The numismatic history of late medieval North Africa / by Harry W. Hazard

8/12/2019 The numismatic history of late medieval North Africa / by Harry W. Hazard

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-numismatic-history-of-late-medieval-north-africa-by-harry-w-hazard 1/482

CH I STO R Y

E V A NO R TH A R I CA

A R D

D I E S

NNU M SMAT CSO C E T

C r e a

t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e

/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s

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NT NTS

: L ateMedieva lNorthA f rica9

nSpain11

ns3&

entation45

ages( withChronologicalL istsandGenealogicalCharts :

ca50

rica52

nA lgeria5&

ca57

8

asternA lgeria6 9

lgeria75

4

5

ca86

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ateMedievalNorthAfrica

9 7

39143

59

2 1 2

1 9 3

7 0 2 29

231

- 8 7 2 3 4

trum8 8 8 -105 23

1 2 3

272

273

75

5 2 0

-11 02 1

9 2 2

1712 3

42 4

y:

yw ithK ey toA bbrev iations2 6

y :

rs325

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thets3 0

ns3 5

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asusedinthis study signifiestheregionboundedonthenorth

onthew estby theA tlanticOcean onthesouthby theSahara

by thedesertandbaywhichseparateCyrenaicafromTripolitania.

deofthis regionasinglegeographicandhistoricalunit are

apter.P ortionsofSpainruledby NorthAfricanMoslemsarealso

onofsuchrule.

ommencesinthemiddleof theeleventhChristiancentury

aendarof theMoslems w hentheZ 1ridsofTunisiabegantoestablish

atim idsofE gypt aneventw hich w iththeconse uentsecond

dthe simultaneousriseoftheMurabitsin Morocco marksa

historyof NorthAfrica.Theperiodterminatesatdifferenttimes

turyw iththedef initiveOttomancon uesto fA lgeria Tunisia and

arifianvictoryovertheW attasidsinMorocco.

thisareaduringthosefive centuriesonehasfourtypesof

chistoriansandgeographers inscriptionsonbuildingsand

ndotherarchiva lmaterial andco ins. I have overaperiodofsevera l

cessiblesourcesineachof thesecategories theyare listedinthe

wthecorpusofcoins.

pectsofnumismatichistory havechosentostressthepolit ical

isnow somewhatoutoffashion butwhichmustestablishthe

hichmoreelaborateandspeciali edhistoriesmaybebased.The

esocia lhistorian thehistoriansofartandof re ligion mayeach

thatI havenottreatedhisspecia laspecte haustive ly I canonly

rspacenorcompetencetodoso butthatI haveprov idedfull

mtoattackhis favoriteproblemwithaminimumofpreliminary

redtoaccomplishistocompilea definitivecorpusofthe coins

rrelatethemwithevidencesuppliedby theArabicchroniclersand

nddocuments.O neresultofthis approachistheestablishment

edattheheadof eachchapteronthecoinageof individualdynasties

reaccurate andbetterdocumentedthananynowavailable.I

heticalmethodofindicating thesourceofeachnameand date I

cumbersomeormoreattractivewayofsupplyinge uivalent

thatonlyarelativelysmallproportionof thecoinsstruckin

alusiabyAfricanrulers duringthelatemedievalperiodhave

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tvicissitudes.R elativelyfewofthesurvivingcoinscan have

manyoncepublishedhavesincebeen dispersedorbecomeinaccessible

ctionsatMadrid J ena andL eningrad. F orassistance incom-

ofpublishedcoins I gratefullyacknowledgemydebttothe

otesandproofsfortherev isededit ionofD r. L eoA . Mayer s

ctionstopublishedsourcesI e pressmythankstoD r. GeorgGalster

C openhagen toD r. J . G. Milneof theA shmoleanMuseumin

F a r ru g ia d e Ca n di a o f Tu n is t o D r . J o h n W a lk er o f t he B r i t i sh M u se u m

ganiero fL isbon andtoDr. GeorgeC. Milesof theA merican

emendationsoncoinsintheB iblio the ueNationa le . F or

edco insI amdeeply indebtedtoMr. Milne M. F arrugiadeC andia

d D r . M il e s ( f o r c o in a t Y a l e , a n d to P r o f. D r . P a u l B a l og o f C ai r o t o

andespecia lly toMr. Phil ipThorburnofC ranle ighinSurrey . I a lso

andforpermissiontodescribetwocoins intheMetropolitanMuseum

shedsources andtotheunpublishedonesj ustnoted I have

ollections ofwhichtherelevantcoinsare herepublishedforthe

ectionof theH ispanicSocietyofAmerica formedbyMr.Archer

ndepositatthe AmericanNumismaticSociety hasproved

nd Muwahhidissues.ThecollectionoftheAmericanNumis-

theUniversity ( o fP ennsy lvania Museum a lsocurrentlyatthe

havelikewisebeenofgreatinterest.F ortheresearchfellowship

thesethree collectionsunderoneroofoveran e tendedperiod

kstotheAmericanNumismaticSociety somanyofwhoseofficers

enerouslyassistedme.

dgethecontributionmadebyMr. D eV ereB ak er photographer

ticSociety inmakingthephotographiccopyfortheplates

yneof the J . J . A ugustinprintingplantindraf t ingthemapof

udy w ithoutcorpusorindices w asacceptedbyPrinceton

mentofthe re uirementsforthedoctoraldegreeinO riental

tures.Thepresentvolumehasbeendrasticallyrevisedandcom-

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B AC G R O U N D :

A NO R TH A R I CA

fricais ageographicunitwhosenaturalisolationby

rshasledtoan unusuallypersistenthistoricalisolation.The

uthhaveprovenfarmoreeffectivedeterrentstomilitaryand

antheseatothe north theoceanonthewest wasnotopenedas

uguesee pansionof thesi teenthcentury .

slamintheseventhcenturythis regionwasdividedbetween

mpire w hichhadretak enthefortif iedcoasta lcit iesf romtheV andals

ohe ldthe interior. TheA rabcon uesto fNorthA f ricaw asslow and

pidsuccessesinE gyptandSy ria butby theendof theseventh

mplete . Duringthene tf ivedecadesundertheUmayyad

ereligionof I slamandtheA rabiclanguagespreaduncheck ed and

gentsofthe' Abbasidswasnotdifficult.

mayyadscion theunrestoftheB erbers andthedistance

rthAfricaatroublesomeprovince.Moroccobrokeawayin7 9

sids w hile in8ooTunisiaandad acentlandsbecamesemi- independent

rnorshipoftheAghlabids.All easternbondswereseveredin909

midsse i edpow er the ircon uesto fEgyptin9 9andthetransfero f

leftNorthAfricaa powervacuum.

047 whenthelatemedievalperiodcoveredinthis studymay

ence MoroccowasdisputedamongB erberchieftains withsome

oslems thoughonlyCeutaremainedunderAndalusiancontrol

sternAlgeriawasalsodominatedbyB erberleaders whileeastern

dsince1014by theH ammadiddynastyofSanha ahB erbersand

aF atimiddependencyundertheirloyalZ iridgovernors.

deCeutahade pelleditsH ammudidmastersandcomeunder

rberrule therestofMoroccowas rapidlybeingbroughtunderthe

sect theMurabits w hose leadersw ereveiledL amtunahB erbers

ahadrebelledagainsttheF atimidsandbecomeindependentand

Z irids andhadbeenpunishedbya devastatinginvasionof

t theB anu-Hila landtheB anii-Sulaym.

arly acentury.TheMurabitscon ueredallofMoroccoas

thew esternSahara andA ndalusia rulinguntil1147. TheHamma-

battack he ldmostofeasternA lgeriauntil1152. TheZ irids penned

ports turnedtocommerceandpiracy whenNormansfrom

chyieldedthemcontrolof severalportsuntil11 0.

urabits H ammadids andSicilians aswellasoverthe

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pettyprincelingsof AndalusiaandTunisia weretheMuwahhids

umiyahB erbersf romtheH ighA tlas w hoestablishedanempire

atotheAtlantic andincludingallofMoslemSpain.Their sway

ury andendedin12 9w iththefallo fMarrak esh the irempire

amongsmallerbutmoreenduringsuccessordynastiesofless

ndependenceundertherivalH iididandNasridfamilies each

rolledthepartof NorthAfricaaroundCeuta.P ressureofChristian

ucedtheMoslemholdings andfinallyeliminatedthemwiththe

92.

f thecon uerorsof theMuwahhids theMariniddynastyof

w how erereplacedin14 5by theZ anatahWattasids w ho inturnlost

heP ortugueseandthe' AlidSharifs.TheSharifianvictoryin

stmarkedthebeginningof themodernperiodinMorocco.

heZ iyanids anotherZ anatahB erberfamily w horuledat

sandotherinterruptionsuntiltheO ttomancon uestn155 .

nisia andTripo litania formedthedomainof theMasmiidahB erber

efulandprosperousstatesurv ivedF rench Spanish andI ta lian

invasions butfe ll in1574totheOttomanTurk s.

fO ttomanhegemonyoverAlgeriaandTunisiathemodern

orycommenced sothatthelate medievalperiodcoveredby

s independentSunniteB erberepoch betweentheearlymedieval

d F a t im i ds A r ab s a n d fo r ei g ne r s ( U m a yy a ds ' A b ba s id s S p an i sh

iidids andEgyptianF attim ids , ontheonehand andthemodern

coandtheO ttomanTurksontheother. Stil l later o fcourse

minatedthewholeofNorthAfrica withF rencheffortsbeingmost

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A R I CA AND I N S A N

themintsdiscussedinthischapterarediv idedbycontinents.

rst listedinstrictArabic alphabeticalorder sothatnames

ticleal- aregroupedtogetherbetweenAghmatandB i ayah.

larlylistedinstrict Arabicalphabeticalorder commencewith

followedbynotesonco insw ithil legiblemints m intlessco ins and

townsare indicatedonthemap.

tcameinto prominence bothasatownand asamint ata

romonelate Muwahhiddoubledinar( 514 andoneearly

9 — ne itherof thembeyondq uestion— itsappearance islim itedtoa

turyMarinidgold noteworthychieflyforvariantspellingsof the

a l -Z a m w ar A a m wa r a n d A a m mu .

ancenterbetweenmountainanddesertappearse clusively

se istfora lmosteveryyearf rom4 6 to540e ceptthedecade51

523isk now n. Thesignif icance if any o f thishiatusisnotref lected

* ) l

e finitearticleonlyonas uareMuw ahhiddirhem( 1091 .

is m i nt s e e J a a i r .

* S

ebeen struckatthiswesternTunisianoasis isaH afsid

discoveredanddiscussedbyF arrugiadeC andia .

nis w astheZ iridcapita lbeforethee leventh-centuryA rab

onal-Mu i z ' sSunnitego ld( 3-11 betw een441and44 w iththe

C ityof thepowerof I slam .

a irouan theZ 1rida l-Mu i z f ledtothestrongly fort ifiedTunisian

unnitedinars( 12a 13 hada lreadybeenstruck forhim in44 and

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mimmintedSh1 itedinarsthere(15-23 between449and459. See

eforB ougieissaidby I bn- halduntooccuras themint

ck by the lastHammadidrulerin543 nosurv iv ingspecimensofw hich

tportineasternA lgeria appearsinitsusua lformonearly

w ahhidorHafsidsilver( 10 5 , onmuchH afsidgold— ref lecting

usasaprov incialcapital andonMarinidgo ld( 759 7 9 77 )

asions.

lA lgeria appearsonlyonasingleHafsiddoubledinar( 6 11 ,

edonbyF arrugiadeCandia.

t ^ .

nametoacentralMoroccanmarkettownwhichserved asa

1 3 ( 1 8 ) .

yanduringhisrebe llionagainsttheMuw ahhidsin559issa idby

vecoinedgold( 499 inthisnorthMoroccanfortresstow n butit is

nameappearedonthecoin nospecimensofwhichare knownto

ilmasahinsouthernMoroccoissaid toappearonasingle

butthismustbeconsideredunlik ely . Thetransliteratedform

ah isanincorrectrendit ionof theunpointedA rabic.

isreportedasthemint forasingleMariniddouble dinar( 8 1 )

snotspecifytheArabic spellingandwhosereadingsmustalwaysbe

astiesastheirchiefmint inwesternAlgeria:Murabits

andMarinids( thetw olast-namedduringrecurrentcon uests , asw ell

secapitalitwasandalmost allofwhosescarcecoins werestruckthere

hreecenturies.

s foundonasingleH afsiddoubledinar( 6 40 andona

.

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nSpain

fTo eur likeitsneighborsal-H ammahandB iskra is

dgo ldpiece( 6 2 ) reportedbyF arrugiadeCandia.

rsasminton afewMuwahhidandMarinidcoinsand several

silver andcopper inaddition itw asa lmostcerta inly theunnamed

afsidgold.

-

ofI bn-Tumart sMuwahhidsectissaid byB eltoappearas

ahal onafew specimensofas uareMuw ahhiddirhem( 10 9 , but

estion.

his pirates havenofftheTunisiancoastis as uare

hem( 1090 .

f in i te a r ti c le w a s an o u tl y in g m in t f or H a f s i d ( 5 4 9 6 3 7 6 3 ) ,

a nd M ar i ni d ( 7 3 g ol d. S ee a ls o al - a a i r.

ccoasto fnorthernMorocco w asasubsidiaryMuw ahhidmint

lv e r ( 1 0 7 , 1 0 9 2 .

a ltar changedhandsf re uentlyduringthe latemedievalperiod

mmudidsilverandcopper Murabitgo ldandsilver Muw ahhid

silver Hafsidgo ld Marinidgo ldandsilver andNasridgo ld.

themanycoinsstruckat Ceutabyrebelsandindependent

e B a r g ha w at a h Sa a u t an d h is s o n ( 8 8 0 - 8 6 , 1 1 57 - 11 0 , t h e la s t

a l-Sahraw i( 443 , Muw ahhidpartisans( 1057-10 1 andrebels

H u d i d a ge n ts ( 5 4 0 1 1 1 7 -1 1 20 , l o ca l s ha y kh s ( 5 4 1 1 1 2 1 , a H a f s i d go v er n or

i nt r ud e rs ( 8 6 8 1 1 53 m an y o f th e se d o n ot b e ar t h e mi n t na m e.

- .

cancitywasthe strongholdoftheearlyMurabitsanda

entsunderlaterdynasties.Analmost completesetofMurabit

edMuwahhidgoldandsilver anoddMuwahhid-styledinar( 554

iasaH afsidvassa l andaconsiderablequantityofMarinidgo ldand

t isaZ iridmintontw oe ceptiona ldinarsreportedbyF arrugia

.

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fL ateMedievalNorthAfrica

innorthernMorocco isfoundonone Murabitdinar( 1 3 ,

454 455 , andoneMariniddoubledinar( 7 9 , suggestingaslight

mportance.

timidnameal-MansuriyahtotheoriginalSabrahwasthefirst

ngoftheZ iridrevolt furnishingthearbitrarystartingdatefor

thisTunisiansuburbofKa irouanonlyondinars( 1 2 dated439

dardF atimidmint Sy rianratherthanL ibyanTripo liw as

sosuchco insaree cluded. TheonlyNorthA fricanco insstruck

eahandfulofH afsidgoldpieces.Nocoinsare knownforthe

eencompletelyovershadowedbyCeuta occurringonlyon

4 .

drisidtimesoneof themostimportantcit iesofMorocco andthis

s useasminton anearlycompleteseriesofMurabitdinars

era lMuwahhidcoinsofgo ld silver andcopper anda largeq uantity

onalsilver.Manymintless MuwahhidandMarinidcoinswere

.

outhTunisianport w asidentif iedonasingle J ami iddinar

ivesandconfirmedonaclearerspecimeninthisstudy .

asternAlgeria appearsasaprovincialcapitalona small

dinars includingoneofanindependentprinceling( 6 01 .

ernTunisia occursintermittentlyasaperiphera lHafsidmint

5 6 1 9 6 2 0 .

j >

e thesupremacyofMorocco andconse uently isfoundon

nars severa lMuwahhidgoldandsilverpieces andaq uantityof

mustbeaddedthe bulkofmintlessMuwahhidandMarinidgold.

w asovershadow edby itsne ighbor be ingreportedonscattered

9 0 7 a n d M uw a hh i d go l d ( 4 4 4 5 a n d si l ve r ( 1 0 99 .

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nSpain

finitearticleis reportedonasingleH afsiddinar( 6 21 by

al-Mahd1yah.

adiNuninsouthernMoroccoappearsin thisformbetween

nars.

by addingtheclan-nameofthelocal B erbers occurring

oftheMurabits toananonymousdinar( 444 dated542.

amemayoccuronMuw ahhidgo ld(490 andsilver( 1100 , butit

r.

eamofMurabitdinarsf rom4 9to541e ceptforthedecades

withoccasionalsilver.TheearliestMuwahhidsmintedgoldand

tbefore itsrecon uestbyCastileadoubledinar( 555 w asstruck forthe

iscousinandrepresentativethere .

asusedinstead ofGharnatahonaq uantityofMurabit

pper struckbetween504and527 andondinarsdated540

w henitw asoneof thefew Spanishtow nsstil lunderMurabitcontro1.

l

dinars( 230-233 f rom507to509.

i

o fY iisuf dated49 , isascribedbyColsontoA lcantara w ith

ecified.

st prolificMurabitmintsinSpain beingrepresentedin492

rom50 to539byarichseriesofdinars w ithsevera lvarietiesper

nyspecimensine cellentconditionoftypicalissues.

a lenciastruck Murabitdinars andadirhem( 947 in503 no

tothisminte ceptas uareMuw ahhiddirhem( 1107 .

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ryofL ateMedievalNorthA f rica

inardated497f romB ae a( 10 ) , anotherw iseunrecorded

lverforMurabitsand earlyMuwahhids andasingleMu-

Murabitdinarsf rom495to504 andonas uareMuw ahhid

tonlyonavery few Murabitdirhems( 94 , 949 11 2 ,

ateandlostearly.

ego ld( 10 ) andsilver( 900 901 fortheMurabitY iisuf ibn-

itdinarsstruck betw een4 9and5oo.

e r e : M u ra b it ( 9 5 0 a n d Mu w ah h id ( 1 1 10 .

-

orGranada thoughlesspopularwiththeMurabitsthan

ngo ld silver andcopper includingapost-downfa lldinar( 445 o f

545.Thisspellingalsoappearson s uareMuwahhiddirhemsand

) struck by I bn-a l-A hmarasaH afsidvassa l.

bitgo ldandsilverf rom4 to507. I n540and541the

mmadstruck Murabitgo ld( 441 442 andsilver( 103 , 1052 there

name thenfo llow edI bn-Ghaniyah s542dinar(44 ) . C ordova

sbrief lyasamintforgo ld( 472 andsilver( 1112 .

J aZ

aramayoccuron thedinar( 115 reportedbyColson

asingleMurabitdirhem( 9 6 ) dated50 .

no n a M ur a bi t d in a r ( 2 5 d a te d 5 11 .

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nSpain

ew Murabitdinarsbetw een494and50 aMurabitq irat

meMuw ahhidsilver. Muw ahhidgo ldreportedforMalagabyP rietoyV ives

lybyas uareMuw ahhiddirhem( 1114 .

wasstruckatMurciafrom 501to512 andbothMurabit

eworthyareanonymousdirhems(9 8 , 9 9 dated502and503

m( 1074 inthenameof ' A bd-al-Mu min thoughMurciaw asnot

ntilnineyearsafter hisdeath.

y

ca o c cu r s on l y on a s u a re M u wa h hi d d ir h em ( 1 1 1 ) .

havemintnameswhichareillegibleeitherby clipping by

ar orbyobscurereproduction. Theseco insare listedinthe inde ,

structedofthe mintnameisgivenundereach suchcoin s

avenomintinscription andonlyrarelyhasan effortbeen

efinitetowns.The bulkofMurabitsilveris mintless probably

ousmints chieflyinSpain.Mostof themintlessMuwahhidand

struckatMarrakushand F as buttheplentifulmintlesssilver

includingE uropeanimitators.H afsidmintlessgoldandsilver

eflyat Tunis andH udidNorthAfricanissuesat Sabtah.No

whichthemintw asnamedoromitted e ceptthatitw asa lmost

bitgold.

s

pteronconventionalinscriptionsfor al-mahrusah hadr

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oins underconsiderationtranscendthepurelyhumanand

ordivinelyinspiredleaders secondonlytoMuhammad( and' Ali

htit lesincludek ha lif a tA llah imamal-ummah andimamuna.

ly totheMahdi Muhammadibn-T iimart by theMuwahhids

flyonthe irgo ld.

y:appliedtotheMahdi bytheMuwahhidsandtheH afsids

dtothe ' A bbasidca liphonH udidgo ld( 541 .

heMahdiby theMuwahhidsandtheHafsids chie flyonthe ir

sdca liphonH udidsilver( 1117-1120 , andtohimselfbyMuw ahhid10

-imam andamiral-mu mininwerestrictlylimitedtorulers

wereoftenusedconsecutivelyto stressvariousaspectsofthe

dbytheMuwahhidsfortheirfirst ruler ' Abd-al-Mu min

M 1 ; a p pl i ed t o t he ' A b ba s id c a li p h by t h e H u d id s ( 5 4 0 5 4 1 1 1 21 .

atimidMa addbyhisZ iridvassals tothe' Abbasidsby

ammadid Murabit andHudidvassa ls to themselvesby theHammu-

su era inby the irB arghaw attahgovernors to ' A bd-al-Mu minby

ditionalMuw ahhidsonthemedal( M1 andtounspecif iedpersonsby

4 4 a 1 0 5 - 1 0 1 .

oc. ^ ll

ers:appliede actlyasal-imam andusuallytogetherwithit

hhids mostof theH afsids— including15B , w hohadnorightto

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ar in id s 12 ( a l w ay s , 2 4 ( r a re ly : 8 3 9 8 5 3 , a nd 2 ( o nc e: 8 6 7 ; a tt ri bu te d

t o Z i y a ni d 5 ( 6 4 6 4 9 a p pl i ed t o t he O t t o m an s b y th e ir Z i y a n id

1 .

ayn al-khalifataynal-rashidayn andamirayal-mu minin

indicatedescentfrom twocaliphs.

i

donly tothefirsttwo Muwahhids.

idayniX -uQ locii^

aliphs:misappliedtothefirstthree Muwahhidsonahybrid

0 ll ^ I

hebelievers: appliedonly tothef irsttw oMuwahhids( 511 .

ormsweresimilarlyusedafteribn- toindicatedescentfrom

of tenuntruthfully .

yononeco in( 512 inreferencetothreeandtofourMuw ahhids.

dina->^ l

s:usedcorrectlybytheearly Muwahhidsinreferencetothree

incorrectlyby10inreferencetoonly tw o. F re uentlymisused

raseisalso foundontwocoinsdubiouslyascribedto Z iyanid5

a n d on o n e H u d id d o ub l e di n ar ( 5 4 0 i n r ef e re n ce t o t he ' A b ba s id s .

nin00. ^ ll. ly

ndersof thebelievers: usedcorrectlyonafew co insinreferenceto

ds.

asbeenappropriatelydesignatedsub-caliphalbyvan

studyof occidentaltitles noothertitlefallsinto thiscategory.

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A ll

ms:usedbythelaterMurabitsbut neverbyY flsuf despite

theMurabitpartisanY ahyaal-Sahraw i( 443 , bymostof theZ iya-

nidse cept12 andsevera lo f theWattasids. Noteworthyarea

assigningthistitle toY usuf andaMariniddoubledinar(793 w here it

hohadnovalidclaimto it.

eredroyalinclude al-malik sultanoral-suhSan andal-

afsid21( 6 37 6 3 ) andMarinid13( 7 7 .

ateH afsid27onhissilver( 1130 1132 .

me lateH afsidonhissilver( 1124-1129 andbyhispredeces-

) a n d 2 ( 6 4 4 o n th ei r go ld .

V | ^ V l

usedbyMuwahhids1Aand2 asheirs andby2before

it ion usedbyHafsids1and4ineschew ingca liphship andby2

vingcaliphalrank.

ndicate non-royalancestors heirs orindependentprinces

derule thesemaybetermedprince ly andincludea l-amir a l-

a l- sayy id andsayy idina .

alltheearly Murabitse clusivelyandbythelaterones for

nlim itedspace. Usedw hilehe irbyHammudid9( 8 72- 74 and

t at i ve a s i nd e pe n de n t pr i nc e b y Z i r id 8 A ( 2 4 a , H a m m ad i d 9 ( 2 5 ,

1 0 7 7 , H a f si d 6 A ( 5 74 -5 7 ) , H a fs id 1 2 ( 5 9 4 , a nd N as ri d 8 ( 8 6 8 ) ; f or

5 3 ) a n d H a f si d s ( 5 5 7 - 5 1 6 0 3 6 0 9 .

l

nder:usedonlybyMuwahhid12 inreferencetoanon-royal

M 1 .

donlybyMuw ahhid13inreferencetonon- roya lancestors( 537 .

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inid 20Aasindependentprince( 8 31 8 32 .

yMuw ahhids12(M1 and13( 53 ) inreferencetonon- roya l

andsayyidaynawereusedfollowingibn-toindicate

» V l

appliedonlytothe firsttwoMuwahhidsasacontractionof

5 0 3 .

edonly tothef irsttw oMuwahhids( M1 .

ra l

andal-umara al-rashidinwerelikewiseusedafteribn-to

ethantwoprinces.

pliedonly tothef irst3Muwahhids( 1075: tentative .

i di n J . - U l l . l

manders: usedof thef irst3Muw ahhids( 107 , 1077 , andcon-

walial- ahd wali' ahdihi andal-ha ib— wasreserved

edheirs.

l J )

id i d 9 ( 8 7 5 - 7 9 , M u ra b it 4 ( 1 0 17 , a n d Mu wa h hi d 4 ( 1 0 75 :

c J }

a bi t s 3 3 A 4 a n d 5.

ammudids9B and 9C( 8 8 7 .

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



S

ropernamesastheyappearon thecoinscanbe groupedinto

rsona lnames( A rabicsingularism manyof themKoranic

names othersordinaryArabicsubstantives.Therearesuchnames

erof seldomindicatingactualrelationship.Therearebothsuch

sonof indicatingdirectsonshipandarbitrarilydifferentiatedin

indicatingmoreremotek inship a formw hichneverappears

n-andabu- arebothtermedkunyahinArabic.And there

usua lly inthenisbahformal- A bbasiorthe I bn- ( plural

groupistreatedbrie f ly inA rabica lphabetica lorder w ithnames

redandotherslettered.

5 H afsids4 1 . Notonco ins( hereaf terabbrev iatedto

a f s i d 12 B ; M a ri n id 1 4 .

Murabit1 H afsid10. D espite itscomposit ionthisisapersona l

f irstca liph. N.o . c.: H afsid9 Marinid4.

7 27 Z iyanid/ 9 Marinid20 Waf tasid4. N.o . c.: H udid1A

e , 1 4 Z i y an id s 24 2 .

Muw ahhid8. N. o . c. : Muw ahhid13.

rid8 .O cc rsoncoinsas epithet.

A.O ccursalsoasepithet.

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



ofL ateMedievalNorthAfrica

A ND A D D E N D A

d

rtical

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0





_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



U S I N D E X

s45and47

ptionon ofe ceptmintmark:

ntaloneonof:

1 01 2 1 01 3 1 02 4- 10 2 , 1 02 , 1 04 9 1 05 o a ls o 1Q 6 4 ( M uw ah hi d

:

9 9 34 9 3 , 9 37 9 44 -9 4 . 9 9 .9 9o .9 95 .1 01 0 1 0 13 1 01 , 1 01 b 1 03 1

ng:

2 47 49 54 6 3 72 94 97 129 170 217 219 221 230 25 , 2 73 340

4 3 , 4 9 .4 90 .5 o , 5 13 5 1 , 5 30 6 0 9 6 1 3 6 3 , 6 6 7 7 15

11 8 17 8 2 , H 3 H 4

:

, 6 22 6 2 3 6 2 4 6 2 9 6 3 0 6 3 4 6 4 2 704-70 , 7 09 740 8 0 4 H 1-H 1 4

1 1 57 - 11 7 1

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0





1

ds7 10.

d1 .O ccursoncoinsas epithet.

9B .

mmadid8 .

4( assumedname , 15.

madid2.

c:Zirid 4.

. l l

N.o.c.:' Abbasid3 ; H ammadid6 .O ccursoncoinsas epithet.

mmadid5.

.

4.

nid15.

9

.c: H afsid1 .

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0




N. o. c. : Hafsid24.

ameintiny letters( 904 1017 .

g C.

o n Z i y an i ds 2 2 7 : 6 7 0 6 7 1 . N .o . c: M a ri n id 9 .

nid8.

J * ) l j ^ c

d2 .N.o.c:Marinid/.

i j u c

N.o.c.:Marinid1 .

an o > - J \ j ^

afsid15A Z iyanids5 9 15 Marinid20A . N.o . c:

- lc

a f sid19 Marinids1 , 24. N. o. c: Hafsid5.

u c

ds13 2 ; Marinid25. N.o . c: ' A bbasid37 Muw ahhids7 7A .

s epithet.

y \ j u >

Muwahhid1( on1-13 H afsid1 ; Marinid17A . N.o . c:

u l l f a- c

ahhid10( on10 11 ; Z iyanid17. N. o. c: Muwahhid6;

2 1 M ar i ni d s 10 2 . N . o. c : Z i y an i ds 2 6 ; M a ri n id 2 .

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



H afsid20A W attasid3. N. o. c. : Z irid7 Muw ahhid11

13. N. o. c: Marinids5 10A .

erormint-master( 933 .

ammadid3.

mu di d 9 M uw ah hi ds 1 A 4 ( o n 4 5 8 , 9 ; H a f si ds 2 7 1 2 1 5B ,

y an id s 12 1 4 2 0 2 7 M a r in id s 13 1 7 1 9 2 2 N a s ri d 8 ; W a t ta si ds 1 2 .

M uw ah hi d o H u d i d1 H a f si ds 1 2A 2 ; Z i y an id s 3 8 A 1 , 2 2 2 3

2 7 N a sr i d / W a t t as i d 5.

y

o n Z i r i ds 4 5 : 1 5- 2 3 .

; Marinid21. N. o. c. : Z iyanid25.

t6 C.

e( 21 -221 339-343 .

M u ra b it 6 A M u wa h hi d 9 H a f s i ds 1 3 . N .o . c: Z i r i d 6 ; M u ra b it

2 2.

n 3- 5 8 , 9 ; M ar in id 6 .

l _/ u _

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0




u w ah h id s 2 ( o n 2 -5 8 , 9 1 2 1 3 H a f s i d 1 , 5 . N . o .c . : Z i y an i d 11

N. o. c. ( ismunknow n : Murabit6 D .

uggestedbythisformis usuallyarbitrary certaincombin-

antly asindicated regardlessof theactualnamesofaman s

lessness.Theseweresoinvariablethatlatehistoriansfre uently

ts w hodidnotusethem w hiletheZ iyanidrulersactua lly

ypeforthe irOttomansu era in.

: N.o . c.: ' A bbasid37. With' A bd-Allah.

f si d s 4 1 . N .o . c. : H a f s id 1 2 B . W i t h I b r ah i m.

y

Hafsid8. N. o .c. : Hafsid1 . WithK ha lid. No instanceof the

apersona lnameoccursinthisstudy.

^ l J l y

. o. c. : Z iyanid11. WithY usuf . A l-Ha j a doesnotoccurasa

y.

: Muw ahhid/ / H afsid20^1. N. o . c.: Marinid11 Wattasid3.

J \ ? }

e: erroneouslyappliedtoOttoman10byZ iyanids2 , 27( 6 70

9. WithSulayman. A l-R abi doesnotoccurasapersona lnameinthis

l l l j , )

a fs i ds 4 A ( a s su m ed n a me , 1 5 1 7 2 7 Z i y a n id 1 9 M a ri n id 2 0 .

a f sid14 Marinid20 Wattasid4. WithA hmadora l- ad1. A l- A bbas

nalnameinthis study.

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_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



Mu w ah h id s 8 , ( o n 8 , 1 0 1 1 , 1 3 . W i th I d r is . A l- U l a d o e s no t

inthisstudy.

l y

N. o . c.: Z irid7. With' A li. A l- uti ihdoesnotoccurasa

y.

i l y

e: N. o . c. : Hudid3A . WithI brahim. A l-Qasimdoesnotoccur

study.

i l

: Z iyanids5 9 15 21. W ith' A bd-al-R ahman.

tm id 8 ( o n Z i r i ds 4 5 : w it h M a a d d. N .o . c: Z i r i d 4 : wi t h al -

.c : Z i y a ni d s 7 1 0 ( a l - Z a l m M a ri n id 8 ( ' A m ir . T h ab i t do e s

meinthisstudy.

basid3 ( onHudid1A : 1121 . Witha l-Mansur( usedasproper

. J a fardoesnotoccurasapersonalnameinthisstudy.

wahhid12 H afsids6 , 13. N. o . c: Marinid5. With' Umar.

personalnameinthis study.

y

o .c. : Z iyanids4 8 , 25. W ithMusa. Sometimesspe lt l^ y \ in

y

Muw ahhid9 H afsids/ 3 6 A . N. o .c. : Hafsid22. WithY ahya.

. c. : Z i y a ni d s 3 8 A 1 2 2 4 2 ; M ar i ni d s 12 A 1 7 1 9 2 2 2 3 .

mad.Z iyandoesnotoccuras apersonalnameinthis study.

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sid15A . N.o . c.: Marinid20A . With' A bd-al-R ahman. Z ayd

nalnameinthis study.

d14. WithI brah1m. Sa limdoesnotoccurasapersona lnamein

d 10 . N .o .c : Z i y a ni d s 2 6 M a ri n id s 2 2 . W i t h ' U t h m a n.

sapersona lnameinthisstudy .

j A

. c: Z irid6 . WithY ahya. Tahirdoesnotoccurasapersona l

j i l

N. o . c: Marinid25. With' A bd-Allah.

T j - c

rv a nt o f G od : ' A b ba s id 3 1 ( o n H a m ma d id 9 : 2 5 M u wa h hi d 4 ( o n

fs id s 2 7 1 2 1 5 B , 2 0 2 5 2 ; Z i ya ni ds 1 , 2 0 2 7 M a r in id 1 3. N .o .c : H u di d

2 ; Z i y an id s 14 2 2 2 3 M ar in id 2 7 N as ri ds 1 8 ; W a t ta si ds / 2 5 . W it h

arinid10A . With' U mar.

\

c.: Marinid15. WithTashfin.

1. With' Uthman. ' A mrdoesnotoccurasapersonalnamein

Marinid12. WithF aris. ' I nandoesnotoccurasapersonal

sid19 Marinid21( w ithMiisa . N. o . c: H afsid5 Marinids1 ,

i e c e pt a s n ot e d.

17A : w ith' A bd-al-Mu min. N.o . c.: Z iyanid17: w ith' A bd-al-

sstudy asapersonalnameonlyfor anengraverormintmaster.

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



: M uw ah h id s 1 ( ' A b d- a l- M u m i n o n 1 -1 3 H a f s i d 7 1 0

Z i y a n id s 1 3 ( ' A b d- A ll a h , 2 9 ( H a s a n . N .o . c. : M uw ah h id s 6 ( ' A b d- a l-

bd -A ll ah , 7 A ( ' A bd -A ll ah ; H a f si ds 1 2C ( ' A bd -a l- W a hi d , 2 3 ( ' A bd -a l-

d 2 ( ' A bd -A ll ah ; M a ri ni ds 1 ( ' A bd -a l- H a q ) , 1 ( ' A bd -a l- H a li m , 2

. U s u a l ly w i th n a me i n ' A b d- .

j , \

: Marinid3. WithMuhammad. Ma rufdoesnotoccurasa

y.

hhid9A . With' I mran.

s id s 1 0 ( A b u -B a k r , 1 1 ( Z a k a r iy a ) . N .o . c. : Z i r i ds 5 ( T a m1 m ,

a f si ds 9 ( A b i i- B a kr , 2 4 ( Z a ka ri ya ) ; Z i y an id 1 ( Y a gh mu ra sa n ; M ar in id 4

- iy

ahhids2( on2-13 Hafsid1 , 5. N.o . c.: Marinid7. WithY usuf.

u w a hh i d 3 ( o n 3 - 5 8 - 1 1 . N . o . c. : Ma r in i d 6 . W i t h Y a q i i b.

k u n ya h u nk n ow n : Z i y a n id 1 .

analogues— titlesandepithetsprecededbyibn occur

indicatedirectdescent whichisoftenveryusefulfor the

lpurposewouldbe servedbyananalysisofthem similarto

andreferencetothe inde o fpropernamesw illserveto locateany

ofthischapter anarbitrarydistinctionhasbeenmade

gsonship andI bn- indicatingmoreremotedescent a formw hich

.This distinctionisnotderivedfromthe coins onwhichJ

nterchangeably to indicatesonship.

inthisstudyaref re uently referredtobynamesinI bn- they

a h ( H a f si d 4 A r e al n a me , I b n -a l -A h ma r ( N a s r id / , I b n -G h an i ya h

a n dI b n- H i i d( H u d id 1 .

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0




rallyhasanisbahending in-i indicatingtribeorbirthplace

.Theonlyoneof theseoccurringonthecoins isal- Abbasi

d Murabit andHudidgo ldandHudidsilver. Natura lly a llthe

udy possessedanameornamesofthis type buttheonlyones

hose ofrebelsandgovernorsnotbelongingto themaindynasties.

A H a m m u di d s 9A 9 B , 9 C.

A.

n : Murabit6 A .

2A .

.

C .

.

ccurringon thecoinsbelongstothis generalgroup:B an1-

1053-105 ) asaninclusivetermfor alltheMurabitscommencingwith2

wnfallofthedynasty.

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



roughoutI slamhasbeentheuseofepithets( A rabicsingular

ctionw ithpropernamesandtitlesorassubstitutesforthem. Thoseused

cacan bestbesubdividedbygrammaticalform participial

ses ad ectiva lnouns ad ectiva lphrases andothertypes. O nly

s arediscussed.

id8 ( on8 , 10 11 .Alsooccurswith ibn-onMuwahhids10

hid8 ; H afsid12.

12.

afsid15B ; Marinid20.

9A.

A

ammadid9 H ammudid9A.Alsooccurswithibn- on

referringto3. Occursa lsoaspersonalname thoughnotonco ins.

onmostMuwahhidandH afsidcoins .

ds10 12.

) l

.

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0




s

1 ^ U l

mudid6 .

Al l ah < U l ^ L ^ ' l i l

ommandmentofGod:' Abbasid3 ( onH udid1 ; Muwahhid1

2 ; H a f si d 11 .

- A l la h * ± i j a c ^ ' l a l

ruthofGod:H afsid4A( theimpostor .

b i- a l a - di n- al -h a q J » ) l a ^ \ < J J f ^ H

the nobilityof( the faithofthetruth:Maraud6 .

A ll a h < J j l c f y ll

afsids10 15 17 19 20A 21 25 27 Z iyanids5 15 17 1 ,

2 1 3 1 7 2 0A 2 1.

a- A ll a h- wa h di h i < l l J c j i ^ l l

e:H afsid21.

r ab b -a l - ' a l a m in O j l u T v J c J ^ > ^

masteroftheworlds:Z iyanids4 8 , 9 12-14 Marinid12

i- Al l ah < I ) I

pathofGod:Muwahhid10( on10 11 ; H afsids4 19 21.

ah < L ) I ^ . V ^ J .

commandmentofGod:Muwahhid12.O ccursonhismedalin

tada-li-amrihi.

< i l a y l l

rinid 14.

D j ^ x A

od:' Abbasid3 ( onH udid1A ; F atimid5( onZ Trids4 5 ;

1 5B , 1 , 2 0 M a ri ni ds 10 2 0 2 4 -2 .

yGod:H afsid15A.

h ^ X j l ^ ^ u o ll

d:Z iyanid19.

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



h < J J l j u ^ u l l

od:Muwahhid11.

lah< i lj a il

commandmentofGod:' Abbasid31onH ammadid9.

a - d 1n - Al l ah J . » U - V w d 1

lof( the faithofGod:H afsid6 A.

L ) I .

Marinid22.

a h J j l J J » i

( the honorofGod:H afsids2 4A 7 8 , I I , 13 15A 15B ,

rk u l - na b i ^ J j | < i T ^ j ^ i l ^ a l

panytheprophet:Murabit6 A.

< J J l ^ ' J i

ahhid12.

h J j l - ^ l l

Muwahhid9A.

l -A l l ah « i l J ^ i y l

e honorofGod:H afsid3.

s- Al l ah « J J l j T ^ l l

e victoryofGod:H afsids6 , 10 15 15B , 17 19-21.

j I j . j j d

faithofGod:H afsids8 , 13.

O J l f l l l

hhid13 H afsids3 21 Z iyanid14.

1.

l

.Alsooccurswithibn- onH afsid27 referringto2 .O ccurs

thoughnotonco ins.

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0




d10( on10 n ; Marinid13.O ccursalsoaspersonalname.

17 19 Wattasid 1.O ccursalsoaspersonalname thoughnot

2A.

as e s

j l J ~ - ~ j \

uwahhid10.

ah < D l < j . _ J l

rsonlywith ibn-onH ammadid9 referringtoH ammadid8 .

) l

anid12 Nasrid8 .

uslim inuu il. l j * \

commandersof theMoslems: Murabits6 B , 6 C re ferringto

nu-Tashf in.

h ^ I j j J l . 1

ammiidid9A.ThistypicallyorientalMoslemepithetis almost

ah ^ j a T U .

: Hammudids9B , 9C . Thisistheonlyothersuchepithetfound

T - c

commonepithet usedinreferencetothe ' A bbasidsby

Murabits appliedtothemselvesbyH ammudids9A 9B ; H afsids15B ,

iyanidsandMarinids Nasrid8 ; W at^asids1-4. Occursa lsoon

ndaspersonalname.

J l

uwahhidpartisansilver. E pithetsin-Dm lik ethose in

ntalf lavor.

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



Marinids20 24. A re lative lymodernepithet.

abits3- Marinid6 . A typica llyorienta lepithet.

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



I N SC R I P T O N S

onventionalinscriptionsonthe coinsarereligious.O fthese

mecalldownblessingsonMuhammadandhisfamilyand companions

eMahdi someintercedeonbehalfo f therulerorthemint someintro -

ik ingof theco in andothersaregenera le pressionsofpiety . They

iven beinglistedalphabeticallywithineachgroup andare

tions.

to G o d 1 : 1.

toGod mastero f thew orlds

o G od 1 0 : 6 .

nt a s a p re s er v er a n d he ( i s t he

cful 12: 4.

r 7 : 7 4 2 :1 4 .

en d( o f ; 2 :2 5 , 3 : 1 4 5: 1 .

30: 4.

D I ) < J J I

observantwiththeservants

sthe j usticeandthe

f ( the ow nersof

theimmoralityandthe

ustice 1 : 92.

