started home at once. 2. You may avoid many mistakes if you observe these rules. 3. When he entered the room, he greeted everybody.4. While he was copying the text, he made a few
просьбе лица, обозначенного подлежащим в предложении: I had my coat altered. – Я поручила переделать пальто. You can get your clothes made in Europe. – Вы можете заказать себе одежду в Европе. 2.The Subjective Participial Construction (сложное подлежащее). The horse was seen descending the hill. - Видно было, как лошадь спускалась с холма. 3. (The Absolute Participle Conctruction) Независимый причастный оборот. Независимый причастный оборот отделяется запятой и не связан ни с одним словом в другой части предложения. Он переводится в начале предложения – обстоятельственным придаточным предложением с союзами так как, когда, если; в конце предложения – простым предложением, вводящимся союзами причем, а, и или бессоюзно. The driver having repaired the motor, we could go further. – После того, как водитель отремонтировал мотор, мы смогли двигаться дальше. Chemistry and Physics are interconnected sciences, any chemical change results in physical change. – Химия и физика – взаимосвязанные науки, и любые химические изменения приводят к физическим изменениям. Независимый причастный оборот может вводиться предлогом with. With experiments having been carried out, we started new investigation. – После того, как опыты были произведены, мы начали новые исследования. 4.Абсолютная конструкция без причастия (Absolute Construction without a participle). Такая конструкция употребляется в функции обстоятельства времени или образа действия и переводится на русский язык придаточным предложением: Breakfast over, he went to his office. - Когда завтрак закончился, он пошел в свою контору
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mistakes. 5. I am thankful that I have been stopped in time. 6. I remember that I have read this book. 6. He is proud that he has never been beaten at chess by his fellow students. 7. I don’t remember that I have ever come across him before. 8. You can improve your knowledge of English if you read more. 9.Do you mind if I close the window? 10. The doctor insisted that I should stay at home. 11. Will you object if I smoke here? 12. There’s a probability that he will be appointed chief engineer of our plant. 13. There’s no possibility that we shall see him this week. 14. We insisted that he should come. 15.One can increase the voltage of the a.c. (alternating current) if one uses a transformer. 9 Finish the sentences 1.They succeeded in…. 2. His coming prevented us from… 3. They objected to… 4. It’s worthwhile… 5. You must thank them for…. 6. His idea of… is…7. It’s useless…. 8. I can’t help… 10 Find among the given sentences ones with the complex gerundial construction and translate them into Russian. 1. I am obliged to you for helping me. 2. Excuse my interrupting you. 3. I wonder at your overcoming difficulties so easily. 4. He proposed our immediately telling the whole story. 5.The rule against visitors entering the lab at the time of the experiment is strict. 6. His having carried out the measurements so easily doesn’t surprise us. 7. There’s no point in running away. 8. We insisted on their delivering the goods immediately. 9. Now childbearing is less risky. 10. He objected to the ships leaving port in such stormy weather.
Функции причастия II в предложении
1. Если причастие II является левым определением, то на русский язык оно переводится причастием страдательного залога с суффиксами –ный, -тый, -мый. The described method is widely used in industry. – Описанный метод широко используется в промышленности 2. Если причастие II является правым определением, то на русский язык оно переводится причастным оборотом или определительным придаточным предложением. The equipment tested requires further improvement. – Испытываемое оборудование требует дальнейшего усовершенствования. Если причастие II употребляется в функции обстоятельства, то оно может стоять в начале предложения (перед подлежащим) и в конце предложения. Перед Participle II могут употребляться союзы if (если), unless (если не), while (в то время как), when, as и др. и на русский язык причастие переводится: 1) обстоятельственным придаточным предложением If heated, molecules of the material move faster. – Если молекулы вещества нагреть, они движутся быстрее. 2) существительным с предлогом “при” When offered work abroad, Popov refused to leave his country.– Когда Попову предложили работу за границей, он отказался покинуть свою страну. 3) “будучи” + краткая форма причастия
Причастные обороты (Participial Constructions)
Причастные обороты представляют собой сочетание подлежащего, выраженного существительным или личным местоимением, и какой-либо формы причастия. 1.The Objective Participial Construction (сложное дополнение) He looked round and saw a girl racing after him.. – Он оглянулся и увидел бегущую за ним девушку. I want it done by 5 o’clock. - Я хочу, чтобы это было сделано к 5 часам. Обратите внимание на перевод такой конструкции с глаголами have and get. В этом случае действие выполняется не подлежащим, а по
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THE PARTICIPLE
Причастие – это неличная форма глагола, которая обладает признаками глагола, прилагательного и наречия. В современном английском языке имеются два причастия: причастие I (Participle I) и причастие II (Participle II). Participle I (Simple, Perfect) образуются при помощи инфинитива без частицы “to” с прибавлением суффикса –ing. Participle II образуются путем прибавления к основе глагола суффикса -ed (правильные глаголы, e.g. look+ed). Participle II неправильных глаголов является их третьей формой (см. таблицу неправильных глаголов, e.g. gone, spoken, taken, etc.). Participle II имеет только форму страдательного залога.
Формы Participle I, II.
Forms Active Passive Participle I (Simple)
use + ing = using Be + ing used = being used
Participle I (Perfect)
have + ing used = having used
have + ing been used = having been used
Participle II - used
Функции причастия в предложении Причастие I активного залога (Participle I, Simple, Active) может выполнять в предложении функции определения и обстоятельства. 1. В функции определения Participle I, Active может стоять перед определяемым словом (левое определение). Переводится на русский язык причастием настоящего времени с окончаниями –ущ, -ющ, -ащ, -ящ или причастием прошедшего времени с окончанием –вший. They looked at the flying plane – Они смотрели на летящий (летевший) самолет. Если причастие I стоит после определяемого слова (правое определение), то на русский язык оно переводится причастным оборотом или определительным придаточным предложением.
A magnet attracts only objects containing iron – Магнит притягивает только предметы, содержащие железо. 2.Причастие I страдательного залога (Participle I, Passive) на русский язык переводится причастием страдательного или действительного залога с суффиксами -мый, -щийся или определительным придаточным предложением. The bridge being built across the river is very beautiful. – Мост, строящийся через реку (который строится через реку), очень красивый. 3.В функции определения причастие I (Participle I, Simple, Active or Passive) может стоять в начале предложения (иногда с союзами when, while) или в конце предложения. Переводится: a) деепричастием с суффиксами а(сь), я(сь): He spent the whole day preparing for his exams – Он провел весь день, готовясь к экзаменам. b) обстоятельственным придаточным предложением. Being repaired recently the bridge was in good condition. – Будучи недавно отреставрированным, мост был в хорошем состоянии (Так как мост недавно отремонтировали, он был в хорошем состоянии) c) существительным с предлогом “при” When translating a scientific article he met a lot of difficulties. – Переводя статью (при переводе, когда переводил статью) он встретился со многими трудностями 4. Participle I, Perfect, Active (having analysed) может переводиться на русский язык деепричастием совершенного вида, оканчивающимся на ––я или придаточным предложением. Having analyzed the properties of the substance they made some new conclusions. – Проанализировав свойства вещества, они сделали новые выводы. Participle I, Perfect, Passive (having been given) переводится, как правило, придаточным предложением. Having been given all the instructions he began his work. – После того, как он получил все указания, он начал работать.
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