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



ns37

ne d f or t h ee a m a ni f es t o pe n - J j j f ^ ' j j ^ J ( U i £ s S 3 Q c i U

dntheeforw hathas-" - -

andw hatcamelater SZ l' ) ■ li L

euponthee andmay

ath andthatGodgtA c. (forK oranic< i^ )

swithanhonorable

- ^ „ j U » l ^ t ^ j y j

of G od p as si m. < L ) I J l

o f G od — t h e me r ci f ul t h e co m - > ^ 1 f t -

o ( h a s i n h is h a nd t h e J & » . A — "

overevery thingpow er-o_ « ,

2 7: 4 . J C

Go d 1 1 :5 9 . ^ * < J c

G o d 9 : 1 30 3 9 :3 9 . « D I l S r-

G o d a n d ho w e c e ll e nt i s t he < ^ I ( f 0 r K o r a ni c u — » ) ^ — ►

. .. „

u dg e be tw ee n us a nd o ur p eo pl e as ^ I J J * 1 k ^ j * c rr . .> " 2

artthe besto f the

G od 2 2: 41 4 1: 30 4 : 12 . ^ j f

t h ee w e ha v e re l ie d a nd u n to , & ^ \ j S J c j

nduntothee( is the ,

l to h i m 6 : 1 ( A l la h . J j j - ^

ng b e fa l ls u s e c e pt w h at G o d ^ 1 Q i i T ~ - f U S f l l T ~ v [ j j

i s o u r ma s te r a n d on „ '

s re ly s ay d oy ou o y > J l J ^ > ^ J c L ; V ^

„ ,

od e c ep t Go d p a s si m. ^ j j j * / l V

d e c e pt h i m 2 : 15 . ' A S 7 l V

od e c ep t hi m — th e me rc if ul t he i n \ r l 0 0 l y l < J l ^

.

t ne r u nt o h im 6 : 1 3 . i

ng th e c ep t in G od 1 : 37 . . J * ^ 1

m es se ng er o f Go d 4 : 29 . < D l O y - * * *

m es s en g er o f G od h e h as a . 3 } i S - \ < A l

ceand( the fa ithof

ay p ro cl ai m it a bo ve ) ^ i < » < j ' . . , , J c » ^ a J J * ) l

p o ly t he i st s d is l ik e ( i t ; . , u u + ,

ur w o rd s p ar a ph r as e d . ^ > - r 1 l v

u rs e t o Go d t h en h e h as J J ^ [ » . . . ■ 1 c r (

straightpath 3: 9 . _„ ,

m Go d 6 1 : 13 . < . l l J ^ . ^

m Go d an d co n u es t ( i s n ea r ^ . J ^ i < D l j *

mv ictorious 9: 40. aD l• ^

G od ( i s n e ar 2 : 21 0 . r: ^ ( f o r K o r an i c

rs t a nd t h e la s t an d t he e v id e nt a n d -r 1 ^ l ^ * ' l > *

s i n ev er y th in g om - o ' , , _ » . » ,

H * )

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



ns39

hichyouw illbebrought^ < I MJ l

ymanwillbepa idotj s

nd t he y wi ll n ot b e * ) c -± J T U < _ r L ; J 5 J y

af ai r t o Go d 4 0 : 4 7. < D l J l j , y \ }

me v er h e w is h es o n a l l _ ^ - J l » L £ - . ^ i S -y j

24: 45.

a s in gl e Go d 2 :1 5 . j u l a l

goodnew stothebelievers O opT

th o se a m on g y ou w ho h a ve l > L _ £ j | J C ^ . J . J l < J J l j l c

edgoodw orksthat' B ~ m B .

ss or s on t he e ar th a s u j ^ l £ f t . » j * i < - i - ^ U J L a l

ededthemsuccessors « , „ . u, .

^ J l « - * * - l 3

ewritteninthepsa lms . y^ u J j

a tmyservants— thee

t th e ea rt h 2 1: 10 5. 0 > * ) U l & } * \ t j . , j 3 o 1

o_ __ __

o t t he v i ct o ry e c e pt f r om b e si d e < J J | x c ^ V l i .

t t h e vi c to r y e c e p t f ro m 

g thew ise 3: 122.

u n to y o u of a p l ea s an t ( k i nd , < D l ^ ^ ^ ^ U j

1 : 55 .

un l es s G od h a s wi l le d 0 0 < D l o l l o ^ " U j

w i se 7 : 3 0. [ j ^ . C l e

o t my s u cc e ss e c e pt w i th G o d * U l * j

t a ny g o d e c e p t G od 5 : 77 l ^ l ^ U j

j )

.« - ° S< * " —

o th e r th a n I s l a m as a f a it h ^ ( 5 - ' ^ =

df romhim 3: 79.

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0




o th e r th a n I s l a m as a f a it h , o - f l ' r . r ^ o . : - -

df romhim and- -15i-^ ^

d am on g th e pe ri sh in g ^ ^ J j j T < ^ j J * j

d hewillestablishaway

w illprov ideforhim

re 6 5: 2. ' : ^ y

p on G o d t h en h e ( i s h i s ^ • , ^ £ v ^

is atta ininghiscom-" ' '

. 1 k ~

up on G od t he n he ( i s h is -

odhasappo intedfor^ J ^ <L ) I

6 5: 3.

te r of t he m ig ht y th ro ne 9 :1 30 . r * - < ^ v J I j * j

ie v ed e n du r e an d b e pa t ie n t 1 - T 1 ^ 1 ^ -

o d t h e n p er h ap s y ou , , T . , , ' , < ' —

K o ran 1c I ^ W i > j )

ev e d o be y G od a n d ob e y l j J » l < l l L ^ l L

e ho ldersofcommand„, uc: u-1

> y- V l J j l J ^ . I

_ r

w eh av e se nt t he e as a wi tn es s l- t L i l iS L i - l L I , ^ J l L ^ . L

sandaw arneranda* - , ■ „

44 -4 5. a l J I ^ 1 J J j I ^ * j

p as si m. J . J l

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



ns41

Muhammad

eservedby adetailedanalysiswithindividualtranslations

entionalinscriptionswhichringchangesonthe singletheme:the

urchiefMuhammadanduponhisfamilyand companions.An

ionalnotesfollows.

< u

^ »

. 41ll ^ » »

l

U |

o f th e p ro p he t s — i s K o r a n ic 3 3 :4 0

« i ll ^

< J l J c J -

* J c « u l

o u r me s se n ge r . U . u *

h i s me s se n ge r a nd h i s se r va n t. . - l > J ^ - - u

he s e rv a nt o f G od a n d hi s j U > l - V s

hisservantandhismessenger. iy i

4 1i l

o u r pr o ph e t. L a - ' J U s c

i te

os t di st in gu is he d of t he a ge nt s an d t> L - l j » j . j j u - ^ y l J - i l ^ ( j )

to f themessengers.

ie n d of G o d. < u l U J e

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r of G o d w h o de l iv e re d t he g o od o i l J j - < . j l .

e l i g1 o us

h o w e c e l l en t i s th e h el p er . u l l ^ o i l o -

derhimvictorious. » j ^ , j

enderhimv ictoriousbygracec- r<c j <u

God. <ulc^ ce

G od . < u l c ^ A

ndmentandrenderstrong« j * . j cl <ulo .

e a l t e d — ■ h e lp h i m. J L r < u l . - U

a l te d — h e lp h i m an d r en d er • J L < a

nderhimv ictorious. j m l. o I

G od a l on e . * x * j < u l

s G o d al o ne . < u l ^ r -

ous. .. <ul^

i n G od . o il L " ^

G o d. o i l J j

od. < ulo^ - .

o ( t h e c o m p ac t o f Go d . ( C o m - « u l j - , | „ ■ - ~

g1ous

e a l t ed — p r es er ve i t fo r th e oy J i J L " < d L I * I

1

e a l te d — p r o t ec t i t. J L « u l 1 ^ 1

e e a l te d — p ro t ec t i t by h i s of o : J L " « u l 1 ^ 1

l ^ . ^

sgrace. cco il l^ . ^ * .

e a l t e d — g ua r d it . J L o i l \ - -

e a l te d — g u a r d it b y h is < t J L < u l

e a l t ed — g u ar d it b y hi s o f « J L < u L - ^

e a l te d — g u a r d it a n d pr o te c t } J L < u l L - ^

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ns

e lig1ous

ptionsarevariationsorabridgmentsoftheformula:in the

riful thecompassionate— thisdinar( ordirhem w asstruck at. . .

m i i d : 2 4 a

l l ^

lidST c { j r \ « x \

o) \ < u

j A < U l

o O il

< ul | « —

nscr1pt1ons

ment( is untoGod.

ndment( is untoGodalone.

uponGod.

pr e se r ve r .

ntoGodalone.

rength( are inGod.

s untoGod.

untoGod.

ourleader.

e proofo fGod.

t he w o rd o f G od .

everhasreliedupon him.

ctoriouswhoeverhasrelied

dofw hoeverhasre lieduponhim

swhoevere ecutes

untoGod.

untoGodalone.

ntoGod.

d.

ndmentofGod.

s s it .

l ( j )

^ J l ( j )

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d e c e pt G o d al o ne . J

he s uc c or o f Go d. ( E a rl y Z i ya ni d * u 1 g ^ J \ U

shed. < ulb. U

t h e po w er f ul ( i s G o d. l

in g ( i s u n to G o d fo r h is g r ac e . o I j

i s f r om G o d. < u l y i l o l

e c u la r

becomeillustrious. • j * i

n d of . . . y j e

c u l ar

liedtoB i ayahandSabtah .

o f . . .

o f . . . :

f . . . o o <

w er o f I s l am a nd ( o f .. . j ^ L . V l j c

secular

uc k .

k at. . .

uc k i n . . . ^ j »

n s tr u ck . ^ j j l i ^ ,

ne d a t . . .

scr1ptions

nar.

st d a y of S h a b a n ( t h e ei g ht h m on t h .

ea r.

( t he e ig ht h mo nt h .

on t h of t h e sp r in g ( t h e th i rd o r f ou r th

m on th o f Sh a b an ( t he e ig ht h mo nt h .

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A ND O R N AM NT AT O N

nalin thecaliphalcoinage roundfieldssurroundedby

ufi arecharacteristicofall thecoinsatthe openingofthis

continuedtobebasedonF atim idmodels theHammudidsilver

hat struckbytheSpanishU mayyads theMurabitscombined

simplestyleoftheirownwhich wasamodelofclarity.A few

esarefoundamongtheirsilver butK uf1greatlypredominated.

angedby theMuwahhids probablytofulfilltheprophecy

edbyaleaderwhowould alterthecurrencyonthe occasionofa

anets.Thestylethen introduced whichlastedwithminorchanges

a lanceof the latemedieva lperiod includeds uaresilver chie fly in

androundgo ldw ithf ie ldinscriptionsinas uare inscribedina

fwhicha lsohe ldlegends a ll inNaskh1scripte ceptforsomeorna-

bycertainearlyH afsidsandMarinids.

hescript erroneouslytermedQ armatic( karmathic by

ughithasnoconnectionwhateverwiththe Q armat1heretical

teddespitecompleterefutationby F raehnintheJ ournal

Thescript w hichhadaw idebutshort-l ivedpopularity inthe lastha lf

centuryandthe firstdecadeofthefourteenth wasprobably

aby refugeesfromAndalusiaafterthefallof Seville.

f theinscriptionsabound.Abu-andab1-are usedinter-

ds masculineandfemininedates by theMurabitts. A lif sare

msuchw ordsasibn- rahman ta a la anddinaraccordingtothe

acriticalmarksareusuallyentirelyabsent whenpresenttheyare

ansignificant.

punchesw ereusedby theengraverto incisestra ightlinesandcircles

dcoins.Thegeneralpractice however wastoengravethedesign

elikethe onedescribedbyMarcais.Thisinevitablyledto such

nor duplicationoflettersandevenof wholewords butthese

minimumbycareful supervision andfaultydieswerefre uently

Aninde ofcoinswithengravingerrorsis suppliedfortheuseof

this lineofin uiryfurther.

esigned: tw ow iththenameSa dintiny letters possiblyone

stinguishedf romlettering ise tremely lim ited. Noneof the

vce andonlyafew piecesofsilver separate ly inde ed havea

icaldesign.I ndividuallettersandblankspacesareoftenenhanc-

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inorscrollsandflourishes thoughtheefforttodecodeany

onveyedhasbeenfruitless.O therwiseitislimitedto lineand

dingfieldinscriptions andoccasionallengtheningofletterstofill

sfyingmanner.

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N Q U E

ngthe latemedievalNorthAfricancoinagearenowhere

aneasilybe deducedfromthemoneyitselfandfromthe coindie

obversew asengravedononetool thereverseonabase aco ld

si ew asinserted ablow w asstruck andthef inishedco inw as

vebeenfound.

sedsothatobverseandreverse appearedinthedesired

hiswassub ecttogreatre la ation. O ccasiona lco inssurv ive and

neousinde w itherrorsinstrik ing includingthecombiningof

o fa f lanof thew rongsi e andsuchmistakes. Misstruck anddouble-

ever arenotspecia llynoted.

t-mastersappearonthesecoins. Yashir Ma lik andI bn- auk ab

ters othersmaybeindicatedbythe relativelyfre uentmint-

eormore lettersofthealphabet.

semint-markshasbeenattempted.Theyarefre uently

recordingcoins sothatthee istingdataarenecessarilyin-

eparatelyinde edforreadyreference.

ereofcertain Murabitsilveronwhichoneside hasbeen

ivesascribesthisto asystemofindicatingdenominations though

ntohistable. Thesecoinsare listedinthemisce llaneousinde as

amentononesideinsteadof alegend.

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thecoinsundere aminationweremadeofgold.TheZ irid

dpresumably theHammadid w asdesignedtoweighabout4. 2grams

sandeveneighthsweighingcorrectfractionsof thatfigure.The

survivingspecimensaverage4.11gramsandareknownas heavyas

etersindiameter theMurabit averaging4. 05gramsandnever

ll imetersacross. Ha lfdinarsw ere15-1 mill imeters q uarters13-15

pparentlyfairlyuniforminsi eandweight andthegold

tcameacrosstheSaharaf romthenegroes regions insuf ficient

andvariegatedcoinage.

wahhidstheq ualityandq uantityofthegoldusedapparently

estandardofw eightandsi ew aspermanentlya ltered. A w ide thin

ed averaging4.55grams 27-32millimetersindiameter.The

rams w as19-22mill imeters theha lf a t1. 15grams 14-1 mill i-

a t. 55 about13mill imeters. Successordynastiesfo llowedthese

lterations someH afsiddoubledinarswereslightlysmaller

der mostdinarssomewhatbroader afewZ iyanidandMarinid

er butingeneraltheplan wasadheredtowithoutsignificant

wahhidperiodthenumberofspecimensdiminishessharply

asidgolddefinitelyscarce.Theq ualitywasneverseriouslydi-

ngpowerremainedhigh thoughdefiniteanalysesbelongratherto

atichistory.Apparentlyfarmoreneedof fractionalgolde isted

hanunderthe Murabits whosedinarsaccountforover99%

ariousdynasticcoinagesvariedgreatly.F ortheH ammudids

readilyconsideredcopperwas struck whereastheZ iridsfollowed

usingsilver. TheMurabitsstruck largeq uantit iesofsilver both

earancewithdatesandmintsand 1-gramq iratsandfractions

change.

vefor theMurabits butnodatais availableindicating

pose.

bythe MuwahhidsandH afsidsisplentifulandfound

yacceptance— beingcounterfeitede tensivelyamongthe

rance.Thes uaredirhemsaveragedabout1.5gramandwere

e.Theysurviveingreatnumbers makingmoreunaccountablethe

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nidsilverandtherelativescarcity ofsilverattributabletothe

ds.

nedlocallyinMoroccoand Spain.I tsvaluerelativetogold

morethanonetenthand seldomlessthanonetwentiethbyweight.

osufferedfluctuations beingdepreciatedandrestoredonseveral

ogni edasaprecious metalsuitableforcoinage.D inarsand

mswereoccasionallyimitatedincopper orstruckinsilver sobase

ywith difficultyfromit butthefewattemptstocoin copper

pularopposition.O nlyattheveryend ofH afsidrulewerea

shadowingmoderntokencurrency butthisdevelopmentwas

stofthelatemedievalperiodin NorthAfrica.

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SAND TH E I R CO I NAG S

erthecoinageofeach dynastyasaseparateunit.B efore

chronologicallistofrulers withacondensedgenealogicaltreefor

mids theH udids andtheOttomans w hichhavebutonerulerapiece

umismatichistoryforthe latemedievalperiod.Theinformation

enderivedfrommedievalinscriptionsand documentsandfrom

fmedieva lA rabichistories chronicles geographies biographies

beencorrectedor confirmedfromevidencefoundonthecoins

actualcoinshavebeenconsultedwheneverpossible theother

the bestmodernpublishedversions aslistedinthe bibliographies.

fict themoreprobablehasbeendeterminedandutil i ed w hen

haustiveresearch havef il ledthemfrommodernsourcesorf rom

he mostlikelyofpossiblealternatives.

tiontherehas beenplaced withinparentheses ashort

s o ur c es i n t hi s o rd e r: g o ld ( g e l ec t ru m ( e s i lv e r ( s a n d co p pe r

B andanumber re ferringtothehistorica lre ferencebibliography partB ) ;

mber ; medievalA rabicw ork s( A andanumber . F a il ingthese

ndanumber ormyow nconclusions( H ) supply thedata. A lthough

dyand unattractive nobetterwayofsupplyingthis essential

senteditself itishopedthat familiaritywillrenderitless ob-

hesesfollowingChristiandatesindicatethesourcefromwhichthe

wasderived enablingmetospecifythecorrect oneofthetwo

Afr1ca

a n uH - A b bd s o f B a g hd a d a. H . 1 3 2 - 5 ( a . D . 7 49 - 12 5 ) :

urabrtgo ld2 -90 92-44 .

h ( g A 3 5h a b u- A b d- A ll a h ( g A 3 5h M u ha mm a d ( A 3 5 h i b n-

a .H . 5 3 0 ( A 3 5h - 55 5 ( A 3 5h a .d . 11 3 ( n o al te rn at iv e - 11 0

onZ 1ridgo ld24aandMurabrfcgo ld( seeabove , specif iedon

h ( s A 3 5h a b u- a f a r ( s A 3 5h a l -M a ns u r ( A 2 o a i b n- M uh a mm a d

2 3 ( A 3 5h - 4 0 ( A 2 oa a .d . 12 2 ( n o al te rn at iv e - 12 42 ( A 2o a :

d540andsilver1117-1120 specif iedonHudidsilver1121.

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ages

h( A 35h , abu-A hmad( A 35h ' A bd-Allah( A 35h ibn-al-Mansur

6 4 0 ( A 3 5h - 5 ( A 35 h a .d . 12 42 ( A 35 h - 12 5 ( A 35 h : g en er ic al ly o n

aghdadhadoncecontrolledallNorth Africa buttheirsway

mentofindependencebythe AghlabidsandtheI drisidsabout

hadprev iouslybeenterminatedinSpainby theestablishmentof the

attimidcon uestsinthetenthcenturyhadcloseda llA f ricato

clearthattheappearanceof ' A bbasidnamesandtit lesonlate

nsinno respectrepresentedarevivaloftheirtemporalpower.

spiritualsubmissiontothetheory ofasingleorthodo Sunnite

en intheMurabitgoldcoinage.W ithasingleune plained

verypieceofMurabitgoldaccordstheepithet' A bd-Allahandtheca lipha l

mu minintothisdistantandshadow ysu era in w how asnever

ughoccasionallygenericallycalledal- Abbasionthelaterdinars.

abitsadoptedthelessertitles al-amirandamiral-muslimin never

k.The silver notrestrictedbyMoslempoliticaltheoryto the

edeferentialformulas.

ftheMurabits ina.h.541 twooftheirneighborsrendered

magetothe ' A bbasids. Yahya the9thHammadid specif ieda l-

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ed 5 4 3 ( 2 5 r e po r te d b y I b n - h a ld u n w hi l e th e J a mi i d R a s h id o f

itfo rmula inhis551dinar(24a . B othof theseco insindicate

similartothatmotivatingthegreatZ iridrevo lt inw hich'A bbasid

substitutedforF atimid thoughforsomereasonthe ' A bbasid

nedontheSunniteZ iridco insofa l-Mu i z .

shidfe ll l ik etheMurabits beforethepowerfulMuw ahhidmilitary

bbasidsdisappearedfromNorthAfricancoinsfor nearlyeightyyears.

collateraldescendantsoftheMurabitts invadedTunisiafromtheir

andreferredtothe ' A bbasidsassu era insinthe irF ridayprayers

butnocoinse istfortheirdecadesof banditryontheMuwahhid

rlocated theymaybee pectedtobear' A bbasidformulas.

o llapseaftera . h. 624I bn-Hudmadegoodhisindependence in

insin nominalallegiancetothedistant' Abbasidcaliph asan

wahhids.TheonlyH udidcoinsconsideredinthis studyarethose

a duringthethreemonthsofa . h. 630thatI bn-Hudcontrolled

andsilver( 1117-1120 w ereapparently struck there w ithpro-

cingthenormalMuwahhidones.

by theshaykha l- anashti w hogovernedCeutaforthene t

vrinthenameof the3 th' A bbasid a l-Mustansir dated 35( 1121 .

struckin NorthAfrica( 541 , althoughmintlessanddateless

edtotheamira l- A af ia tC eutabetweena. h. 6 47andthetermin-

a liphate in65 by theMongolHulagu.

ate propercametheendofnumismaticrecognitionin

ppet-caliphsmaintainedbytheMamliiksatCairoseemto have

anceoveroccidentalloyaltiesas theirlegitimatepredecessorshad

r1ca

anu- atimahofC a iroa .h. 297-5 7( a . d. 909-1171 .

g A 3 5e a b u- T am i m ( g A 4 1a M a a d d ( g A 3 5e i b n- A l i ( 7 A 3 5e

- 4 7 ( A 1 b a .d . 10 3 ( A 1 b - 10 94 ( A 1 b : s pe ci fi ed o n Z i ri d go ld 1

atimidimamshadrisentopow erinTunisia they reso lvedin

seatofgovernmenttonewly -con ueredEgypt leavingNorthA f rica

hispostw aschosentheableSanha ahB erbergeneralB ulukk in

sof loya ltyweredutifully fulf i lledbyhim byhissona l-Mansur and

dis. B y thefourthgeneration how ever thebondshadgreatly

mbinedmotivesofpersona lambition Sunniteprocliv it ies and

prisa lledtotheZ iridrevo lto fa l-Mu i ibn-B adis.

yof datesforthevariousstepsin thisrevolt thecoins

gy.ThestandardF atimiddinarsmintedatal-Mahdiyahandal-

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ages

43 representtheoldorder bothmintcit iesw erenamedfor

rstsignof aversionappearedin439 whentheoldnameSabrahwas

yah thoughF atimidformulaswereretainedandal-Mustansir

n nofurtherchangeoccurredin440.

therevo ltbecameune uivoca l. Thedinarsof thatandsubse uent

ncetoal-Mustansir substitutedSunniteforShi iteformulas

tK airouan.AsfarasArabic historiansdisclose therevoltwas

istshavelongknownoflatercoins namingal-Mustansirandstruck

Candiawasthefirst tomaketheobviousdeductionthatthe

a reconciliationwiththeirvindictiveformeroverlord whohad

dtheB anu-SulaymtoravageTunisia.Whetherthis tardyremorse

nsircannotnowbedetermined butsincethenewseries con-

maybesupposedto havemetwithsomemeasureofsuccess.

atimidpointofviewmaybebriefly recapitulated.U ntil43 ,

nd440 normaldinars( 1 2 e ceptfortheominouschangein

o449 rebe ll ion. F rom449to454 resumptionofnormaldinars

rom454to459 continuationofnormaldinarsunderTamim. A fter459

o inreportedfor4 0butre ectedasunbelievable .

atimidcoinageinNorthAfricacame toitsfinalclose in459

dicate.Thelastq uarter-century analysedhere wasperhapsthe

ngasitdoesa vitaldiplomaticdevelopmentofwhichnowritten

ved.

eraintyovertheH ammadidsofeasternAlgeriaprobably

utdoesnotseemto havebeenreflectedoncoins fortheonly

asty ( 25 issa idby I bn- ha lduntohavebeenstruck onthe

ofF atimidsupremacy.

rso f theB anu-Z irio fTunisiaa . H. 3 2-543(a . d. 972-114 ) .

A 27 b a l- Mu i z ( B 1 1 A 35 e i bn -B a d is ( 3 B 1 1 A 35 e a . h. 4 0 ( A 35 e

( A 41 a - 10 2 ( A 3 c :

m id 8 ) a . h . 43 9 ( g - 4 40 ( g A 3 5e g o ld 1 2 .

ndent a . h. 441( g A 41a -449( g anonymousgo ld3-14

mid8 ) a.h.449( g -454( A35e gold15-17.

ibn-Malil( A 35e independentB arghaw atahB erbergovernorofSfa

( A 3 5e a .d . 1 05 9 ( H ) - 1 09 9 ( D 9 a n on y mo u s go l d 24 .

T am im ( B n A 35 e i b n -a l- Mu i z ( 4 B n A 35 e a . h. 4 54 ( g A 35 e

2 ( A 3 c - 11 0 ( A 3 c :

i mi d 8 ) a .H . 4 5 4 ( g A 35 e - 45 9 ( g g ol d 1 - 23 .

ndent a . h. 459( H) -501( A 35e noco ins.

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Y a h ya ( A 3 5e i b n- T am 1 m ( 5 A 3 5e a . h. 5 0 1 ( A 3 5 e - 5 0 9 ( A 3 5 e

1 11 ( A 4 1a n o c oi n s.

5e ' A li ( A 35 e i bn - a hy a ( 6 ; A 35 e a .h . 50 9 ( A 3 5e - 51 5 ( A 3 5e a .d .

1 ( A 4 1a n o c oi n s.

c a l- H a sa n ( A 3 5e i bn - A li ( 7 A 35 e a .h . 51 5 ( A 3 5e - 54 3 ( A 3 5e

14 ( A 4 1a n o c oi n s.

n- R a s h id ( g A 3 5e i n de p en d en t J a m i i d A r a b g ov e rn o r of G a be s a .h .

A 4 e a .d . 11 5 ( ? ) - 11 59 ( H ) g ol d ( f o r ' A b ba si d 31 n ot i de nt if ie d 2 4a .

ahB erberdynastyknownastheZ iridsissuccessivelyoneof

andredirection. F roma. h. 372 theef fectivedateofB uluk k 1n s

the irnumismatichistory isthato fprov incia lF atim idmints.

ththefirststirrings ofrevolt thesubstitutiononotherwise

of theancientnameSabrahforthe at im ida l-Mansuriyah. A l-Mu i z

thistypethrough440 anonymousSunniteco insf rom441to449

449tohisdeathin454 thesewerecontinuedthrough459byhis

furthercoinswerestruck bymembersofthemainZ iriddynasty.

tmanyq uestions towhichonlythemosttentativeanswers

ivesfortherevo ltarew ellk now n: al-Mu i z ' sambitionand

misplacedfeelingofsecurity.Apparentlyno oneeventwasthe

butratherageneralsense thatthetimewasripe.

angesmadein441werenotfar-reaching.Theshape weight

rddinarwere retained q uartersandeighthswereoccasionally

hscantysilver j ustasundertheF atim ids. Only the inscriptions

wasdonethoroughly . TheShi itepra iseof ' A liw ase lim inatedf rom

eF atimidnamesandtitlesonthe reversefacewassubstituteda

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ages

anotherreplacedtheprev iousobversemargin eventhemintinscription

altered.

airouanthrough44 , withasimilarcoinfrom Sfa ascribed

Mu i z f ledtothefortifiedporto fal-Mahdiyah leavingtheresto f

heArabinvaders.H iscoinsfrom449 tohisdeathin 454were

wherehissonTamimas governorhadalreadycoinedSunnite

d447.

atthe finalgroupisShi iteineveryrespect.' Aliisvenerated

accordedcaliphaltitles theconcentricstyleisrevived.There

astothesignificanceof allthis:anattemptat reconciliationwith

ablyignoredorsuppressedinmedievalArabic histories.

ontinuedbyTamimthrough459 itsduration andthevariety

suggestacceptancebyCairoasaF atim idmintingoodstandingf rom

h sidesareeasytounderstand:the Z iridsseekinganyally

edevastatingTunisiaandvainlyhopingthat al-Mustansircould

adloosed theF atimiddelightedwithhisrevengeandwelcoming

satestimonyto hisfirmwaywithdissenters.

cil iancon uesto fa l-Mahdiyahin543 theZ irids rulingchie f ly

hinterland capitali edonadversitybyturningseaward.A

commerceandcorsairshippartiallyrestoredtheirpowerand

son then didtheynotresumeco iningmoney

soughtin thecuttingbynomadArabsof theirsourceof

viouslyshippedacrosstheSaharabycamelcaravan.W hatgold

ra idw asa lreadyminted andade uatetothe irneeds. Silverhad

eveninAghlabidtimes.Andfinally ifanycoinswerestruckby

wereprobablylootedbytheSicilian Normansandeventuallymelted

gZ iridcoinsarechiefly golddinarsweighingabout4.05

ofabout23mill imeters neatly struck inK uf1script. The inscrip-

riesare identica lw ithstandardF atim idlegends theSunniteones

remark ableonly intheunusualmintingphrase" struck in( the city

slamandal-Qay raw an , ironicinv iew of thefactthatKa irouanwould

iridtype( 24 is becauseof itsmintanddate ascribedby

heindependentB arghaw atahB erbergovernorofSfa H ammu

k onal-Mahdiyahw asdefeatedbyTam1m. I tsdate 4 1 isthe latest

heSiciliancon uest.

bit- styledinar( 24a isreportedbyPrietoyV ivesasstruck

ashidibn-R af i . Sincehisil lustrationise ecrable andsincethea l-

rsdiedin543andw asnotthesonordescendantofR af i , I a tf irst

sco in until I locatedtheSchulmanspecimen theclearphotograph

ciptiontoQadis( C adi for552. P ro longedscrutiny ledmetothe

shidibn-R ashid suggestingoneof thetwosonsofP rieto sa l-R ashid

eathandtheMuw ahhidcon uesto fGabesin554 w ithSicil ian

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a ldiingivesthe irnamesasMuhammadandMudaf i the latter

probablyanick-name soitseemsareasonableassumption

by the lastJ ami idunderhisrea lnameal-R ashid.

tionwouldhaveeithertoidentifyanotherpersonnamedal-

ruledGabesin551ortoe pla inwhy thef irsta l-R ashidw asnot

a lduncallshim asw ellasthediscrepancy indates. P erhapsmy

ntenableassumptionsthanitscompetitors.

theotherlocalArab andB erberrulersofcitiesor tribesin

oreasternAlgeriaduringthis turbulentperiod thoughsomefewof

ttlegold.

rso f theB anu-H ammddofeasternA lgeriaa . h. 405-547(a . d.

i bn -H a m ma d ( j ; A 35 e a .h . 41 9 ( A 3 5e - 44 ( A 35 e a .d . 10 2 ( A 41 a

ns.

-a l -Q a i d ( 2 A 3 5e a . h. 4 4 ( A 3 5e - 4 47 ( A 3 5e a .d . 1 05 5 ( A 4 1a

ns.

b n- M uh a mm a d ib n -H a m m ad ( j ; A 3 5e a . H . 4 4 7 ( A 3 5 e - 4 54 ( A 3 5e

0 2 ( A 4 1a n o c oi n s.

i b n- A l an n as i b n- H a m ma d ( j ; A 3 5 e a . H . 4 5 4 ( A 3 5 e - 4 1 ( A 3 5e

10 8 ( A 41 a n o co in s.

i bn -a l- Na si r ( 5 A 35 e a .h . 4 1 ( A 35 e - 49 ( A 35 e a .d . 10 8 ( A 41 a

n o co in s.

-a l- Ma ns ur ( 6 ; A 35 e a .h . 49 ( A 35 e - 49 ( A 41 a a .d . 11 04 ( D 9 D 1 4

ns.

asternAlger1a

C r e a



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ages57

35 e i bn -a l- Ma ns ur ( 6 ; A 35 e a .h . 49 ( A 41 a - 51 5 ( A 3 5e a .d . 11 05 ( A 41 a

o in s .

i b n -a l- A i ( 8 ; g .A tf e a . H . 5 15 ( A 35 e - 5 47 ( A 35 e a . d. 1 12 1 ( A 0 b

f o r ' A b b a si d 3 1 2 5 .

theH ammadiddynastymustbebasedohsomewhat

forthesadfactisthatnocoinsurv ivesw hichhasbeensoundly

ahB erbercousinsandrivalso f theZ irids.

sdeclarationof independence ina .h. 405andal-Mansur saccession

nted accordingto I bn- ha ldun butbetw een4 1andtheMuw ahhid

lcoinsmusthavebeenstruck w ek now only the543dinar( 25

ldun o fw hichnosurv iv ingspecimenisrecorded. M. deB ey lie w ho

am-Hammad providedinanappendi tohisvo lumeagroupof

purportingtorepresentthisand otherH ammadidcoins fortunately

ubtsoftheirreliability.H ealsoincludeda photographofacoinhe

a l-Mansur the6thH ammadid onunascerta inablegrounds. I t

atimiddinarofindeterminablemintanddate theoriginal

othe ueNationa le cannotbe located.

heH ammadidsweretocountertheirkinsmen theZ irids.

e ' A bbasidsw ouldf inditsneighborintheF atimids camp. E ach

rdes andtheSicil ianNormans aga insttheother. B eforethe

military riva ls a f terw ards piratica1. Whenthe lastZ iridw as

hef ledforre fugetothe lastHammadid w hoputhim inprison.

thAfrica

eB anu-HammudofMalagaa. h. 407-449( a . d. 101 -1057 .

A 4 a i bn - a hy aI ( 3 A 4 a a.h .43 4( A b -4 4 ( s A b a. d. 104 3( A 4 a

:

A b - 4 3 9 ( H ) a . d .1 0 43 ( A 4 a - 1 0 4 7 ( H ) t o o e ar l y.

9 s A 27 c a . h .4 39 ( s - 44 ( s A b a .D . 1 0 47 ( H ) - 10 55

v er 8 7 2 - 7 9 .

dofdynastyproperandindependenceof9A a. h. 449( D 9 -453

D 9 - 10 1 ( H ) .

ibn-Muhammad( H ) B arghaw atahB erbergovernorofC eutaa.H .

A 90 a .d .1 0 1 ( H ) - 10 7 ( H ) :

( 9 B ; s c A 27 c s il ve r 8 8 0 - 8 6 , c o pp er 1 15 7- 11 0 .

s A 2 7c i b n- S a a u t ( 9 A A 3 5e B a r g h aw at t ah B e r b e r go v er n or o f C eu t a a. h .

A 35 e a . d. 10 7 ( H ) - 10 3 ( A 3 5e :

C s s il ve r 8 8 7 .

C r e a



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pettykingswhodividedupU mayyadSpainintheearly

atf irst theHammudidsofMalaga butbya. h. 439 w henthisstudy

noutmatchedby the ' A bbadidsofSevil le andevenw ithinthe irt iny

strengthin internecinewarfare.Abranchofthefamilyheld

aindynastyalsoruledCeutainAfrica bringingthemwithinthe

nastyproperto coinatCeutaafter439was the th I drisI I ,

asheir. He struck onlysilvero fpoora lloy l ik ea llhisfamily o f

I d r is I I I , a n d al - Q a s im I I w e re a t wa r w it h h im a ft e r 43 . I t w a s fo r

tenforcedtotakerefugeatCeuta wherehissupportwascentered

time inprisonthere.

thoseofthelaterSpanishU mayyadsandtheotherpetty

eassumedcaliphaltitlesandepithetsbut didnotmentionhis

ndegenerateK uf1.

ynastyin449 Ceutawasheldbyasuccession ofnon-royal

ntheB arghaw atahB erberSa autandhisposterity . Hisco ins

1scriptonsilversobase it isusua lly termedcopper arenone-

resaidbyV ivestodatef rom455to4 7 butde lR ivero w ho is

lengesa lldatespriorto4 4. 4 2doese ist fo r455and45 , doubt

mes titles andepithets.Sa autisal-Mansur al-Ma an

e orsomepersonunk now n isa l- imam ' A bd-Allah amira l-mu min1n.

h a i b t h e ch a nc e ll o r.

-slavewhoassumedthiswelterofnomenclaturediedinbattle

f ibn-Tashf in leavinga l-T tocontinuethedefenseofC euta.

redible fiveadditionalyearsbeforebeingcaptured byinsolence

k ill inghimuntortured. Hisembattledtenure— 471-47 — is

llybyamintless datelessbasesilverdirhemwith thefield

s.

nownandunspecif iedperson isa l- imam ' A bd-Allah am1ra l-

a - a l- D a u l ah w hi c h is l i ke h i s fa t he r s B a h a - a l- D a u l ah a n e pi t he t

C r e a



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ages

foundelsewhere inthisstudy . Anda l-ha ibisSa aut Diya -a l-

la tterisgenera llypresumedtobea l-T z ' sfather noe planation

angein epithetsorforhis appearanceaschancellorfollowinghis

conclusionisthata thirdgenerationisinvolved withthe

ohisfathera l-T andsharingthesameepithet. He isnot

rulersof Morocconocoinssurvivedatedaftera.h.439

ussmallgo ldco insascribedbyB rethestotheB anu- ha riino f

. A snotedinthecorpus thesecoinsarenotava ilable forstudy nor

andplatesade uate thereareprobablymanysuchcoinsto be

stsandethnologistsinMoroccoforthe useoflatergenerationsof

ersof theMurdbituna.h. 44 -541( a . d. 105 -1147 .

c A 35 e i bn - U m ar ( g s c A 35 e a .h .4 4 ( A 4 e - 4 0 ( g A 35 e a .d .1 05

A 4 d g o ld ( f or ' A bb as id s 2 a n d 27 n ot i de nt if ie d 2 - 52 s il ve r 8 8 8 - 9 0

( ? ) g ov er no r of S i i l m as ah a bo ut a .h . 45 9 ( H ) a .d . 10 7 ( H ) g ol d ( f o r

d e nt i fi e d 5 3 .

bn -A bi -B a k r ( 1 g g ov er no r of S i i l m as ah a .H . 4 2 ( g - 4 7 ( g a .D . 1 0 70

g o l d ( f o r ' A b ba s id 2 , n o t i d en t if i ed 5 4 -5 7 .

A 35 e i bn -T as hf in ( c ou si n of 1 g s B n A 35 e a .h . 4 0 ( g A 35 e - 5o o

0 7 ( A 4d -110 ( A 3 c :

g A 35 e - 4 9 ( A 4 d a . d. 1 0 7 ( A 4 d - 1 10 3 ( A 4 d g ol d

d 2 , n o t id e nt i fi e d 5 - 1 20 s i lv e r 8 9 1 -9 0 1.

g s A 35 e a . h. 49 ( A 4 d - 5 oo ( g A 3 c a .d .1 10 3( A 4 d - 1 10

r ' A b b a si d 2 , n o t id e nt i fi e d 1 2 1- 1 51 s i lv e r 90 2 -9 0 4.

c A 35 e i bn - u s uf ( 2 g e s c A 35 e a .h .5 oo ( A 3 c - 5 37 ( g A 35 e a .d .1 10

3 c :

A 3 c - 5 22 ( g a . d. 1 1 0 ( A 3 c - 1 12 ( n o a lt e rn a ti v e g o l d

a n d 29 n o t id e nt i fi e d 1 5 2- 2 91 e l ec t ru m 9 39 s i lv e r 90 5 -9 3 ,

a n on y mo u s si l ve r 9 8 , 9 9 c o pp e r 11 2 - 11 9 .

e s A 51 b a .h . 52 2 ( g - 53 3 ( g a .d . 11 2 ( n o al te rn at iv e - 11 39

b b a si d s 29 - 31 n o t id e nt i fi e d 2 9 2- 3 1 e l ec t ru m 99 1 9 9 2

994.

g s A 35 e a .h . 53 3 ( g A 4 d - 53 7 ( g A 35 e a .d . 11 39 ( H ) - 11 43

r ' A b b a si d 3 1 n o t id e nt i fi e d 3 2 - 40 3 s i lv e r 99 5 -1 0 17 .

e i bn - A li ( 3 g s A 35 e a .h . 53 7 ( g A 35 e - 54 0 ( g . As 1c a .d . 11 43

5 1c :

g A 35 e ~ 5 3 ( A 91 a .d . 11 43 ( A 4 e - 11 44 ( A 91 g ol d ( f o r

ntif ied 404-421 silver101 -1033.

g s A 35 e a .H . 5 3 ( g .A 91 - 54 0 ( g . As 1c a .D . 1 1 44 ( A 9 1

f o r ' A b b a si d 3 1 n o t id e nt i fi e d 4 2 2- 4 32 s i lv e r 10 3 4- 1 03 .

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0




b n - Ta s hf i n ( 4 A t fe a . H . 5 4 0 ( A 5 1 c - 5 4 0 ( H ) a . d . 1 14 5 ( A 5 1 c - 1 14 5

A 35 e i b n- A li ( 3 g s A 35 e a . H . 54 0( g - 54 1( g A 35 e a . d. 11 45 ( H ) - 11 47

A bbasid31 notidentif ied 433-442 silver1039-1052.

5e i b n - Ab 1 -B a k r i b n- A H ( 3 g A 3 5e , c a l le d a l- S ah r aw i ( A 3 5e , r e b el a t

a .H . 5 4 2 ( A 3 5e - 5 43 ( g A 4 e a . d . 1 14 7 ( H ) - 1 14 ( H ) g o ld

n o t id e nt i fi e d 4 4 3.

A 3 5 e i b n - A l i ( C 1 1 A 3 5 e , c a l l ed I b n -G h an i ya h ( A 3 5 e , M a s su f ah B e r b e r

5 4 1 ( A 5 1 c - 5 43 ( C 1 1 A 3 5 e a . d. 1 1 47 ( A 5 1c - 1 14 ( C n

1 n o t id e nt i fi e d a n d th e B a n u -T a sh f in 4 4 s i lv e r ( f o r t he B a n u -

bn-B adr( C odera L amtunahB erbergovernorofC ordovauntila . h.

54 ( H ) g o ld ( f o r ' A b b a si d 3 1 n o t id e nt i fi e d a n d th e B a n u -T a sh f in

rnorofNulL amtahabouta .h. 542( g a . d. 1147( H ) anonymous

1 notidentified 444.

theirpredecessorsandcontemporaries theMurabits

t.H erewehaveavailablearich andbountifulseriesgenerousin

mints anddates.

pectedofthepuritanicalsect establishedbythereformer

namongtheveiled( mulaththimun tribesmenof theSahara . A f ter

a instnegroesofGhanatothesouth o f thefounderandofhissk il led

mar a l- amtum Y ahya sbrotherA bu-B ak rassumedcommandof

army andisgenera lly consideredtohavebeenthef irsttemporal

underofthe rulingdynasty.

mportantcity tak enby theMurabits fe ll ina . h. 44 ; A bu-B ak r

hisf irstsurv iv ingdinarwasstruck there in450. Y etthepattern

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ages

nduncultureddesert chieftaininthisremoteMoroccanstronghold

ortantalterationbyhisveiledsuccessorsrulingnot onlyMorocco

andw asfullyw orthyof thatprosperousandciv il i edland.

the golddinar withaweightofabout4.2 gramsandan

limeters.O ver15oospecimensarereported withover4oohaving

ng4.05grams.Muchofthiswasstruck inSpain throughtheraw

edfromthenegroessouthof theSahara andwasthusthefirst

uckin westernE uropesinceR omantimes.SpanishChristiangold

hatof theirMoslemfoes.

disk nown: tw ohalfdinars( 52 210 andasingleq uarter

e interestarethefew electrumcoinsreported(939 991 992 , theonly

heuseof thisa lloy havenotdiscoveredthenameappliedto

ir relativevalue.

greatvarietyof Murabitsilvere ists.D enominations

m thesi eofadinarbutvary inginw eight andthenew q irat

iameterandaveraging. 95gram w ithhalves q uarters e ighths

ereof . Mintsareof tennamed butmoreof tennot thegreatassort-

despreadmintingwithconsiderablelocalautonomy.

ewimitationdinarsanddirhemswhichmayhavebeen

wereprobablycontemporaryforgeries.

coinsincluded inthissurveyareMurabit andnearlyhalf

ensrecorded.Thisprolific mintingwithinlessthana century

dinaryprosperity whichhadtheusualeffectof softeningupthe

atthey fe lleasyprey tothene tw aveofhardyB erberinvaders

erpiecesinNask hi orK iif iandNask hi theMurabitco insare

somewhatcoarseatthestartbut usuallyclearandelegant.The

ationprecedesthenameand titleoftheruler andofhisheir if

ed.

ydevotedto the' Abbasidcaliph:al-imam ' Abd-Allah

metimesal- A bbasi. TheobversemarginisKoranic thereverse

ptionwithmintand date anestimablecustomfromthe

w . B ecauseof this there islitt lediff iculty inattributingMurabitgo ld

uallystraightforward.

t lea l-amir struck dinarsatSi i lmasahf rom450to4 0. The450

ucceedingyeare ceptthreesmallclusters: 452-453 459-4 0 and

aslightlydif ferentpatternw astried butsoondiscarded. Thesecondgap

hedinar( 53 dated45 , the lastdigitbe ingpunchedout struck

therw isecomplete lyunidentif ied theassumptionisthathew asa

commandwhileAbu-Bakr ledamilitarye peditionsouthward.

countforthe dinars( 54-57 dated4 2to4 6 or4 7andstruck

Abi-B ak r obv iouslyasonlef t intemporarycommand thoughhe

chistorians.

453 Abu-B akrturnedMoroccoovertohis cousinand

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shf in devotingtheremainderofhislife tospreadingI slamby

henegroesoftheSenegalregion.Y usuf s27-yeartenureas

ak r sdeathinbattle in4 0 le f tnoslightestnumismatictraces— in

eralArabicchroniclers — thoughduringthisperiodhefounded

edF e andC euta inMorocco took T lemceninA lgeria anddefeated

allaca.

nceof theArabichistorians whenY usufdidassumepower

thetit leamira l-muslim in fora llhiscoinslim itthemselvessimply

masaha lone Y iisuf slow lyaddedothermints: C euta(4 4 ,

gh ma t( 4 6 ) , C or do va ( 4 6 ) , S ev il le ( 4 9 , J a ti va ( 4 9 , M ar ra ke sh ( 4 9 0 , S an

m er ia ( 4 92 , G ra na da ( 4 93 , T le mc en ( 4 94 , N ul ( 4 94 , M al ag a ( 4 9 4 ,

ca n ta r a ( 4 9 ) , a n d B a e a ( 4 9 7 . N ot a l l of t h es e s tr u ck a n nu a ll y b u t th e y

mberof standardi eddinarsanda handfulofsilver.

nsfoundonY usuf sdinarsaremint-marks( o f tenonce j , )

hesubstitutionof J e foritssynonym<i_, year( 112 . B othof

comeverycommononlater Murabn gold.

hsson' A liprocla imedheirapparent andthiseventw asref lected

uesof497 whileby499all themintsthenstrikinghadredesigned

r.Apparentlyeachmintwasfree todothiswhenand howit

thevarietyofso lutionscontrived evenmintsusingthemark K,

ateac ommonmint-master followednocommoncourse.A

2 outdiditse lfby imply ingthat' A lira therthanYusufw asruling a

curredin5oo onthef irstdayofw hichY usufdiedatavery

5oo( 132 140 14 , 147 arepresumablyposthumousissues

dies forconveniencetheyaregroupedwithhis regularcoins.

y' Alimightbecharacteri edthus mostlygold ofhigh

wellengravedandwellstruckatalmostevery importantcityof

withconsiderableautonomyateachmintasregards selectionand

nbothgoldandsilver. D uringhistran uilreignof37 yearsit

dabundantly.Chronologicalsubdivisionsareprovidedbythe

rentofhis sonS1rin522 andofhisson Tashfinin533after

0wereA ghmat Si i lmasah andMarrak esh tow hichw ere

N ul ( 5 01 , T le mc en ( 5 05 , S al a ( 5 0 ) , B a n 1- Ta wa da ( 5 13 , a nd C eu ta a nd

. Si i lmasah w hichhadrecogni edhimpremature ly continuedto

title al-amiruntil520 buttheothersusedthe sub-caliphal

.

w ereSev il le ( f rom510 w hereaslightrearrangementof the

andwhereamint-masternamedY ashiraddedhisnameto the

n ci a ( 5 o o- 5 12 , A l ge c ir a s ( 5 0 7 -5 0 9 , D e n i a ( 5 o o - 50 4 , J a t iv a ( 5 o o o n ly ,

w hereanew reversemarginw asintroducedin519andin520a

dinthefo llowingparagraph C ordova( 503only , L o a( 511only ,

C r e a



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ages

Murcia( 501-512 , w hereoddlyanonymousdirhemsw erea lsostruck

0 ) . I t isnoteworthy thatonlySev il le Granada andA lmeriaw ere in

ded.

of520w asthe insertionof thew ords" w a nuq adimu , former

rcircle.This implicationofadeficiencymadegoodwill notbear

narsstruckbetween501and520average3.97-grams while12

e3.94+ ; apparentlythiswasmerelybureaucracyatwork twelfth

sa lsostruck silver asdidSaragossa J ere , andC uenca.

isalsoprobablyattributabletoSpain itisvariedand well-

o tre uiredeta iledcomment.

Sir washeir 522-533 foundhisnameaddedbyeachmint

A ghmat Si i lmasah F e , Marrak esh andNulLamtahcontinued

nts w ithC eutaandTangiercoiningsilver. Sev il le w ithYashir

ada andA lmeriastruck dinarsinSpa in Murciacontinueddirhems.

withTashfinasheir usedthesamefiveMoroccandinar

nwesternA lgeria w hileC eutastil lco inedsilver. A l- A bbas w as

field andminorvarietiesproliferated.O nlySevilleandAlmeria

ere insurrectionthreatened w ithsilverf romJaen.

ionof' Ali sreignthecoinageremainedfairly stablein

andlegends butthemintsgradua lly closedandthosew hichstayed

gment changingstylesrapidlyandovercrowdingfieldsandmargins

trapiousphraseaffordedmorein spiritualmeritthanitcost in

at hadservedTashfinasheirof ' Alicontinuedtoservehim

especia lly thoseonw hichhissonI brahimappearsashe ir tendto

dmargin andtheirstylewaschangedmorefre uentlythan

sk il lf uluseof the540T lemcendinar( 40 torefutetheA rabic

edassertionthatTashfin sdeathoccurredatO raninR amadanof539.

esse ceptforaCordovancoinwhich musthavebeenstruckby

bn-Muhammad.

ahim sbrie f reignin540.

beenresponsible fortw o( 441 442 o f thefew dinarsbearing

heyw eremintedatC ordova in540and541. Granadaw asrev ivedasa

e forAlmeriahadfallentoChristianassailants.Similarly

ow ere lim itedtoA ghmat Marrak esh andNulLamtah andthe

sharplyunderheavyMuwahhidpressure thoughagooddealof

ecutionofI sha in541broughtthemain dynastytoits

risonsheldoutinsevera lstrongholds. Thedinar( 443 struck bya l-

es hisgenealogy hissub-caliphalande traordinaryspiritual

ruedateofhissurrender o f tensetat542. Thedinars( 445 44 ) and

the B anii-TashfinmarkthecontinuedresistanceofCordova

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musthaveheldoutfora few months astheanonymousdinar(444

dsurvivesofthegovernorresponsible.

struck coinsinSpaineither likeH amdin j ustpriorto541

uwahhidrule falloutsidethescopeof thisstudy.I tshould

tothistransitiona lperiodthattheuni ue J ami id( 24a

dinarsbe long asw ellasthepartisanMuwahhidgoldandsilver

.

heMurabit coinageashistoricaldocumentationisevident

e e tremepaucityoftheirepigraphicanddocumentaryremains

arymeagernessofthehistoricalsourcesconcerningtheirsupre-

fore ample devotesaboutone-f if thasmuchspacetotheMurabits

ndhiscolleaguesdolikewise sothatmuchoftheinformation

sonthegold fillsavacuumleftby thehistorians.

so f theMuw ahhiduna.h. 524- 6 8 ( a . d. 1130-12 9 .

A 3 5e M u ha m ma d ( A 3 5e i b n- T ii m ar t ( A 3 5e s p ir i tu a l le a de r a .h . 5 15

5e a . d. 1 1 21 ( A 5 c - 1 12 ( n o a lt e rn a ti v e n o c o i ns m en t io n ed

wahhidandH afsidcoins.

athofoandproclamationof1a. h. 522( A 35e -524( A 35e

ti v e - 1 13 0 ( A 1 5 .

s B 1 A 51 b ' A bd -a l- Mu m in ( g s B 1 A 35 e i bn - A l i ( g s B 1 A 35 e

( A 35 e a .d . 11 30 ( A 15 - 11 3 ( A 35 e :

A 3 5e - 5 51 ( C 1 1 a . d. 1 1 30 ( A 1 5 - 1 15 ( C 1 1 a n on y mo u s

o ld447-472 anonymouspartisansilver1057-10 1

4 silver10 5-1074.

la h ( g A 3 5e M u ha m ma d ( 1 A g A 3 5e a . h. 5 5 1 ( C 1 1 - 5 5

C 11 - 11 3 ( A 4 d g o ld 4 73 -4 0 .

u b ( g A 35 e Y u s uf ( 2 g A 35 e a .h .5 5 ( A 3 5e - 55 ( A 3 5e

- 11 3 ( A 3 5 e g ol d ( s e e 2a s ru le r .

B 1 C 2 A 3 5e Y u su fI ( g C 2 A 3 5e i b n- A bd -a l- Mu m in ( j ; g B 1 A 35 e

0 ( A 3 5e a .d .1 1 3 ( A 4 d - 1 1 4 ( A 51 c :

.h . 55 ( A 35 e - 5 3 ( A 35 e a . d .1 1 3 ( A 3 5 e - 1 1 8 ( A 4 d

a l- mu m im n a. h. 5 3 ( A 35 e - 5 0 ( A 35 e a .d . 11 8 ( A 4 d

49 3- 49 .

A 4 d i bn -H a y ya n ( A 5 1c S an ha a h B e rb er r eb el a t Ta a a .h . 55 9 ( A 4 d

1 4 ( H ) - 11 4 ( A 4 d g ol d4 99 .

35 e Y a q u b ( g A 35 e i bn - u s uf I ( 2 A 35 e a .h .5 0 ( A 3 5e - 59 5( A 35 e

-1 19 9 ( A 3 5e :

A 35 e - 5 7 ( A 35 e a .d . 11 4 ( A 4 d - 11 91 ( H ) g ol d 50 0- 50 3.

la h ( s A 5 ic M u ha m ma d ( 4 A t fe a .h . 5 7 ( A 3 5e - 5 95

) - 1 19 9 ( A 3 5e s i lv er 1 0 75 .

C r e a



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ages

A 51 c M uh am ma d ( g A 35 e i bn - a q u b ( 3 A 35 e a .H . 5 9 5 ( A 3 5e

19 9 ( A 3 5 e - 1 2 1 3 ( A 5 1 c g o l d 5 04 - 50 .

A 5 c Y u su fI I ( g A 35 e i b n- Mu ha mm ad ( 4 A ^ e a .H . 6 1 0 ( A 3 5e - 2 0

A 5 1c - 1 22 4 ( A 3 5 e g o ld 5 0 7- 5 09 .

3 5e ' A b d- a l- W a h id I ( A 3 5e i b n- u s uf I ( 2 A 3 5e a . h. 6 2 0 ( A 3 5e

2 24 ( A 3 5e - 1 22 4 ( A 3 5e ( o p po s ed d u ri n g 6 2 1 b y 7 n o c oi n s.

A 35 e ' A bd -A ll ah ( B 1 C 2 A 3 5 e i b n- a q u b ( 3 A ^ $ e a .H . 6 2 1

1 A 35 e a . d. 1 22 4 ( A 4 d - 1 22 7 ( B 1 A 35 e ( o pp os ed d ur in g 6 2 1 by 6 a nd

510.

35e ' A bd-A llah( A 35i ibn-Muhammadibn- U maribn- A bd-al-

e r e be l at B a e a a .h . 6 2 1 ( A 3 5e - 2 ( A 35 e a . d. 1 22 4 ( H ) - 1 22 9 ( H ) n o

A 35 e I d ri sI ( g A 35 e i bn - a q u b( 3 g A 35 e a .h .6 2 4 ( A 35 e - 2 9

A 4 e - 12 32 ( A 4 d ( o pp os ed 6 2 4- 2 9b y9 :

Ma h di a . h. 6 2 4 ( A 3 5 e - 2 7 ( A 4 e a . d . 12 2 7 ( A 4 e - 1 2 30

t al - Ma h di a . h. 6 2 7 ( A 4 e - 2 9 ( A 4 d a . d .1 2 30 ( A 4 e

o in s .

A 4 d Y a h y a( g A 35 e i bn -M uh am ma d ( 4 A tf e a .h . 6 2 4 ( A 3 5e - 3 3

A 4 d - 1 2 3 ( A 4 d ( o pp os ed d ur in g 6 2 4 by 7 6 2 4 - 2 9 by 8 , a nd

ld 5 1 2.

e ' I m ra n ( s A 4 d i b n - a q u b ( j ; A 3 5 e r e be l am ir a t Ce ut a a. H . 6 2 9

A 3 5e a .d . 12 32 ( H ) - 1 2 32 ( D 1 5 s il ve r 10 7 , 1 0 7 7.

A 5 c ' A bd -a l- W a hi d I I ( g A 35 e i b n- d ri s I ( 8 ; g A 35 e a . h. 6 3 0

5e a .d . 12 32 ( A 35 e - 1 2 42 ( A 4 d ( o pp os ed 6 3 0 - 3 3 by 9 :

l -M a hd i a .h . 6 3 0 ( A 3 5e - 3 1 ( H ) a . d. 1 2 32 ( A 3 5e - 1 23 4 ( H )

- 1 0 4 .

Ma h di a . h. 6 3 1 ( H ) - 4 0 ( A 3 5e a .D . 1 2 3 4 ( H ) - 1 24 2 ( A 4 d

ad

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0




A 35 e ' A li ( A 3 5e i bn - d r is I ( 8 ; g A 35 e a .h .6 4 0 ( A 3 5e - 4 ( A 3 5e

12 4 ( A 35 e g ol d 51 - 52 1.

35 e ' U m ar ( B 2 3 C 1 9 A 3 5e i bn - s h a i bn - u s uf I ( 2 g C 19 A 35 e a .h .

5 ( A 35 e a .d .1 24 ( A 35 e - 12 6 ( A 4 e ( o pp os ed du ri ng 6 6 5 by 13

medalM1.

A 35 e I d ri s I I ( A 35 e i bn -M uh am ma d ib n- U m a r ib n- A bd -a l- Mu m in

.h .6 6 5 ( A 3 5e - 6 8 ( A 35 e a .d .1 2 6 ( A 4 d - 12 9 ( A 3 c ( o pp os ed du ri ng

7- 5 39 .

moussilver10 5-111 , anonymouscopper1170 1171.

abitandMuwahhidhistoryarestriking.E achwasafanatic-

ya religiousreformerinaremotesectionof Morocco drawing

reviouslyunimportantgroupoftribes sweepingirresistably

dcities andfinallycon ueringallofMoslemSpain.Muhammad

ahdi played' A bd-Allahibn- aSin sro lew ithaconsiderable

warrior-missionarylikehisprototypebut asubtletheologianwho

nti-anthropomorphicdoctrine.H erecruitedsupportersamong

of thehighA tlas w hile thef irstMurabrfcshadbeenLamtahand

Sanha ahstock fromtheedgeof theSahara . Hisoppositionw as

rgani edthanhadbeenthecase intheprecedingcentury and

eralsstruckeastwardrather thansouthward.

stwascompleteandspectacular.TheMurabitgoldhad

tstandardfrom alongMoslemtraditionascendingtothe

amascus thiswasdeliberatelyrepudiatedbytheMuwahhids

dinarhada diameterof19-22millimetersandastandardweightof

edspecimensaverage2. 27. Themeta lremainede ce llent asdidthe

minting.

aced thetraditionalK ufl.Thefieldinscriptionwasplaced

acircle w iththefoursegmentsava ilable foraddit iona llegends

emargin.The newstyle withonlyslightmodifications was

nastiesconsideredinthisstudy sothata.h.540maybe con-

atershed.D oubledinarsaswellas fractionsweresoonintroduced

the largeco insservedadmirably tohousethee tendedgenealogica l

nwhichthe Muwahhidslaidsomuchimportance.Therangeof

limeters 275weighedspecimensaverage4.55grams.

underwentane uallydrasticrevision.TheMahdi s

otheusualre ligiousdogmas w hile ' A bd-al-Mu minandhis

es t it les epithets andgenea logiesgradua lly crow dedallo ther

tesw erenevernoted andmintsonlyoccasiona lly sothatthe

offsetbytheselosses.

andonewhichhasneverheretoforebeenade uately

tiousprecisionin terminology.Alargeproportionoftheperfectly

edinarshavebeenbadlymisreadby competentscholarswho

alstopluralsormadecomparableerrors. Lane- oo le L avo i ,

ndothersanaly edtheseco insandcorrectedindiv idua lmisreadingsw hile

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



ages

usetheydidnotapprehendthisunderlyingprinciple whichmay

thecoinsor theplates.

o ldspectacularchangesw ere introducedby ' A bd-al-Mu min.

j e tt isonedthetraditiona lsty le infavorofs uaresilverina

sheirsdevelopedthisintothe anonymouss uaredirbemwhich

oughoutNorthAfrica andAndalusiainenormousq uantities

tensivelybytheChristians.

tionstheremainingsilverconsideredinthis study bywhatever

ss uarewithlegendsderivedfromtheMuwahhidpattern.Thus

smaticreformsintroducedbyonemananddevelopedbyhis heirs

nturies.

its theMuwahhidsle f tnocopperco inse ceptafew debased

Marrakushinotedthatgildedcopperdinarswereminted to

sa ibn- A bd-al-Mu minf romhisA rabcaptors butnonehassurvived

pocryphal.

oddlyinscribedgold( 44 a andsilver( 1057-10 4 , soongave

oinagewithavarietyof AfricanandAndalusianmints.The

hidswerepromptlyreflectedontheir dinars possiblyasadeliberate

possiblybyopeningmintstocoin thecapturedgoldandsilverfor

teZ iridandH ammadidcoinsmayhavebeenlosttoposterityin

ullassortmentof la teMurabn co inssurv ived.

theca lipha lt it leamira l-mu mininonbothgo ldandsilver.

rksoccurinvariouspositionsonhis gold mostofwhichwas

deranceofhissilver asidefromthemintlessvariety camefrom

cludingMurcia notcaptureduntilnineyears afterhisdeath.

nabu- A bd-AllahMuhammadhishe irandaddedhisnameto

miral-a all.Thoughbothoftheseeventsare recordedby

eresultingseriesofdinars hasusuallybeenascribedtothe 4th

name SilvestredeSacy scorrectattributionhav ingbeendis-

55 ' A bd-al-Mu minchoseanotherson Y usuf ashe irinstead

d.I tisimpossibletodistinguish anydinarsonwhichY usufmay

mthoseof theearlypartofhis ownreign duringwhichhe

titleal-amiral-a all.Sevilleishis onlySpanishmint both

onasamira l-mu mininin5 3.

snameorthato fmostofhissuccessors foritw asatthis

ss uaredirhemswereintroduced.I tisalmostimpossibleto

ividua lrulers oreventodynasties astheHafsidscontinuedto

minateperiod.B lancard sstudyonthe E uropeanimitations

edwithcomparativeeasebytheirconfusedengraving while

andiahavemadevaluablestudiesof theseco ins bute ceptfor

namentedK uf iasdefinitelyH afsid it issti l lnecessary to

plainK ufiasbelongingtoanyof anumberofMuwahhidsor

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0




u s uf s r e ig n M a d a ra i b n- H a y ya n r eb e ll e d at T a a s t ru c k

menhasbeenreportedin moderncollections— , andwassup-

irstof thesplendidseriesofdoubledinars w ithhisfatherand

reversefieldandhimselfon thereversesegments.Somenumis-

ledinars asdinars butthecorrectvalueis establishedbythe

nominationspecif iedoncoin44 a w eighing. 55gram aboutoneeighth

hedoubledinars. A nodds uaresilverpiece( 1075 mayreferto

butthisattributionisq uestionable.

struckdoubledinarsq uiteunliketheseriesof dinarsoften

m. Hiscon uesto f theB alearesisre f lectedintheappearanceof

mints foranonymoussilver.

continuedtoaddhisnametothoseofhisancestorsonthego ld but

hisgreat-uncle ' A bd-al-WahidI forw homnoco insarek nown.

dsuccessfulopponent' Abd-Allahisassignedanundescribeddinar.

ucknocoinswhichhavesurvived.Coinsof anyofthisgroupmay

vations.

historianstohavedeleteda l-Mahdi snamef romthego ldin627

ubledinar( 511 musthaveprecededthatevent asit isorthodo

inesinsteadof f ive ineachf ie ld. Hisnephew andopponentYahya

w ndoubledinar w hile I dris brotherTmran w homadehimself

apparentlyco inedonlysilver( 107 , 1077 w iththetit lea l-amir.

inheritedhisfather santi-Mahd1coinageanddevelopedit inboth

ygoldpra isedtheKoraninsteadof theMahdi hisearly silverw as

wnepithetal-R ashidfortheMahdias imamuna.Suggestions

ofthissilver butclearerspecimensmustbefoundto determine

efortherestorationofa l-Mahdi sname 6 31 isconf irmedor

Thelater goldcoinsshowthatthis restorationactuallydid

rsanunidentif iedmintmisreadbyP rietoasMala ah( Malaga .

ck afew normaldoubledinars hew assucceededbyadistant

w homintedavarietyofgold. ' U mar smintsincludedC euta Si i l-

t if iedcity a lsomisreadbyPrietoasMala ah. A ninterestinggo ld

bedbyB rethes.

otherdistantcousinnamedI drisI I , struckafewmoregold

mismatichistoryofthisdistinguisheddynasty sincenocoinsare

wahhidpretenderswhoaroseafterthe Marinidvictoryin6 6 8 .

ca

uH u d o f M ur c ia a . h. 6 2 5 - 6 8 ( a . d. 1 2 2 - 1 2 9 .

t es t o A 4 e M u h am ma d I ( A 3 5e i b n - u s uf ( A 3 5e a . h . 6 2 5 ( A 2 )

12 2 ( A 4 a - 12 3 ( A 4 a a no ny mo us g ol d ( f o r ' A b ba si d 3 , n ot

nymoussilver( for' A bbasid3 , notidentif ied 1117-1120.

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



ages

A 2 ) A hm ad ( A 35 e i bn - ( ? ) , c al le d al - a na sh ti ( A 35 e , i nd ep en de nt

A 2 ) - 3 5 ( s A 35 e a .d . 12 33 ( A 4 e - 12 3 ( A 4 e s il ve r ( f o r

1.

3 5e I b r ah i m ( n o t es t o A o b i b n -a b i l - A b ba s ( A 7 o b , c a l le d a l-

i n de p en d en t a mi r o f Ce u ta a .h . 6 4 7 ( A 3 5e - 7 7 ( H ) a . d. 1 2 49 ( H ) - 1 27

n on y mo u s go l d ( f o r ' A b ba s id 3 7 n o t id e nt i fi e d 5 4 1.

the pettydynastiesofMoslemSpainwhicharoseonthe ruinsof

aree cludedf romthisstudye ceptforthe irNorthA f ricanissues.

mranhaddeclaredhimselfindependentat Ceutaina.h.

lfunabletoho ldout so in6 30hee changedthetownforasinecure

oreta inedC eutaforthreemonthsunderthegovernorshipofonea l-

maybeascribedadoubledinar( 540 andsevera ls uaredirhems

hreferencestotheMahdi andtheMuwahhidswerereplacedby

the ' A bbasidca liph neverindiv idua lly specified. Theappro imate

rminedbythestyle analogoustocontemporaryMuwahhid

attributionfo llow sbecauseIbn-H udistheonly rulerduringthisperiod

nterritoryandacknowledged' Abbasidsu erainty.

ud sgovernorw ase pelledby the inhabitants w hogavethe

adal- anashti.Thisamirkeptpowerforfiveyears including

noese whomheboughtofffora largeransom.Tohimmustbe

mdated6 35( 1121 w hichw asstruck inthenameof the ' A bbasid

a l-Mustansir-bi-A llah.

wahhidcontroluntil6 43 andintoH afsidvassaldomuntil

tthreedecadesitw asaga inindependentunderthe loca lamirabu l-

w hostruck adoubledinar( 541 o fHafsidtypewithpro- A bbasidlegends

w henthe last' A bbasidca liphw ask il ledbyHulaguduringthe

teisestablishedbythe dateoftheH afsidcoinsfromwhichit

butionrestsonthe eliminationofotherpossibilitiesforthisdate

on.

ndE asternAlgeria

sof theB anu-HafsofTunisiaandeasternA lgeriaa . H. 6 27-9 2

C 1 , A 35 e Y a h ya I ( g B 1 3 A 35 e i bn - A bd -a l- W ah id ( g B 1 3 C 1 , A 35 e

4 7 ( A 3 5e a . d. 1 23 0 ( A 4 e - 12 49 ( A 35 e :

hd n am e a .h . 6 2 7 ( A 4 e - 3 4 ( A 3 5e a . d. 1 2 30 ( A 4 e - 1 2 3

.

hd a nd H a f s i d na m es a . h. 6 3 4 ( A 3 5e - 4 0 ( A 5 c a .d . 1 23

5 c g ol d5 45 5 4 .

amea.h.6 40( A 5c - 47( A35e a.D .1242( A 5c -1249

2 partisango ld553-55 .

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0




C 17 A 35 e M u ha mm ad I ( g C 15 A 35 e i b n- a hy a I ( 1 g C 1 , A 35 e

7 5 ( A 3 5e a .d . 12 49 ( A 35 e - 12 77 ( A 3 5 e :

.h . 6 4 7 ( A 3 5e - 5 0 ( A 5 c a .d . 12 49 ( A 35 e - 12 53 ( A 5 c

a l -m u m i ni n a .h . 6 5 0 ( A 5 c - 7 5 ( A 3 5 e a . d . 12 5 3 ( A 5 c

2 - 5 6 , c o p p er 1 1 72 .

122 1123.

C 12 A 5 c Y a hy a I I ( g A 35 e i b n -M uh am ma d I ( 2 A 35 e a . h. 6 7 5

A 35 e a .d .1 27 7( A 35 e - 12 79 ( A 3 5e ( o pp os ed 6 7 7- 7 b y4 g ol d5 7 5 8 .

A 35 e I b ra hi mI ( g A 35 h i bn - a h ya I ( 1 g A 35 e a .h .6 7 7 ( A 5 c - 8 1

A 5 c - 12 3 ( A 3 5 e ( o pp os ed 6 7 7 - 7 b y 3 an d du ri ng 6 8 1 b y4 A

b n- M ar u ( A 3 5e , c a ll e d I b n - a bi - U m a r a h ( A 3 5 e , i m po s to r p re t en d -

as ( g a l- a dl ( g A 35 e i bn - a h ya I I ( 3 A tf e a .h .6 8 1 ( A 3 5e - 8 3

A 5 - 12 4 ( A 3 5e ( o p po se dd ur in g6 8 1 by 4 6 8 1 - 8 2 by 5 a nd

g o ld 5 7 0.

' A bd -a l- A i I ( A 35 e i bn - b r ah im I ( 4 A 35 e a .h .6 8 1 ( A 3 5e - 8 2

A 35 e - 12 3 ( A 35 e ( o pp os ed 6 8 1 - 8 2 b y 4 A n o co in s.

n C 12 A 35 e ' U m ar I ( g A 35 h i b n- a hy aI ( 1 a .h .6 8 3 ( A 3 5e

12 4 ( A 5 - 12 95 ( A 35 e ( o pp os ed d ur in g 6 8 3 b y4 A an d 6 8 3 - 9 4 by

g C 12 A 35 e Y a h ya ( A 35 e i bn - b ra hi m I ( 4 A tf e a mi r at B o u gi e

- 7o o( D 4 a .d .1 2 4 ( D 4 D 1 4 - 13 01 ( D 4 ( o p po se d6 8 3 - 9 4 by 6 a nd

7 4- 5 7 .

C 12 A 35 e M u ha mm ad I I ( g C 12 A 35 e i b n - a h ya I I ( 3 C 12 A 35 e

09 ( A 3 5e a .d . 1 29 5 ( A 3 5e - 1 30 9 ( A 3 5 e ( o p po s ed 6 9 4 -7 o o by 6 A a n d

77-579.

g A 35 e K h al id I ( g C 12 A 35 e i b n- a hy a( 6 A C 12 A 35 e a . h. 7o o( D 4

01 ( D 4 - 1 31 1 ( A 5 c ( o p po s ed 7 o o- 7 09 b y 7 d u ri n g 70 9 b y 9

ing711by11 :

a t B o u gi e a .h . 7 oo ( D 4 - 7 09 ( A 3 5e a .d . 1 30 1 ( D 4 - 1 30 9

ra l-mu minina .h. 709( A 35e -711( A 35e a . d. 1309( A 35e

5 0 .

A b u- B a k r I ( A 3 5e i b n- A b d- a l- R a h m an i bn - Ab i -B a k r i b n- a h ya I

0 9 ( A 3 5 e - 7 0 9 ( A 3 5e a . d. 1 3 09 ( A 3 5e - 1 30 9 ( A 3 5e ( o p po s ed d u ri n g

C 14 A 35 e A b u- B a kr I T ( g C 14 A 35 e i b n- a hy a ( 6 A C 12 A 35 e a . h. 7 10

5e a . d. 1 3 10 ( A 1 b - 1 34 ( A 3 5e ( o p po s ed 7 1 0- 7 11 b y 8 , 7 1 1- 7 17 b y

21-730by12A 724-725by12B , and729-732by12C :

a t B o u gi e a nd C o ns t an t in e a .H . 7 1 0 ( A 3 5e - 7 1 ( A 5 c a . D .

( A 5 c g ol d5 1 -5 3 .

a l- mu m in in a .H . 7 1 ( A 5 c - 74 7 ( A 3 5e a .D . 1 3 1 ( A 5 c

5 4 - 59 1 .

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



ages

2 A 3 5e Z a k a r iy a I ( g C 2 A 3 5e i b n- A hm a d ib n -M u ha m ma d ( b r o t he r

h .7 11 ( A 3 5 e - 7 1 7( A 35 e a . d .1 31 1 ( A 5 - 13 1 ( A 5 c ( o pp os ed

-717by10 go ld592 593.

A 35 e M uh am ma d I I I ( g A 35 e i bn -Z a k ar iy a I ( 1 1 A 35 e a .H . 7 1 7

5e a . d. 1 3 17 ( A 3 5e - 1 32 3 ( n o a lt e rn a ti v e ( o p po s ed 7 1 7- 7 23 b y 1 0 an d

594.

A 35e Muhammad( A 35e ibn-A bi-B ak ribn-Musa( cousinof1

2 1 ( A 3 5 e - 7 30 ( A 3 5e a . d. 1 3 21 ( A 3 5e - 1 33 0 ( A 3 5 e ( o p po s ed

3by12 724-725by12B , and729-730by12C noco ins.

A 3 5e I b r ah i m ( A 3 5 e i b n - Ab i -B a k r I ( 9 A 3 5e p r et e nd e r a. h .7 2 4 ( D 1 4

24 ( D 1 4 - 1 32 5 ( A 3 5e ( o p po s ed 7 2 4- 7 25 b y 1 0 an d 1 2A n o c oi n s.

) ' A b d- a l- W a h id ( A 3 5e i b n- Z a k ar i ya I ( 1 1 A ^ e p r et e nd e r a. h .

A 3 5e a . d. 1 3 29 ( H ) - 1 33 2 ( A 3 5e ( o p po s ed 7 2 9- 7 32 b y 1 0 an d

ins.

5 e ' U m a r I I ( g A 35 e i b n -A bi -B a k r I I ( 1 0 g A 35 e a . h. 7 47 ( A 35 e

1 3 4 ( A 35 e - 13 47 ( A 5 c ( o pp os ed d ur in g 74 7 by 1 4 g ol d 59 5 5 9 .

A 35 e A hm ad I ( A 35 e i bn -A bi -B a k r I I ( 1 0 A tf e a .H . 7 4 7 ( A 3 5e - 74 7

A 3 5e - 1 34 ( A 3 5e ( o p po s ed d u ri n g 74 7 b y 13 n o c oi n s.

d11betweendeathof13 andindependenceof15a.h.74 ( A35e

7( A 5 c - 13 4 ( D 4 D 1 4 .

g A 35 e a l - a dl ( g A 35 e i b n -A bi -B a k r I I ( 1 0 g A 35 e a . H . 7 49 ( A 35 e

( D 4 D 1 4 - 1 35 0 ( A 3 5 e ( o p po s ed 7 4 9~ 7 5 1 b y 15 A a nd 1 5 B ) :

gi e a .h . 7 49 ( A 3 5e - 7 49 ( A 3 5e a .d . 1 34 ( D 4 D 1 4 - 1 34 9

5 9 .

s a. h .7 5 0 ( A 3 5 e - 7 51 ( A 3 5e a .d . 1 35 0 ( A 5 c - 1 35 0 ( A 3 5e

3 5e ' A b d- a l- R a h m an ( g A 3 5e i b n- M uh a mm ad i b n- A bi - B a k r I I ( 1 0

tn e a. h . 74 9 ( A 3 5 e - 7 55 ( A 3 5e a . d. 1 3 4 ( D 4 D 1 4 - 1 35 5

7 4 9- 7 51 b y 1 5 an d 7 51 - 75 5 b y 1 ) g o ld 6 0 1 .

g A 3 5e M u ha mm a d ( g A 3 5e i b n- a h ya i b n- A bi - B a k r I I ( 1 0

u gi e a. h. 7 49 ( A 3 5 e - 75 3 ( A 3 5e , 7 1 ( A 3 5 e - 7 7 ( A 3 5 e a .d . 13 4

4 , 1 3 0 ( D 1 4 - 1 3 6 ( A 1 b ( o pp os ed 7 49 -7 51 b y1 5 an d 7 1 - 7 7 b y

e g o ld 6 0 2 .

nf luence( seeabove go ld603.

C 5 A 3 5e I b ra hi mI I ( g C 5 A 3 5e i bn -A bi -B a kr I I ( 1 0 g C 5 A 3 5e a .h .7 51

e a .d . 13 50 ( A 35 e - 13 9 ( A 5 ( o pp os ed 7 51 -7 55 b y1 5A 7 1 -7 7 b y

7 1 - 77 0 b y 17 g o l d 6 0 4 - 0 7 .

g B 2 o C 2 A 35 e A hm ad I I ( g B 2 0 C 14 A 35 e i bn -M uh am ma d ib n- Ab i-

C 14 A 35 e a .h .7 55 ( A 3 5e - 75 ( A 35 e , 7 1 ( A 3 5e - 79 ( A 35 e a .d .1 35 4

4 D 1 4 , 1 3 0 ( A 5 c - 13 94 ( A 3 5e ( o pp os ed 7 1 -7 7 by 15 B , 7 55 -7 5 ,

d 7 70 -7 72 b y1 ) :

e g o l d 6 0 .

nf luence( seeabove go ld609.

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0




( A 35 e K h a li dI I ( A 35 e i bn - b r ah im I I ( 1 ; A 35 e a .h .7 70 ( A 3 5e - 77 2

9 ( A 5 - 13 70 ( A 5 c ( o pp os ed 7 70 -7 72 b y 77 n o co in s.

2 A 3 5e * A bd -a l- A i I I ( g C 2 A 5 c i bn -A hm ad I I ( 7 7 g C 2 A 3 5e

3 7 ( A 5 c a . d .1 39 4 ( A 3 5e - 14 34 ( A 5 c g o l d6 1 0 - 2 5.

A 5 c M uh am ma d I V ( g A 5 c i bn -M uh am ma d ib n- A bd -a l- A i I I

3 7( A 5 c - 39 ( A 5 c a. d. 143 4( A 5c - 143 5( A 5c go ld 6 2 .

A 5 c ' A li ( g A 5 c i bn - A b d- al - A i I I ( 7 9 g A 5 c a mi r at B o ug ie

5 ( A 5 c a .D . 1 43 5( A 32 - 14 52 ( D 4 ( o pp os ed 3 9- 5 b y2 1 g o ld 6 2 7.

12 A 5 c ' U t hm an ( g C 2 A 5 c i bn -M uh am ma di bn - A b d- al - A i I I

a .h. 8 39 ( A 5 c - 9 3( A 9 a .d .14 35 ( A 5 c - 14 8 ( A 9 ( o ppo sed

:

st y le : g ol d 6 2 - 3 .

dsty lew ith4- linereversefie ld: gold6 37 6 3 .

lewith4-linefields:gold 6 39 6 40.

A 5 c Y a hy a I I I ( A 5 c i b n -M uh am ma d ib n- U t h ma n ( 2 7 A 9 a .h .

4( A 9 a .d .1 4 8 ( A 9 - 14 9 ( A 9 ( o pp os ed du ri ng 8 9 4 by 23 n oc oi ns .

' A bd -a l- Mu m in ( A 9 i bn - b ra hi m ib n- U t h ma n ( 2 1 A 9 a .h .

5 ( D 4 a . d. 1 4 9 ( A 9 - 1 49 0 ( D 4 ( o pp os ed d ur in g 8 9 4 by 2 2 n o co in s.

Z a kar iya I I ( A 9 i bn - a hy aI I I ( 2 2 A 9 a .h .8 9 5 ( D 4 - 99 ( A 1 a

14 94 ( A 1 a n o co in s.

A 1 a M u ha m ma d V ( g A 1 a i b n- a l- H a s a n ib n -M u ha m ma d i bn -

1 a a .h .8 9 9 ( A 1 a - 93 2( A 1 a a .d .1 49 4( A 1 a - 15 2 ( A 1 a

g A 1 a M uh am ma d V I ( g i bn -M uh am ma d V ( 2 5 g A 1 a a .h . 93 2

14 , 9 42 ( D 1 4 - 94 ( D 1 4 a. d. 152 ( A 1 a - 15 34 ( D 1 4 , 15 35 ( D 1 4

l- m u m i ni n ( s e e a b ov e g o ld 6 4 4 .

o fC harlesI o fSpa in(seeabove noco ins

yr-al-Din andTurksbetweendepositionandrestorationof2

2 ( D 1 4 a .d . 15 34 ( D 1 4 - 15 35 ( D 1 4 .

c A 1 a A hm ad I I I ( s c A 1 a i bn -M uh am ma dV I ( 2 ; s a .h .9 4 ( D 1 4

42 ( D 1 4 - 1 5 9 ( D 1 4 s i lv e r 11 2 4- 1 13 2 c o pp e r 11 7 3 1 1 74 .

betweendeposit ionof27andinsta llationof2 a . h. 977( D14

5 9 ( D 1 4 - 15 73 ( D 1 4 .

A 1 a M uh am ma d V I I ( D 1 4 i bn -M uh am ma d V I ( 2 ; D 1 4 v as sa l of

a h. 9 1 ( A 3 2 - 9 2 ( A 32 a .d . 15 73 ( D 1 4 - 15 74 ( A 3 2 n o co in s.

spiritualandpolitical successionfromtheMuwahhids and

ccordingly.Theirdoubledinars dinars andsmallergoldpieces

andards andsurvivingspecimensaverageslightlybetterweight

ssors.B yrestrictingthefield inscriptionstothreelines they

em thescriptusedwasa cursiveNaskhiorahighly ornamented

scriptisdef inite lyHafsid otherw ise the iranonymoussilveris

fromthat struckbytheMuwahhids.

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



ages

al-WahidI

hya1

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0




almostinvariablyinclude intheobversefield oneof

f theMahdi these uenceof thesef ieldsaf fordsoneof the

sedatelessgoldpieces. Thereversefieldandsegmentsnormally

name tit le epithets andcondensedgenealogy . Mintsoccuron

tes areunknownuntilneartheend ofthedynasty when

theformofnumerals underO ttomaninfluence.

slastedforoverthreecenturies withminorinterruptionsby

rteenthcenturyandma orconflictswithTurksandSpanish

atw hichtimethe legibil ityo f theco insw asseriously impaired.

gold thoughnotasautomaticasthat oftheMurabitand

ldomdif f icult becauseof these uenceofobversesty lesandscripts.

sintothreeseriescorrespondingtothestagesbyw hichhepassedf rom

ortobeingan independentsovereign thoughcontentinghimself

a l1. I n6 27 w henhissu era inI drisI renouncedtheunitarian

removedhimf romtheco ins Y ahyasei edtheopportunity to

rk eco insinthenameof theMahdiand' A bd-al-Mu min f riendof

s' U mar av irtua ldeclarationof independence. I n6 34headded

0hedeletedthatof 'A bd-a l-Mu min completingthepo lit ica lseparation

utheandhis heirsneverrepudiatedtheMahdiordeletedhis name

ticularimportancearethecoins struckforY ahyabyvassalsin

andSpain( 555 55 ) , aseachcanbelink edwithaparticulareventin

forpower.Ceutaacknowledgedhimfrom6 43to6 47 betweenthe

ditsf reedomundera l- A af i w hosego ldisdescribedw iththat

asahunderal- ha ra irecogni edhisauthorityonly in640and6 41.

g itsfinalsiegebythe Christians whileGranadarecogni ed

l-AhmarestablishedindependentNasridrulethere toendureuntil

pponentofLouisI X o fF rance inhisfata lcrusade didnotinherit

ngs buthisprosperoushomeprovincewasanample heritagewhich

whiledevelopingcommercewithI taly.H iscoinsfallinto two

tlea l-amira l-a a lluntil6 50 w henheadoptedtheca lipha lamir

esecuredinternationalapprovalaftertheMongolcon uestofB agh-

the latterseriesthattheornamentedK uf1scriptw asintroduced possibly

w how ereverynumerousandinfluentia linMuhammad scourt.

yaI I waspatternedonhis butwhenI brahimI sei edpower

styleandthetitleal-amiral-a al1.

U marah claimingtobeal- adlibn- ahyaI I , whohadbeen

tasingledoubledinar( 570 w hichhasnothereto forebeencorrectly

attributedtohisriva l' A bd-al- A i I , w hosere ignlastedless

f ico insw erestruck by ' U marI andbyhiscontemporaryat

w housedthetit lea l-amir. A smallgroupofdoubledinarsinbothscripts

MuhammadI I andasingleornamentedK uf ionetohisriva l

o insfortheshortre ignofA bu-B ak rI .

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



ages

edtenureAbu-B ak rI struck abiggroupofgoldco ins w hile

I andMuhammadI I I le f ta few withunusua lobverse inscriptions.

otleavecoins.

o ' U marI I , andthee ighthdinarofP arisisprobablyhis but

hmadI beforethelatterhada chancetomintgold.The Marinid

entledtopartit ionamongal- adl ' A bd-al-R ahman and

homstruck distinctivegold thedoubledinar( 6 03 struck by

ondreignaftercaptivityamongtheMarinids isparticularly

phraseologyinthereversesegments.

struck by I brahimI I includingthe lastornamentedK uf i

w omintedforhisopponentA hmadI I , thesecondofw hich( 6 09

v ity j udgingby itsf ive- l inef ie lds. Kha lidI I ' sshortre ignle f tno

ignof ' Abd-al- A i I I isreflectedbyhisplentiful gold in

ris wrongforthedenominationindicatedbythelegendsand

armaybeattributedtohissuccessorMuhammadI V thoughthis

tohisson' A hatB ougie .

leproducedaq uantityofgo ld someofw hich struck inA lgeria is

arrangementofthe legendsandinthemodifiedK ufiscript.

histhreeephemeralsuccessors whilethegoldassigned

artly il legible thew rongsi e ortentative . MuhammadV Tssingle

segments itwasduringhis reignthattheTurksand Spaniards

olof Tunis.I tisapparentthatthe troubleswhichoverwhelmed

U thman sdeathseriouslyaf fectedboththequantityandthequality

ceasedentirely.

ntre ignofA hmadI I I nogo ldsurv ives butaq uantityofdated

uencehasbeenfound andafewpiecesof copper.Nocoinsare

sid MuhammadV I I , norforthemany independentHafsid

erberrebels.

fsidgold withthefinalsilverand copperpieces ismost

tinglistso f theHafsidrulers. E x tensiverev isionshavebeenmade

atureandrelationships followingthee cellentstartmadeby

giadeC andia .

ernAlger1a

sof theB anu-Z iyan( B anii- A bd-al-Wdd o fw esternA lgeria

. 12 3 - 15 5 ) .

A 1 Y a gh mu ra sa n ( B 8 , A 35 e i bn -Z i y an ( B 8 , A 35 e a .H . 6 3 3 ( A 3 5e

. 12 3 ( A 1 - 12 3 ( A 35 e a no ny mo us g ol d H a f si d st yl e 6 4 5.

U t h ma n I ( A 35 e i bn - a gh mu ra sa n ( j ; A 35 e a .H . 6 8 1 ( A 35 e - 70 3

A 35 e - 13 04 ( A 1 n o co in s.

M uh am ma d I ( A 35 e i bn - U t h ma n I ( 2 A 35 e a .H . 7 0 3 ( A 3 5e - 70 7

A 1 - 13 0 ( A 35 e n o co in s.

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0




A 35 e M us a I ( g A 35 e i bn - U t h ma n I ( 2 A 35 e a .h . 70 7 ( A 3 5e - 71

A 35 e - 1 31 ( A 35 e g o ld 6 4 .

C 12 A 35 e ' A bd -a l- R a hm an I ( g C 14 A 35 e i bn -M us a I ( 4 A tf e

73 7 ( A 3 5e a .d . 13 1 ( A 35 e - 13 37 ( A 3 5 e g ol d 6 4 7- 4 9.

d11betweendeathof5 andindependenceof6 a.h.737( A35e

37 ( A 35 e - 13 4 ( A 35 e .

' U t h m a n I I ( A 3 5e i b n- A b d- a l- R a h ma n i bn - a h ya i b n- a g hm u -

. H . 7 49 ( A 3 5e - 7 53 ( A 3 5e a . d. 1 3 4 ( A 3 5e - 1 35 2 ( A 3 5e n o c oi n s.

a l -Z a i m I ( A 3 5e i b n- A b d- a l- R a h m an i b n- a h ya i b n- a g hm u-

a . h. 7 5 3 ( A 3 5 e - 7 5 3 ( A 3 5e a . d. 1 3 52 ( A 3 5e - 1 35 2 ( A 7 5 n o c o i ns .

ds12and13betweendeathof 7andindependenceof8 a.H .753

35 e a .d . 13 52 ( A 75 - 13 59 ( A 35 e .

, A 35 e M us a I I ( g B 8 , A 35 e i bn - u su f ib n- A bd -a l- R a hm an i bn -

sa n ( j ; B 8 , A 35 e a .H . 7 0 ( A 3 5 e - 79 1 ( A 3 5e a .d . 13 59 ( A s a

pp os ed 7 2 -7 79 b y8 A a n d 7 8 - 7 9 1b y 9 g ol d 6 5 0 6 5 1 .

e M u h am ma d ( A 3 5 e i b n - U t h m a n I I ( 6 ; A 3 5 e p r e t en d er a . H .

A 35 e a . d .1 3 0 ( D 1 4 - 13 77 ( D l 4 ( o pp os ed 7 ^ ~ 7 79 b y 8 ) n o

' A bd -a l- R a hm an I I ( g A 35 e i bn -M us a I I ( 8 ; B 8 , A 35 e a .h . 7 8

e a .d . 13 7 ( D 1 4 - 13 93 ( A 35 e ( o pp os ed 7 8 - 7 9 1b y 8 ) g ol d 6 5 2.

a l- Z a i m I I ( A sa i bn - A bd -a l- R a hm an I I ( 9 A 35 e a .h . 79 5 ( A 3 5e

( A 3 5e - 1 39 3 ( A s a n o c oi n s.

( A ) Y u s uf ( A 3 5e i bn -M us aI I ( 8 ; A 35 e a .h .7 95 ( A s a - 79 ( A 3 5e

4 ( A 7 5 n o c oi n s.

M uh am ma d I I ( g A 35 e i b n -M us a I I ( 8 ; A ^ e a .h . 79 ( A 35 e - 0 2

7 5 - 1 39 9 ( A s a g o l d 6 5 3 .

A 75 ' A bd -A ll ah I ( g A 5a i bn -M us a I I ( 8 ; A sa a .h . 8 0 2 ( A s a - 0 4

s a - 1 40 2 ( A s a g o l d 6 5 4 .

A 75 M uh am ma dI I I ( g B 8 , A sa i bn -M us aI I ( 8 ; B 8 , A sa a .H . 8 0 4

. A 7 5 a . D . 14 02 ( A sa - 14 11 ( B 8 . A7 5 g o ld 6 5 5 - 5 7.

A bd -a l- R a hm an I I I ( g A 75 i bn -M uh am ma d I I I ( 1 4 A 75 a .h . 8 1 3

5 a . d. 1 41 1 ( A 7 5 - 1 41 1 ( A 7 5 g o ld 6 5 .

l- Sa i d ( A 75 i bn -M us aI I ( 8 ; A 75 a .h .8 1 4 ( A 7 5 - 1 4( A 75 a .d .1 41 1( A 75

s.

' A bd -a l- W ah id ( g B 8 , A 5 c i bn -M us aI I ( 8 ; B 8 , A 5 c a .h .8 1 4 ( A 7 5

1 ( A 7 5 - 3 3( B 8 . A7 5 a .d .1 41 1( A 75 - 14 24 ( A 7 5 , 1 42 ( A 75 - 14 30

5 9 - 6 2 .

g A 75 M uh am ma d I V ( A 5 c i b n - A b d- al -R a h ma n I I ( 9 A 5 c a . H .

A 75 , 8 3 3 ( A 7 5 - 3 4( A 75 a .d .1 42 4( A 75 - 14 2 ( A 75 , 1 43 0( A 75

3 6 6 4 .

B 8 , A 5 c A hm ad I ( g B 8 , A 5c i bn -Mu sa I I ( 8 ; A 5c a.h .8 3 4( A 7 5

d. 14 31 ( A 7 5 - 1 4 2 ( A 75 g ol d6 6 5 - 6 8 .

B 8 , A 75 M uh am ma d V ( g B 8 , A 5 c i bn -M uh am ma d ib n- al -Z a i m I I

6 6 ( A 75 - 73 ( D 1 a.d .1 4 2 ( A 75 - 14 8 ( D 1 go ld 6 6 9 .

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



ages

' A bd -a l- R a hm an I V ( H ) i bn -M uh am ma d V ( 2 0 D 1 a .h . 8 7 3 ( D 1

4 8 ( D 1 -1 4 8 ( D 1 n oc oi ns.

8 ) M uh am ma d V I ( B 8 ) i bn -M uh am ma d V ( 2 0 D 1 ) a .h . 8 7 3 ( D 1

8 ( D 1 - 15 05 ( D 1 n o co in s.

8 ) M uh am ma d V I I ( B 8 ) i bn -M uh am ma d V I ( 2 2 B 8 ) a .h . 91 0 ( D 1

5( D 1 - 15 1 ( D 1 :

D 1 - 91 ( H ) a .d . 15 05 ( D 1 - 15 12 ( D 1 4 n o co in s.

I o f Ar ag on a .h . 91 ( H ) - 92 2 ( D 1 a .d . 15 12 ( D 1 4 - 15 1 ( D 1

A h ma d I I ( H ) i b n- M uh a mm ad V I ( 2 2 D 1 4 v a ss a l of O t t o m an S a li m I

4 - 9 22 ( D 1 4 , 9 23 ( D 1 4 - 9 24 ( D 1 4 a . d. 15 1 ( D 1 4 - 15 1 ( D 1 4 , 1 51 7

1 4 ( o p po s ed 9 2 3- 9 24 b y 2 5 n o c o in s .

) M us a I I I ( D 1 ) i bn -M uh am ma d V ( 2 0 D 1 ) v as sa l of C ha rl es I o f

- 93 4 ( D 1 a .d . 15 1 ( D 1 - 15 2 ( D 1 ( o pp os ed 9 23 -9 24 b y2 4

hya

ahman

u s uf

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0




8 ) ' A bd -A ll ah I I ( g B 8 ) i bn -M uh am ma d V ( 2 0 D 1 ) a .h . 93 4 ( D 1

( D 1 - 15 40 ( D 1 :

a .h . 93 4 ( D 1 - 94 2 ( D 1 4 a .d . 15 2 ( D i - 15 35 ( D 1 4

S pa i n a. h .9 4 2 ( D 1 4 - 9 47 ( D 1 a . d. 1 5 35 ( D 1 4 - 1 54 0 ( D 1

D 1 4 M uh am ma dV I I I ( g D 1 4 i bn - A b d- Al la hI I ( 2 ; D 1 ) a .h .9 47

4 , 9 49 ( D 1 - 95 0( D 1 4 a .d .1 54 0( D 1 4 - 15 43 ( H ) , 1 54 3( D 1 - 15 43

ofOttoman10(seeabove go ld671.

e , asvassalo fC harlesI o fSpa in noco ins.

) A hm ad I I I ( D 1 ) i bn - A b d- Al la hI I ( 2 ; D 1 ) v as sa lo fO t to ma n

94 9( D i , 9 50 ( D 1 4 - 95 7( D 1 a .d .1 54 3( H ) - 15 43 ( D 1 , 1 54 3( D 1 4

s.

D 1 4 H a sa n( g D 1 4 i bn - A b d- Al la hI I ( 2 ; D 1 ) a .h .9 57 ( D 1 - 9 4

1 - 15 5 ( D 1 g ol d6 7 2 .

w erfulne ighbors theHafsidsandtheMarinids theZ iyanids

edordrivenfromtheircapital atTlemcenintothemountains

rthrown withsubse uentinterregnums yettheymanagedto

ll overthreecenturies untilthecontroversybetweenTurksand

heOttomancon uest. Duringthisspantheyalsosuf feredan

ra-dynasticrebellion yettheircapitalprosperedanda fairamount

nsof thisZ iyanidgo ldaree tant andthe irattributionismade

tionof propernamesinthefamily butbycorrelationwith

hicstudiesandw iththehistoriansof theearlierperiod areasonable

.ThustheanonymousgoldpieceinH afsidstyle identicale cept

rarygoldof Morocco isascribedtoY aghmurasanbecauseatthe

k hewasmastero fT lemcen andbecausehe lik ehisMarinid

minallyaH afsidvassa1.

o ' U thmanI andMuhammadI , butthedoubledinars

ufar uA llah sure lybe longtoMusaI and' A bd-al-R ahmanI ,

une pectedliftingoftheeight-yearsiegeof Tlemcenatthe

suf .

ingcoinsinthe corpus( 6 4 , 6 49 arereluctantlyinsertedhere

telyunabletoaccountforthe titleamiral-mu mininandtheother

toreadthe lastlineofthe reversefield ofwhichallreportedversions

TheAlgiersissuemaybeq uestionablebuttheTlemcencoindoes

yan' A bd-al-R ahmanw ithca lipha lpretensions hisnameandtit le

erfectlyclear butine plicable.

hmanI I anda l-Z a lmI , w horuledbetweenthetwoMarinid

k nowntohavesurv ived though' U thmanissa idbyYahyaI bn-

ome.

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



ages

gnboref ruit inonedoubledinarandprobably inonedinar w hilea

stsfor' A bd-al-R ahmanI I , ifB rethes attempttopaintthenameof

lee tantspecimenhasnotmisledme.

hortre ignsofa l-Z a lmI I andYusuf butMoysereportsadouble

andtheParisspecimenseemstof it ' A bd-A llahI , thoughascribed

nableto MuhammadI I I bytheepithetal-W athi -bi-Allah

ve ly to ' A bd-al-R ahmanI I I , withnoco insfora l-Sa id w horuled

insbearsthenameof ' A bd-al-Wahid w hilesim ilarcoinscan

nentMuhammadI V . A hmadI le f tagroupofgo ldpiecesw ithhis

Allah andaha lfdinarmaybelongtoMuhammadV oroneofhis

nedtothene tf iverulers w hosere ignsw ereverydisturbed

ats. To ' A bd-AllahI I andMuhammadV I I I canconfidentlybe

inars(6 70 6 71 w hichbearbesidesthe irnamesandtit lesthat

bu l-R ab1 Sulayman. A nincredibleamountof f ruitlesscontroversy

sLavo i , vanB erchem Prieto andF asmerhasbeenfomentedby

eobviouslystruckbythesevassalsof theO ttomansultanSulayman

uropeansandtheL awgiverbyhisownpeople.

tuallybearthekunyahabu l-R abi isnoob ection all

usedthis name anditwasascribedto himasunhesitatingly

usuf ibn-Tashf inorabi ' l-Hasantohisson' A liby laterhistorians

wstheMurabitts l ik etheO ttomans didnotusenamesinabu- . I n

nd aninscriptiontermedSulaymanabu l- utuhwithe ually

manentlyclosed itmaybehoped w emayskipA hmadI I I ,

f o rthef ina lZ iyanidgo ldpiece aha lfdinarofHasan.

thisdynastyis sketchybecauseofthescarcityof available

that futurearchaeologicalfindswillcompletetherepresentationof

beascribedtothe Z iyanids althoughtheymustcertainly

ringtheir lengthycontrolofwesternAlgeria L eoAfricanus

laterrulersofthis dynastycoinedbothsilverandcopperis

ciallybyanalogywiththelateH afsidpieces.

so f theB anii-MannofMoroccoa.h. 592- 6 9( a . d. 119 -14 5 .

2 ' A b d- a l- H a q I ( g B 4 C 1 4 A 3 5e i b n - Ma h yu ( A 3 5e a . h . 59 2

5e a .d . 11 9 ( A 92 - 12 17 ( A 4 e n o c oi ns .

' U t h ma n ( A 35 e i bn - A b d- al -H a q I ( j ; A 35 e a .h .6 1 4 ( A 3 5e - 3

A 4 e - 12 40 ( A 92 n o co in s.

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0




C ) M u h am ma d I ( A 35 e i b n- A bd -a l- H a q I ( r A 35 e a . h. 6 3 ( A 92

12 40 ( A 92 - 12 44 ( A 4 d n o co in s.

A bu -B a k r ( A 3 5e i bn - A bd -a l- H a q I ( 1 A 35 e a . H . 6 4 2 ( A 35 e - 5

A 4 d - 1 25 ( n o a lt e rn a ti v e a n on y mo u s go l d H a f s i d st y le 6 7 3 - 7 12

1134.

U m a r ( A 3 5e i bn -A bi -B a k r ( 4 A tf e a . h. 6 5 ( A 35 e - 5 ( A 92

ti v e - 1 25 9 ( A 9 2 ( o p po s ed 6 5 - 5 b y 6 ) n o c oi n s.

C1 4 A 35e Y a q u b ( g B 4 C1 4 A 35 e i bn - A bd -a l- H a q I ( 1 g B 4 C1 4

A 35 e - 8 5 ( A 35 e a .d . 12 5 ( n o al te rn at iv e - 12 6 ( A 35 e ( o pp os ed

s ty l e a. h . 6 5 ( A 3 5e - 6 8 ( A 3 5e a .d . 1 25 ( n o a lt e rn a ti v e

y mo u s go l d ( s e e 4 .

s ty le a .h . 6 6 8 ( A 35 e - 8 5 ( A 35 e a .d . 12 9 ( A 35 e - 12 6

714 anonymoussilver1135.

n C 12 A 35 e Y i is uf ( A 3 5e i bn - a q u b ( 6 ; B 2 4 A 35 e a . h. 6 8 5 ( A 35 e

a . d. 1 2 6 ( A 3 5e - 1 30 7 ( B 2 4 A 3 5e a n on y mo u s go l d 71 5 -7 2 5 a n o -

40.

A 3 5e ' A m ir ( A 3 5e i b n- A b d- A ll a h ib n - u s uf ( 7 A 4 d a . h . 70

35 e a .d . 13 07 ( A 35 e - 13 0 ( A 35 e n o co in s.

12 A 35 e S ul ay ma n ( A 3 5e i bn - A bd -A l la h ib n- u su f ( 7 A 4 d a .h . 70

5e a . d. 1 3 0 ( A 3 5e - 1 31 0 ( A 3 5e n o c oi n s.

C 14 A 35 e ' U t h ma nI I ( g B 4 A 35 e i bn - a q u b ( 6 ; B 4 C 14 A 35 e

( A 3 5e a .d . 1 31 0 ( A 3 5e - 1 33 1 ( A 3 5 e ( o p po s ed 7 1 4- 7 31 b y 1 0A

4 A 35 e ' U m ar ( g B 4 A 35 e i bn - U t hm an I I ( 1 0 A 35 e a mi ra tS i i l ma -

7 33 ( A 3 5e a . d. 1 3 15 ( A 4 e - 1 33 3 ( D 1 7 ( o p po s ed 7 1 4- 7 31 b y 1 0

co ins.

4 . C1 4. A3 5e ' A li ( B 4 A 35 e i bn - U t h ma n I I ( j o B 4 . C1 4. A3 5e a .h . 73 1

A 3 5e a . d. 1 3 31 ( A 3 5e - 1 35 1 ( B 9 A 3 5e ( o p po s ed 7 3 1- 7 33 b y 1 0A a n d

nscriptions: anonymousgo ld74 -749 anonymoussilver

andNasridinscriptionsa . h. 731( A 35e -740( A 35e a . d.

A 35e anonymousgo ld750-75 .

dZ iyanidinscriptionsa.h.737( A35e -752( B 9 A35e a.d.

B 9 A 3 5e a n on y mo u s go l d 75 9 -7 8 , a n on y mo u s si l ve r 1 14 7 .

. C1 2. A3 5e F a r i s( g B 4 A 35 e i bn - A li ( 1 1 B 4 A 35 e a .h . 74 9 ( A 3 5e - 75 9

( A 35 e - 13 5 ( A 35 e ( o pp os ed 7 49 -7 52 b y1 1 :

ty le: go ld7 9-777.

d st y le : g ol d 7 7 - 7 6 .

M u ha m ma d ( A s b i b n- a r is ( 1 2 A b p r et e nd e r a. h . 75 9 ( A 5 b

( A sb - 13 5 ( A 5b n o co in s.

M uh am ma d I I ( A 35 e i bn - a ri s ( 1 2 A ^ e a .h . 75 9 ( A 3 5e - 7 0

A 35 e - 13 59 ( A 35 e g ol d 7 7 .

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



ages

C 14 A 35 e I b ra h1 m ( A 3 5e i bn - A li ( 1 1 B 2 . C1 4. A3 5e a .h . 7 0 ( A 35 e

13 5 9 ( A 3 5 e - 1 3 1 ( A 3 5e g o l d 7 8 , a n on y mo u s si l ve r 1 14 .

5e T as hf in ( A 35 e i b n - A l i ( 1 1 A ^ e a .h . 7 2 ( A 35 e - 7 3 ( A 3 5 e

- 13 1 ( A 35 e n o co in s.

3 9a ' A bd -a l- H a li m ( A 3 5e i bn - U m a r ( 1 0 A A tf e a .H . 7 3 ( A 35 e

13 1 ( A s b - 13 2 ( A 35 e ( o pp os ed 7 3 -7 4 b y1 7 n o co in s.

5e M u h am ma d I I I ( g A 35 e i b n- a q i i b ib n- A li ( 1 1 A 3 5e a .H . 7 3

sb a .d .1 3 1 ( A 35 e - 13 6 ( A sb ( o pp os ed 7 3 -7 4 by 1 a nd 7 4 -7 5

2 .

A b d- a l- M u m i n ( g A 3 5e i b n - ' U m a r ( 1 0 A ; g A 3 5e a m 1 r a t Si i l ma s ah

7 5 ( H ) a .d .1 3 2 ( D 1 4 - 13 3 ( H ) ( o pp os ed 7 4 -7 5 by 17 g ol d7 93 .

betweendeathof17andaccessionof1 a . h. 7 7( A sb -7 8

( A s b - 1 3 6 ( A 35 e .

A sb ' A bd -a l- A i I ( g B 4 .A 35 e i b n- A li ( 1 1 B 4 A 35 e a .h .7 8 ( A 35 e

6 ( A 3 5e - 1 37 2 ( A 3 5e g o ld 7 9 4- 7 9 .

M u ha mm ad I V ( g A 35 e i b n- A bd -a l- A i I ( 1 ; A ^ e a .H . 7 74 ( A 35 e

3 72 ( A 5 c - 1 37 4 ( A 3 5 e g o ld 7 9 7- 7 99 .

g C 14 A 35 e A h m ad ( g s A 35 e i b n- b ra hi m ( 1 4 C 14 A 35 e a . H . 7 75

35 e , 7 9 ( A 3 5e - 79 ( A 35 e a .d .1 37 3( A sb - 13 4 ( A s b , 1 3 7 ( A 35 e

p os ed 7 7 - 7 4 b y2 0 A :

am1ra l-muslim inorNasridinscription: go ld8 00- 05.

amira l-muslim in w ithNasridinscription: go ld8 0 - 09.

l-muslimin withoutNasridinscription:gold8 10- 29

amira l-musliminandNasridinscription: go ld830.

b ' A bd -a l- R a hm an ( g s A 35 e i bn - A li i bn - U m a r ( 1 0 A g s A 35 e

7 ( A 3 5e - 7 4 ( A 3 5e a .d . 1 37 4 ( A 7 ob - 1 3 2 ( A 3 5e

b y 2 0 g o ld 8 3 1 8 3 2 s i l ve r 1 15 0 .

M u sa ( g A 35 e i b n- a ri s ( 1 2 A tf e a . h. 7 6 ( A 35 e - 7 8 ( A sb a .D .

( A sb g ol d8 3 3 8 3 4 .

M uh am ma d V ( g A 35 e i bn -A hm ad ( 2 0 A 35 e a .h . 7 8 ( A sb - 7 8

( A s b - 13 6 ( A 35 e g ol d8 3 5 .

M u ha mm a d V I ( A 3 5e i b n- M uh a mm a d ib n - A l i ( 1 1 A 3 5e a .H . 7 8

35 e a . d. 1 3 6 ( A 35 e - 1 3 7 ( A 35 e n o c oi ns .

' A bd -a l- A i I I ( g A 35 e i b n -A hm ad ( 2 0 A 3 5 e a . h. 7 9 ( A 35 e - 7 99

35 e - 13 9 ( A sb :

t yl e : go l d 8 3 - 3 9 .

sty le : go ld8 40- 54.

' A b d- A ll a h ( g . A sb i b n- A hm a d ( 2 0 A s b a . h. 7 9 9 ( A s b - o o ( A s b

3 9 ( A s b H a f si d s ty l e go l d 8 5 5 - 5 9 .

A sb ' U t hm an H I ( g C 14 A sb i bn -A hm ad ( 2 0 C 14 A sb a .H . 8 o o ( A s b

9 ( A sb - 14 20 ( A 74 H a f si d st yl e go ld 8 6 0 - 6 7 .

7 4 M u ha m ma d V I I ( A 3 2 i b n- A b d- A ll a h ib n -a b i- T ar i i b n- a r is ( 1 2

4 - 3 0 ( D 6 ) a .d . 14 20 ( A 74 - 14 27 ( H ) ( o pp os ed 8 2 3 - 3 0 by 2 ) n o co in s.

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0




4 A 32 ' A bd -a l- H a q I I ( s B 4 A 5 c i bn - U t hm an I I I ( 2 ; B 4 .A 32

9 - 6 9 ( A 5 c a. d. 14 20 ( D 6 , D g - 14 5 ( A 5 c ( o p po se d8 2 3 - 3 0 by 27

20

M u ha mm a d

theMar1nidsis essentiallysimple butthenecessary

asneverbeendone sothatallma orcollectionscontainmoreor

ascribedMoorishgold .Thisanonymousgoldcaneasilybe divided

umberoflinesineach field anditisthe three-lineH afsidtype

first.

propernamesink now nforany rulerearlierthanYa q ub

dina.h. 6 5 . Theanonymousgo ldw asnotstruck by theHafsids

dandtheminttownsw erenotunderHafsidcontro l norby the

f themints therearenosuchob ectionstotermingitMarinid w hich

ndlegendsit mostcloselyresemblestheearlierH afsidgold

nornamentedK iif1scriptcorrespondingtothat usedbythe

sstarting about6 50.TheearlyMarinidswerenominalH afsid

sgo ldwasstruck byA bu-B ak randYa q ubchie fly butnot

aloverthrow of theMuw ahhidsin66 8 . I t isl ik e ly butlesscerta in

ussilverwith similarinscriptionswasalsostruckby thesetwo

ecesofY a q ubw ithhisnameandtit les probablystruck af ter

enanothergapduringtheprosperousre ignofhissonYusuf . Thiscanpromptly

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



ages

seriesf romthef ive- linegroup asshowninthecorpus agroup

re intermediatebetweenthoseofY a q ubandthoseof ' U thmanI I ,

fulbut limitedtoMorocco.Anonymoussilverbearingsimilar

nedtoY usuf . F or' A mirandSulaymannoco insaree tant.

dbearsthenameof ' U thmanI I f romseveralm intsw ithin

v ivesforhissonandopponent' Umar am1rofSi i lmasah andnone

thman ssonandsuccessor' A h apiousbutambitiousmanwho

strouslydefeatedbytheChristiansat Tarifa con ueredAlgeria

disastrouslydefeatedbyA rabsnearK a irouan andw asthev ictim

hipwreck ande ile .

eof theanonymousgold someofwhichbearstheNasrid

truckbeforehisdefeat atTarifain740 andsomeofwhichbears

w asstruck a f terthecon uesto fT lemcenin737 atmintswhich

ndSi i lmasahbutT lemcen A lgiers B ougie andTunis. Tothese

f itt ingthek nownfactsof ' A li scareermaybeaddedcorresponding

er.

sassumedthetit leo fam1ra l-mu minin andafullseriesofgold

includeT lemcenandB ougie aga invictimsofMarinidcon uest.

d-typegoldwiththree-linefieldsalsobearsF aris nameandtitles.

edin q uicksuccessionahandfulofgold survives:nonefor

d onetentative ly forMuhammadI I , oneforI brahimifmy

egiblespecimeniscorrect noneforTashf in nonefor' A bd-al-Ha lim

madI I I , andonef inedoubledinarfortheam1r' A bd-al-Mu minat

aga incon ueredTlemcenandlef tnumismaticev idenceofhisachieve-

oubledinarsf romF e . MuhammadI V mintedthreeco insatF e .

tothis troublederaisan anonymouspieceascribedto

laritytothegold whichseemstobearhisname.

dre igna largequantityofgo ldanda litt lesilverise tant w hile

A bd-al-R ahman a lsomintedbothgo ldandsilver.

t powerrapidly:Miisatwoyears twoissues MuhammadV

oubledinar MuhammadV I oneyear noco ins. I nhisthreeyears

I struck fourco insinMarinidsty leandseveralinH afsidsty le w ithan

ethree-linefield.This wascontinuedonahandfulof goldby

re i gn e d on l y on e ye a r a n d on a l a rg e r gr o up b y ' U t h m a n I I I w h or u le d

mm a d V I I a n d no g o ld f o r ' A b d - al - H a q I I , t h ou g h on e s il v er

cribedtohis violentreignandanothertentatively.

atichistory then canreadilybeunderstoodbymatchingeach

andsilverto itsmostlikelyoriginatoronconsiderationsof style

henthisisdone asteadydevelopmentismadeavailablefor

ged gap-filledoutlinesheretoforepublished.

Marinidgoldofeachdenominationissomewhatbroaderthan

bute tantspecimensaverageslightly lighter. 4.57gramsisthe

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0




oubledinarsand2. 2 gramsof51dinars. Thestyle islessattractive

egiblethanthoseofa llbutthe lastH afsids buttheyarenot

. Thesilverisade uate lyengravedandstruck butthegenera l

clinefromthehighMuwahhidstandards.

ca

Nasr( B anuH-A hmar o fGranadaa. h. 6 29- 8 7( a . D. 1232-1492

1 4 C 17 M uh am ma d I ( B 1 4 C 17 A 35 e i bn - u su f ( B 1 4 A 4 d a . h .

7 1 ( B 1 4 A 74 a .d . 12 32 ( D 9 - 12 73 ( B 1 4 n o Af ri ca n co in s g ol d st ru ck a s

.

1 5 C 17 A 4 a M uh am ma d I I I ( C 17 A 35 e i bn -M uh am ma d I I ( 2

. h. 7 01 ( B 1 4 A 35 e - 7 0 ( B 1 4 A 35 e a . d. 1 30 2 ( B 1 4 A 35 e - 1 30 9

b el ow .

1 4 A 35 e N as r ( B 1 4 A 35 e i bn -M uh am ma d I I ( 2 B 1 4 A 35 e a .h . 70

3 ( A 4 a a . d. 1 30 9 ( B 1 4 A 4 a - 1 3 14 ( A 4 a s e e be lo w.

1 5 A 35 e M u ha mm ad V ( g B 1 5 A 35 e i b n- u su f I ( 7 g B 1 5 A 35 e

0 ( A 35 e , 7 3 ( A 35 e - 7 9 3( A 4 a a .d . 13 54 ( A 35 e - 1 35 9 ( A 3 5e ,

9 ( D 9 D 1 4 g o ld 8 6 8 .

oussilver1153.

ntrolledCeutafroma.h.705 to709andfrom7 6 to7 9.

53 bearingthenameofthismint andtheirmotto" wa-laghalibu

toe itherof theseperiods butsimilarsilverreportedforF e must

d astheNasridsneverhe ldsecurecontro lo f the inlandcapita l. I f the

conf irmedascorrect theymightbeascribedtotheMarinid' A li w ho

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



ages

sridinsription thiswouldraisetheq uestionofwhetherhealso

edfromNorth Africaisa doubledinar( 8 6 8 ) mintedat

thoughthefirstNasridruler beforedeclaringhisindependence

5 ) atGranadafortheHafsidYahyaI .

ustdiscussed thenumismatichistoryof theNasridsfa llsoutside

co

sof theB anu-WattdsofMoroccoa. h. 86 9-9 1( a . d. 14 5-1554 .

M uh am ma d I ( g A 29 b i b n - a h ya ( A 2 9 b a . H . 8 6 9 ( D 6 ) - 91 0 ( D 6 )

- 15 04 ( D 6 ) g ol d8 6 9 .

ot es t oA 32 M uh am ma d I I ( g s C , A 32 i bn -M uh am ma d I ( 1

6 ) - 93 2 ( A 2 9b a .d . 15 04 ( D 6 ) - 15 25 ( D 6 ) g ol d 8 7 0 s il ve r 11 54 .

2 ' A H ( s A 29 b i bn -M uh am ma d I ( 1 A 32 a .h . 93 2 ( A 2 9b - 93 2

A 2 9b - 9 1 ( A 29 b a .d .1 52 5( D 6 ) - 15 2 ( A 29 b , 1 55 4( A 29 b - 15 54 ( A 2 9b

29 b A h ma d ( s C , A 32 i b n -M uh am ma d I I ( 2 C , A 29 b a . H . 9 32

) , 9 5 ( D 1 4 - 95 7( D 1 4 a .d .1 52 ( A 2 9b - 15 45 ( D 6 ) , 1 54 9( D 1 4 - 15 50

.

M uh am ma d I I I ( A 32 i bn -A hm ad ( 4 A 32 a .h . 95 2 ( A 3 2 - 95

6 ) - 15 49 ( D 1 4 n o co in s.

sbetw eensurrenderof4andrestorationof3a. h. 957( D 14 -9 1

1 4 - 15 54 ( A 29 b .

yaMansur

ya1Y iisuf

h

la s t Ma r in i d ' A b d- a l- H a I I w h oc a me t o t he t h ro n e as a

werw asheldbysevera lmembersof theWattasidfamily a few of

earrangedby ' A bd-al-Ha w henhereachedmaturity . A this

owerwiththerising Sharifs andsucceededincontrollingpart

ntury.

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0




utedto theW attasids.Asmallseriesofsilver inathin

andillustratedbyB rethes seemsfa irly safebecauseof these uence

oinsare lesssatisfactory.StudiesbyMassignonandCourhave

ddatesofthis obscuredynasty itmaybethat furthergoldwill

fr1ca

Turk s( B anu- Uthmdn ofC onstantinoplea. h. 699-1342.

B 1 3 i bn -S al im I ( 9 D 1 ) a . h. 92 ( D 1 ) - 9 74 ( D 1 ) a . d. 15 20 ( D 1 )

s pe ci fi ed o nZ i y an id g ol d 6 7 0 6 7 1 .

isstudy .

whocon ueredTunisiaandAlgeriafromthe H afsidsand

dedf romthisstudy . Ane ceptionismadeforthetw ogoldpieces

aymanI byhisZ iyanidvassa ls andforaHafsids uaredirhem

pe d * ] » .

ttomaninfluence thenameabu l-R abi prefi edtoSulay-

manhadanypartindesigningthem.

umablyanO ttomanvalidationofacurrentpieceof H afsid

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



O I N S

thAfrican rulers

1047

arifiancon uests

1 th century .

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



anbibliographic usedinthiscorpus:

abbrev iationsare listedonpages2 6 -30 .

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



era . H. 439( a . d. 1047

ekhalifahs

rcisednodirectcontroloverNorthA f ricaduringthisperiod a ll

ereactuallystruck byindependentlocalrulers andaretherefore

edynasties: Z 1rid H ammadid Murabit andHiidid.

era . H. 439( a . d. 1047

te imams

.

cisednodirectcontro loverNorthA fricaduringthisperiod a ll

ereactuallystruck byZ 1ridrulers andarethereforelistedunder

ra.h.439( a.d.1047

errulersofTunisia

riesinTunisia

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0




ibn-B adis

- 1 0 2

irids andbya l-Mu i z priortoa. h. 439 aree cluded

e ri e s:

40inthenameof theF atimidimam

n- A lf

-1094

late I

R F - U V |

P " a -dl • J * M C ? ) iS^ \ a w j l< uV J j * * j >

mi nt j j * M l i < a l

. 1v : omendsw ithydl m intgivenasTabariyah(correctedbyMonchicourt .

p i. 1 v : o m e nd s wi th « 1 5 ; 1 6 ( 2 s p. : m in t gi ve n as ^ ( m is pr in t .

o te : d m o n ly . F . a t im i te s I I 4 4 : om e n ds w i th i f .

ries:

-Mu i betweena. h. 441and449af terhisrepudiationof

inar.

F J * £ 7 .Cf i

) l ~ j > ) la L t l l 1 l l

m in t ) ^ > L . V l o4 c« u l ^

. v . W e l l 1 2 23 2 1 2 23 3 ( 2 s p . : i l lu s tr a te d i n Sc h ie p at i ( p i . n no . 1 4 . S o re t .

1 8 . F a r ru g ia : d m o nl y .

inar. P la te I

p i. 1 v , 1 70 ( 2 s p. : j J r f. F a r ru gi a: d m o nl y.

nar.

] U ) l ^ j U l ^ v . ol J j l l 4- j * J L f u il

edinSchiepati( pi. n no . 15 .

3 - q u a r t er d i na r .

ch e n ds a t U j .

pi. v : dil legible marginslarge ly il legible . Soret. 130: marginspartly il legible.

gi b le l . X j o m it t ed f r om o m ( m i s p ri n t c o rr e ct e d by l e tt e r .

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



old91

nar.

o . 1 : d u n ce r ta i n. F : a t im i te s 1 71 n o te : d m o n ly . B 7 9 3 bi s ( p . 2 71 :

mte s I I 4 .

5-dinar.

ch e nd s at I J _ J i , a nd o f: o il V I < | l V

o . 2 : d u n ce r ta i n. F : a t im i te s 1 71 n o te . F : a t im i te s I 4 7 : le n gt h o f

dinar.

j >

j u < ul V I V

3 .

i ll A

.

9.

4 4 - d i n a r.

m i t te d i u . pr e ce d ed b y o * i : . .

ccurate identif iedf romimpressionfurnishedbyGalster. F : ati-

-dinar.

ic h e nd s a t L c U j a n d rm w hi c h ha s e rr o rs i n e ng r av i ng .

49-dinar.

dinar.

e i i_ ( m i nt * . - j + o i l .

rate identifiedfromimpressionfurnishedbyGalster.

dinar.

ablyas3e ceptrm:

m int j j b l li o il ^

only .

4 - e ig ht h di na r.

) : m ar g in s l ar g el y i ll e gi b le r f w or n .

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0




es:

nd454in thenameoftheF atimidimam

n- A li

03 - 1 09 4

knowledgmentofF atimidsu erainty.

ar.

j i J l l i ^ > ^ * - \ ^ J l < ul ^ .

1-dinar.

a -

. . l

l.

j ti . ( m in t j j i l li < u l .

n o . 4: r o n ly .

ar.

m o nl y.

l-MuHz z

2-110

nd459in thenameoftheF atimidimam

n- A li

-1094

fF atim idsu era inty .

dinar.

F < u l

) J - s - j j j j 0 i * J \ J - l < " l J _y < ul V

1 .

J l j * * ^ U V l I c

.

in t d ef e ct i ve a l -M a hd o n ly .

nar. P la te I

n e r w h i c h en d s at , a n d ha s J * i n s t ea d o f ^ t . .

p i. 11 : j b o f.

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



Gold93

nar. P late I

- o il V l J l V

-j j O j ^ j " J - l j

f1 .

y < u l

i nn er o f 1 .

.

i. 1 v .

dinar.

dinar.

O F o f 1 .

i n ne r o f 1 9.

1 .

nn er o f 1 .

, w it h o * i i ns te ad o f ^ J l .

of .

-dinar.

u t e r : a s r m of 1 3 .

1 : in n er o m e nd s a t j ^ - .

rtedfortheresto fTamim sre ign a . h. 4 0-501. B lau: N101

ra.h.4 0withoutfurtherdescription ispresumablymisread

dtoa l-Mahdiyahforanil legibledate is becauseof thecriss-cross

yanissueof theSicily ( Si i l l iyah mint.

mim

-111

b- a h yd

1121

bn- A li

1-114

helocalAraband B erberrulersinTunisia andAlgeria

dsandHammadids— inthe interva lbetw eentheA rabinvasionof

andthecompletionof theMuw ahhidcon uestina . h. 555( a . d. 11 0

ceptions.

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0




ttahBerber governorof

oo

onymousdinar.

l .

A rabgovernorof

5X -1159

Abbasidkhalifah whowasnotindividuallyidentified:

abii-A bd- A llahMuhammadibn-Ahmad

-11 0

r late I

V R F J i .V l

I j y> } O J J b J i L j ^ L - V l j j - ft < yj

j J l l- U . _ » ^ J l < u lp .

: g i ve n a s 55 2 Q a d i s ( C a d i ( d i sp r ov e d by p i at e o f m is r ea d .

f ig. o fm isread. Thisco inistermed" rashid1 by I bn- ha ldun

u l a e d it io n v o l. V I , p . 1 7 .

ra.h.439( a.d.1047

errulersofeasternA lgeria

reportedfortheperiod priortoa.h.439.

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



ad1dGold95

md

02 - 1 05 5

-1055

ad

-10 2

2 - 10 8

10 8 - 1 1 04

? ) - d in ar .

i n ne r o f 2 0.

m i d dl e o f 2 0.

i nn er o f 1 .

tdescribed tentatively reconstructedf romfigure attributiontothis

apparentlyanil legibleF atim iddinarfall ingoutsidethescopeof this

tatesthatthisrulerw asthef irstHammadidtomintco ins.

04-1105

s ur

1o5-1121

1152

Abbasidkhalifah

abf i- A bd-AllahMuhammadibn-A hmad

- 1 1 0

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0




ar.

U * . < U lV l . l V R F . O il j uc ym ^ U V l

-i U j T J y | ^ < u lJ l o 0l _j , J

t j j b l I i ^ J l ^ J l < u l

ymoderncollection anditis possiblethatnospecimenshave

ver fullydescribed(e ceptfordiv isioninto lines by I bn- ha ldun

u l a e d it i on v o l. V I , p a ge 1 7 7 . T h e pu r po r te d i ll u st r at i on i n d e B e y li e s

is l ik etheothera llegedcoinsf romthesamesource incredible asdeB ey lie

ra.h.439( a.d.1047

hBerber governors.

heperiodfollowinga.h.439forthe pettypre-Murabit

ow iththee ceptionofHammudidsilverandcopper tobede-

riousgroupofsmallgoldco ins— B 774-793( pi. xn — ascribedby

h a r i in w h or u le d S i i l ma s ah u n ti l t he M u ra b it c o n u e st o f a .H . 4 4 ,

s.H isreadingsaretootentativeand fragmentary andhis

ermitintelligentdiscussionofthesecoins althoughtheyclearly

commentwhentheycanbe madeavailabletoscholars.

Spain

errulersof

asstruck inthenameof the ' A bbasidk ha lif ah w how as

ed butw asgenerically termed" a l- imam ' A bdA llah amir

me t im e s al s o " a l - A b ba s i .

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



tGo ld

r

5 - 10 7

- di n ar . P l a t e I

F f U V I

j J l i . _ , ^ » .

N I I 5 0 7 ( p i . n : e n gr a vi n g er r or s . C: D e c a de n ci a p . 37 5 n o . 1 ( p i . 1 .

nar.

i v e r o: M 9 7 ( p i . n . 0 2 0 9 : o m la r ge l y il l eg i bl e .

- di n ar . P l a t e I

R F j u > yi

i . n . B 7 9 4 ( p i . x m : d a te g i ve n a s 45 4 ( d i sp r ov e d by p i at e .

-dinar.

ate il legible inpiate .

-dinar.

ain.

nar.

m : 8 0 1 c oi n il l us tr at ed u nd er n o. 8 0 0 i s 3 ) ( 7 s p. .

dinar.

( p i. n . S :B e y ra m 2 7 .

nar.

p i. 1 : ^ f or y> j i no m( m is pr in t . B 8 0 3 8 0 4 ( 2 s p. .

dinar.

2 sp .

dinar.

M I I 5 3 .0 20 70 .

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0




2 - d i na r .

N I I 5 09 . 0 20 71 .

dinar.

7 - d i na r .

8 0 7 ( p i . x m u nd er n o. 8 0 0 .

- d i na r .

I I 5 1 0. C er d a 35 0 : d m o n ly . S pi n k ( 1 9 0 2 7 9 53 2 . So t he b y 37 9 : d m o nl y .

dinar.

N I I 5 11 . L : Ca lv er t 45 . Sp in k ( 1 9 07 3 4 91 : d m o nl y. B 8 0 .

nar.

4 5 5 [ 2 s p . . S e e al s o co p pe r : 11 1 .

nar.

i n r m ( e n g ra v in g e rr o r . V 1 4 3 5 ( A V ) . J : Mo h am m ed a n p. 2 7 :

umably thisyearsincerulerisgivenasA bu-B ak r. S: White2l j .

. So th eb y 37 9: d m o nl y. S :M ic ha el I I 4 5 4 57 ( p i. n ( 2 s p. ? ) . S :G ra nt le y

. x 1 .

nar.

. A d le r : C 8 5 ( p i . vi . S : M ic h ae l I I 4 5 . S : G ra n tl e y 21 5 9.

nar.

( A V ) . S p in k ( 1 9 0 2 7 9 53 1 : d m o n ly . So t he b y 37 9 : d m o n ly .

nar.

am pa ne r . B 8 0 9.

7 5 - d in a r.

8 1 0.

dinar.

. B N I I 5 1 2. B 8 1 1 . B a l og : e ng r av i ng e r ro r s in r m .

dinar.

th er s . C er da 3 51 : d m o nl y. B 8 1 2 8 1 3 ( 2 s p. .

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



1tGold99

dinar.

th er , 1 44 2 ( A V ) . B M V 2 : V l f or J > V | i n om ( e ng ra vi ng e rr or . M ar ko v: E

ny. B 8 1 4 8 1 5 ( 2 s p . .

nar.

.

dinar.

a te ? ) - h a l f di n ar .

.V l

, 8 1 b i s ( 2 s p . : d e sc r ip t io n i nd i ca t in g n o ma r gi n s di s pr o ve d b y pi a te s h ow i ng

edillegiblebyclipping.

a . d. 10 7

dinar. P la te I

l V

: lastdigito fdatepunchedout m isreadas450.

070-1074

dinar.

u V l < l l V

p i. 1 :o o nl y . B N I I 5 14 : l- i j e f or i ^ i n r m ( e n gr av in g er ro r .

1 : l a f o r i i n r m .

d i na r . P l a te I

5 15 ( p i .n .

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0




- di n ar .

- d i na r .

: pia te large ly illegible includingdate .

M V 4 5 ( 2 s p . : S b r f. B a r t h ol o ma e i 6 0 . C al v o p. 1 9 1.

r.

. B N I I 5 1 : S b rf . So re t: 1 32 : Sb r f. C: D e ca de nc ia p .3 7 , n o. 2 ( p i . 1 :

d i na r .

N I I 5 17 ( p i. n : S b rf . W ey l: G 11 3 : d m o nl y. M ar ko v: p . 90 n o. 4 :

na r .

. B M V 6 ( p i. 1 : w it ho ut S B N I I 5 1 : wi th ou t S Ma rk ov : p . 8 8 1 n o. 4 a:

0 0 ( p i . n : S b r f.

ar.

V 2 s p. . B N I I 5 19 :w it ho ut S. B 8 3 .

r490 -dinar.

dateapparentlyrepresentsanengravingerror.

b rf .

ar.

) . B N I I 5 20 : Sb r f. L : C al ve rt 4 7: S br f. B 8 3 9 .

ar.

N I I 5 21 : Sb r f. Cu nh a I 1 52 4. M ar ko v : p .9 6 , n o. 4b : d m o nl y. J : Mo -

m o nl y . So t he b y 3 0 : d m o nl y . B 8 4 0 .

nar. P la te I

d i n ar .

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



GoldI o

4 73 ( A V , 1 o t he r , 1 4 7 4 . B M X p . 3 n o .9 1 : Sb r f . B N I I 5 2 2:

fD e m a eg h t v. I X , p . 2 02 ( f i g. : S b r f. M a rk ov : p . 9 0 n o .5 :

79: d monly . 02074: il legible letterbrf .

ar.

N I I 5 2 3 :S b rf . H 6 s t : a n d N 4( p i. x x m : S br f. W e yl :G 1 1 4 : d

no. 6 : d monly . 02075.

nar.

N I I 5 2 4 : S b rf . W e y l: G 1 1 5 : d m o nl y . Ma r ko v: p . 90 n o .7 : d m o n l y.

ar.

1 4 7 . B N I I 5 2 5 : S b rf . Co l so n p . 24 1 : d m o n ly .

8 4 1.

ar.

V ) . B 8 4 2- 4 7( p i . x n1 :8 4 7 ( 6 s p. : Sb rf .

ah-494-dinar.

brf . If date iscorrectly read mintispresumablyT il imsan as

nuntil495.

r.

o t he r . M A 4 8 . C e r d a 35 4 : d m o n ly . R i v er o :M 9 9 ( p i . n : w i t h ou t S .

dinar.

: d m i n o m ( m i sp r in t . B N I I 5 2 7 ( p i . 1n : w i th o ut S . S pi n k ( 1 9 0 2

m o nl y . B 8 2 2 .

dinar.

e y l :G 1 1 2 : ^ , m o n l y . Ma r ko v : p . 9 0 n o . 3: d m o n ly . 0 20 7 3. B 8 2 3

2 - d i na r .

A V ) .

dinar.

) . D . o r ic h s 47 0 5. C er d a 35 2 : d m o n l y. M a rk o v: p . 8 8 0 n o . 3a : d m o n l y .

te d u nd e r no . 8 2 5 i n p i .x m i s 7 ) .

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0




4 - d i na r .

) . B M X p . 3 n o . 3k : z > ( f or S ) b R f . B N I I 5 2 : S br f. C er da 3 53 :

1 : d m o nl y . B 8 2 5 b is ( p i . x i n u n de r n o. 8 2 5 : S b r f.

dinar.

1 4 54 ( A V 2 s p . 2 o th er s , 1 45 5 ( A V ) . B M X p . 3 n o. 3 m: = > ( f or S ? )

th o ut S . Ce r da 3 5 5: d m o n ly . Ma r ko v : p . 8 8 0 n o .3 b : d m o n ly . S :

: r e fe r en c e or d a te w ro n g.

- d i n ar .

. . C er da 3 5 : d m o nl y. Z a m ba ur I I 2 7 : wi th ou t S. B 8 2 - 2 ( 3 s p. .

3 7 - d i na r .

, 1 ot he r . B 8 2 9 .

- d i n ar .

dinar.

dinar.

V 3 s p . . L : h e di v ia l p . 32 : d a te r e ad a s 4 71 b u t pr e su ma b ly t h is y e ar s i nc e

Sbrf .

dinar.

4 - di n ar .

n o. 6 a : d m o nl y. Z i y a 20 2 . B 8 3 1 8 3 2 ( 2 s p. .

dinar.

p . B N I I 5 30 :w it ho ut S. B 8 3 3 8 3 4 ( 2 s p. .

- d i na r .

r . W e y l :G 1 1 6 : d m o nl y . Ma r ko v : p . 9 0 n o. 8 : d m o n ly .

dinar.

N I I 5 3i :w it ho ut S .S :G ot ha 9 7 .

dinar.

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



Gold

date -q uarterdinar: Kuf iandNaskhiscript.

s e.

n , 5 3 3 ( 2 s p . : : b ef o re m i nt ( n o t vi s ib l e in p i at e . D : o r ic h s 47 0 7: d e sc r ib e d

Nask hiscript maybethisco in. S: White21 0: denominationonly .

1n :8 5 2 ( 4 sp . .

4-dinar.

y . Maybeaspecimenof93misread.

inar.

datefault i lyengraved readas499butprobably thisyearsince ' A li isnot

90- dinar.

. . B M X p . 3 n o. f t( p i. x x 1 : w it ho ut S . B r oo ke p .7 7 ( p i . v1 n o. 2 :

rakush-491-dinar.

: w i th o ut S . M ar s de n 3 51 ( p i . x x 1 : w i th o ut S .

1-dinar.

9 o m it t ed .

5 34 : wi th ou t S.

y .

at e ? ) - d in ar .

: Sbrf thisco inisadinarwithmarginsrenderedil legiblebyclipping nota

at e ? ) - d in ar .

F r V 1

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0




nsofwhichare reportedbyal-Ma ri i citingabu-Muhammad' Abd-

hasnotbeenreportedase istinginanymodernco llection sincethe

seofMurabitcoins struckseveraldecadeslater itcanbecon-

oneous. Lik ew isecoins reportedbysevera lMoslemhistorians w ith

-mu minin arecerta inlynon-e istent.

9 - d i na r .

h- [ 49 1-dinar.

tepartia lly il legible .

h-493-dinar.

dinar.

dinar.

N I I 5 3 5 ( p i . ui : S b rf . L o n g p er i er : D p . 42 9 : d m o n ly . R i v er o : ( p i . 1n

san-494-dinar.

-dinar.

ar ko v: p . 8 8 1 n o. 8 a : d m o nl y.

nar.

d monly ' A H isnotdesignatedheir.

-presumablyadinar.

o n ly m i nt g i ve n a s B a y as a h ( e r r or .

nar.

isfo llow edbyo il

ou t S.

inar.

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



1tGold

9 - d i na r .

.

ar.

1 50 1 ( L a ho ) . C ol so n p. 2 41 : d m o nl y.

4 6 -dinar.

5 4 0 ( p i . 1n : w it ho ut S .

490-dinar.

n w hi c h re p la c es

492-dinar.

9 ( p i .1 r on ly : j . b r f.

dinar.

: T ra ta do p .1 9 , n o. 1 ( p i . x x ) : w it ho ut S .

ntarata l-Say f -49 -dinar.

y m intgiveninSpanish maybeeitherofaboveformsinA rabic.

h-494-dinar.

r.

inar.

N I I 5 4 3 ( p i . 1 n : w i th o ut S . L o n g p er i er : D p . 4 2 9: d m o n ly . R i v er o :M 1 0 1

r.

) .

495-dinar.

m pa n er . G o n a l e p . 8 2 ( f i g. 1 ) : w i th o ut S m i nt u n ce r ta i n.

ar.

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0




p to f: J ( ? ) 6 r f.

6 rf.

d i na r . ^ ( < ( ^

p li n e of w h ic h i s ch a ng e d to < J I I .

umably thiso f descriptionincomplete.

9-dinar.

C ab al le ro p .1 : d m o nl y S b rf .

dinar. P la te I

t of : < u lV l A V

2 s p . 1 o th er . B M X p . 4 n o. 9 : n ol et te r b rf a sc ri be d to ' A li . B N I I 5 3

r. K M I 5 4 ( p i. m : n o le tt er b r f.

- d i na r .

V 2 s p. 2 o th er s . B N I I 5 37 : no l et te r b rf . L o ng p r ie r: D p . 4 29 : d m o nl y.

-dinar.

omw hich< i- isomitted( engrav ingerror .

t he r s . M A 4 9 : — » a t e nd o f r m. S : C is c ar 3 1 ( p i . 1 : r m o bs c ur e i n pi a te n o

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



Gold107

nar.

t O f : « u l V l V

V , 1 o th er . C ol so n p. 2 41 : d m o nl y.

nar.

) .

posthumous -dinar.

atendof rm.

2 s p . 1 o t he r . B M X p . 4 n o . 9s : d es c ri p ti o n in a cc u ra t e a s cr i be d t o ' A l i

n r m ( e n g ra v in g e rr o r . C o ls o n p. 2 4 1: d m o n ly .

nar.

5 3 : n o l et t er b r f . L o n g pe r ie r :D p . 4 2 9: d m o n ly . D . o r ic h s 47 0 : d m o n ly .

m o n ly . Ma r ko v : p . 9 0 n o .1 0 : d m o n ly .

inar.

w hichreplaces

ongperier.D p. 429: d monly . C aba llerop. 15 no . 2: Sbrf .

inar.

N I I 5 3 9 : n o le t te r b r f. C :T r at a do p . 1 97 n o . 4 ( p i . x x ) : n o l et t er b r f .

inar.

w hichreplaces

ballerop. 15: notspecif ied.

nar.

w hichreplaces

V , 1 o th er , 1 5 23 ( A V ) .

inar.

w hichreplacesli. .

nar.

V l J l V

5oo( posthumous dinar.

ab a ll e ro p . 1 5 n o .4 .

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0




r. ^ ^

tlineofw hichischangedto : ^ ) _ l l.

nar.

nd143.

o n ly .

r.

inar.

pr f : < » i l . us . U V l

4 1: ^ b r f . L o n g pe r ie r :D p . 4 29 : d m o nl y .

dinar.

h-5oo( posthumous -dinar.

t of : « u l V l i V

N I I 5 42 : J J } f or J j o n of ( m i s pr in t , n o le tt er b r f.

posthumous -dinar.

i n wh ic h J l ^ * > - \ f ol lo ws < u l ^ .

o n gp e ri e r: D p . 4 2 9: d m o nl y .

inar.

pr m i n w hi c h J c r e p l ac e s an d r f:

4 4: n o l et t er b r f . L o n g pe r ie r :D p . 4 29 : d m o n ly . W e y l: G 1 1 7 : d m o nl y .

9: d m o n ly .

r.

inar.

) .

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



1tGold

r.

ir recapitulationof types. A llcoinsas5 , standardtypeof

modif ications( co insonwhichJ ereplacesii- inrmaredesignated

4u l/ oc y \ ^ 1 / s s : 14 * .

\ I j / \ : 1 44 1 45 .

35 1 3 * , 1 40 1 49 , 1 50 , 1 51 .

l ^ s - — at e n d of r m : 13 2 .

y ./ ^ 1 ( % * i t / 12 1 1 22 1 24 1 37 .

op l i ne o f o f: « | l : 1 2 5 1 2 , 1 4 3.

J ^ - - u » / u u it & > - i - , . / J c ; 1 30 .

. < - - y. ^ / 6 y ^ / J e : 12 3 1 3 * .

< j l . , j ^ V l / J c j ^ V l < > L i : 1 39 .

l a J * / o . - y .: 1 27 1 2 , 1 33 1 34 .

ted:129.

ne o f o f: < | I I : 1 4 1 1 4 2 .

. L . y- / -i ^ e / J e . ; 1 4 .

J l^ r la f ter«ulinrm: 147.

-1143

rsofYusuf : 132 140 14 , 147.

.

l V R F fU V l

fc

I

y \ j y

A < A J J i j l b J pO fl

t j j b l i ^ J l ^ J l < u l ^

M X p . 4 n o . 9t : S b rf . C ol s on p . 2 42 : d m o n ly .

.

edf romrm.

M V 1 0 : S b rf . B N I I 5 4 7: S b r f. M ar s de n 3 52 ( p i . x x i : S b r f ( g i v en a s

. F r a eh n :0 p . 2 ( f r on t is p ie c e of " L e i c i Me n in s ki a ni v o l. I V ) .

.

a m ba ur I I 2 8 : S b r f.

C r e a



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.

ar.

N I I 5 4 : Sb rf.

.

s b on .

i na r .

V ) . M A5 1 . C :M on ed as p .3 1 : d m o nl y. B a l og : Sb R f .

.

59 ( A V ) . B N I I 5 4 9: S b r f.

i na r .

V ) . L a g um in a p. 1 00 n o. 1 :S b rf f or < y i n om ( m is pr i nt ? ) .

isprintSicorrectedby letter .

nar.

8 6 6 ( p i. x 1 n : S b rf . Th or bu rn : om i ll eg ib le S b r f.

nar.

. . M a rk ov : p . 8 8 1 n o. 1 2a : d m o nl y.

nar.

1 5 4 ( A V ) , 1 5 5 ( A V ) . B M V 1 7( p i. 1 : Sb rf .B N I I 5 5 0: Sb rf .K M I I 5 9 0:

nar.

ichae lI 1 6 8 : Sbrf . B 872bis: Sbrf descriptionincompiete.

nar.

AV ) .

inar.

M X p . 4 n o .1 t :S br f.

nar.

. B M V 2 0: Sb rf .

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



Gold

513-dinar.

w hichJ ereplacesii- .

y . B 8 73( pi. x 1v : mintgivenasTa lave ira(error , i l legible letters

ate .

nar.

.

i n rm ( e n g ra vi ng e rr or .

: S br f. M ar sd en 3 54 ( p i. x x 1 : S b rf .

1- dinar.

C ol s on p . 2 42 : d m o n l y.

dinar. Thisco in if correctly reported w asstruck for' A liashe ir

uf.

V l V

se

dinar.

8 35: three lettersaf terdate ascribedtoYusuf maybethisco inmisread.

dinar.

dinar.

: n o l et t er b r f .

5-dinar.

dinar.

1-dinar.

rptioninaccurate .

dinar.

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0




- d i na r .

te f a ul t y ( m i s pr i nt ? ) .

0-dinar.

1-dinar.

n o . 29 c : to p l in e o f of d i vi d ed < u l / V | A l V ( e r ro r , n o l et t er b r f .

r .

01 ? - d i na r .

w hichreplacesii—

an. B MV 12: dateuncerta in 5thlineofo f i l legible Sbrf .

0 - d i na r .

0 - d i na r .

N I I 5 0 :S br f.

9-dinar.

5 7 3( C od er a I m p . .

1 1 - d in a r.

compiete.

-dinar.

-dinar.

ateuncerta in.

dinar.

0 ( 1 9 02 7 9 53 7 ( 2 s p . : d m o nl y . B 8 8 2 : d es c ri p ti o n in c om p ie t e.

dinar.

P G F C A V 2 s p. . MA 5 17 .S pi nk ( 1 90 1 6 8 3 7 : d m ( g i ve na sF a s o nl y.

dinar.

ncompiete.

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



Gold

r.

r.

scriptionincompiete.

-dinar.

A V ) .

inar.

dinar.

.

r.

: i f b rf d e sc r ip t io n i na c cu r at e . Se a by G 9 92 : d m o nl y .

r.

Ga rc ia 6 0 8 .

: S b r f m i nt d u bi o us m a y b e Ag h ma t ( 1 1 .

5 72 ( p i .m : Sb rf .

dinar.

8 8 5 : r r f d e sc r ip t io n i nc o mp i et e d a te g i ve n a s 52 3 m i nt g i ve n a s Nu l

risapparentlynotdesignatedheir.

5-dinar.

n ly . Ma r ko v : p . 9 0 n o . 14 : d m o n ly .

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0




-dinar.

rf .

- d i na r .

.

dinar.

on e da s p . 3 1 : d m o n ly . S . Go t ha 9 0 ( p i . x 1 : d a te u n ce r ta i n g i ve n a s

o d at e - h a lf d i na r .

52.

taclippeddinar .

n ot d e sc r ib e d. B 8 8 6 ( p i . x 1 v : S b r f m i sr e ad .

dinar.

plineofw hichisdiv ided^ „ ^ .

nincompiete .

dinar.

1 5 ( A V ) . M A 52 1. C er da 3 5 : d m o nl y. i ga ni er 2 75 : Si b r f( c on fi rm ed b y

dinar.

G A V 3 sp . 1 o th er . B N I I 5 75 :S ib rf .M A5 22 .K M I I 5 2 5 3 ( p i .1 n

en O. p. 42. D orn. vlp. 401. Longperier: D p. 430: d monly . D. orichs

3 7: d w only . h.Orienta lp. 235: Sibrf reportedas153(error .

. 5 : m i n t g iv e n as a l -M ar i ya h ( d i s p ro v ed b y p ia t e S - b r f . F i g an i er 2 7

Sibrf . Thorburn: d monly .

dinar.

w hichreplaces

1 5 ( F C A V 3 s p. . B N I I 5 7 : S b rf ( e r ro rf or J 3 . MA 52 2n ot e.

orO u A ( error , Sibrf. F raehn:Np.8 7 no.2:Sib rf

o r n I p . 5 5 n o . 7 8 ( 2 s p . : S i 6 J r f . Ma r ko v :T 1 3 = S w e d is h

dinar.

P G 2 s p. F C A V 2 s p. . B M V 2 2 : Si b r f. M A 52 3. K M I I 5 4 :

r :D p . 4 30 : d m o n ly w i th h e ir T a sh f in ( e r ro r . F r a e h n: i V p . 8 7 n o . 4:

cu r at e . Ce r da 3 9 : d m o n ly . D o r n I p . 5 n o . 11 : f or i i -

Si6rf . B rossetco l. 400: d monly. Wey l: G1202: d wonly. Mark ov : p. 91

C r e a



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1tGold

d m on ly .S pi nk ( 1 9 ) 4 6 5 0 ( 1 90 1 6 8 3 0 ( 1 90 2 7 95 34 ( 3 s p. : d m

- d i na r .

. V 1 6 0 ( U V , A V 4 s p . . B M V 2 3: ^ m U J l f or J . ^ - li l in o m S i b rf .

r ea d as J ) b r f. M A5 24 ( 2 s p . . K M I I 5 5 : Sb r f. C er da 3 71 : d m o nl y.

.1 3 : fo r < i ~ i n r m ( e r ro r ? ) , S i b r f. B r o s s et c o l. 4 0 0: d m o nl y .

m o n ly . Ma r ko v : p . 9 1 n o .2 1 : d m o n ly . S u d ic e I I 3 0 92 ( p i . n :

ptioninaccurate Sibrf . B 8 7 : Sibrf descriptioninaccurate .

mintanddate incorrectly recorded.

dinar.

eatedinrm( engrav ingerror .

r in o m S i br f. V 1 6 1 ( U V ) .

9-dinar.

F .

( U V , P G A V , 2 ot he rs . B M V 2 4 2 5( 2 s p . . B N I I 5 77 :d at eg iv en

earasappears. MA 525. KMI I 5 6 . C erda372: description

5 , n o . 15 1 ( 2 s p. : f or i U i nr m ( e r ro r ) , S i b R F ( e rr or ) .

ny . Ma r ko v : p . 9 1 n o . 22 2 3 ( 2 s p . : d m o n ly . L : h e di v ia l p . 32 9 .

inaccurate .

dinar.

3 ( U V , P G A V 3 sp . 1 o th er , 1 6 4 ( A H , P G A V ) : da te fa ul ty .B M V 1 :

grav ingerrorforthisyearasj i i> appears 27( 2sp. ? ) . B NI I 579.

er da 3 75 : de sc ri pt io n in co mp ie te . Sp in k ( r 9 ) 4 6 5 1 ( 1 90 1 6 8 3 79 ( 1 90 2

u di ce I I 3 0 93 . B 8 7 9 ( p i .x 1 n .

dinar. P la te I

2 s p. P G A V 3 sp . . B M V 2 9 ( p i. 1 . B N I I 5 0 .M A5 27 ( 3 s p. . K M I I

i n o M. C on d p . 2 79 ( p i . 1n n o . 5 : s e ve r al s l i gh t e rr o rs . L o n g p er i er : D

thheirTashfin( error . C erda37 : descriptionincompiete .

dinar.

i n w hi c h re p la c es

i n ( e n gr av in g er r or ? ) . V 1 6 6 ( P G A V ) . M A 52 : a s2 1 , c or re ct ed

descriptionincompiete .

22-dinars.

nar.

, 2 o th er s , 1 59 3 ( A V ) : — - a t en d of r m. M A4 93 . F l ei sc he r p. 3 7 ( p i . :

n o l et t er b r f . Se n te n ac h ( p i . x v 1 n o . 1 : n o l e t te r b r f.

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



oryofL ateMedievalNorthA f rica

nar.

nar.

V , 1 o th er . B N I 5 1 : no l et te r b rf . Co ls on p .2 42 ( 4 s p. : d m o nl y. D : o ri ch s

th o lo ma e i 6 1 . C er d a 3 1 : d m o n ly . So t he b y 3 1 : d m o n ly . B 8 6 2

oninaccurate no letterbrf .

nar.

V , 1 o th er . B N I I 5 2 : no l et te r b rf . K M I I 5 91 : no l et te r b rf . L o ng pe -

n ly . Co l so n p . 24 2 ( 4 s p . : d m o n ly .

- d i na r .

N I I 5 3 : u- b r f. M A 49 4. D : G ar ci a 6 0 3 : ^ b r f.

nar.

5 4 ( p i. 1 n : ^ b R F . C o ls on p . 24 2: d m o nl y.

2-dinar.

) . L o n gp r i er : D p . 43 0 : d m o n l y. C o ls o n p. 2 4 2 ( 2 s p . : d m o n ly . D . G ar c ia

m( e r ro r ? ) . C er d a 3 3 : d m o nl y .

h-512-dinar.

M A 4 95 . Co l so n p .2 4 2 ( 2 s p . : d m o n l y.

-dinar.

r m ( e n g ra v in g e rr o r .

P G A V ) . B N I I 5 5 ( p i .1 v , 5 6 ( 2 sp . : S b rf .L o n gp er ie r: Z 1 p. 43 0: d m on ly .

: d m o nl y . Ca b al l er o p . 1 : d m o n ly S b r f. M ar k ov : p . 9 0 n o . 12 :

105( pi. n : S~ brf . 020 2: misread identifiedf romimpression

-dinar.

- d i na r .

A V , 1 o th er . B N I I 5 7 : S br f. L o n gp r ie r :D p . 4 30 : d m o n ly . Co ls on p .2 42

Ca b al l er o p . 1 : d m o nl y i S b r f . 0 20 3 : m is r ea d i d en t if i ed f r om

alster. B 8 6 4( pi. x iv : datereadas507( correctedf rompiate ,

piete.

-dinar.

d monly . Wey l: G" 95: d monly .

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



Gold

oo-dinar.

8 6 0 ( p i . x 1 n : n o l et t er b r f d e sc r ip t io n i nc o rr e ct .

nar.

. . C on d e p. 2 7 ( p i . 1n n o . 4 : s l i g ht l y mi s re a d n o l et t er b r f . L o n g pe r ie r . D

rienta lp. 235: incorrectlydescribed no letterbrf . C aballerop. 17.

inar.

C ab a ll e ro p . 1 7.

nar.

C ab a ll e ro p . 1 7.

5oo-dinar. ^ ^

lineofw hichischangedto4ll.

ar.

: f or - i i n r m ( m i sp ri nt ? ) . B N I I 5 8 : n o l et te r b rf m in t gi ve n as

sp r in t . L o n gp e ri e r: D p . 43 0 : d m o n l y. R i v e r o: M 1 04 ( p i . n .

ar.

o t he r . W e y l :G 1 1 94 : d m o n ly . Ma r ko v : p . 9 0 n o . 11 : d m o n ly .

-dinar.

. C ol s on p . 2 42 : d m o nl y . B 8 6 1 : d es c ri p ti o n in a cc u ra t e.

- dinar.

o n gp e ri e r: D p . 4 3 0 : d m o nl y . Co l so n p . 24 2 : d m o n ly .

-dinar.

p . F C A V 2 s p. . B N I I 5 9 : no l et te r b rf . K M I I 5 94 : mi nt g iv en a s

) n o l et t er b r f . Co l so n p . 24 2 : d m o n ly . Ce r da 3 2 : d m o n ly . F i g a ni e r

3.

-dinar.

o n gp e ri e r: D p . 4 3 0: d m o nl y . C: Mo n ed a s p. 3 1 : d m o n ly . B 8 7 4 : S b rf

-dinar.

M V 1 9 :U a o f l X I b r f. B N I I 5 90 :U a o f S i( g iv en as J ) 6 r f. MA

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0




- d i na r .

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p i- 1 .

ar.

10 3 0 1 31 9 1 31 71 1 31 95 ( 4 s p. . V 2 0 1 ( A H , A V 4 s p. . P 4 a .B M V

7 s p. . M A6 7 0 ( 3 s p. . K M I I 6 9 3 . Ca st ig li on i 24 4 ( p i . x ) . F r a eh n: i p . 6 2 3

rcia6130. D: orichs4721. C erda424: descriptioninade uate.

o . 3 ( p i . v1 . W e y l : 6 4 9 4 ( 4 s p . . C : T r at a do p . 22 2 n o . 5 ( p i . x x n .

nap. 101 no . 1. Mark ov. p. 93 no . 2: mintless notdescribed.

a r ab a c e k 92 0 . S: B e y r am 2 9 0. S : Ci s ca r 3 - 3 ( p i . 1: 3 ) ( 3 s p . .

ap. 5 4. C odrington H. : C ey lonp. 15 . R ivero: M133( pi. 1n . Spink

eu I I 2 0 ( p i . x v ni n o. 2 . T ho rb ur n.

a lf d i na r .

f^ a il

o v

- V

l — O o iwl

. P 5 ( p i . 1 . C e rd a 4 25 : d es c ri p ti o n in a de u a te . B 11 0 0 ( p i . x v i , 1 1 0 1

p i. 1 v n o .1 3 .

2 . P 4c . B N I I 7 2 5 ( p i . v1 . D : o ri ch s 47 20 . Sp in k ( 1 9 01 6 8 3 4 4 - 8 3 4 ,

95 4 5 ( 7 s p . . S :W h i t e 21 4 .

ah-dinar.

p . 24 5 ( f i g. : j p re ce di ng m in t ( e r ro r ? ) .

dn

4 - 11 4

in ar

a w d a l - i r d s e d . To r nb e rg p . 1 37 l i ne 2 1 n o te s c oi n s of t h is

e lbearingthe inscriptionnoted butdoesnotspecifymeta lorsty le

o linesorevenintoobverseand reverse.Asnospecimenshave

ollections thisreconstructionistentative.

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0




b i bn - u s uf I

4 - 11 9 9

ar.

u * - > R F i iiil < ul y , ^ li l

O c u ll^ l *

y% V l all V — j u j < I I ^ I j

M V 9 9.

bledinar.

S A 1 31 75 . V 20 6 ( A V ) . P 6 a ( p i. 1 . B M V 1 0 0 1 0 1 ( 2 s p . . B N I I 7 2 9.

p. 539( 2sp. : osslightlymisread. Grotefendp. 242( f ig. : crossso ldered

1 5 , n o . 1 : j £ f o r ^ i n 3 rd o s ( e r ro r . W e y l : 6 4 9 5 ( 2 s p . :

d. Wey l: G1225: descriptionincompiete . Laguminap. 102 no . 2.

scriptionuncertain maybe502. H o lu749: a . omittedf rom3rdrs

1 6 8 3 7 3. J . G ol d 1 5 ( 2 s p . . D i e u l af o yp . 57 ( 1 4 0 sp . : d e sc r ip t io n i na c cu r at e .

: m intless notdescribed. S:B ey ram291: " variant , maybe502. Spink

ess notdescribed. R ivero : M134( pi. 1n . B 1103-1123(21sp. : descrip-

( p i . 1v n o .1 2 .

bledinar.

tedf rom2ndtostarto f3rdlineofR F .

1 03 ( 2 s p. . K M I I 6 9 4 ( p i .I V ) , 6 9 5 ( 2 s p. . L : Mu wa hh id sp .1 59 n o. 2 3

£ fo r i n 3r d o s ( e r r or . S : W h i te 2 1 6 . B 1 1 02 ( p i . x v 1 : d e sc r ip t io n i n-

.

dinar.

no . 4 5( 2sp. : itseemsimprobablethattheseco insw ere intendedas

dinar.

F i ii i.

. J * . — * " C * y \ j < + \

smisread. P 7: 4thosmisread. Wey l: G122 : descriptionincompiete .

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



1dGold

madibn- a q ub

91-1199

mmadibn- a q ilb

99-1213

uallyascribedtothiskha lifah w erestruck by ' A bd-al-Mu min

o ub l e di n ar .

02.

— O ^ j l l j y > \

a.

no b sc u re i n p ia t e. M a te u I p . 4 3 ( p i . x x x v 1 n o .8 ) : g i ve n a s 50 ( d i sp r ov e d

ure inpiate .

o ub l e di n ar .

1125( 2sp. : descriptionincompiete piatepartly il legible includingmint.

o ub l e di n ar .

( A V ) . P 8 a . B N I I 7 3 2: i i ii l f or U t l a . i n 3 r d os ( e n gr a vi n g er r or ,

MI I 6 9 . Sotheby3 8 : mintless notdescribed. R ivero: ^ 4p. 24

1 12 - 11 4 ( 2 1 sp . . G on a le p . 1 0 ( f ig . 29 .

f I I i b n- M uh a mm a d

2 1 3 -1 2 24

o ub l e di n ar . P l a t e I I

f asrfo f502and504.

— o ^ * ^ \

i- J .. i- i-_ j , .

^ y , — < » J L . y_ y \ C fC > ^ .

f r om 3 r d rs ( c o rr e ct e d by P r i et o , s \ f o r I y i n 4 t h r s ( e r r o r . P 1 0 b:

rs ( e rr or . B N I I 7 33 ( p i. v 1 : ^ . 1 om it te d fr om 3 rd r s j ? \ f or I y i n 4t h

mpiate .

o ub l e di n ar .

\ f or I y i n 4t h rs ( d is pr ov ed b yp ia te . S al le t p. 1 47 ( f ig . 2 . K M I I 6 9 : s \

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0




ar.

fasrfo f473and493.

O C > y \

( p i. n ( 2 s p. : a sc ri be d to Y i i s uf I . L : M uw ah hi ds p . 15 , n o. 1 p . 15 7

d t o Y i i s uf I . h : h e di v ia l p . 32 9 : as c ri b ed t o Y i i s u f I . R o d ge r s 79 2 .

al-WahidI ibn- usuf I

2 2 4 -1 2 24

b y ' A b d - A ll a h .

Allahibn- a q ub

2 2 4 -1 2 27

by ' A bd-al-WahidI

y a .

scribedtothisrulerbySpink werepresumablystruck by ' A bd-al-

am ma d : 47 3 4 7 7 4 7 .

Allahibn-Muhammad

y y a sa h

224-1229

i bn - a q u b

2 2 7 -1 2 32

b y Y a h ya .

ressionofa l-Mahdi sname

2 2 7 -1 2 30

b l e di n ar . P l a t e I I

 p A

u y c rC < j l l

X ~ y my 0 * y ^ \ j y

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



dGold

ft ^ ^ ll j ? \ — O y H \

\ & o aw — < U I J ^ p _ , .l O j U ^ I

y f or ^ ^ . 1 i n 4t h os ( c or re ct ed b yP r i e to , f or 1 i n 2n d rs ( e rr or .

f or I y l ( d i sp ro ve d by p ia te . B M V 1 0 ( p i. n : j y f or I y ( d is pr ov ed

l i n 1 s t os ( e r ro r . B 1 1 51 ( p i . x v 1 : d e sc r ip t io n i nc o mp i et e p i at e

essionofal-Mahdi sname

230-1232

bn-Muhammad

2 2 7 -1 2 3

by ' A bd-A llah

bd -a l- W a hi d I I ) .

bledinar.

y i ai l ti il j , \

U i a l

j C J > . l< j j l ^ . 1

s k i ew i c p . 2 05 : r ul e r on l y m a y be t h is c o in .

n- a q i i b

2-1232

al-WahidI I ibn- drisI

2 3 2 -1 2 42

b y Y a h ya .

orationofa l-Mahdi sname

2-1234

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0





l J , \

_ i~ j , I < J n i _ j l l

- ^ 1 1 cr .l

S J u r Ay \ — o- i l O ^ ^ i l > « l

1— < u l, J . — J J b U ll

p i . : U » f o r in l a st l i ne o f of .

ationofal-Mahdi sname

4-1242

-doubledinar.

o f o f: < * V l ^ U l ^ o ^ l l .

error?) , 1153( 2sp. : descriptioninaccurate .

-doubledinarstruck af tera. h. 635.

tioninaccurate.

ou b le d i na r . P l a te I I

g i ve n a s Ma l a a h ( e r r o r , p i a t e sh o ws o l U .

bledinar.

P 1 5 a. B M V 1 0 7 ( p i . n : o U l f o r j a U I 1 i n 1s t rs ( e rr or . B N I I 7 34 :

m4thos. Wey l: G1227: descriptionincompiete . B 1155( pi. xv1 :

piatelargelyillegible.

bn - d r is I

. 1 2 42 - 12 4

nonco innotindicated -doubledinarstruck ifm intiscorrectly

beforerevo lt.

m y \ i ii il .l

l c » y 1

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



dGold


s. P 1 ( p i . n . M A 6 7 2 : s ev e ra l e rr o rs . 0 2 10 : m a ny e r ro r s a s cr i be d

1 1 5 ( p i . x v n : p i at e p ar t ly i l le g ib l e.

oubledinar.

13e ceptlastl ine:

-V l C * ^ S j y

0y \ — a .t - ^ ~ ^

J J I J c j . i

rd r s ( e r ro r ? ) .

bledinar.

hif tedtothestarto f3rdlineof rf.

i n 3 rd r s ( e r ro r ? ) .

n- s h d

. . 1 24 - 12 6

b y I d ri s I I ) .

struck aftera.h.6 47.

tii * _ ; rf -U l j o I 1

* » < ul y ^ la l

1 -u cJ U * . y.

l < " l — " J 1 u > ^ l lj ? \

t C j l l j m


a t e nd o f 2 nd l i ne o f of .

n 3 rd l i ne o f o f ( e r r or ? ) .


f er e nc e s ( e r r or s ? ) . B M V 1 1 2. B 1 1 74 - 11 4 ( s p . : s o m e o f th e se

MadinatSabtah.Secop.4 9.

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0




bledinarstruck aftera.h.6 47.

: s e ve r al s l i gh t d if f er e nc e s ( e r r o rs ? ) . P 1 9 b: s e ve r al s l ig h t di f fe r en c es ( e r ro r s ? ) .

. n: 1 0 ) ( 4 s p. . B N I I 7 35 . MA 6 7 4 ( 3 s p. . D . G ar ci a 6 1 35 ( p i. x v 1 n o. 5

e m in t ( d i sp r ov e d by p i at e . L : M uw a hh i ds p . 1 2 n o . 1 ( p i . v 1 , p . 1 3

h ed iv ia l p. 3 29 . B 1 1 5 1 17 3 ( p i . x v n: b ot h ( 2 s p. . M at eu I p . 4 3

. 9 : g i ve n a s 53 1 ( d i s p r ov e d by p i at e .

uck af tera . h. 647.

473.

u l

m— j l l t> l _ j l l j * a

n o . 11 7 d.

narstruck aftera . H. 6 47.

a .l f or j l i n 4t h os ( e rr or . P 2 0b ( p i . 1 n . B 1 1 5 -1 1 8 ( p i. x v n : 11 5

p . 10 9 ( f i g. 3 1 .

ubledinar.

: s e ve r al s l i gh t d if f er e nc e s ( e r r o rs ? ) . P 1 9 d: s e ve r al s l ig h t di f fe r en c es ( e r ro r s ? ) .

2 s p . . R i v er o :M 1 3 ( p i . in : m i sr e ad s l ig h tl y . B 1 1 59 - 11 4 ( p i . x v n :

. x v n : 11 6 ) ( 7 s p . : d e s c ri p ti o n in a cc u ra t e.

ub l e di n ar . P l a t e I I

ng i ve n a s Ma l a a h ( e r r o r , p i at e s ho ws « W . - u l f o r .u l -l i n 3 rd l i ne o f

.

bledinar.

u \ f or j u - l j i n 3 rd l in e of o f( e rr or . P 1 a ( p i. n : - ul l fo r- ul l ( d is pr ov ed

.

bledinar.

differently:

3 rd l i ne o f of ( e r ro r ? ) . P 1 n o te : - ul l f or - u il ( e r ro r ? ) .

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



1dGold

bledinar.

G A V 3 s p . : s e ve r al s l i gh t d if f er e nc e s ( e r r or s ? ) . P 1 9 a: s e ve r al s l i gh t

. B M V 1 1 5. B N I I 7 3 , 7 3 7 ( 2 s p . . M A 6 7 3 ( n s p. . K M I I 6 9 9: . i y

( engrav ingerror . Tychsen O. : I ntroductionisp. 49. C ondep. 2 5

cyp. 537. Soret: i7134note . D. Garda613 . D . orichs4723. L: Muw ahhids

2 s p . . C :T r at a do p . 2 24 n o . 4 ( p i . x x n . M ar k ov : p . 9 3 n o . 3: m i nt l es s

90: mintless notdescribed. S: arabac ek 921( pi. n . S. Gotha9 9.

2 1 15 ( 2 s p . . B 1 1 9 - 12 0 9 ( 2 1 s p . . F i g an i er 2 7 9 ( p i ) : o s s li g ht l y

3 ( p i. x x x v i n o. 1 0 . S e co p .4 8 ( p i. x x m ( 4 s p. .

ar.

V ) : j r f or ^ l i n4 th os ( e r ro r . P 2 0a .B M X p . 9 n o. 11 7e I I 7 f( 2 s p . .

stratedunderno. 1219inpi. x vnis53 ) ( 10sp. . Thorburn.

ar.

ot e. M A6 7 : f or j * U « J | i n 3r d os ( e rr or .

a lf d i na r .

V ) . P 2 1( p i. 1 n . B M X p. 8 , n o. 1 03 k ( p i . x x i : a sc ri be d to Y a q Q b a p pa re nt ly

o s mi s re a d. B N I 7 3 ( p i . vi : y . o mi t te d f ro m 2 nd r s ( e r ro r .

M I I 7 0 0 ( p i . 1 v . D . G a r ci a 6 1 3 7 - 1 3 9 ( 3 s p . . S . Go t ha 9 9 0. B 1 2 20

de r n o. 1 2 19 1 2 20 1 2 21 ( 3 s p . : d e s c ri p ti o n in c om p le t e p i at e p ar t ly

rM1.

I i b n - Mu h am m ad

.D . I 2 6 - 2 9

5 b y ' U m a r .

bledinar.

22.

u l— 0 ^ > ll j y

^ l O A -— y \ < U | J U C ^ il a -

1 1 , 1 19 ( 2 s p. . L : M uw ah hi ds p . 1 4 n o. 1 ( p i . v1 .

o ub l e di n ar .

for-u~ in3rdand4thos.

2 . B M V 1 2 0 ( p i . n . S ot h eb y 3 90 : n ot d e sc r ib e d. B 1 2 22 - 12 2 5 ( p i - x v n .

4sp. : descriptionincompiete . Thorbum.

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0




dinar.

pt o s :

- U l i l

2 3 ( p i . 1n . M A 6 7 ( 2 s p. . D . G ar ci a 6 1 40 - 1 42 ( 3 s p. : 4 th r s mi sr ea d.

. B 1 22 - 12 2 ( p i. x v n : 12 2 ) ( 3 s p. .

vebeenstruckbytheseveralMuwahhidpretenderswho

ecadesafterthedownfa llo f thedynasty ina . h. 6 6 8 ( a . d. 12 9 .

ries

madI ibn- usuf

2 2 - 1 23

ahhidstyle probablystruck ina . h. 630 w henthisruler

emonths inthenameof the ' A bbasidk ha lif ah w how asnot

bu- a fara l-Mansuribn-Muhammad

2 2 - 1 24 2

b l e di n ar . P l a t e I I I

- .R F V | J | V

y l: G1212andS: arabac ek 92 : describedasdoubledinarsw ithlegends

pecimensof thisco in.

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



Gold

fsidsty le probablystruck atSabtahbetweena. h. 6 47and65

a bi i l - Q a s im I b r ah i m ib n -a b i l - A b ba s a l - A a f i i n t he n a me o f

ah whowasnotindividuallyidentified:

abu-A hmad' A bd-Allahibn-a l-Mansur

1 2 42 - 12 5

b l e di n ar . P l a t e I I I

ti l

l « » — < u l

l J c

u l f o r < u i n 3r d l i ne o f r f « - U f or ^ j U i n 4 t h rs ( e r ro r s c o r re c te d b y F a s me r .

i . x v 1 n o 4 : a s cr i be d t o Mu w ah h id I d r 1s I .

Spain

rrulersofTunisiaand easternAlgeria

ufiscript.

ydI ibn- A bd-al-Wahid

2 3 0 -1 2 49

hidname

0-123

( b o f - d o ub l e di n ar .

cy

- > i -

J l ^ J l * u

V l * l V — " o l « ) 1 j Q l

| ^ T U > — < ul V I < ) I ^ U >

\ j > j \ j — tul V ly y l.

m i nt o b sc u re i n p ia t e r e ad a s M ad i na t F a s ( e r ro r ? ) a s cr i be d t o th e

min.

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



ryofLateMedieva lNorthA f rica

bledinar.

. K M I I 6 8 5 . B 1 00 ( c o in i l lu s tr a te d u nd e r no . 1 00 i n p i. x v 1 i s 4 5 4 .

Mu min.

inarwithdiameterof dinar.Attributiontentative.

i a l

J l ] a > J l ^ n

^ J l ] ^ J l < ul r-

33 ( 2 s p . : s e gm e nt s l ar g el y i ll e gi b le .

uwahhidandH afaidnames

23 - 1 24 2

bledinar.

42.

2n d: — - u * U j l - ^ < u l

^ a .

< u l f or i n l as t o s ( e r r or .

n ar . P l at e I I I

F f U l ^ a l l

ul — J l « u l

1 5 9 . B 1 22 9 ( p i . x v 1 n , 1 2 3 0 ( p i . x v n 1 : 0 on l y ( 2 s p . : d e s c ri p ti o n

elyillegible.

nameonly

2 4 2 -1 2 49

- d o ub l e di n ar .

i J l i

1 2 3 3 ( p i . x v 1 n : m i nt b r f ( d i sp r ov e d by p i at e .

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



Gold1 1

-doubledinarstruck probably ina . h. 6 40.

u st r at e d un d er n o . 31 c i n pi . 1 v is 5 5 ) . D . G a r ci a 6 6 4 1 . R i v er o :M 1 4 2 ( p i . 1 n :

f - d ou bl e di na r.

o r mi n t re a d as J l ( ? ) .

bledinar.

( p i . 1 ) , 9 3 7 ( 2 s p . : i n 4 th o s ( d i s p r ov e d by p i at e . B 1 2 31 : d e-

ar.

d 4 th o s :

— < l J c

5 ( p i .1n . B N I I 9 3 . K M I I 8 5 7 ( pi .v , 8 5 ( 2 s p. . L a vo i : H p .2 0

1 : t e r m ed q u a rt e r di n ar . C ha l on p . 3 9 ( f i g. : t e rm e d q u a rt e r di n ar . W e y l: G

S a r ab a c e k 8 6 7 . Z i y a 1 7 4 ( p i . n . S . G o th a 9 91 . 0 2 11 : i n co r re c tl y

( p i . 1 . B 1 2 3 5 ( p i . x v m .

dinar.

44.

c u > \

Cf

N I I 9 3 9( p i. 1 ) , 9 4 0( 2 s p. . K M I I 8 5 9. W e yl : 6 4 9 : wr on g re fe re nc e.

n o . 1. S p in k ( 1 9 3 3 2 2 4 7 7. F . H a f s it e s 1 no t e. B 1 2 3 ( p i . x v m o o n l y r

co in i l legible , 1237( pi. xvm : diameterofdinar( 2sp. .

monythatin a.h.6 73thisrulerstruck afewgoldcoinsfor gifts

nsof2/5 and1/5ofadinar.

cco.

oubledinarstruck betw eena.h. 6 43and647byabu- A li ibn- ha las

hya ibn-Z ak ariya , ca lledI bn-a l-Shahid.

x v m : m i nt b r f ( e r ro r , i l le g ib l e in p i at e .

-dinar( Muw ahhidstyle struck ina .h. 6 40or6 41by ' A bd-Allah

h a r a i .

s r s of 5 4 5.

.

-doubledinarstruck presumablybyabu- arisibn- iinus cousin

h y a I a . h . 6 4 1 - 4 3 6 4 4 - 4 .

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0




. u in2ndos.

ribedtosiege. Secop. 4 9: mintil legible .

-doubledinarstruck presumablybyabu- A bd-AllahMuhammad

bn-al-A hmar beforea. h. 647 w henhebecameindependentasthe

nasty . P late I I I

r n o. 3 1 c n o t e d by F a s me r . B 1 2 3 2 ( p i . x v m: r o n ly .

madI ibn- ahydI

2 4 9 -1 2 77

2 4 9 -1 2 53


lll - f i— y \ J * . V I

) .

f - d in ar .

r s of 5 5 7.

: piateshow sreverseof2sp. noobverse descriptioninaccurate .

ar.

ed t o e nd o f 3 rd o s . B N I 9 4 3: j s h if t ed t o e nd o f 3 rd o s ( n o t no t ic e d

G . C .M i le s . L a v oi : H p . 2 2 ( p i . c c n n o . 1 . W e y l :G 1 2 29 : d es c ri p ti o n

ia l p. 3 2 9. S : a r ab a c e k 8 6 6 . F : H a / s 7 t s 4 p i .1 : j s h if t ed t o e nd o f 3 rd o s .

a lf d i na r .

[ f

U a t

o il

V l

. D . Garda6 6 45: descriptioninaccurate. 02117. F : H afsites4note .

u a rt e r di n ar .

oil J 2S

a.

m isread. F : H afsites4note .

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



Gold

mu minin

3-1277

f -doubledinar: ornamentedKuf iscript.

U y

J l O j | J * -. < U lJ ^ ; ^ * " — < ] l V -U s t.

U lJ * i i

p i . n . F . H a fs it es 2 ( p i . 1 . B 1 2 3 ( p i. x v m .

o f - d i na r : or n am e nt e d K u f 1 sc r ip t .

) : o fm is re ad .

ubledinar: ornamentedK uf iscript.

0 k( p i. x x 1 r on ly , 1 0 ( 2 sp . : a sc ri be dt oM uh am ma dI I . B N I I 9 4 .

tnotspecif ied ascribedtoMuwahhids. F . Hafsites3. B 1240.

nar: ornamentedK uf iscript.

1n n o .6 ) . C i mi n o p. 2 2 0 ( f i g . 30 b o tt o m: r o n ly . R i v e r o: M 1 43 ( p i . m :

dinar: ornamentedKuf iscript.

s r f of 5 2 .

notspecif ied ascribedtoMuwahhids. B 1241. 5 6 maybe5 5misread.

ydI I ibn-MuhammadI

. 1 2 77 - 12 7 9

b y I b r ah 1m I ) .

o ub l e di n ar .

f y

l — < U l ; l l

n . B 1 24 2( p i. x v n1 .

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0




d in ar .

f 5 7 .

7 .

.

m I i bn - a h yd I

2 79 - 12 3

b y Y a hy a I I

hm a d ib n -M a r u ) .

u bl e d in a r. P l a t e I I I

— o il j j laU J 1

) : l - u- o mi tt ed f ro m 2n d os ( e rr or . K M I I 8 6 0 . Ty ch se n O . p . 12 :

0 5 n o .2 : f or - u U l l i n 1 st r s ( e r ro r . 6 1 2 4 4 1 2 45 ( p i . x v m :

criptionincorrect.

arah

d l ib n - Y a h yd I I

D . 12 2 -1 2 4

1 b y I b r ah i m I ,

bd- al - A i I ,

U m a r I ) .

ub l e di n ar . P l a t e I I I

R F J ^ t

i l— J ^ i i J j ^ a A

: w ro n gl y a sc r i be d .

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



Gold1 5

A i I i bn - b ra hi m I

D . 12 3 -1 2 3

2 b y A hm ad i bn -M ar u ) .

b n - a h yd I

1 2 4 - 1 2 95

3byA hmadibn-Mar u

h ya .

-doubledinar: ornamentedK uf iscript.

fm intiscorrectlygiven thisco inmusthavebeenstruck ina . h. 6 8 3

a r I lo st B i â y a h to Y a h ya i n 6 8 4 .

oubledinar: ornamentedK uf iscript. P la te I I I

o d( p i. x x 1 . B N I I 9 4 ( p i. x ) , 9 49 ( 2 s p. . L o ng pe ri er : 4 ( p i . lv n o. 9 .

2n d r s ( e r r o r ? ) , J ^ i . f o r i n 3r d r s ( e r r o r ? ) , m i n t

s pe c if i ed a s cr i be d t o Mu wa h hi d s. L a v oi : # p. 2 5 ( p i . c c 1 n o . 3 :

G ot h a 99 2 ( p i . x n . F . H a f s it e s 5 ( p i . 1 6 ( 2 s p . . B 1 2 47 - 12 4 9

a n d R o f 1 24 i n p ia t e be l on g t o di f fe r en t s pe c im e ns ( 3 s p . : s e g m en t s of

ar: ornamentedKuf iscript.

*

2.

f o r l i n r f ( m i s pr i nt .

ya ibn- brahimI

4-1301

4 by ' U m a r I

ma d I I ) .

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0




- d o ub l e di n ar s t ru c k af t er a . h. 6 8 4 .

47.

i i i l

1 , 9 ( 2 s p. .

f -doubledinarstruck af tera . h. 68 4: ornamentedK uf iscript.

J l ^ a- l < ul ^

: a i- l f or a | j i n rf ( d is pr ov ed b y pi at e .

ubledinar: ornamentedK iif iscript.

p . 2 13 r e ad s < » i f o r < u l i n 3r d l in e o f rf .

) : p a rt l y il l eg i bl e f o r i n r f ( i l l eg i bl e i n pi a te . L a v oi : / /p . 2 6

p a rt l y il l eg i bl e a - l f or < J l i n r f ( d i sp r ov e d by p i at e .

m ad I i b n- a h yd I I

95-1309

Y ahya

) .

ubledinar.

u l .l c y l

p i. 1 ( 2 s p. .

oubledinar: ornamentedKiif iscript.

1 , 1 3 ( 2 s p . : a s 5 2 ( e r ro r c or r ec t ed b y l et t er .

d o ub l e di n ar .

f tedf romtoplineof rf toendof4thrs.

bledinar.

. 1: segmentspartly il legible ascribedtoMuhammadI .

d l id I i bn - a hy d

1-1311

MuhammadI I ,

rI ,

I ,

ar 1 ya I ) .

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



Gold1 7

i ayah

09

-mu minin

11

b r f - d o ub l e di n ar : o rn a me n te d K u f i s c ri p t. P l a t e I I I

s l y

u l— C. j « » L J l

l ll J ^ t i

: m i nt o b sc u re i n p ia t e g i ve n a s Ta r ab u lu s ( e r ro r .

ibn- A bd-al-R ahmdn

9-1309

y K h a l id I ) .

I I i b n- a h yd

o-134

halidI ,

I ,

I I ,

n-Abi-Bakr

a-Wahid .

i ayahandQ usan^ inah

0-131

f - d ou b le d i na r .

thoughosmaydif fer.

o . 3: j o u ll f o r j u ^ l l i n 3r d r s a r e pe a te d b ef o re J \ i n r f ( e r ro r s ) ;

c

f - d o ub l e di n ar .

i * > _ f

l omittedf rom4ths.

dl — V l

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_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



oryofLateMedieva lNorthA frica

. x ) : o s l ar g el y i ll e gi b le p i at e d oe s n ot s h ow O O j l l r ep o rt e d at e n d of

e di n ar .

2.

J * < ul J * — < u l

— < al a [ ? ]

j * a ^ _ — O j ^ l lO l

poorspecimenof5 1or5 2misread.

na r .

y

^ ll

-mu minin

1 - 1 34

F a n d b r f - d ou b le d i na r .

5 2 .

l l

c — ^ J l ^

< al < ] l V

j T ^ l

< J I |

) , 9 55 -9 57 ( 4 s p. . L a v oi : i/ p .2 8 ( p i. c c 1 n o. 4 : d es cr ip ti on i nc om pi et e.

o f - d ou b le d i na r .

o f - d o ub l e di n ar .

o tatedcounter-clock wise90degrees.

: descriptionincompiete .

b r f - d ou bl e di na r.

2 s p. . K M I I 8 6 3 : fo r j > w l in 3 rd r s r s di vi de d di ff er en tl y ( e r ro rs ? ) .

.

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



Gold

b r f - d ou bl e di na r.

n , 2 1 ( 2 s p . : m i nt a b ov e 3 rd l i ne o f r f ( d i s pr o ve d b y pi a te , r s a s rs o f 5 4

-doubledinarstruck af tercapitulationina . h. 735.

s h if t ed f r om 2 n d to s t ar t o f 3r d O S .

1n : o s a s os o f 5 4 ( d i sp r ov e d by p i at e .

o u b le d i na r .

9 ( 2 s p. : a sc ri be d to B i â y a h. 0 21 1 ( p i. v 1 : ^ ^ l l f or J b ^ l l in 2 nd r s ( d i s-

a f s i te s 2 4- 2 9 ( p i . 1 n: 2 ) ( 6 s p . .

o ub l e di n ar .

J ^ l f o r J j l -l i n of ( m is pr in t ? ) .

ar.

f 5 3 .

3 .

5 ^ 1 l

j l l

o t( p i . x x 1 .

dinar.

f 5 3 .

v> l

x ) . F . H a f si te s 31 -3 5 ( p i . m: 3 1 ( 5 s p . .

I ibr1-A hmad

131

yKhalidI

k r I I ) .

bledinar.

R F \ > f y

u e ll

l ^ U ) l

i n , 1 7( 2 sp . .

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0




ar.

R F

ct M1

j v i I

rge ly il legible .

m ad I I i b n- Z a k a ri y a I

23

bu-B ak rI I

madibn-Abi-B ak r .

bledinar.

F 

[ ? ] ^ . V l

]

. x 1 : a s cr i be d t o Mu h am ma d V , p a rt l y il l eg i bl e .

madibn-Abi-Bakr

1330

bu-B ak rI I ,

I I ,

a-Wahid .

n-Abi-B ak rI

1325

bu-B ak rI I andMuhammadibn-A bi-B ak r .

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



Gold

al-Wahidibn-Z ak ariya I

32

bu-B ak rI I

madibn-Abi-B ak r .

i b n -A b i- B a k r I I

-1347

yA hmadI ) .

bledinar.

a i

. 1n : o s a s os o f 5 4 ( d i sp r ov e d by p i at e .

gh t h di n ar .

x ) .

d I i b n- A bi - B a k r I I

-134

y ' U m a r I I ) .

d l ib n -A b i- B a k r I I

-1350

A bd-al-R ahmanandMuhammad .

mu mininatB i ayah

-1349


i il l ^ - U l y

; l

n .

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0




-doubledinar.

. 1v . B 1 2 52 b i s ( p . 2 7 1 : m o n ly . A sh m ol e an .

mu mininatTunis

0-1350

ubledinarstruck ina . h. 750or751.

. R F J ^ i l ^ U l y

7.

< ul J c J i ^ d i

s u nc e rt a in J * i i f or ^ i n 2 nd r s ( e r ro r ? ) .

a lf d i na r .

l

< U l yi

.

ahmanibn-Muhammad

1355

l- adl

m I I ) .

rf -doubledinar.

a i y _\

u J * , — j ) l < ul ^

l ] — [ ? ]

j A ] — [ ? ]

illegible.

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



Gold

madibn- ahyd

7 a D . 1 34 - 13 52 1 3 0 -1 3 6

l- adl

m I I ,

ad I I ) .

-1352

oubledinar.

.R F \

n : o b sc u re i n p ia t e a s cr i be d t o Mu h am ma d I I .

ence

0 -1 3 6

d of 1 s t rs B i a y ah ( a t s ta r t of 2 n d rs - d o ub l e di n ar . P l a t e I I I

. j ^ l X ^ k

f j \ sA a.

^ l l j y

( mint — o ui v

p i . x 1 : a . i n 4t h r s ( a p p a re n tl y d is p ro v ed b y p ia t e , w r on g ly a s cr i be d .

i c c n n o . 4 .

m I I i bn -A bi -B a k r I I

3 5 0- 1 3 9

A bd-al-R ahman

a d

-7 70 b yA hm ad I I ) .

-doubledinar.

U 1 ' J ^ 1

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0




p i. x i : a .b ef or e J * ^ i n 3r d li ne o fr f ( e r ro r ? , b lu rr ed i n pi at e , < u l < a t e nd

piate . F . Hafsites41: y \ forj ltw ice in3rdlineof rf segments


v : y for^ ltw ice in3rdlineof rf segmentspartly il legible .

o u b le d i na r .

: r s r ot a te d c ou n te r cl o ck wi s e 90 d e gr e es ( d i sp r ov e d by p i at e y _ f o r l

p ia teseemstohavey for^ ltw ice in3rdlineof rf .

tw ice in3rdlineof rf .

ubledinar: ornamentedKuf iscript.

b ef or e j l i n 3 rd l in e of r f ( e r ro r ? ) .

dI I ibn-Muhammad

79 a . d. I 3 5 4~ 1 3 5 7. 1 3 0 - 13 9 4

b y M uh a mm ad

b y I b r ah im I I ,

I ) .

357

o u b le d i na r .

l y \

. ) , 9 5 ( 2 s p. : as cr ib ed to al - a d l.

ence

1 3 0 - 13 9 4

o ub l e di n ar . P l a t e I I I

J J f ^ U ly_\

.

l J c j T yl l

. x ) : ^ l o m i t te d f ro m 2n d l in e o f rf ( e n gr a vi n g er r or , a s cr i be d t o al - a d l.

p i. c c n n o. 3 : ^ l o mi tt ed .

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



Gold

d l id I I i b n- b ra hi m I I

9-1370

A hm a d I I ) .

A i I I i bn -A hm ad I I

4-1434

f -doubledinarw ithdiameterofha lfdinar.

_ yi - ue ^ j l i y

< u lJ J ^ d ll

— « & \ J a- iy a U i l

v : segmentsil legible.

b r f - d o ub l e di n ar .

shif tedf rom2ndtostarto f3rdlineof rf .

v : m intuncerta ininpiate w hichshows^ lfory \ in3rdlineof rf .

oubledinar.

v .

oubledinar.

x 1 : m in t po or ly e ng ra ve d. L a v oi : H p . 2 71 ( p i. c c 1 n o. 5 n ot a s gi ve n

scriptionincompiete .

oubledinar.

0 . rf a s r f of 6 1 1 .

— ^ J \ J * J \ t il l( * _ >

> * ] j j yl

: 1 s t an d 2 nd r s m is r ea d .

d i na r

. l i y

V

._ ^ ll

n : j i U ) | f or j i U I l i n2 nd rs ( e r ro r . M ar sd en 3 0 ( p i .x x 1 : mi sr ea d

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0





a s os o f 5 2 .

v : m intreadasa l-Hammah( disprovedbypiate , segmentspartly

-doubledinarw ithdiameterofdinar.

erle f t: ronly maybethisco in onotshownordescribed rslargely

9( pi. v , 50( 2sp. : segmentslarge ly il legible.

brf - doubledinarw ithdiameterofhalfdinar.

1 : a s 6 1 1 ( a p pa r en t ly d i sp r ov e d by p i at e .


. 1v : s e gm e nt s p ar t ly i l le g ib l e a s 6 1 1 ( d i sp r ov e d by p i at e .

- d i na r .

shif tedf rom3rdtostarto f4thrs.

v .

r f - d i na r .

v : m intil legible inpiate segmentslarge ly il legible.

na r .

to fdoubledinar 53 54( 3sp. : #addedtoendof2ndlineof rf

.

narw ithdiameterofha lfdinar.

ntslargely il legible .

rw ithdiameterofha lfdinar.

ne o fo f: < u l J j L \ j .

o fofanda llsegmentsil legible maybeapoorspecimenof6 23misread.

lfdinarw ithdiameterofquarterdinar.

5 . R F ^ J i y l

54 ( p i . x 1 ) : p i at e i ll e gi b le .

a lf d i na r .

s r f of 6 1 5 .

15.

5.

1 : m i sr e ad c l ip p ed a s cr i be d t o Sh a ri f s.

inarw ithdiameterofq uarterdinar.

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



Gold177

. i y

.

yapoorspecimenof6 25misread.

madI ibn-Muhammad

34-1435

oubledinar. A ttributiontentative .

* < u l j u s y

d t o Mu h am m ad I . L o n gp e ri e r: . 4 ( p i . l v n o .n . L a v oi : / / p. 2 2

osnotgiven reconstructedf rompiate ascribedtoMuhammadI . B lancard

ea d a s cr i be d t o Mu h am ma d I .

A bd -a l- A i I I

435-1452

b y ' U t h ma n .

f - d o ub l e di n ar .

y \

4.

< u l J c j O ^ l -

o . 12 : o s t en t at i ve l y re c on s tr u ct e d fr o m pi a te u ^ j i j * \ g i ve n f or

probablyerror.

ibn-Muhammad

43 5 -1 4 8

b y' A li .

y le ,

- d ou bl e di na r.

j y f j > l

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0




4.

v : segmentslarge ly il legible.

- doubledinar.

. r f as r f of 6 2 .

. — J \ j f J \ o il | * >

oi lV I < ) l V

— J c j ^ d l

j b U J l o i l

: j f i o j j f m t o p li n e of r f . F : H a f s it e s 57 ( p i . v : s e gm en t s il l eg i bl e

b r f - d i na r .

mentslarge ly il legible m intuncerta in j f . f o rintoplineof rf

thtentative . F : Hafsites5 : 1stosstarts^V l( misprint

ce d by l e tt e r m i nt u n ce r ta i n d i am e te r o f a ha l f di n ar .


. r f as r f of 6 2 .

l

O kU l l

) : j f f or j J ■ i n to p li ne o fr f.

oubledinar.

1 : s e gm e nt s c l ip p ed o f f f o r j y f . in t o p li n e of r f p i at e s ho w s tr a ce s o f mi n t.

gible si enotindicated slightlymisread ascribedtoMarinid.

oubledinar.

e c e pt o f a s o f o f 6 0 1 .

gible slightlymisread ascribedtoMarinid.

narw ithdiameterofha lfdinar.

en t s il l eg i bl e .

na r .

0 . rf j j f y

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



Gold

h a l fd i na r .

0 . rf a s r f of 6 3 5 .

v : o s s ta r ts < u d i l l ( n o t vi s ib l e in p i at e .

ylewith4-linerf

b r f - d ou b le d i na r : mo d if i ed K u f 1 sc r ip t . P l a t eI I I

. rf O j ^ l l j ? \

\ . on p-

< U I V l < ) l V J U * .

u J c j f y dl

1 : s e gm e nt s p ar t ly i l le g ib l e f o r i n 3r d l in e o f rf . K M I I 8 6 1

rtly il legible .

b r f - d ou b le d i na r : mo d if i ed K u f i sc r i pt .

shif tedtostarto f4thlineof rf.

gr av in g er ro rs j f f or j j l - in 3 rd l in e of r f. W e yl : " 6 7 4 4 ( p i . x l n ( 2 s p. :

softhiscoinmisread.

with4-line ofandrf

ndbrf -doubledinar.

l lj m tii

« u < J

: j * * f o r - o l i n 4 t h li n e of r f ( d i s p r ov e d by p i at e , 1 s t rs s t ar t s < u l

nd 6 r f - d o ub l e di n ar .

uc y

o U ic

« J ._ I

\ < U I O ^ u l J U ~ , ^ < U I

— < u

1 : j ) . I f or ^ 1 i n 3r d li ne o fr f ( p i at e se em s to s ho w ^ 1 .

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0




yd I I I i b n- M uh a mm a d

8 - 14 9

b y ' A b d - al - Mu m i n .

al-Mu minibn- brahim

4 9 - 14 9 0

by Y a h ya I I I ) .

I I i bn - a hy d I I I

4 9 o -1 4 94

hammadV ibn-al-Hasan

152

oubledinar.

u ^ a ^ j 1 .l

l

]

j T dl

1 : 4 th r s gi ve n as < u l V l < l V ( d is pr ov ed b yp ia te .

ubledinarw ithdiameterofdinar.

F J U s t < i ll J - cj i

ne o f o f un c er t ai n .

lfdinar. A ttributiontentative . P late I I I

F U - y_ \

s.

p i. x 1 .

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0






-doubledinar. A ttributiontentative .

R F 0 1J & \

s ll J ^ l l

u -J c o il — 4> * o p- i

01 V — o ^ l ^ l l ^ l

— > V l J j V l y

v , a s cr i be d t o Ma r in i ds .

n I i b n- a g hm u rd s an

2 3 - 13 0 4

ibn- UthmdnI

4-130

b n- U t h m d n I

30 - 1 31

st r s T i li m sa n ( 2 n d rs - d o ub l e di n ar . P l a t e I V

^ 0

1 y

i l

I v _i ^

* a i O i l

— 4 l ^ l

o c y

U - v

ae gh t v. V I I , p . 6 6 ( f ig . . B e r ch em p .3 2 , n o . 1 2 ( 2 s p. : 4 l s hi ft ed

s(error? ) . B 1323( pi. xx n underno. 1322 : ascribedtoMarinids

as( error , segmentsil legible apparently thisco inmisread 1395

2sp. ? ) .

ahmanI ibn-MusdI

31 - 1 33 7

rs T il imsan( 2ndrs -doubledinar.

\ o il p- > R F oi l j * \

il j c j T yl l

j r ^

w uu i- ll j m

o il .u J

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



1dGold

strs T il imsan( 2ndrs -doubledinar. A ttributionverydoubtful.

R F p > . \ J \ < ul

^ u < U j S l l

l^ . ? ]

C ^ l l j r v. l

t. « -

u lL » i il

l a st l i ne o f r f st a rt s < u l ( e r ro r , f o r in 4 t h li n e of r f

1 on : l as t l in e o f rf s t ar t s « u J ^ l } ( e r r or . S o re t : 13 7 ( p i . n : s e gm e nt s

a st l i ne o f r f st a rt s < u l j f L ( e r ro r . B 1 3 9 ( p i . x x v : l a st

f j j r ( e r ro r , f o r c : i n 4 th l i ne o f r f ( e r r or . T h or b um .

rs J a a ir( 2ndrs -doubledinar. A ttributionverydoubtful.

n I I i b n- A b d- a l- R a h m an

-1352

ughY ahyaI bn- ha ldunsayshestruck go ld.

ibn- A bd-al-R ahman

1352

i b n- u s uf

13 9

yMuhammadibn- U thmanI I

b d- al -R a h ma n I I ) .

r s T i li m sa n ( 2 n d r s - d o ub l e di n ar . P l a t e I V

\ < U | ^ J , R F < ul -U C y

j T il

j v U l < - J

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0




D e m ae gh t v. V I I , p . 6 9 ( f ig . . B e r ch em p .3 2 , n o. 3 .

rs T il imsan( 2ndrs -dinar. Attributiontentative .

o i l- lc

, J

oi lL , U

p . 7 1 ( f i g. .

bn- U thmanI I

0 - 13 7 7

y Mu s a I I ) .

ahmdnI I ibn-MusdI I

3 7 - 13 9 3

b y Mu sa I I ) .

s T il imsan( 2ndrs -doubledinar.

l c j . ^

: descriptionincompiete div isioninto linesandsegmentsnotindicated

frompartlyillegiblepiate nameofruleruncertain ascribedto

i b n- A b d- a l- R a h m an I I

93

s u fi bn -M us d I I

3-1394

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



ntdGold

I ibn-MusdI I

3 9 4 -1 3 99

rs T il imsan( 2ndrs -doubledinar.

ul ol R F < ul j » \ j p

J c < u l

oplineof rf (m isprint?) .

AllahI ibn-MusdI I

3 9 9 -1 4 02

inatTilimsan-doubledinar.

0 * 1 R F M . + cf

il <ul » aI c J J l

x n : a s cr i be d t o Mu h am ma d V , r f m is r ea d .

ma d I I i b n- M us d I I

402-1411

r s T i li m sa n ( 2 n d r s - d o ub l e di n ar . P l a t e I V

- » J K F < u l^

— »

< u l( J * ,

u < -

.1

. x x n : b ot h ( 2 s p . : p i at e p ar t ly i l le g ib l e o s m is r ea d a s cr i be d t o Ma r in i ds .

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0




st r s T i li m sa n ( 2 n d rs - d o ub l e di n ar .

« B | J l cy < j t-

l ^ . J l < u l

i n 4 th r s ( m i sp r in t ? ) .

r s T i li m sa n ( 2 n d r s - d i na r .

u l j l c ^

J U a w

J l < u ^

< l lJ c j u w

29( f ig. : severa lslighterrors.

a h m dn I I i b n- M uh a mm a d I I I

ndR S -dinar. A ttributiontentative .

i . x 1 n : 4 t h li n e of r f u nc e rt a in .

- Mu s a I I

411-1411

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



dGold1 7

hidibn-MusdI I

3 1 - 3 3 a .D . 1 4 1 1 -1 4 24 1 4 2 - 1 43 0

rs T il imsan( 4thrs -doubledinar.

F \

- J \ J L £

>

o n i nt o l in e s an d s eg m en t s no t i nd i ca t ed i y r a f o r j u j I I ( e r ro r .

s t r s T i li m sa n ( 2 n d rs - d o ub l e di n ar . P l a t e I V

a s. j , \ ^

s t r s T i li m sa n ( 2 n d rs - d o ub l e di n ar .

\ < u 1

4 I J c j u

T / ll i n 2 nd l i ne o f r f ( m i s pr i nt ? ) . B 1 3 97 ( p i . x x v u n nu m be r ed : d e -

atepartlyillegible.

s t r s T i li m sa n ( 2 n d rs - d o ub l e di n ar .

f 6 6 0 .

. O i l

u r o

2 ( f ig. : severa lslighterrors ascribedtoMuhammadV .

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0




madI V ibn- A bd-al-R ahmanI I

3 3 - 3 4 a .D . 1 4 2 4 -1 4 2 , 1 4 30 - 14 3 1

n d rs T i li m sa n ( 3 r d r s - d o ub l e di n ar . P l a t e I V

a-c^ . l

m in t

2 ( p i . v . R i v e r o: M 1 45 ( p i . 1n : s e ve r al s l i gh t e rr o rs . B 1 3 99 ( p i . x x v :

piatelargelyillegible.

t h r s - d i na r .

F - U :y

l

-

.

d I i b n- M us d I I

1 4 31 - 14 2

n d rs T i li m sa n ( 3 r d r s - d o ub l e di n ar .

i i l J u e y

u _ l j wl

J \ o s ^ s .

. .

-doubledinar.

nl x c y

gible probablyapoorspecimenof6 6 5misread.

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



N1D Gold

2 nd r s T i li m sa n ( 3 r d a n d 4t h r s - d i na r .

R F ^ » T I l

: segmentslarge ly il legible inpiate .

adinatT il imsan-dinar. P la te I V

- Cf R F < U | j u s l^

u . ll j y

w hichendsin< ul.

n : 4 t h li n e of r f - w U l ^ l ( e n gr a vi n g er r or .

2 nd o s T i li m sa n ( 3 r d os - h a lf d i na r .

t il la i

6 5 .

*

p . .

madV ibn-Muhammad

. . 1 4 2 - 14 8

ndos T il imsan( 3rdand4thos -ha lfdinar. A ttributiontentative .

sy

. x m : m ar g in s i nt e rc h an g ed ( e r ro r m i nt l a rg e ly i l le g ib l e a s cr i be d t o

I I .

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0




ahmdnI V ibn-MuhammadV

1 4 8 - 14 8

madV ibn-MuhammadV

4 8 - 1 50 5

madV I I ibn-MuhammadV I

151

o fA ragonaf tera . h. 91 (a . d. 1512 .

ibn-MuhammadV I

ttoman

4a.D . 151 -151 , 1517-151

M ii s a I I I ) .

I ibn-MuhammadV

pain

152 .

A hm a d I I ) .

AllahI ibn-MuhammadV

540

O ttoman

-1535

ttomansultan

52 0 -1 5 6

rs ( m intin3rdrsillegible presumablyTil imsan -doubledinar.

R F p - \ J \ U ll « ~ J

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



dGold

55.

— ( m in t

en t s pa r tl y i ll e gi b le j , \ f o r ^ 1 i n 4 th l i ne o f r f ( e r r or , a s cr i be d t o

: hedivialp.329:segmentspartlyillegible ascribedtoSulayman

rieto(p. 8 6 toanunidentifiedvassa lo f theZ iyanids.

pa in

5-1540

m ad V I I I i b n- A b d- A ll a h I I

1540-1543 1543-1543

O ttoman

43

ttomansultan

52 0 -1 5 6

rs T i li m sa n ( 3 r d r s - d o ub l e di n ar . P l a t e I V

ro f 6 7 0 .

J » I

p i . x n : f o r ^ 1 i n 4 th l i ne o f o f an d o f rf ( d i sp r ov e d by p i at e , a s c r ib e d

AscribedbyP rietoas6 70.

pa in

3-1543

I i b n- A b d- A ll a h I I

O ttoman

.d.1543-1543.1543-1550

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0




bn- A bd-AllahI I

0-155

R S T il imsan( 3rdand4thrs -ha lfdinar.

j l

t op l i ne o f r f ( m i s pr i nt ? ) .

vebeenstruckbylocalArab andB erberrulers whilecoins

ultansandtheirlocalTurkishallies andthosestruckbySpanish

aree cludedf romthiscorpus.

rrulersofMorocco

ufiscript.

me controlledareasofvaryinge tentinSpain butno

ereported forthisdynasty.

al-Ha q I ibn-Mahyu

9 - 1 21 7

I i bn - A bd -a l- H a q I

. 1 2 17 - 12 4 0

d I i b n- A b d- a l- H a q I

2 4 0 -1 2 44

bn - A b d- a l- H a q I

1 2 44 - 12 5

fa idsty le presumablystruck by thisrulerandhissuccessor

u era inty chie flybeforethecon uesto fMarrak ushina . h. 66 8

tnamesappearbeneathofunlessotherw isespecif ied.

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



Gold193

u d 1l l

J c < ul J « » — ^ J l J * J \ 

i j c

v l L j

ism intseemsimprobable historica lly a lthoughF arrugiaaf firmsitscor-

ledinar.

< u j 3 l

U -J c < J l l— j T ) 1 < ul

u j J I ^ I j

ylk 1 — ^ V l J j V l ^

i . x x x m : n o mi n t gi v en p i at e s ee ms t o i nd i ca t e th i s mi n t w i th o ut

ubledinar.

G ar rt a 6 6 5 7. B * 3 47 ( p 1. x x i v .

dinar.

: — j u sk J c < u l

n 1s t rs ( e rr or .

nar.

a j J .

o j ^ s i n1 st rs ( e r ro r .

o ub l e di n ar . P l a t e I V

p i. v , 2 1 ( 2 s p. . B N I I 1 01 9 1 02 0 ( 2 s p . : p r ob ab ly t hi s co in w it h os

ey l: G1215. S: arabac ek 924. B 1349 1352-1355( pi. x x 1v :

atedunderno. 1349inpi. x x misH 10 ( 5sp. .

ubledinar: ornamentedK uf iscript. P la te I V

u U i l

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0




- — J \ J r \ < » i l ^

u a — < al V l <I | V j u *

—

v , 1 3 5 7 ( p i . x x 1 n u n d e r no . 1 3 1 c o in i l lu s tr a te d u nd e r no . 1 35 7 i n pi . x x 1 v

0 ( p i. x x 1 n : d es cr ip ti on i na cc ur at e ( 3 s p . .

nar: ornamentedKiif iscript.

u

\ < a

1 v u n de r n o. 1 3 57 c o in i l l us t ra t ed u n de r n o. 1 3 0 b i s is 6 9 1 : d e sc r ip t io n

i na r .

shif tedf rom3rdtostarto f4thos.

e r ro r , o s as 6 7 7 ( e rr or ? ) . B M X p . 30 n o. 2 24 a.

n os - d i na r .

nt ic al < u l V l < l l V

^ V

y o

*

ncerta in. Thisco inmustbere ected orpossiblyclassedw iththe

nar.

1 7 2 1 ( 2 s p. . B N I I 1 02 3. H 6 s t: a nd N 2 ( p i . x x x m : a pp ar en tl y

no t e. L a v oi : f f p. 2 7 3 ( p i . c c 1 n o . 6 ) : s l ig h tl y mi s re a d. B 1 3 41 1 3 42

u n de r n o. 1 3 5 1 3 59 c o in s i ll u st r at e d un d er n o . 13 4 1 1 3 42 i n p i. x x m

o r bu m .

F a s ( b o f - d o u b le d i na r .

nar.

u

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



Gold195

nar.

f 6 8 4 .

l i n 1s t rs ( e rr or .

dinar: ornamentedKf lf iscript.

.

l i n 1 st r s ( e r ro r . B N I I 1 0 24 : j s h i f te d f ro m 3 rd t o s ta r t of 4 t h rs

n ar .

J l

. . .. ■ » ■

v : descriptioninaccurate piatepartly il legible .

bledinarstruck presumably in orshortlyaf ter a . h. 6 6 8 .

134 : descriptionincomplete .

inos -dinar.

]

2sp. : descriptionincompiete . Thisco inanditsmintmustbeconsidered

oubledinar.

N I I 1 0 30 1 0 31 ( 2 s p . . D . G ar c i a6 6 5 : d e sc r ip t io n u nc e rt a in . F r a e hn : iV

eby395. S: arabac ek 923: descriptionincompiete . S.Gotha995( pi. xn .

F : H a f si te s 6 7 6 8 ( 2 s p. . B 1 29 ( p i. x x 1 , 1 2 99 ? ( p i. x x 1 : b ot h

A i w ithmintgivenasMadinatMarrak ush( disprovedbypiate ,

1 3 0 ( 3 s p . ? ) .

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0





F

P t

> ) a t e nd o f 3 rd .

l L r

1 ( p i . x x 1 v u n d er n o . 13 0 b i s c o in i l l us t ra t ed u n de r n o. 1 3 1 i n p i. x x m

.

oubledinar

atstarto f2ndlineofo f .

misread.

oubledinar.

i n w hi c h j u i s s hi f te d f ro m 3 rd t o e nd o f 2 nd s .

p i. v .


6 9 2 ( e r ro r ? ) . B N I I 1 0 2 , 1 0 29 ( 2 s p . : d e sc r ip t io n o f rs u n ce r ta i n.

v c o i n i ll u st r at e d un d er n o . 13 3 i n p i. x x m i s h a l f of 6 9 4 a n d h al f o f 6 9 ) :

ar: ornamentedK uf iscript.

m u n de r n o. 1 3 2 t o p ha l f an d n o. 1 3 3 t o p ha l f : d e sc r ip t io n i na c cu r at e

ne o fr f ( e r ro r .

n a r. P l a te I V

J d f or i n 1s t rs ( e rr or . B M V 2 24 . L : h ed iv ia l p. 3 30 . F . H a fs it es 6 9 .

u n de r n o. 1 3 72 a n d 13 7 3 ( 2 s p . il l us t ra t ed t h ou g h on l y 1 re c or d ed .

d in ar .

4b .

na r .

f 6 8 4 .

tw ith«ulshif tedf rom2ndtostarto f3rds.

1 st r s ( e r ro r . B M X p . 3 0 n o . 2 24 c : < u l f or < u i n t o p l in e o f rf ( m i s-

nil lustratedunderno. 1372inpi. xx 1v is6 95 .

dinar: ornamentedKuf iscript.

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



Gold197

J \ — oil j v-

V l O j L l i U ,

m u n de r n o. 1 3 2 b o tt o mh a lf a n d no . 1 3 3 b o tt o m ha l f .

na r .

, j * u

4g : f or < y i n 2 n d l in e o f rf ( e r ro r c o rr e ct e d by J o h n W a lk er .

alfdinar.P lateI V

I 1 0 3 - 10 3 ( 3 s p. . L : h ed iv ia l p. 3 30 .

dinar.

l

os ( m is pr in t . B N I I 1 03 5.

dinar.

\ < ul

r

4( p i. x m .

dinar.

f702.

— J l j * J \ oil

U se

4p ( p i . x x m , 2 2 4 ( 2 s p. . D o r n I I p . 6 6 , n o. 2 ( p i . 1 : o s mi sr ea d p a rt ly

x 1v : diameterofquarterdinar osuncertain. F asmerI p. 212suggests

ensof 702misread thepiateinB rethesdisprovesthis.

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0




dinar: ornamentedK iif iscript.

ilT t

described. B 13 5: diameterofquarterdinar div isioninto linesand

dinarw ithdiameterofquarterdinar.

esandsegmentsnotindicated.

u a r t er d i na r . P l a t e I V

. v . B N I 1 0 41 : d ia m et e r of e i gh t h di n ar . C on d e ( p i . n l n o . 9 . S : G o th a

ferently ( error?, impressionfurnishedbyGalsterappearstobe

s70. B 1377( co inil lustratedunderno. 1377inpi. x x 1v is70 ) .

rterdinar.

1 11

u a rt e r di n ar .

ll

1 v u nd er n o. 1 37 7 .

arterdinarw ithdiameterofe ighthdinar.

0.

rterdinar.

F j Z i

s p. .

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



Gold

thdinar.

p . .

thdinar.

o f 7 10 .

nA bi-B ak r

. . 1 25 - 12 59

b yY a q i ib .

b i bn - A bd -a l- H a q I

. . 1 25 - 12 6

b y T m ar .

Hafsidsty le l istedunderA bu-B ak r6 73-712butstruck

s chie flybeforea. h. 66 8 .

bledinar.

" J 1 | * - > .R F J * ^ j O ^ S \ j y

. l

l

I j

> » « "

, 1 2 7 4 bi s 1 2 7 4 te r ( 3 s p . : * u , f o r O J I j y

— < u di ll

a s m e r re a ds < u f o r < u l i n 4 t h rs .

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0




f ib n- a q i i b

. 1 2 6 - 1 3 07

esumablybythisruler.

oubledinar.

u d i l l

J l f o r _r a l i n 4 th l i ne o f r f ( e r r o r , d e sc r i pt i on i n co m pi e te . B M V 2 0 4:

rs ( e n g ra vi ng e rr or . B N I I 1 0 1 . K M I I 8 6 6 . B 1 3 6 : < u l fo r 4 l i n 2n d rs

1 3 6 b i s ( p i . x x m : bo th ( 2 s p. .

bof -doubledinar.

m i s r ea d a s ^ y

6 o f -doubledinar.

4thlineof rf (error , descriptionincompiete . B MV

I 8 6 5 ( p i . v : s l ig h t en g ra v in g e rr o rs . D . G a rc i a 6 6 4 7 : de s cr i pt i on

14.

-doubledinar.

plusrfasrfo f715.

d l in e .

4 l — S b

f715.

U l f o r j ^ . M i n 4t h l in e o f rf o s a s rs o f 6 7 9 a n d 71 5 ( b o t h d is p ro ve d b y

4 : descriptioninaccurate .


> 1 i s h if t ed f r om 3 r d to s t ar t o f 4t h r s a n d wi t h 4 ) l s h if t ed

.

o ub l e di n ar .

r f o s a s rs o f 6 7 9 a n d 71 5 ( b o t h e rr o rs . B M V 1 9 9: * i

o f3rdos( error .

o ub l e di n ar .

nterchanged.

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



Gold

o ub l e di n ar .

df rom3rdtoendof2ndos.

2 s p . . B 1 3 7 ( p i . x x n 1 u n d er n o . 13 4 1 an d 1 34 2 ( 2 s p . il l us t ra t ed t h ou g h

bledinar.

U | f o r ^ a l i n 4 th l i ne o f r f ( e r r or , d e sc r i pt i on i n co m pi e te . B M

bledinar.

bU\ j shif tedf rom2ndtostarto f3rdos andV f rom3rdto

bledinar.

bledinar. P la teV

hif tedf rom2ndtoendof1stos.

f ( e r ro r , o s a s rs o f 6 7 9 a n d 71 5 ( e r ro r ? ) . B M V

e di n ar .

o fo f : <ul* y fo

d4thlinesof rfnotdescribed. Thisco inisprobablyapoorspecimenof725

A bd-Allah

1 30 7 -1 3 0

dnibn- A bd-Allah

30 - 1 31 0

e uentlyascribedtothisruler arelistedunderthelater Z iyanid

I I i bn - a q u b

31

U m a r .

s A a m mi i r ( i n 1 s t l in e o f rf - d o ub l e di n ar .

< u rf < ul ( mint

| < U | J U S y

« • ^ l

u l j ? \

h a» s * } l

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0




n o . 1 5 f : J u i - l f o r in 3 r d li n e of o f .

Sabtah( in1stlineof rf -doubledinar.

12 2: descriptionincompiete.

ineof rf Si i lmasah( in2ndlineof rf -doubledinar.

s _

.

i cv

< u [ I 4 -.

n o. 1 5 h: r s pa rt ly i ll eg ib le j u I j f or 4 » l i n 3 rd l in e of o f ( e r ro r ? ) .

Si i lmasah( 2ndrs -doubledinar.

s o s of 7 2 a n d rs o f 6 7 4 .


o fR f : J . i il \ J r .l a nd r s:

a

iv e n as r s o f 72 9 ( c o rr e ct e d fr o m pi a te p a rt l y by F a s me r I p . 2 15 m i nt

Si i lmasah( in1stlineof rf -doubledinar.

a s rs o f6 7 9 a nd 7 2 .

n o . 1 5 g ( p i . x x 1 : 1 s t rs n o t de s cr i be d ( l e g i bl e o n pi a te , J u i -l f o r -u i -l i n

dbypiate . S: White21 9.

Si i lmasah( in1stlineof rf -doubledinar.

hif tedclock wise90degrees.

: descriptioninaccurate reconstructedf rompiate .

a s r s of 6 7 9 .

9 8 ( p i. x n .

i l ma s ah ( 2 n d rs - d o ub l e di n ar .

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



old

S i i l ma s ah ( 2 n d rs - d i na r .

: monly reconstructedf rompiate 4thrspartly il legible .

1stlineof rf - doubledinar.

m i nt o os ^ > >

c.

5 k: j J - j f or -u ll i n 3r d li ne o fo f ( e r ro r ? ) .

n1stlineof rf -doubledinar.

s r s of 6 7 4 a nd o s o f 72 .

p i. v m . B M X p. 1 5 n o. 1 5 m ( p i .x x 1 : j u il f o r j J - i n 3 rd l in e of o f

B N I I 9 9 ( p i. x n . S pi nk ( 1 90 2 7 95 5 .

1stlineof rf -doubledinar.

r s of 6 7 4 a nd o s o f 72 .

: descriptionincompiete reconstructedf rompiate .

s F a s ( i n 1 st l i ne o f r f - d o ub l e di n ar .

n o . 1 5 i : .d - l f o r -u l l in 3 r d li n e of o f ( e r r o r ? ) , 1 s t rs n o t de s cr i be d

y J ohnWalk er .

F as( in1stlineof rf -doubledinar.

n o. 1 5 : - ul l f o r j J » I i n 3r d li ne o fo f ( e r ro r ? ) . B N I I 9 9 0 ( p i .x n .

tdescribed div isionsnotindicated. B 127 ( pi. xx ) : reconstructed

nd1strs F as( in1stlineofo fandof rf -doubledinar.

739 presumablybyanerrorinstrik ing.

5 n.

F as( in1stlineof rf -doubledinar.

t wi t ho u t il l a t e nd o f R F a s r f of 7 2 e c e pt 5 t h li n e:

f 7 2 .

: ascribedtodateofdeath descriptionincompiete reconstructedf rompiate.

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0




F a s ( i n 2 nd r s - d i na r .

f734.

i i c y j a

5 X ( p i . x x 1 : r s p ar t ly i l le g ib l e. D o m b ay p . 7 8 : o : . ad d ed t o 3 rd r s

o ns n o t in d ic a te d . B 13 2 : J U r f o r y i n 4 th r s ( e r ro r ? ) , a s c r ib e d to ' U t h -

F a s ( i n 2 nd r s - d i na r .

42plusy atstarto f topline

f734.

oe . j a

-

st o s ( e r r o r ? ) . B N I I 99 1 : V l a t e n d of 1 s t os ( e r ro r ? ) . D e m a eg h t v. X ,

le g ib l e. B 1 2 7 ( p i . x x ) : m o nl y r e co n st r uc t ed f r om p i at e .

Marrak ush(2ndrs -dinar.

«

f734.

n o . 1 5 y : m i nt u n ce r ta i n.

inr? ) -ha lfdinar.

scribed.

V l l j

o linesandsegmentsnotindicated asnoreasonisgivenfortheascription

t h is c o in m u st b e t en t at i ve l y re e c te d .

lf d i na r .

F < ul w c

\

: d e sc r ip t io n i na c cu r at e a s cr i be d t o ' U t h ma n I 1 3 29 : ' U t h m a n om i tt e d

ed t o ' U t hm an I I I ( 2 s p. ? ) .

C r e a



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Gold

n U t h md n I I

33

U t h m a n I I

.

n - U t h m a n I I

51

U mar

.

s A a m mu r ( 2 n d os s p el t A a m wa r - d i na r .

4 11 a - l

< _ J i r j a

l — J ^ l l

J | V

n o. 2 24 c .

A a mm u r ( 2 n d o s s p el t a l- Z a m wa r - d i na r . P l a t e V *

} « u - u l l

n tl y ( e r r o r ? ) . B M X p . 3 2 n o . 22 4 f ( p i . x m u n de r n o. 2 2 4e .

s A a m mu r ( 2 n d os s p el t a l- Z a m wa r - d i na r .

l | < l | V

a

n o . 22 4 e ( c o i n i ll u st r at e d un d er n o . 22 4 e in p i . x x m i s 7 47 : V l J j V l > »

swithNasridinscription

edefeatatTarifa ina . h. 740( a . d. 1340 .




Si ilmasah( 2ndrs -doubledinar.

50.

o ub l e di n ar . P l a t e V

o s of 7 4 9.

2 07 ( p i . v: 2 0 5 ( 3 s p . : o s wr o ng l y re p or t ed .

F a s ( 2 n d r s - d o ub l e di n ar .

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



Gold207

< u1 U —

M V 20 .

o ub l e di n ar .

u I

d in ar .

F O il J ai L \

01 V l V

l

j l i l p -

in 1 s t os ( e r ro r . B 1 3 5 , 1 3 59 ( c o in s i ll u st r at e d un d er n o . 13 5 a n d

8 2 ( 2 s p . . T h is c o in m ay b e 7 5 a m i sr e ad .

- d in ar .

ftedf rom3rdtoendof2ndO S.

le gi b le . B 1 3 43 1 3 44 ( p i . x x m : b ot h ( 2 s p . : d e s c ri p ti o n in a cc u ra t e

ar.

U l f or j - a l i n 1s t os ( e rr or . B M X p . 2 9 n o . 22 3d ( p i. x x m . B 1 3 3 :

fdinarw ithdiameterofdinar.

u l i al i l

j u. <ul ^ * — | * ^ - I D * " - " o il

* A < U I V l< ) V

rs ( e r ro r . B M X p . 3 0 n o . 2 23 c

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0




withZ iyanidinscription

hecon uesto fT il imsanina . h. 737(a . d. 1337 .

b o f - d o ub l e di n ar s t ru c k in a . h. 7 4 o r 7 49 .

u

foremint. B 1340( pi. xx m : descriptionincompiete mintgivenas

apparently thismint piate large ly illegible .

b of -doubledinarstruck betweena. h. 737and749. P lateV

mint.

oubledinarstruck ina .h. 74 or749.

rf -doubledinarstruck ina . h. 74 or749.

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B M V 1 74 ( p i .I v r on ly , 1 75 ( 2 s p. . B N I I 9 99 .

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st r s T a tw an ( 2 n d rs - d o ub l e di n ar .

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u a re d i rh e m: K u f i s c r ip t . P l a te V I I I

1 1 s p . . B M V 13 - 13 9 ( p i .1 n: 1 3 ) ( 4 s p. . B N I I 7 5 7. K M I I 7 74 -7 7

3 ( p i . v n o . 2 . L : B o d l ei a n 32 1 . L a g um i na p . 1 03 n o .4 . Z a m b au r : W 8 7 .

2 s p . . V o l l e rs 1 4 ( p i . 1 . S : Ca s tr o 4 23 . B e l p . 4 0 ( f i g . 20 2 2 . B 1 0 0

n o t sp e ci f ie d b y a m o ng o t he r s V ( i v es , P ( r i et o , o r M A s o s o me c o in s

here.

uaredirhem: Nask h1andK uf iscript.

s cr i pt r f i n Na s kh i s cr i pt .

2 .

ar e di rh em . P l at e V I I I

J | b O F .

2 s p . ( p i . x 1 ) : 4 t h li n e of o f d ou b tf u l i l le g ib l e in p i at e . Th i s is p r ob a bl y a

sread.


o f 1 0 5 .

uareha lfdirhem.

f of 1 0 5 .

o f - s u a re d i rh e m.

41 1 ? ( 2 s p. ? ) : m in t un ce rt ai n. V 2 0 9 ( P G 2 s p . F C A V 6 s p . . P 2 4 c b.

0 k. B N I I 7 49 . MA 6 8 1 ( 3 5 sp . o f wh ic h V i ve s no te d 11 . K M I I 7 00 a.

G a rr t a 6 1 4 3 - 1 4 4 ( 3 s p . . C e r d a 42 9 : m on l y. S J u d ic e I I 3 1 1 . B e l p . 3 2 .

f - s uaredirhem.

5 ? ( 2 s p. ? ) : m in t un ce rt ai n. V 2 09 0 ( P G A V 2 s p . . P 2 4c c ( p i . 1n .

2 ( 2 s p. . S: u di ce I I 3 11 7( 2 sp . . B 1 0 4 ( p i. x v n .

ononco innotspecif ied -s uaredirhem.

q ue Q ueipoI I I :53 note buthasnotbeenidentifiedon surviving

eddubious.

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



1dS1lver271


2 4c d. B N I I 7 5 1 7 52 ( 2 s p. . M A6 8 3 ( 2 s p. n o t 3 as i n V i ve s . B 1 0 5


2 40 a. B M V 1 2 7( p i. m , 1 2 ( 2 sp . .

s uaredirhem.

p . P 2 4 0k . MA 6 8 8 ( 7 s p. . R i v er o: M 13 9 ( p i .1 n .

-s uaredirhem.

e rt ai n. V 2 0 97 ( A H , P G 3 s p . F C A V 3 s p . . P 2 4c . M A6 8 7 ( 7 s p.

. B 1 0 7 0 ( p i . x v n .

F ) - s u a re d i rh e m.

41 3 ( 2 s p. . V 2 09 2 ( P G 3 s p. A V 3 s p. . P 2 4c C MA 6 8 4 ( 1 2 sp . o f

C :T r at a do p . 2 19 no . 7 ( p i . x x n . S : u d ic e I I 3 1 1 ( 2 s p . . B e l p . 2 9

0 9 ( p i . x v n : m i nt i l le g ib l e in p i at e .


P G 3 s p . F C 2 s p . A V 5 s p . . P 2 4c h. M A6 8 5 ( 2 0 sp . o f wh ic h V i ve s

( f i g . . C al v o p. 1 9 2 ( p i . x 1 n o . 8 ) . B e l p . 2 9 ( f i g. 1 4 .

f - s uaredirhemstruck af tera . h. 599.

A V ) . P 2 4c g. C am pa ne r: iV a nd M 7 ( p i . 1 . R i ve ro :M 1 3 ( p i. i n o o nl y :

- s uaredirhemstruck af tera . h. 5 7.

8 5 ( 2 sp . . V 2 0 9 ( P G 4 s p. F C A V 7 sp . . P 2 4 ci .B M V 1 35 ( p i .m .

2 s p. . M A6 8 6 ( 2 5 sp . o f wh ic h V i v es n ot ed 1 2 . K M I I 7 20 -7 22 : * o m i tt ed

. . T yc h se n O . p . 1 2 3 ( p i . n n o . 27 . D o m b a yp . 7 2 . C er d a 42 :

3 1 19 ( 3 s p . . B e l p . 2 9 ( f i g . 1 4 1 5 . 0 2 1 51 : m in t u nc e rt a in . B 1 0 8

ible inpiate . Lisbon.

o f - s uaredirhemstruck af tera . h. 599.

F C A V ) . P 2 4c f. D . o ri ch s 4 4 9: m on ly . Ca mp an er :N a nd M 6 ( p i. 1 .

1 0 6 ( p i . x v n : m i nt i l l eg i bl e i n pi a te . L i s b o n.

pi. xvn: 1072-1074 aresilveramuletsw ithreligiousinscriptions notco ins.

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0




ries

madI ibn- usuf

- 1 23

w ahhidstyle probablystruck ina . H. 6 30 w henthisruler

emonths inthenameof the ' A bbasidk ha lif ah w how asnot

bu- a j ara l-Mansiiribn-Muhammad

I 2 2 - 2 42

s u a re d i rh e m. P l a t e V I I I

F L j < u l

- U l

nd er n o. 6 4 b . B e l p .5 2 ( f i g. 2 ) .

u a re d i rh e m.

f i g. 2 7 .


F a s R F o f 11 17 .

? ) b of .P 6 4 ( p i. vn u nd er no .6 6 ) . MA 70 2( 4 sp . . B 1 0 2 ( p i. x v n

2 s p. .


e of o f : < u J , - - u an .

A V ) . P 6 6 ( p i . vn u n de r n o. 6 5 : v e st i ge s o f a mi n t in p i at e n ot e d by

udidstyle struck atSabtahina . h. 635by the independentamir

da l- anashti inthenameof the ' A bbasidk ha lif ah

abii- a fara l-Mansiiribn-Muhammad

2 2 - 1 24 2

iv ided6 / 35 -dirhem.

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



S1lver

> j a

f o r -. l i n 3r d l in e o f of ( e r ro r , d a te d i vi d ed ^ . / > f e ( e r ro r ? ) , a t tr i bu t ed

p . 5 5 ( f i g. 7 : j > . l f o r i n 3r d l i ne o f o f ( e r r or , d a t e di v id e d ^ - /i > b

tlyattributed. B 427( pi. 1 ) : a ttributedtoHudids. Thereference inC :

hasaH udidmintmayreferto thiscoin to1117 ortoanun-


ufiscript.

resumablybyseveralH afsidrulersbetweena.h.6 50and

11 tow hichshouldbeaddedmanyspecimensofMuwahhid-sty le

a 1090 1091 1101-1105 struck overasomewhatlongerperiodand

irMuwahhidprototypes.

uaredirhem: ornamentedKuf iscript.

1 2 ( 2 s p. . K M I I 7 0 , 7 07 ( 2 s p. : a pp ar en tl y th is s cr ip t. W e yl : 6 4 9 2 :

uw ahhidsp. 1 5( pi. v1 . 02143. F . H afsites74( pi. v . Scriptis

P rieto orMA sosomecoinslistedas10 8 probablybe longhere .

u a re d i rh e m: o r na me n te d K u f i s c ri p t. P l a t e V I I I

37 75 1 37 7 ( 2 sp . . B M V 1 40 ( p i .1 n . B N I 7 55 7 5 ( 2 sp . . S : u di cc I I

p 4 2( f ig . 24 . 0 21 39 2 14 0 ( 2 s p . . B 1 05 9 ( p i - x v n 1 20 9 ( 2 s p . . S c ri pt

s P rieto orMA sosomecoinslistedas1101probablybe longhere .

I i b n- M uh a mm a d V I

54 2 -1 5 9

i n f i g ur e s: o v - s u a re d i rh e m.

.

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0




i n f i g ur e s: o t - s u a re d i rh e m.

.

5 ( i n f i g u re s : « a - s u a re d i rh e m.

s p. .

( i n f ig u re s : ai - s u a re d o ub l e di r he m .P l a te V I I I

R F j O ^ l < " l " V « j e J * l 0s

U M^. <ul J c

e aH o U j J l

t u

i a * i

: r emendationsconf irmedby letter.

( i n fi gu re s: » a - s u ar e di rh em .

. .

i n f ig u re s - s u a re d i rh e m. P l a t e V I I I

p i. 2 3 sp . .

f ig u re s : w ) - s u a re d i rh e m.

M R F 0 U » L . j uH

d r- " l i /

c

stratedinvol. V , f ig. 14 o fclipped.

i n f ig u re s : vw - s u a re h a lf d i rh e m

onplate.

f i g. 1 4 ( r o n l y .

f igures: presumablyvu -s uaredirhem.

rrulersofw esternA lgeria

verwithZ iyanidinscriptionswasprobablystruckby

ereforelistedunderthat dynasty:1147.L eoAfricanusassertsthat

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



S1lver275

ck bothsilverandcopper andbyanalogyw iththe laterH afsids

butsuchcoinshavenotyetbeenrecogni ed if indeedanysurvive .

rrulersofMorocco

bn - A b d- a l- H a q I

1 2 44 - 12 5

resumablybythisrulerand hissuccessor chieflybeforethe

n a .h . 6 6 8 ( a . d. 1 2 9 .

uareha lfdirhem.

R F | f STk

uarequarterdirhem.

. R F o i l

> i n 1s t li ne o f rf ( e r r or ? ) .

b i bn - A bd -a l- H a q I

. . 1 25 - 12 6

resumablybythisruler.Seealso anonymoussilverlisted

1134butstruck presumablybybothrulers chie flybeforea. H. 6 6 8 .

a re d i rh e m.

o il R F ml Ml < ) l M

a < U l oi lJ j — j -U s t..

* U j » ml

yt

L l m

rdlineofo f (thisandothermisspe ll ingsv isibleonimpression

ecauseofitserrors anddupiicatedinscriptionsthiscoinmust be

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0




uareha lfdirhem.

. vn . M A7 04 .

f ib n- a q i i b

resumablybythisruler.

equarterdirhem.

uareha lfdirhem.

V 2 sp . . P 5 ( p i. vn . B M V 1 57 a( p i. m . B N I I 7 7 .M A7 03 ( 3 s p. .

1 2 5 ( p i . x 1 ) : d e sc r ip t io n i nc o mp i et e .

u a re q u a r t er d i rh e m.

at e u I I I 4 4 ( p i . x v m n o . 12 : o f mi s re a d c o r r ec t ed f r om p i at e .

uarequarterdirhem.

1 L j

te uI I I 4 4( p i. x v m n o .1 - 1 ) ( 4 sp . .

uaree ighthdirhem.

.

n - U t h m d n I I

ha lfdirhem.

s p . .

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



1dS1lver

uaredirhem.

uarehalfdirhem.

l p. 44 ( f i g. 25 2 ) . B p . 1 0 ( 8 s p. .

afdirhem.

M I I 7 1 9 7 2 ? ( 2 s p. ? ) . 0 2 15 5 : mi n t un c er t ai n . B p . 1 0 ( 1 0 0 sp .

u a re d i rh e m.

p i. x x 1 v ( 3 3 7sp .? ) .

u a re h a lf d i rh e m.

A V 2 s p. . P 5 5 a. K M I I 7 77 7 7 , 7 79 ? ( 3 s p .? ) . H 6 s t : a nd N 14

d le r :C 9 1 . Ty c hs e n O . p . 1 2 4 . Ty c hs e n T . p. 9 3 . Mo u ra 3 ( f i g. . S : Ca s tr o 4 25

srids— 1153andsucceedingre ectedcoins—, w hichmay

uler.

swithNasridinscription

withZ iyanidinscription

sto fT ilimsanina . h. 737(a . d. 1337 .

dirhemstruckbeforea.h.749.

e of o f : oi l ^ , J \ U .

1 5 : o f l ar g el y i ll e gi b le .

A li

resumablybythisruler.

u a re h a lf d i rh e m.

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0




brahim

9 -7 9 a .D . 1 3 73 -1 3 4 . 13 7 -1 39 3

uareha lfdirhem. A ttributiontentative . P lateV I I I

R F \ f o r t> u l - l l in 3 r d li n e of r f ( t e rm e d er r or b y P r i e t o an d F a s m er . P 1 0 4

m294. Thisco indif fersfrom115 only insty le .

ahmanibn- A li

74 - 13 2


R F j f > J l

d i rh e m.

e of o f : < u J j ~ j

robablyapoorspecimenof1150misread.

al -H a q I i bn - U t h ma n I I I

. 1 42 0- 14 5

u a re d i rh e m.

e

to linesnotindicated. Theco insil lustratedinB rethespi. xx nunder

cribedto ' A bd-al-R ahmanformintsF asandMik nasah appeartobe

fthiscoin intwoq uitedifferentstyles with1320lefttheobverse

verse and1320rightthe obverseofwhich1319rightis thereverse.

uaredirhem. A ttributiontentative .

i b R F j il J u tj .

nesnotindicated ascribedto ' A bd-al-Ha q I .

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



ver

h .

tahfroma.h.705to 709andfrom7 6 to7 9.Theano-

identicale ceptformintwithmuch oftheirSpanishsilver

othoftheseperiods andhencetoanyor allofthefollowingthree

madI I I ibn-MuhammadI I

309

b n- M uh a mm a d I I

309-1314

uhammadV ibn- usuf I

3 - 79 3 a .D . 1 3 5 4- 1 35 9 1 3 2 - 13 9 1

u a r t er d i rh e m. P l a te V I I I

k M

A V 6 s p. . B N I I 8 2 2 ( p i .v 1 . F i g an ie r1 6 ( 2 sp . . M at eu I I I 4 4( p i. x v m

p . . T h or b ur n : j n o t l e gi b le i n 1 st l i ne o f r f.

d i rh e m.

line ofrf.

a i ridsnevercontro lledF as sothisco inmuste itherbeerroneously

ssue struck perhapsby ' A li w hostruck go ldwithNai ridlegends.

d i rh e m.

fprecedingre ectedcoin.

hesamenoteappiiestothisco in.

rrulersofMorocco

madI ibn-MuhammadI

1525

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0





< u l a- c

v .

i b n- M uh a mm ad I

1 a .d . 1 52 5 -1 5 2 1 5 54 - 15 5 4

uaredirhemstruck presumably ina . h. 932. P lateV I I I

l. 4c

x v : bo th ( 2 s p. .

ibn-MuhammadI I

7a .D -152 -1545 1549-1550

u ar e di rh em .P l a t eV I I I

u l J l

1 n . B 1 3 9 -1 39 1 ( p i .x x v : al l ( 3 s p. : 1 39 1 is c li pp ed .

oretheOttomancon uest

hsultans

a nt a na h .

dcomewithinthescope ofthiscorpus thoughthe\

102maybeO ttoman.

dcomewithinthescope ofthiscorpus.

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0




ra.h.439( a.d.1047

hBerber governors

d

107

a u t

107

4 6 2-pseudo-dirhem.

: j U l l f o r o l l l i n 5t h l in e o f of ( e r ro r . M A 3 5 : d a t e u nc e rt a in s l i g ht l y

: severa lslighterrors.

( 4 6 4-pseudo-dirhem.

: j U . 1 f or c W l in o f ( e r ro r .

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0





( 2 s p. ? ) : j L l l f o ro U i l in o f w i th ou t sA o n rf .


7. C erda27 ? la rgely il legible .

Spain

errulersof

r

1 0 5 - 1 0 7

0? -pseudo-dinar.

. MA 4 5: dategivenas4 0? (correctedbyV ives .

0 - I 4 3

5 o 9 - p s eu d o- d ir h em .

09-pseudo-dinar.

20-pseudo-dirhem.

( 2 s p. : J ( ? ) b r f. K M I I 6 4 7: J ( ? ) b r f d at e il le gi bl e. T yc hs en 0 . p. 1 20 :

thiscoin. C erda37 : d monly .

ah- ( nodate -pseudo-dirhem.

b o f a nd r f. B M V 6 6 : & a o f an d rf £ b o f a nd r f 6 7 ( 2 s p. .

p i. m : a of a nd r f ^ 6 o f an d rf . MA 5 42 ( 2 s p . : o mm is re ad c or re ct ed

. p. 120: mintgivenasa l-A nda lus( error , probably thiscoin.

ntah- ( nodate - pseudo-dirhem.

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



s iy a h - [ 5 0 - p s eu d o- d ir h em .

le probably thiscoin.

x - p s eu d o- d ir h em .

n o d at e - d e no mi n at i on n o t sp e ci f ie d . P l a te V I I I

raehn: 12: notdescribed. F raehn: iV p. 279 no . 7.

rrulersof

perdinars reportedbyal-Marrakushiasmintedtoransom' Abd-al-

sa f romhisA rabcaptors hasbeenreportedinanymodernco llection the

hal.

seudo-dirhem.

uarepseudo-dirhem.

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0





madI ibn- ahydI

9-1277

erismentioned butnotdescribed by I bn- ha ldun( K itab

d it i on v o l. V I , p . 2 8 ) . A l -Z a r k a sh i ( T a r i kh a l -d a ul a ta yn . . . T u n is e d .

h6 6 0( a . d. 12 1 . I thasnotbeenidentif iedinanymoderncollection.

d I I I i b n- M uh a mm a d V I

54 2 -1 5 9

e ls . P l a t e V T I

U l y

v .

l

) i s a c op p er o r na m en t n o t a co i n. T he 3 f e ls n o te d b y B a be l on ( p . l x 1

tbeenidentif ied. P lateV I I I

ptbyLeoA f ricanus(seeunderZ iyanidsilver .

rrulersofMorocco

efollowingdatedfelses ascribedtothisdynasty are

misread:

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



iv e n as 6 7 , p r ob a bl y 9 7 .

0 probably9 0.

90 probably990.

f the3specimensnotedat J enabyV ollersp.5.

rthAfrica.


C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



B L I O G R A H Y

A B B R E V I AT O NS

tedinthe corpusareherelistedin alphabeticalorderofthe

eyareindicated.I nadditiontopublishedbooksandarticles thelist

A mericatow hichI havehadaccess le ttersf romscho larsabroad and

s auctioncatalogues.R elevantnumismaticliteraturefromwhichno

atelylistedin thenumismaticreferencebibliography.

ngementofreferencesin thecorpusisas follows:first coinswhich

amined includingtheco llectionsof theA mericanNumismaticSociety The

erica theUniversity (o fP ennsy lvania Museum andtheMetropolitan

previouspartia lcompila tions includingV ives( Monedasdelasdinastias

dPrieto( L areformanumismaticade losA lmohades ; third thefourgreat

pe thoseof theB rit ishMuseum(cata loguedbyL ane- oo le abbrev iated

l i ot h e u e N at i on a le ( c a ta l og u ed b y L a v o i , B N , o f t he M u se o A r u e ol o gi c o

y R a d a M A a n d of t h e K o n i gl i ch e M us e en ( c a ta l og u ed b y N ii t e l K M ;

edmateria linchrono logicalorder includingdea lers cata logues and

ecimensw hichI havenotpersona llye amined.

befounda summarybydynastyandmetalofthecoins derivedfrom

dynasty isindicatedby thef irstthree lettersof itsname(e ceptthe

outtoavo idconfusionwiththeHammudids eachmeta lisrepresentedby

totheleftof aslantinglineor standingaloneindicatesdifferent

iguretotheright ofaslantinglineindicates additionalspecimensre-

ates re ectedcoins orinade uate lydescribedco insw hichcannotbe

A dler C o llectionovanumorumcuf icorumseuarabicorumveterum C X V I

ue ineditosemuseisB orgianoetA dleriano C openhagen 1792. (Murg3

CA d le r M u se u m Cu f ic u m B o r gi a nu m V e l i tr i s R o m e 1 7 2 . ( M u ws 1

derson sunpublishedcollection. ( Marg1

maticSociety sunpublishedcollection. ( Z ir g1 Murg7 s15/ 7 c 1

H a f g 3 s 2 /1 M ar g 2 s 1

anMuseum sunpublishedcollection aco inpresentedbyA .C . Kayand

. G. Milne . ( H afg1

es C ontributiona l histoireduMarocparlesrecherchesnumismati ues C asablanca

collection inaccuratelydescribedandillegiblyillustratedinthe most

ictreatiseeverpublished Z irg1 Murg147/30 s23/ 20 Muw g41/149

nd 5 a m ul e ts H u d s 2 / 1 H a f g 2 7 / 5 s 1 / 1 Z i y g 9 / 3 M a r g 7 / 2 9

W a t g 1 s 3 / 3

abelon U ntit lednote inB ulle tinA rcheo logi ueduC omitidesTravau

i u es ( 1 9 1 : L X X - X X I . ( H a f c - /3

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



a log sunpublishedcollection describedinletterstoG. C. Milesandmyself .

M uw g -/ 3

eB artho lomaei " Tro isi melettre . . . à M. F . Soretsurdesmonnaiesk ouf i-

n R e v u e de l a N um i sm at i u e B e l g e 3: V I ( 1 6 2 : 2 3 -1 o 5. ( M u r g 2 M uw g 1

C on t ri b ut i on à l é t u d e d es d i rh e ms d e l é p o u e a lm o ha d e .. . , i a H e s p r i sX V I

M uw s 21 /2 H u d s 2 H a f s 1 M ar s 2

B erchem " T itresca lif iensd occidentà proposdeq uel uesmonnaies

s i n J o u rn a l As i at i u e 1 o: X ( 1 9 o7 : 2 45 ~ 3 3 5 .( A m a st e rl y s tu d y of

epigraphicevidence towhichI haveventuredtoofferafew

ergmann " Z urmuhammedanischenMun k unde , inZ e itschrif tder

d is c he n G es e ll s ch a ft X X I I I ( 1 6 9 : 2 4 0- 2 57 . ( Z i r g 1

y l ie L a K a l aa d e s B e n i- H a m ma d . .. P a r is 1 9 09 . ( H a m m ad i d g -/ 1

on e t " D i n a r h af s id e i n d i t , i n R e vu e A fr i ca i ne X L V ( 1 9 01 : 9 7 -1 0 0. ( H a f g 1

a n c ar d " B e s a n ts d o r e t d a r ge n t de T u ni s a u X I I I e s i c l e , i n A nn u ai r e

a is e de N um is ma ti u e X I X ( 1 9 5 : 5- 14 - ( M u ws 1 H a f g 1

l a u " N a ch l es e o ri e nt a li s ch e r M n e n , i n N um i sm at i sc h e Z e i ts c hr i ft V I / V I I

I I I ( 1 7 ) : 45 -7 . ( Z i r g1/ 2

B l a u D i e o r i en t al i sc h en M n e n d es M u se u ms d e r K a i s er l ic h en H i s t o r is c h-

ls c ha f t z u O d e ss a O d e ss a 1 7 . ( M u ws 1 c 1

a n e - P o o le C a ta l og u e of o r ie n ta l c oi n s in t h e B r i ti s h Mu s eu m v ol . I V - T h e

o nd on 1 7 9. ( Z i r g 2

a n e - P o o l e C a ta l og u e of o r ie n ta l c oi n s in t h e B r i t is h M us e um v o l. V - T h e

caandSpainandthek ingsandimamsof theYemen L ondon 1 8 0.

11 c 1 /1 M uw g 21 /1 4 an d 2 hy br id s s 1 0/ 2 ; H a f g 7 /2 s 2 /1 Z i y g 2

s s1

a n e- o o le C a ta l og u e of o r ie n ta l c oi n s in t h e B r i ti s h Mu s eu m v o l. I X -

ol le ct io n 1 7 - 1 8 8 ; p ar t I , L o nd on 1 8 9 . ( H a m s - /1

ne- oo le C atalogueoforienta lco insintheB rit ishMuseum vo l. X -A ddit ions

1 7 - 1 8 8 ; p a r t I I , L o n do n 1 9 0 . ( S e v er a l em e nd a ti o ns o f B M V

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i e t o y V i v e s " L a r e fo r ma n u mi s m t i ca d e l os A l mo h ad e s , i n M is c el d ne a d e

s( pp. 11-114 , Madrid 1915. ( A ne ce llentsurveyofparto f this

s 3 2 H u d g 2 s 4 H a f g 1 2 M ar g 1 07 a nd 3 hy br i ds s 1 0 Ñ a s S -/ 2

rieto( yV ives , Numismdticagranadina Madrid 1932.( Ñ asg1

no P r i e t o y V i v es " M i sc e l n e a nu m is m t i ca , i n a l- A nd a lu s I I I ( 1 9 35 :

r i e t o yV i v es L o s r ey e s de t a if a s M a d r id 1 9 2 . ( H a m s 1 2 M u r s 19

e r se n M yn t ka t al o g B o r s 1 9 43 . ( M u r s 5/ 2

M a r i a d e l R i v er o a nd F e l ip e M at e u y L l o p is A d u i si c io n es e n 1 93 2 C o ll e c-

egliptica MuseoA r ueo ldgicoNaciona l Madrid 1933. (Muw g1

a r i a d e l R i v er o " E l a r te m o ne t ar i o en l a E s p a a m u su l ma n a , i n R e v i st a

ca s y M u s e os L I V ( 1 9 4 ) : 5 1 - 72 . ( M u r g 2 s 1 3 / 1 M u w g 4 /1 s 2 / 1

a r i a d e l R i v er o L a m o ne d a ar d bi g o- e sp a o l a M ad r id 1 9 33 . ( M u r g 1 0

H a f g2 Z i y g 1 M ar g 1 \

s J ( a m es R o d g e rs C a ta l og u e of t h e co i ns o f t he 1 n di a n Mu s eu m p a rt 4

M u r g 1 M uw g 1

omerodeC astil la I nventariode lasmonedasco leccionadasenelMuseodela

s de ( B a d a o ) , B a d a o , 1 9 7. ( M u r g -/ 1

ues Schulman C o llectiondeMr. MoustaphaB ey ramB ey . . . A msterdam

Schulmanare auctioncataloguespreparedwithunusualcompetence

uw g 3 s 3 /1 M ar s 1

ues Schulman " C o llectionC amiloG. deCastro , inC ata loguedesriches

. A ureU . . . O osterman A msterdam 1912. (Murs10 Muw g2

es Schulman C o llectionC iscaryMonto lin. .. A msterdam 1910. ( Murg1

ues Schulman C atalogued unesuperbeco llection. . . defeuMonsieurleC omte

1 9 29 . ( M u w g 1

c u es S ch ul ma n " C ol l ec ti on G n r al S ir D . S c ot t D o dg so n K . C .B . , i n

o llections. . . Dodgson. .. e t. . . gentleman. . . A msterdam 190 .

es Schulman " C o llectiondefeuleprinceP hil ippedeSa e-C obourg-Gotha ,

ns. .. B uck nil l . . . Henderson . . . V ogel . . . amateur. . . P hil ippe

. ( M ur g 8 ; M uw g 6 ; H a f g 2 M ar g 4

ues Schulman " C o llections. . . diverses , inC ata loguedelagrandecollection

am 1921. ( Murg2 Muw g1

c u e s S c h u lm a n C o l le c ti o n J o a u i m J o s J u d ic e do s S an t os p a rt 2 A m st e rd a m

M ur g 8 , s 1 0/ 2 M u w g 4 s 1 4 /9 9 H a f s 1/ 1

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( a c u es S ch ul ma n C ol le ct io n J o a u im J o s J u di ce d os S an to s p ar t 3 A ms te r-

g -/ 2

a c u e s S c hu l ma n " C o ll e ct i on d e .. . v on K a r ab a c e k . .. , i n C at a lo g ue i l lu -

l iver. . . vonK araback ( sic . . . B ourdil lon A msterdam 1907. ( Mur

d g1 H a f g 3 M ar g 3

a c u e s S c hu l ma n " C o ll e ct i on I t h ie l J . M i ch a el , i n C at a lo g ue d e s co l le c ti o ns . . .

s s . .. e t . .. M i ch a el . . . A m st e rd a m 1 9 13 . ( M u r g 2 M u wg 2

ac ues Schulman C ata loguedescollectionsnumismati uesdeM. I thie l-

orter A msterdam 1914. ( Murg4/ 2

u e s S c hu l ma n C o ll e ct i on W h i t e K i n g 3 r d pa r t A m st e rd a m 1 9 05 . ( M u r g 6 ;

f g 1 M ar g 4

aac SilvestredeSacy " M moiresurq uel uesmonnaiesarabesenordes

ni t es , i n J o u rn a l de s S av a nt s ( 1 3 7 : 5 30 - 54 5 . ( M u w g 5 /2 H a f g 2

et M i in e n u nd M e da i ll e n B e r l i n 1 9 . ( M u w g 1

( é o p o ld L ( é o n S aw as k ie wi c , L e g n ie d e l o r i en t c om me nt p ar s es m on u-

r u ss el s 1 4 . ( M ur g 2 /3 s - 4 c - /1 M uw g 1 s - /2

eSchiepati , D escri ionedia lcunemonetecufichedelmuseodiSte anode

2 0. ( Z i r g 4 M uw s 1

L t d . C o in a n d me d al b u ll e ti n # 3 8 ( 1 9 49 . ( O t h e r c oi n s ca t al o gu e d by

atesof listedissuesorinsufficientlydescribed Murg1

u c en a " H a l l a g o s de m o ne d as a r ab e s , i n a l- A nd a lu s X I V ( 1 9 49 : 4 7 - 4 9 .

a f g 1

ntenach " E lmaravedi: sugrande aydecadencia , inR ev istadeA r-

y M us e os X I I ( 1 9 05 : 1 95 - 22 0 . ( M u r g 1

d r i c S o r e t " L e t tr e à M . l e Co l on e l au G a rd e s de B a r t h ol o ma e . .. ; p a rt 2 ,

at i u e B e lg e 3: I ( 1 5 ) : 21 7- 2Ô o 4 7 . ( M u r s 2 M ar g 1

d r ic S or et " L e tt re à M . le C on se il le r d É t a t de D o r n .. . ; p ar t 2 , i n R e vu e de l a

2: V I ( 1 5 ) : 12 9- 17 7. ( M ur g 1 s 3 M uw s 1 H a f g 1

r i c So r et " L e t tr e à S . E . M o ns i eu r l e Co n se i ll e r d É t a t a c t ue l d e F r a e hn . . . ,

t I m p r ia le d A rc h o lo gi e de S t. P é t er sb ou rg V ( 1 5 1 : 41 - 6 , 1 79 -2 14

M u r g4 s - /2 M uw g 1 ; H u d s 1; H a f g 2 ; Z i y g 1 ; M a r g 3

d r i c S o r et " L e t tr e à M r . le D r . L . K r e h l . .. s u r q u e l u e s mo n na i es o r ie n ta l es

t d er D e u t s ch e n Mo r ge n l n d is c he n G es e ll s ch a ft X I X ( 1 6 5 : 5 44 - 5 1 . ( H u d s 1

r i c So r et " T r oi s l et t re s s ur d e s mo n na i es c u fi u e s .. . du M u s e d e G en v e

n a ud . .. " , i n M m o ir e s et D o c u m en t s de l a S oc i t d H i s t o ir e e t d A r ch o l og i e

4 1 : 54 - 3 . ( M u rs 1

r i c S o re t " L e t tr e à M . S a we l ie f i n R e v ue d e l a Nu mi s ma t i u e B e l g e

3- 29 9 37 7- 41 . ( M u r g 2

ilk inson andHodge C atalogueof theco llectionof .. . Mohammedanco ins

o h ns t on . . . L o n do n 1 9 0 . ( M u r g 11 s 2 / 13 M u w g 1 / 1 0 s - / 12

M ar g 3 / )

L td. " C atalogueofcoinsandmedalsforsa le , inMonthlyNumismatic

( M u r g 12 / 10 ; M u w g 1 / 4 4 s 1 ; H a f g 1 ; Z i y g - / 2 M a r g 4 /1 2 ; W a t g - 2

burn sunpublishedcollection.( Murg4 s10 Muwg4 s4 Z iyg1

ass1

nTornberg NumicuficiR egiiNumophylaciiH olmiensis U psala 1 4 .

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y

fGerhardTychsen I ntroductioinremnumariumMuhammedanorum R ostock

M uw s 2 H a f g1 M ar g 1 s 1

ductionis— O lafGerhardTychsen I ntroduction sinremnumariumMuham-

m I R o s t o ck 1 7 9 . ( M u w g 1

mas Chr istian Tychsen " D enumisorientalibusinB ibliothecaR egia

mmentationes...Recentiores GoettingensisSocietasR egiaScientiarum

I ( 1 1 4 : 9 -1 20 b. ( M uw s 1/ 2 M ar s 1

fP ennsy lvania Museum unpublishedco llectiononloantoA merican

ormedbyYa ubA rtinB ey presentedbyR obertC . H. B rock . (Mur

2 / 1

yEscudero Monedasdelasdinastiasardbigo-espanolas Madrid 1 93. ( The

abicco ins includesmanyH ammudid Murabit andMuwahhid

Africandynasties doesnotincludeweightsormintmarksandhas

tremainsindispensableformodernscholars asmanyofthecollec-

havebeendispersed Hams 14/ 1 ; Murg325/ 271 s142/ 337 c 2

r id s s 3 / 3 23 H u d s 1 / 2 M a r s 7/ 7 N a s s 1 / )

V o l l e r s " D a s o r i en t al i sc h e Mu n k a bi n et t d er U n i v e rs i ta t J e n a im J a h re 1 9 0 " ,

r fi l r Mi i n f r eu n de X L I ( 1 9 o : 3 52 9 -3 5 37 . ( A t a nt a li i n g ch e ck - li s t of

ompietedescriptionofw hichI have in uiredinvain Z irg- / 2

c - /1 M uw g 1/ 20 s 1 /2 4 c - / 1 H a f g -/ ; Z i y g - /2 M ar g - 7 s - /1

e l l v o n W e ll e nh e im V e r e i ch n is s d er M i in - u n d Me d ai l le n -S a mm l un g v o l. I I ,

4 5. ( Z i r g 2/ 1 M u r g 2 s 1 M uw g 1 s 3 /1

h W e yl V e r e i ch n is s v on M i in e n . .. d e r J u l e s F o n r ob e rt s c he n S am m lu n g

M u wg 2/ 4 s 4/ 13 H a f g2 /1 s 1

y l V er e ichnissderre ichha ltigenSammlung.. . des iirstenG agarin , B erlin

1 s 3/ 5 M uw g7 /4 s 2 /4 H u d g 1 H a f g 2 M ar g 3 an d 1h yb ri d

rsity sunpublishedcollection. ( Murg1

d u ar d v o n Z a m ba u r " C o nt r ib u ti o ns a l a n um i sm a ti u e o ri e nt a le , i n N um i s-

X V I ( 1 9 04 : 4 3- 1 22 . ( M u r s 1

( d u ar d v o n Z a mb a ur " C o nt r ib u ti o ns a l a n um i sm a ti u e o ri e nt a le p a rt 2 , i n

r if t X X X V I I ( 1 9 05 : 1 1 3- 1 9 . ( M u r g 2 M uw s - /1

ar d v on Z a m b a ur K o l le k ti o n E r n s t P r i n z u W i n d i sc h -G r at ; v o l . V I I , p a r t 1 -

V i e nn a 1 9 0 . ( M u r s 1 M u w s 3 /7

ashi Ta rik ha l-daulatayna l-Muwahhidlyahw d l-Haf f iyah Tunis a . h. 12 9

basichistoricalsourcewithincidentalmentionofco ins Hafc1

C atalogueof I slamicco ins C onstantinopie 1910. ( Murg2 H afg1/ 1

s ofcoinsreportedinthe numismaticbibliography thefollowing

nce theyarelistedalphabeticallybyauthor.No attempthasbeen

yingreferenceconsultedduringthe preparationofthisstudy.

A . A . Nouveaumanuelcompletdenumismati uedumoyenageetmoderne P aris

on pp .3 7 -3 9

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0




u v ra ge s de n um is ma ti u e ar ab e , i n R e vu e Cr it i u e NS :X ( 1 8 o : 41 ~ 4 . ( R e v ie w

aidin

" Notesd arch o logiearabe: monumentsetinscriptionsfatim ites , inJ ournal

I I ( 1 9 1 : 4 - 6 . ( C om me nt s on o rn am en te d K û f s cr ip t on p p. 7 0- 75

E s s a i s ur l e s mo n na i es d e Ch a rl e s 1e r C om t e de P r o ve n ce P a r is 1 6 8 . ( D i s c u ss i on

L e m i ll a r s M a rs e il l es 1 7 . ( C l as s ic d i sc u ss i on o f E u r o pe a n im i ta t io n s of

r

i n R e v u e B e l ge d e N um i sm a ti u e L I I I ( 1 9 7 : 21 < ) - 2 30 . ( R e v ie w of S a uv a ir e

b er t , " E s u i ss e d h i st o ir e m on t a ir e a lm o ha d o- h af i i d e , i n M l a ng e s W i ll i am

, P aris 1950. (E x ce llentmodernmonographstressingmetro logy

F rancisco " C o llecci ndemonedasârabes-espaf io las. . . , inR ev isfaC rit icade

Espano las. . . I ( 1 99 : 13_14. ( U sefulforprovenance

ancisco E rroresdevariosnumismdticose tran erosa ltratarde lasmonedas

mpugnacion Madrid 1 74. ( Shrew dcrit icismsofhispredecessorsbya

F r a nc i sc o " N u mi s m t i ca y m et r ol o gi a m us u lm an a s i n B o l e ti n d e la R e a l

X V I ( 1 9 o : 3 1 - 3 6 . ( R e v i e w of S a uv a ir e

ancisco T itulosynombrespropiosenlasmonedasardbigo-espano las Madrid

t ud y o f ti t le s

r , A manualo fMusulmannumismatics L ondon 1904. ( E x ce llentgenera l

sedwithcaution

( e a n A d o lp h e , " E t u d e m t r ol o gi u e e t nu m is m at i u e s ur l e s mi s a l s et l e s

e v u e Nu m is m at i u e 4 :X I I ( 1 9 0 ) : 2 0 - 2 51 . ( M e t r ol o gy

( ean A do lphe , Tra it prati uedespo idsetmesuresdespeuplesanciensetdes

09 . ( M e t r ol o gy

, " A l mo h ad e s et H a f s i de s , i n R e v u e Nu m is m at i u e 4 ^ I ( 1 9 02 : 1 3 2 -1 3 5.

ssa id unebibliographiepourlanumismati uemusulmane A nk ara 1933. ( B iblio -

anMayer

i c ha r d V a s me r " Z w e i n e ue B û c h er i i be r s pa n is c h- a ra b is c he N um i sm a ti k p a rt I I " ,

m at i k X X X V I I I ( 1 9 2 ) : 2 2 3- 2 34 . ( R e v ie w of P r i et o :. R e y es

" D e l i e m on e te a r ab e d et t e mo u mi n i , i n A nn a li d i N um i sm at i ce I ( 1 5 3 : 4 7- 4 .

ver

M a r ti n , " D u c a r a ct r e d é c r it u re a r ab e n om m c a r ma t i u e d i s se r ta t io n o u l o n

a ma is e i st u n ca ra ct er e ai ns i no mm " i n J o u rn al A si at i u e 2: ( 1 2 : 3 79 -

of theQarmatifa llacy ine piicably ignoredbymany laterorienta lists

, P ascual " TheMorabetiandotherco insofMohammedanSpain , inThe

K i n g of A ra go n ( p p .6 9 4 - 9 5 , L o nd on 1 8 3 .

ia A ng el L o m o a ra be s de T ol ed o en l os s ig lo s X I I y X I I I ; v o l .I , M ad ri d 1 9 2 .

" N o te s u r le s p oi d s du m oy e n- g e , i n B i b l i ot h q u e d e l É c o l e d es C h ar t es

. 1 1 - 23 3. ( M et ro lo gy

" B e i m en n iy a l mo k ha d sk y d ir g em , i n Z a p i sk i V o s t oc h na g o O t d el e ni y a

3 19 . ( N o t e s on M u wa h hi d s il v er

l he l m " D i e V e r l e ih u ng d e s Ti t el s " F û r s t de r M us l im en a n J û s u f ib n T s f n ,

de r K u n d e de s M or g en l an d es X X I I ( 1 9 o ) : 1 4 - 19 9 . ( M u r ab i t ti t le s

nley , " TheA rabianhistoriansonMohammadannumismatics , inNumismatic

8 4 : 6 - 9 . ( T r an s la t io n s of r e le v an t p as s ag e s

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



y

deV era V incencio J uan Museodelasmedallasdescono idasespano las

a r ly a n d di f fi c ul t

Notesonthemint-tow nsandco insof theMohamedans L ondon 1 8 5. ( Stimulating

n i n J o u rn a l de s S av an t s 3 :X L I ( 1 7 ) : 4 2 - 4 4 2 . R e p ri n te d i n hi s O e u v re s

91 , P a r i s 1 8 3 . ( R e v ie wo f B l an ca rd : Mi ll ar s

e M a ro c d an s l es p r em i r e s an n e s d u X V I e s i c l e A l gi e rs 1 9 0 . ( E x c h a n ge

i pe " H a l la g os m on et ar io s , i n Am pu ri as I V ( 1 94 2 : 21 5- 22 4 V ( 1 94 3 :

94 4 : 2 15 -2 37 V I I / V I I I ( 1 94 5/ ) : 23 3- 27 ; I X / X ( 1 94 7/ ) : 55 -9 5. ( S p an is h

a nu mi sm at i u e mu su lm an e P a r i s 1 9 . ( L e ga l

. A n nu a l bi b li o gr a ph y o f I s l a m ic a r t an d a rc h ae o lo g y I n d ia e c e pt e d v o l. I - 1 9 35

ol . I l l - 19 3 7 J e r us a le m 1 9 37 - 19 3 9. ( I n c lu d es a d di t io n s to n e t e n tr y

B i b l i og r ap h y of M o sl e m nu mi s ma t ic s I n d ia e c e pt e d ( O r i en t al T r an s la t io n F u n d

London 1939. ( I ndispensable foundationfora llw ork inthisf ield soontobe

ofwhichtheauthorgenerouslyallowedmeto usetheproofs

J u a n de D i o s B i b l i og r af i a nu m is m dt i ca e s pa n ol a M a dr i d 1 8 6 . ( N o t

yer

a c ob " B r i e f e ii b er d a s ar a bi s ch e M ii n w es e n i n R e p e rt o ri u m fi l r B i b l is c he u n d

ra lu r I X ( 1 7 1 : 1 99 -2 8 ; X ( 1 7 2 : 1 5 -2 40 X I ( 1 7 3 : 1 -4 4. ( E a rl y an d

my c ha n ie , i n Z a p i sk i V o s t oc h na g o O t d el e ni y a V I I ( 1 9 2 : 3 19 ~ 3 2 1. ( C om m en t s on

I ( s a ac S i lv e st r e " D e q u e l u e s mo n no i es a r ab e s et d e s mo n no i es d e T un i s

c .. . , i n M ag a si n E n c y c lo p d i u e 3 : I I ( 1 7 97 : 5 5- 9 . ( A n e a r ly m o no -

s a ac S i lv e st r e i n J o u rn a l de s S av a n t s ( 1 2 3 : 1 31 - 14 1 2 5 9 - 27 0 3 7 - 39 9 .

andCastiglioni

-M a ri e A n -n u u d a l- a r ab i ye h wa H I m a n- n um m iy t C a ir o 1 9 39 . ( B i b l i o-

, " M a t r i au p o ur s e rv i r à l h i st o ir e d e la n u mi s ma t i u e e t de l a m t r ol o gi e

on na ie s , i n J o u rn al A si at i u e 7: X I V ( 1 7 9 : 45 5- 53 3 7 :X V ( 1 8 o :

7 :X V I I I ( 1 8 1 : 49 9- 51 ; 7 :X I X ( 1 8 2 : 23 -7 7 9 7- 1 3 2 1 -3 27 .( T he

ismaticmetrologyande change

i c , É l m e nt s d e la n u mi s ma t i u e m us u lm a ne B a s le 1 6 8 . ( G e ne r al r e fe r en c e wo r k

rington

me r .

p o V . E s s ai s u r le s s ys t m es m t r i u e s et m o n t a i r es d e s an c ie n s pe u pl e s de p ui s l es

u e s j u s u à l a f i n d u kh a li f at d o r ie n t v o l . I I , P a r is 1 5 9 . ( M e t ro l og y

, A n to n io " I n d ic a ci n d e l va l or e n l as m o ne d as a r b i go - es p an o la s , i n H o m e nd e

ra( pp. 513-522 , Saragossa 1904. (U sefulmonographondesigncon-

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



I B L I O GR A H Y

fallnon-numismaticsourcesofthehistorical information

onalnamesand relationships theplace-names andthedates

tandcorpus. I t isdiv idedinto fourportions: themedievalA rabic

storiansofanynationa lityw rit ingintheA rabiclanguage f romwhom

nformationhasbeenobtained themoderncompilationsof

onsonbuildings tombstones te tiles andothersurv iv ing

hemoderncompila tionsofmedieva lA rabicandE uropeanletters

uments andthemostimportantoftheinnumerablemodern

tors.

divisionsthe worksarearrangedalphabeticallybyauthor

chw ork ispref i edaninde numberbyw hichit isdesignatedinthe

estartof eachchapteronthecoinageof individualdynasties.

edunderthenameby whichtheauthorisusuallyknown

esasa l- A bu- andI bn- . Edit ionsw hichI havenotpersona lly

hesake ofutility butareenclosedwithinparentheses.Those

enatura llyvariedgreatly inimportance f romI bn- ha ldunand

ughY a Q tandothergeographersdowntotravellers andeastern

confirmedasingledate orthespellingofa place-name.Ab-

iv isionof the inde include: ed itedby , e ( cerpts , translated

n o t es , a s w e ll a s t he u s ua l p a g e , v o l um e , e t c . W i t hi n a n au t ho r h ea d in g

fferenteditionsandtranslationsofthesamework arelistedchrono-

i t ab a l -h u ll a h al - si y ar a : ( a e . e d . w. n .R . D o y N o ti c es s u r q u e l u e s

2 9- 2 0 , L e y d en 1 4 7- 1 5 1 ( b e . e d. w .n . M. . M ii ll er B e i tr ag e

tl ic he n Ar ab er ( p p. A ra bi c 1 1 -3 0 , M un ic h 1 6 6 - 1 7 ; ( c e .

rovenca l Documentsineditsd histoirea lmohade( pp. 227-230 A rabic

s 1 92 .

itaba l-tak milahli-kitaba l- i lah: a 2v . ed. w . n. F . C oderayZ aidinas

a h M a dr i d 1 8 7 - 1 8 9 ^ ) e . e d .w . n. M . A la r c n a n d C. A .

" A p en d ic e a l a ed i ci n C o de r a de l a T ec m il a i n M is c el d ne a d e

s ( p p . 1 49 - 9 0 , M a dr i d 1 9 15 ; ( c e . e d . & t r . w. n .A . B e l a n d M. b e n

i ne ( 1 9 1 ) : 3 o - 3 3 5 ( d v . 3 e d. w .n . A . B e l a nd M . b en C he n eb a s

s 1920.

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



y

A l- rauda l-basimf ihawadithal- umrw a l- tar j im: e . ed. &tr. w . n.

r c i ts d e v oy a ge i n d i ts e n A fr i u e d u No r d au X V e s i c l e

a ri s 1 9 3 .

hlaha l-Maghribiyah: e . tr. w . n. ( A . C herbonneauinJ ournalA siati ue

14 4- 17 .

i s al ah : a e d. w .n . E . L é v i- r ov en a l in J o ur na l As ia ti u e CC X X I V ( 1 93 4 :

n . E . L é v i - r o v e n a l a s Se vi l l em u su l ma n e au d b u t du X l l e s i c l e

a u da t a l- n is r n f i d au l at B a n i M a r n : a v . 2 tr . w .n . R . D o y a s " H i s to i re

mc en , i n J o u rn al A si at i u e 4: I I ( 1 4 4 : 37 ~ 4 1 ; ( b v . 1e d. & t r .

a r a i s a s " H i s t o ir e d es B e n M e r n r o is d e F â s , i n B u l le t in d e

e L V ( 1 91 7 : i- x i 1 -1 57 ( c e . e d. & t r . w. n. E . L é v i - r ov en a l

C C I I ( 1 9 23 : 2 19 - 25 5 .

i t ab a l -k m i l fi l - ta r i kh : a e d . w. n . C. . T o rn b er g a s Ch r on i co n . ..

1 5 1- 1 7 ; ^ ) e . t r. w .n . E . F a g na n as " A n n al es d u Ma gh re b et d e

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o c u m en t s g o g ra p hi u e s su r l A f ri u e s ep t en t ri o na l e ( p p . 1 4- 3 0 P a r is

. e d. & t r .w .n . R . B a s se t in H o m en a e à D ( o n F r an ci sc o Co de ra ( p p . 6 1 9 - 4 7 ,

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mo ha de ( p p. i -i , 2 5- 74 A ra bi C 1 - 4 9 , P a r i s 1 2 .

f k h i r a l- B a r b ar : e . e d .w . n. E . L é v i - r o ve n a l a s F r a gm e nt s h is t or i u e s su r

age R abat 1934.

r . w. n . E . L é v i - r o ve n a l a s " N o t es d h i st o ir e a lm oh a de , i n H e s p r i s

a l- saniyahf i l- ta rik ha l-daulaha l-Mar niyah: ed. w .n. M. benC henebas

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70 2 15 -2 7 n :X I I ( 1 91 ) : 1 9 - 27 , 3 3 7- 39 9 n :X I I I ( 1 91 9 : 5- 9 ;

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u rn a l As i at i u e 1 o: X ( 1 9 07 : 2 45 - 33 5 a n d P a r i s 1 9 0 7 .

a rl es " I n sc ri pt io ns a ra be s de T le mc en i n R e vu e Af ri ca in e I I I ( 1 5 : 1 -9 4

3 2 1- 34 0 4 0 1- 41 9 I V ( 1 5 9/ 0 : 1- 17 8 1 - 93 1 1 -1 74 2 41 -2 5 ,

h a rl e s , " M m oi r e é p i g ra p hi u e e t hi s to r i u e s ur l e s to m be a u d e s é m i rs B e n i -

o ur na lA si at i u e 7: V I I ( 1 7 ) : 5- 19 7 a n dP a r is 1 7 .

n , F r a nc i sc o a n d Sa a ve d ra E d u ar d o " I n s cr i pt i on e s â r a be s d e X e l a , i n

a de m ia d e l a H i s to r ia X I I ( 1 8 8 ) : 5 03 - 50 7 .

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e S a u va g et J . a n d W i et G a s to n , R é p e rt o ir e c hr o no l og i u e d é p i gr a ph i e

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ntara E milio I nscripcionesarabesdeGranada Madrid 1 59.

a l E . I n sc r ip ti on s ar ab es d E s p a gn e ( 2 v . , L e yd en 1 93 1.

W i l l i am C or p us d e s in s cr i pt i on s a ra b es e t t ur u e s de l A l g r i e: D é p a rt e me n t d O r a n

v ai l ab l e .

li am M us e d eT le mc en P a r i s 1 90 .

l l i a m " S i i n s c ri p ti o ns a r ab e s de T l em c en , i n B u l le t in A r ch o l og i u e ( 1 9 0 2 :

s t " U n e i n s cr i pt i on a r ab e d e Ga f a i n R e c u ei l d es N o ti c es e t M m oi r es d e l a

u e H i s to ri u e e t G o g r ap hi u e de C on st an ti ne 3 : ( 1 8 2 : 19 1- 19 4.

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r e E d o u ar d , " A p r op o s d u n e in s cr i pt i on m r i ni d e à al - Q a s r al - a b ir , i n

1 92 7 : 39 3~ 3 9 9.

r e E ( d o ua r d , a n d S al m on G . " E l - Q ç a r e l- e b ir , i n A r c hi v es M a ro c ai n es

: 1-2 2 .

sp e r " S u r un t y pe d e r el i ur e d es t e mp s a lm oh a de s i n A rs I s l am i ca I ( 1 9 34 : 7 4 -7 9 .

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I I ( 1 9 32 : 1 5 3- 1 o .

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3 0 " , i nH e sp r is X I X ( 1 93 4 : 5 -7 7.

n ri e t a l . L e s s ou r ce s i n d i te s d e l h i st o ir e d u Ma r oc ( s e ri e s 1 p a rt 5 v . I — I I ) ,

nD ocumentshistori uesin ditst ir sdesco llectionsmanuscritesde la

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odeE studiosH ist ricosdeGranddaysuR eino andGranada 191 .

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a l E . " L e tt re s d I b n- T m ar t et d e ' A b d al -M u m i n , D o c um en ts i n d i t s

p p . i- vi i 1 -2 4 I - V , A r ab iC 1 34 -1 45 , P a r i s 1 92 .

a l E . " U n r e cu ei l de l et tr es o ff ic ie ll es a lm oh ad es , i n H e sp r i sX X V I I I ( 1 94 1 :

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J . M. . L ( o u is , T r ai t s d e p ai e t d e co mm e rc e e t do c um en t s di v er s c on c er n an t

u e s ep t en t ri o na l e au m o ye n â g e P a r i s 1 6 6 ( 1 7 2 s up p ie m en t n ot

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m o ir e s de l A c ad m i e de s I n s cr i pt i on s . .. I X ( 1 3 1 : 4 4 - 4 77 .

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a v ec P h i li p pe - le - H a r di . .. i n M m o ir e s de l A c ad m i e de s I n s cr i pt i on s

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i n o nt es R e r um A us tr ia ca ru m ( v . X I I - X I V ) V i e n na 1 5 o- 1 5 7.

n e a n d W i et G a st o n " U n e l e t tr e d e l A l mo h ad e M ur t ad â a u p ap e I n n o-

s p er is V I ( 1 92 ) : 2 7 -5 3.

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e s B e no u Gh n ya . .. P a r i s 1 90 3.

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9 4 2 , W e i m ar a n d L e y d en 1 9 - 1 94 9 .

b e r t L a B e r b r i e or i en t al e s ou s l es H a f s i de s . .. ( 2 v . , P a r is 1 9 40 - 19 4 7

e " L e s d er ni er s m r i n id es i n B u ll t in d el a So ci t d e G o g r ap hi e d A lg er . ..

90 5 : 10 3- 11 9.

s te , L a d y na s ti e m ar o ca i ne d e s B e n i W a tt s C o ns t an t in e 1 9 20 .

L ' é t a bl i ss e me n t de s d yn a st i es d e s ch r i fs a u M ar o c .. . P a r i s 1 9 04 .

a r ry W . e t a l. A t la s o f I s l a mi c h is t or y P r i nc e to n 1 9 5 1 .

e t a l. T h e en c yc l op a ed i a of I s l am ( 4 v . an d s up p . , L e y de n 1 9 13 - 19 3 .

a l E . " R é f le i on s su r l e mp ir e al mo ra vi de a ud b ut d u X I I e s i c le , i n

a c u lt d e s L e t t re s d A l ge r ( p p . 30 7 -3 2 0 , A l gi e rs 1 9 32 .

r ge s L e s A ra b es e n B e r b r i e du X I e a u X I V e s i c l e C o ns t an t in e 1 9 1 3.

rg e s L a B e r b r i e mu s ul m an e e t l o r ie n t au m o ye n â g e P a r is 1 9 4 .

u is L e M a ro c d an s l es p r em i r e s an n e s d u X V I e s i c l e A l g ie r s 1 9 5 .

st H i s to ir e de l A fr i u e se pt en tr io na le ( 3 v . , P a r i s 1 8 8 - 1 9 1.

L e s al mo ha de s ( t r . by I s ma l H a m et " i n Ar ch iv es M ar oc ai ne s X X X I I ( 1 92 7 .

" L e s a lm o ra v id e s ( t r . b y G. S .C o li n " , in A r ch i ve s M ar o ca i ne s X X X I ( 1 9 25 :

L e s m r i n id es ( t r. b yI s ma l H a m et " , i n A r ch iv es M ar oc ai ne s X X X I I I ( 1 93 4 .

a m ba u r È d u a rd , M a nu e l de g n a l og i e et d e c hr o no l og i e po u r l h i st o ir e d e

r 1 92 7.

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59 , 6 00 6 0 2 6 0 4- 0 , 6 10- 12 6 1 , 6 17 6 1 9- 22 6 2 4 6 2 - 30 6 3 5 6 3

.

5 52 5 9 5 6 , 6 3 7 6 3 ( + 1 .

h e di v ia l : 55 9 .

79 5 1 .

: 551 5 59 5 72 5 7 , 5 4 6 0 3 6 0 9 6 1 3 6 2 , 6 4 4( 1 h ybr id .

5 72 6 2 .

a ( + 1 .

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55 1 5 7 2.

ac e k: 5 51 5 59 5 2 .

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49 5 1 .

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5 0 ( + 1 .

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h e di v ia l : 6 7 0 .

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ne s : 6 6 3 .

6 3 .

4 .

:

6 7 - 8 0 6 8 2 6 8 6 , 6 8 8 - 91 6 9 3- 95 6 9 7 6 9 , 7 03-70 , 7 13 715 721 727

43 .7 45 .7 5& , 7 5 a 7 57 7 59 7 3 7 4 7 8 - 7 71 7 73 7 75 7 7 , 7 3 7 5

90-792 794 795 8 0 , 8 1 0 8 1 - 20 8 2 5 8 3 2- 35 8 37- 39 8 4 2- 45 8 5 0 8 5 1 8 5 ,

6 4 ( + 2 9 1 hybrid .

2 6 8 4 6 8 9 6 9 0 6 9 2 6 9 5 7 15 71 , 7 1 , 719 721 722 725 750 751 753 754

772 775 77 , 7 79 7 2 7 4 7 5 7 94 795 797 79 , 8 1 0- 14 8 1 , 8 2 3 8 25 8 2 9

4 9 8 5 3 ( + 1 2 2 h yb ri ds .

9 , 6 97 6 9 9 7 03 72 , 7 29 7 32 7 3 5 7 3 , 7 3 - 74 0 7 42 7 44 7 4 - 74 , 7 57 75 ,

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8 2 6 8 7 6 9 0 6 9 3 7 00 -70 2 7 04 7 0 , 7 0 9 7 15 72 0 7 23 7 2 , 7 3 , 7 39 74 3

772 774 779 7 2 79 , 7 97 8 14 8 21 8 25 8 27 8 32 8 4 , 8 4 , 8 5 2 8 6 5 ( + 11

6 7 5 6 9 0 7 1 , 7 1 7( + 1 ) .

7 75 7 77 8 2 4 .

7 2 ( + 2 .

i es :6 7 3 6 9 0 6 9 5 7 0 , 7 10 -7 12 7 59 7 2 ( + 5 3 .

9 0 .

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al ve rt : 7 1 .

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6 8 2 .

a ( + 3 .

.

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7 , 6 8 1 6 8 2 6 8 5 6 8 7 6 8 9 - 9 1 6 92 6 9 3 6 9 5 6 9 7 7 00-702 70 , 709 714

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7 4 7 5 7 7 7 9 7 93- 795 .7 97 .79 9- 0 3. 8 0 7 8 1 0 8 1 1 8 14 - 1 7 8 2 2 8 2 5

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n es : 8 2 1 .

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ce I I I ( + 2 .

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: 73 2 7 70 7 95 8 1 7 .

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:

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s e e z i y An i d.

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.

7 2- 7 4 8 7 5- 7 7 8 7 9 8 8 3 - 8 7 .

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V E R A N D E L E C TR U M :

9 0 , 9 2 , 9 2 , 9 51 9 53 .9 7 , 9 2 9 3 .1 00 4 1 01 7 1 02 7 1 03 5 1 05 2( + 7 .

, 8 9 1 8 9 2 9 0 , 9 1 9 9 27 -9 29 9 1 9 5 9 99 1 00 3 1 0 19 1 02 0 1 0 25 1 03 4- 10 3 ,

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9 43 9 7 , 9 2 9 3 9 97 9 99 1 00 1 1 0 03 1 00 4 1 0 15 1 02 2 1 0 29 1 03 2 1 0 35

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8 9 4 8 9 5 9 05 9 2 7 9 33 97 , 9 79 9 2 9 3 9 8 , 9 97 1 0 01 1 002 1 00 4 1 03 2

1 05 2 ( + 1 1 .

0 .

nc ia :9 43 9 5 , 9 1 9 5 1 05 0 1 0 54 1 05 .

10 5 ( + 1 2 .

9 4 9 03 9 27 9 41 9 7 , 9 3 1 00 4 1 03 2 1 03 5 1 0 4 1 1 0 52 .

1 01 b 1 01 7( + 1 5 .

9 2 , 9 8 , 1 00 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 40 1 04 1 1 0 47

8 91 8 9 2 90 5 9 0 , 9 21 9 27 9 39 95 2 9 54 9 5 , 9 57 9 7 , 97 , 9 1 9 3

1 00 4 1 0 3 , 1 0 4 0 1 0 41 1 04 3 ( + 2 1 .

h s ( + 2 0 .

a 9 3 .

1 03 5 ( + 1 .

.

ng e r a n d N a c h r i ch t en : 1 0 39 .

9 7 , 9 2 9 3 9 9 9 9 , 9 99 1 00 1 1 00 3 1 00 4 1 01 3 1 01 4 1 02 2 1 03 2 1 03 5

1 05 2( + 2 7 .

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_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0




, 9 27 9 7 , 9 2 9 3 9 8 , 9 99 1 oo 1 1 00 2 1 00 4 1 024 1 03 , 1 037 1 04 0. 10 41

2 1 .

h e di v ia l : 92 4 .

1 00 1.

me nt s : 9 59 1 03 7 1 05 2 ( + J 5 .

8 9 1 8 9 4 9 02 9 05 9 0 , 9 0 , 91 1 9 15 9 17 9 1 , 92 2 9 23 9 25 -92 , 9 32

, 9 3 9 5 9 73 9 7 , 9 2 9 3 9 8 , 99 1 9 97 9 99 -10 01 10 02 1 004 1 014 1 019

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2 1 9 22 9 27 9 2 , 9 39 95 , 9 77 9 3 1 000 1 044 ( + 4 .

90 , 9 39 9 47 -9 49 9 51 9 52 9 55 -9 57 9 6 , 9 8 , 9 9 9 71 9 72 9 91 -9 94 .

9 7 , 9 2 9 3 ( + 2 .

: 8 9 , 9 0 4 9 4 0 9 4 3 9 52 9 5 , 9 5 9 71 1 01 3 1 0 17 1 02 5 1 0 49 1 05 0( + 1 .

8 8 , 8 9 , 9 04 9 57 9 5 1 01 3 1 0 17 1 02 5 1 03 2 1 03 , 1 04 0 1 05 2.

9 7 , 9 2 9 3 9 99 1 00 3 1 00 4 1 00 9 1 02 , 1 03 5 1 04 5.

9 2 .

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4 .

: 8 9 5 1 04 .

9 5 1 04 .

+ 2 .

0 35 .

1 3 .

92 , 952 9 2 9 3 9 6 , 1004 1022 1040.

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9 2 -9 4 9 7 -1 00 1 1 00 3- 10 0 , 1 00 - 10 14 1 01 , 1 01 7- 10 2 , 1 02 9- 10 33 1 03 5

3 1 0 45 1 0 47 1 0 49 . 1 05 0 1 0 52 - 10 5 ( + 3 3 7 .

1 9 3 10 04 ( + 5 .

: 1 0 00 .

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0 8 , 1 0 1 1 10 1( + 2 .

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( + 1 5 5 am ul et s .

, 1 0 5 1 0 7 1 0 8 , 1 0 9 1 09 2- 10 94 1 09 , 1 0 99 " o 1 11 03 -1 10 , 1 1 12 1 11 3

.

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_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



01 .

0 5 1 0 7 1 093 1 09 , 1 09 , 1 10 1 1 10 3 1 10 9 1 11 5( + 2 ) .

09 , 1 10 ( + 2 .

0 6 , 10 8 , 10 5 10 7 10 8 , 1093 109 , 1101 1103 110 -110 , 1115 ( + 1 ) .

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) .

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.

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ch s: 10 9 , 1 10 1 1 11 , ( + 1 2 .

15 ( + 1 .

) .

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1o 1( + 2 ) .

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, 1 0 5 1 0 7 1 09 2 1 0 93 1 09 - 10 9 , 1 10 1 1 1 03 1 10 , 1 1 07 m 1 1 1 12

10 8 , 107 , 1 0 0 10 5 10 7 10 8 , 10 8 a 1093 109 , " ooa 1101 1103

4 .

1( + 4 .

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al ve rt : 10 4 ( + 1 .

o hn st on : 10 79 ( + 1 .

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03.

01 ( + 3 .

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-1 11 3 1 11 5( + 5 17 ) .

a : 1 0 3 1 0 8 , 1 0 9 , 1 10 1( + 4 .

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.

: 10 2 10 6 ( + 1 .

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m: 1 09 3 1 09 , 1 10 1 ( + 1 .

1 0 6 , 1 0 8 , 1 09 3 1 09 , 1 10 1 1 10 3.

1o1.

eI I : 10 8 , 1 07 4 1 0 5 1 0 7 1 09 5 1 09 , 1 0 9 , 1 10 0 1 10 1 1 10 3 1 10 ,

+ 9 9 .

: 10 93 1 09 ( + 1 .

2 .

0 .

0 8 , 1079 10 0.

1115.

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1 10 - 11 1 ( + 3 23 .

.

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+ 1 .

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te s : 11 2 2.

1 12 4 -1 1 29 ( + 5 3 .

1 .

u wa h hi d s: 1 1 22 .

1 23 ( + 1 .

e H : 1 12 3 ( + 1 .

: 1 1 22 .

V E R : no ne re po rt ed .

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1 4 .

11 3 , 1 14 1 1 14 3- 11 45 1 15 1 1 15 2 ( + 4 5 0 .

( + 1 .

ng e r a nd N a c hr i ch t en : 1 1 4 .

4 ( + 3 .

.

1 1 39 ( + 3 .

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m: 1 1 49 .

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R :

.

+ 1 5 .

.

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5 ( + 3 .

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E R : n o n e r ep o rt e d.

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P P E R : n o ne r ep or te d.

E R : n on e re po rt ed .

E R : n o ne r ep or te d.

P E R : n o n e r ep o rt e d.

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+ 1 .

1 15 7 1 1 0 ( + 3 .

3 .

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1 .

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1 9 .

hn is s : 1 1 9 .

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1 .

11 5.

1 1 3 .

P P E R :

71 .

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E R :

te s : 11 7 3 1 1 74 .

P E R : n o ne r ep or te d.

E R : n o n e r el i ab l y re p or t ed .

E R : n o ne r e po r te d .

E R : n o n e r ep o rt e d.

R : n o n e r ep o rt e d.

C r e a



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C I P T S

4 4 a 8 7 1 - 9 57 9 5 9- 9 4 9 6 - 9 77 9 1 - 10 0 0 1 0 0 2- 1 01 1 1 0 13 1 0 17 - 10 2 1

1 1 03 1 1 57 - 11 9 .

9 1 9 5 , 9 5 1 05 3 1 05 4 1 05 , 1 10 3a .

7 , 9 0 1 01 2 1 01 , 1 02 3 1 05 7- 10 59 1 0 1 .

3 7 6 3 , 8 6 2 .

5 7- 57 0 5 74 5 77 57 , 5 79 5 1 - 0 , 6 0 - 3 , 6 3 9- 7 , 6 8 1 - 8 5 6 8 7- 90

5- 9 7 6 9 9- 70 3 7 0 5- 6 1 8 6 3 - 7 0 H 1 -H 1 4 M 1 9 7 9 1 00 1 1 0 14 1 01 5 1 02 2

- 11 0 2 1 1 04 - 11 2 1 1 1 24 - 11 5 , 1 1 70 - 11 7 4.

t: 5 2 -5 6 , 5 71 -5 73 5 75 5 7 , 5 77 a 5 0 6 0 7 6 7 9 6 8 0 6 8 6 , 6 9 1 6 9 3

4 1 1 22 1 12 3.

C r e a



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E N O M N AT O NS

I NAR W E I GH TM D A

NAR

4-50 , 511-525. 52 , 530-533. 537. 53 .

45 5 47 -5 50 5 53 .5 55 -5 57 5 2 5 4 5 7 5 9 -5 72 5 74 -5 2 5 4 -5 9 .5 92

6 0 1- 1 4 6 1 - 1 9 6 2 - 2 9 6 3 1- 33 6 3 7- 42 6 4 4.

5 2- 5 , 6 59 - 6 3 6 6 5 6 7 0 6 71 .

6 7 , 6 7 9 6 8 2 - 8 6 , 6 8 9 - 9 3 7 13 7 15 -7 33 7 35 ~ 74 1. 74 9- 75 5 7 59 ~ 77 9

1 793-79 , 8 0 2 8 0 - 1 , 8 1 , 8 1 9 8 21- 27 8 2 9 8 3 1 8 3 3

47 8 5 5- 6 6 .

12 .

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0 9 2 -2 0 9 2 1 1 - 44 .

4 9 -4 95 . 49 7- 49 9 5 09 5 10 5 2 , 5 27 5 29 5 34 5 35 .

5 54 55 , 5 59 5 3 5 5 5 6 , 5 8 , 5 73 5 3 590 593 6 1 5 6 2 0- 23 6 3 0

7 6 5 , 6 6 4 6 6 6 , 6 6 7 .

6 7 7 6 8 0 6 8 1 6 8 7 6 9 4- 99 7 14 7 34 7 42- 744 7 4 - 74 , 7 5 -7 57 7 0 7 1

01 8 17 8 20 8 2 , 8 3 0 8 3 2 8 3 4 8 4 3 8 4 - 52 8 54.

0 .

1 3 H 1 4.

, 4 9 , 5 03 5 3 , 5 39 .

0 5 91 6 0 0 6 24 6 2 5 6 3 , 6 43 .

6 9 6 7 2.

0- 70 5 7 4 5 7 5 , 8 0 3- 0 5 8 4 4 8 5 3 8 6 7 .

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at i on s

NAR

AR

7 .

7- 9 49 9 5 1- 9 57 . 9 ^ 6 , 9 8 - 9 72 9 7 5 9 9 3 9 9 4 1 0 1 7.

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M

1 - 9 7 9 0 0 9 02 -9 0 , 9 11 -9 33 .9 4 - 94 3. 9 50 9 5 - 9 5 9 7 . 97 3. 9 74 . 97 ~ 9 7 .

1 01 - 10 23 1 03 4- 10 3 , 1 03 9- 10 4 , 1 05 2- 10 55 .

1 0 2 1 0 3 1 07 - 10 4 .

8 9 , 9 01 9 07 9 34 9 35 9 44 9 45 9 8 - 9 90 9 95 1 00 9- 10 12 1 01 b 1 02 4- 10 2 ,

5 .

4 .

R AT

9 4 , 1 01 3- 10 15 1 02 9 1 03 0 1 03 , 1 05 0.

AT

1 0 31 1 0 32 1 0 51 .

I R A T

C r e a



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L E D I R H E M

H E M

7 1 0 5 -1 10 4 1 1 0 - 1 11 .

1 3 0 1 1 32 .

1 1 50 - 11 5 2.

D I R H E M

07 0- 10 75 1 10 5.

1 " 4 3 . " 4 4 . 11 4 , 1 1 4 , H 4 9.

T R D I R H E M

, 1 1 3 9.

3 .

0.

4 -1 1 8 .

.

TH D I R H E M

N AR

CTR U M

H E M

D O - D I R H E M

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



E I G H TS AND D I AM T R S

hid goldislistedfirst followedbythelatergold theelectrum the

Weightsaree pressedingrams diametersinmill imeters( sidesfors uare

cmensMa imumA verageMa imumMinimum

dWeighedWeightWeightDiameterD iameter

NAR

AR

I NAR W E I GH TM D A

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verage

ht

NAR

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_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



d D i a m et e rs

cmensMa imumA verageMa imumMinimum

eighedWeightWeightDiameterD iameter

I R A T

L E D I R H E M

H E M

D I R H E M

C r e a



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NTS

ts withthoseinAfrica precedingthoseinSpain.I ntheinterests

lphabeticalorderis followed sothatallnamesprecededby al-are

sarealla.h.D iacriticalmarksareomittedfromdynasticnames.Abbre-

d , e ( e le ct ru m s ( s il ve r c ( c op pe r .

ulerC oins

4 0 M u wa h hi d 1 0 g: 5 1 4

0g: 72

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0 8 1 0 - 1 7 H 1 3

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5 8 5

ta si d 1 g: 8 6 9

2g: 5

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r

fs id

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C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



i r

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ulerC oins

5 5 M u wa h hi d 1 + 1 A g : 47 5

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07

+ 9s: 8 72

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d1g: 451-453

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h hi d 1 0 g: 5 1 5

ar in id 4 6 g : 6 7 4- 7 7

si d 1 g: 5 53

wa h hi d 1 2 g: 5 2 2- 5 27

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0g: 727

1

1 9 8 2 0

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ulerC oins

3 0

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ulerC oins

hh id 2 g :4 5

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ulerC oins

) 2 -1 3 s: 1 09 5- 10 97 c : 11 70

5 0 5

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ar in id 4 6 g: 6 8 2 - 8 8

9- 72 1

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90 -7 92

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1

1

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7 H a f si d 10 g :5 7

5

1 9 6 20

Murabit2g: 97

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_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0




ulerC oins

t3g: 205

0

h hi d 2 g :4 9 0

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s : 8 7 1

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1 1 c : 1 1 8

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ah hi d 10 s :1 0 4

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0

45

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d 2 g: 8 7 0

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13 - 93

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4

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ulerC oins

1 5 92 5 9 3

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d 13 5 9 5. 5 9

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id 1 4s : 11 4

s id 1 7 g: 6 0 9

2 0g : 8 0 4 8 0 5 ? , 8 0 9 s : 11 49

s: 11 50

5 4

s id 19 g: 6 2 2- 2 5

id 2 g :8 6 7

s :1 15 1 1 15 2

si d 20 g :6 2

3 2- 3

1 - 4 3

2s: 1154

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bt2g: 99

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70

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ulerC oins

2g:72

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_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0




C r e a



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A T S

icalmarksareomittedfromnamesofmints anddynasties.

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ulerC oins

it299

2 6 3

2100

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ulerC oins

it2+3125

2 9

2+ 312

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9

ulerC oins

9

t3241

5

bit3242

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t3243 11 3

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C r e a



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ulerC oins

2 9 5 1

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3221

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ulerC oins

t3+ 3A 34

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p i. v

. v

n

p i . m

3( p i. x n

( pi. x n

p i. v

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m

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n o . 2 2 41 ( p i . x x i n u n de r n o. 2 2 4e

v

. 1 v

. 1 v

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. 19 3 ee ( p i . x x n

2 ( p i. 1v

( pi. 1v

)

p i .x n

p i .1 v

n o. 19 31 ( p l .x x n

4 ( pi. x n

p . 8 ( p i . 1

n o. 1 93 11 ( p i. x x 1 n

p i. iv

n u n d er n o . 13 5 0

74 onplate.

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1v

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v 1

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_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0





4a M U R A B I T G ol d: 2 - 44

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o ld C o in s : 44 a - 53 0 a n d Me d al : M l

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40 -5 41 H A S D G o ld :5 4 - 4 4

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6 4 - 7 1 E a rl yM AR l N D G ol d: 6 7 - 70

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14 - 3 1

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9

er : 8 7 4- 8 7 M U R A B I T S il ve r: 8 8 8 - 1 0 52 M U W A H H I D S i lv er : 10 2 -1 09 7

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i lv e r: 1 1 01 - 11 0 4 A m ul e t: 1 1 1 n o te H U D I D S i lv e r: 1 1 17 - 11 2 1

12 3 -1 1 29 M A R I N D S i l v er : 1 13 5 -1 1 50 N A SR I D S i l v er : 1 15 3

11 5 4- 1 15 ; M U R A B I T C op p er : 1 1 9 H A S D C o p pe r : 11 7 3 A m u l et : 1 17 4 n ot e .

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F CAU L O N A

NNU M SMAT CSO C E T

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E S R V E D

NU M SMaT CSO C E T

G R M AN AT J . J . AU G U ST N G U c STAD T

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NT NTS

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32

rd59

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N

Cauloniawasstartedmanyyearsagointhe reasonable

tprovideinformationthatwouldparallelor clarifytheprocedure

rsandaddvaluabledatato thehistoryoftheseGreekcities in

ctionofC aulonia in3 9/ 3 b. C . withtheconse uentstoppage

eddateofconsiderablesignificanceandsomeconvenience.

rysources forCauloniamakestheevidencewhichthecoins

rtance.

asno intentionofattemptingtofindadefinitivee planation

yearswhichhave intervenedhaveshownthistobea wise

hinthediscussionI citemanyw hohaveattemptedane planation

w isdom leavetheso lutionof thissphin - l ik equestiontosome

e— someonewhowillperhapsbringanunbiasedapproach

he creatorsofthissymbolismhadin mind.

ntforthecourtesiesreceivedduringthepreparationofthis

againthenamesof themanycabinetsandcollectorslisted in

s.Casts photographsandinformationhavebeenfurnishedwith

Curatorsofall thegreatnationalcollectionsandmythanksto

dentirelyinade uate.Manyindividualcollectorshavebeenno

arenolongerwith ustoreceivethis e pressionofgratitude.An

tMr. Newell sgatheringofthecoins ofthismintwasunusually

tomycolleaguesisgreat.To P rofessorAlfredR .B ellingerand

a ldw inB rettI amundergreatobligationforhe lpfuladv ice . To

andtoMr.SawyerMcA.Mosserand themembersofhiseditorial

perationandencouragementthatbeggarswords.To Mr.R ay-

uethecreditforthephotographicresults o f tenwrungf rommateria l

astbutnotleast totheAmericanNumismaticSocietyandthe

museum I amgladtomakeacknowledgementfortheoppor-

r completingthiswork.

fall istoestablisha se uenceinthecoinage whichstartedwith

tomary inthisregion andlater a f teraperiodw hose lengthhasbeen

ecture changedtothedouble-reliefform( customaryelsewherein

leifanyeffortto placethedouble-reliefstatersinorder hadbeen

ample theengravedreproductionsofC are ll iandGarrucciare

inade uate.

o inageofSouthI ta lyk now itw asthepracticeofmany

sing thesurvivorofapair ofdieswiththenewlycut die

none.B ecausetheupperdiehadto withstandgreaterstress it

weronewhoselongerlife wasduetothebolstering orbuttressing

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nwhichitwasset. Althoughthereislittle dataotherthanthe

gardingthematerialfromwhichthedies weremade wedofind

tenoutlastthreepunchdiesandsometimesmore.O ncethishas

ssibletobuildup groupsofconnecteddies— groupswhichoften

nt. B yemployingothercriteria suchastheevidenceprov idedby

ceofsymbolsprobablyto beidentifiedasthebadgesof magistrates

doubtastowhichof twogroupsmusthaveprecededtheother.

engathered ase uencef re uentlymaybeestablishedw hich

ptfortheplacementofa relativelyfewsingletonsforwhichno

e istasyet.Generally theinterpolationoftheseisunlikelyto

angement.

dheredoesnotclaimfinality.P erhapsanunpublishedvarietyin

atecollectorwillbeall thatisneededtoclarify uncertaintyinthe

double-reliefstaterstherearemanyknownbyasingle specimen

f thef lansaretoosmallfo rthedies thesymbolandtheformof the

tain.Thecoinsshowthat dieswereoftenusedaftercracksor

dlongbeyondthepoint atwhichtheywouldhavebeendiscarded

tdmints. I t isthegrowthof thesedefects how ever w hich

oubtasto whichoftheaccompanyingdies whetherobverseor

ther.

e feelingthatthedatein theH istoriaNumorumforthe

aulonia( 550 istooearly . I tw ouldbemosthe lpfulifw ecould

e atthismintto coinshavingbothsidesin reliefandthehoard

ded(p. 59 prov idesreasonforplacingthisbefore473b. C . The

iaaretobedatedshortlybeforethecity sdestruction theyareof

ductionofsymbolsin additiontothetypeoccurs soonafterthe

ble-relief.Thesesymbolsprecedetheintroductionof single

eusuallyconsideredtobe theinitialsofdie-cutters.At Caulonia

ondatwo-letterform.1

T a re n tu m c f . E v a ns T h e H o r se m en o f T ar e nt u m ( L o n do n 1 8 9 , p . 4 5.

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a scointypeshouldprecede thecatalogue.Adiscussionof

wthethorninessofthe problem.Thereisverylittleevidence

cavationof thesitebyOrsi2w asdisappo intinginthatitdisclosed

purposes.

cointypeisgiven byMacdonald:3" Nakedmalefigure

tedin advanceoftheother hairboundwithdiademandfalling

hthandabranch onle f tarm w hichisoutstretched asmallf igure

dturnedback ho ldingabranchineachhand inf ront astagon

d. Theidentificationofthelarger figureasApolloseemsto be

4butseveraldifferinginterpretationse istconcerningtheidentifi-

e . 5Head o f feringanuni ue interpretationtobothf igures states

levethattheorigina lnameof thetown( K ocuA cov mayhavehadasimpler

K auX 6 s , avegetablew ithasinglesta lk suchforinstanceasthePastinaca

thestalkofwhichis flankedbyarowofpinnate leaves.Therootsofthisplant

veryremotetimesasa valuableesculent.Subse uently hereaselsewhere a

ymousoek istw ouldnatura llybesoughtforandidentif iedasKotO X os sonof

andthe loca lplantw ouldbeassignedtohimasanemblem j ustasthecrfX ivov

ftheeponymousheroofSelinus. O nthecoinsof Cauloniatheprincipalfigure

mythicalfounderholdingin hisraisedrighthandthe irapdoTmovofthecity

geniusrunningat fullspeedandcarryingapparentlythesameemblemin

stco insofC aulonia l ik ethoseofsomanyothercities w erechie f lyusedon

recurrentagonisticfestivals... thenthesmallrunninggeniuswithwingedfeet

forapersonif icationof ' A y vorH ermesdycoviosor8p uios. ..

ntonthefoundingofC auloniashow sbutlittleconnectionbetw een

ndthecointype hise planationofthattypeshowsits signi-

ousandhisusualacumenin analy ingpublishedopinionstobe

basedasit isonaseries ofassumptions disclosesitsweaknessas

e— theidentificationofthebranch— ischallenged.Thesi eof

13 1915. Thesee cavationsaffordevidenceregardingthetempleandthew alls

r thef loorandthefoundationsa loneremain butitw aspossibletoreconstruct

hafacadeofsi co lumns hav ingaroofo fParianmarbletiles. Thismaybean

fthe citywasgreaterthanthe e tentofitscoinagewouldhave ledoneto

swereconstructedofbouldersfrom thebedsofthestreamson eithersideofthe

C o inTypes the irOriginandDevelopment( Glasgow 1905 , p. 132.

y d " O n t h e T y pe s o f th e Co i ns o f Ca u lo n ia " N C X ( 1 4 7 -4 ) ; M . R a o ul -

rvationssurletypedumonnaiesdeC aulonia etsurce luidequel uesautresm dailles

a S ic i le " M i mo i re s d e Nu mi s ma t i u e e t d A n t i u i U ( P a r i s 1 4 0 ; E . S . G .

gon Z a n kl e- Me ss an a an d th e Sa mi an s " J H S L X I ( 1 94 ) .

o yd o p .c i t. R a o u l -R o c h e tt e o p . ci t . R o b in s on o p . ci t .

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tothelaurelthanto thepastinacasativa.F urthermore the

natewhereasthoseofthepastinacasativaare irregular.

identifiedbyR aoul-Rochette7as Apollo.H epointsout

f igure istobe identif ied if thisispossible by thedistinguishing

sorsymbols.Thelonghair ofthisbeardlessfigure aswellasthe

hich canbeassociatedwiththeyouthfulApollo.H efeelsthatthe

armos apersonif icationof thegeniusof lustrationandre ects

andB oreasaspossibil ities. Thesubordinationof thew ingedf igureto

e suggestionofH ermesandtheabsenceofa singleoccurrenceof

ymbolsonthe coinageofthecityis surelyconclusiveevidencethat

s.Thelustralbranchesmakeitunlikelythat thisfigureisP erseusas

rsymbolsassociatedwithhim.

seemsapreferable identif icationforthesmallerf iguretoL loyd. H e

hthe traditionq uotedbyP ausanias9thatCauloniawasfounded

phonofAegium.An unconvincingefforttoconnectTyphonwith

sis notpressed butsupportisclaimedfrom thenamegivento

weenC auloniaandL ocri asthe indicationofa loca lculto f this

ocerta inclimaticcondit ionsC aulonia sda imontypew asa

anothersouthernI taliantownreflectsitsclimaticconditions

theearofbarleywhichwas anindicationofitsagricultural wealth.

ecoastin amountainousregion seemstohavederivedits chief

earbyforests.Apparentlythis townen oyedaratherconstant

thestreamsAlaroson thesouthandP recariti( themodern

0Ly ingonthesouthernslopeof thew atershed C auloniaw asinthe lee

ctedfromthewestandnorthwestwindsin thewinter.D uringthe

bree etemperedtheheat11andthe southandsoutheastwinds

sefavorableconditionsmaypossiblyhavebeenattributedby

god.

carriesalustralbranch anessentialpartofeverysacrifice.12

catethatCauloniawascleansedfroma pestilence Thisisnot

osperousCrotonwhoselatertypeshowsH eraklesO ikistasholding

oul-Rochette14points out.AlthoughsouthernI talyisknowntohave

aticconditions thefactthatCauloniawassurroundedbyforests

agefacilitieswouldseemtoindicatethat sheen oyedhealthful

op. cit . p. 25.

o y d " O n t h e t y pe s o f th e C oi n s of C au l on i a " N C X ( 1 4 7 -1 4 ) , p p . 1 -2 0 .

v idR andall-Mc ver Greek Cit iesinI ta lyandSicily ( O x ford 1931 ,

NormanDouglas OldC a labria p. 413.

eek Studies ed. L eonardWhibley ( C ambridge 191 ) , p. 405. C f . Dictionnaire

e s et R o m a i ne s e d . C h. D a r e m be r g E d m . Sa g li o a nd E . P o t t i er ( P a r is 1 9 05 , I I I ,

nos. 17 -1 1 w herethef ille t ishangingoverthearmof thegod.

op. cit. pp. 33-37.

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eforethemorewarrantablyconcurwithR aoul-Rochette sbelief

efertothe city shavingbeencleansedfroma pestilence.

gtheassociationoncoins ofoliveandbaywiththe headof

ctionas godofmiddaylightandheat recentlysuggestedthe

gardingthecointypeinq uestion:

tthis aspectofthegodwaswell-knowninthis particularcornerofI taly

edinthefamiliarcoin typeofneighboringK aulonia:ayouthfulfigure

shandandwitha secondaryfigure sometimeswithwingedheels also

nng a lo ng h is o ut st re tc he d ar m ( T r ai ts I I I 1 P I . L X X 1 4- 5 P I . L X X I 1 -5 .

timebeeninterpretedasariver-god butthedeerthatalwaysaccompanies

A pollo the lustra lbranchw hichheissw ingingisthemeansof ferti l ity and

hisarmsymboli esthesamepowerasthe swastikaortriskeles towhich

esemblance.I tisinterestingto noteinthisconnectionthat onanearly

M. C. I ta ly p. 33 , No. 1 ) A po lloastype isreplacedby thetriske les andthatona

statersthehair ofthestridingfigureis deliberatelytreatedsothatthelocks

s...15

montoa swastikaortriskelesandtheinterpretationofthe

nsof ferti l ity donotcary fullnessofconviction.

onsbyfourdistinguishednumismatistsshowhowdifficultit

ge positionof themeaningof thetype. L etusconcludemere ly

obably thato fA po llo presentedasthecity sfounder thatthe

entification andthatthestagis theparasemonofthecity.

ofGreeksculpture andnumismaticshaveq uestionedwhether

dby adie-cutterorwasderivedfrom asculpturalprototype.

sthe lattersuggestionw henhew rites " e actandserv ile imitationsof

everbeautifuldidnotsuggestitselfto themindoftheartists who

andconcludes " aslongasGreek artw asa live ane actorslavish

fw asa llbutunk now n. 1 R eglingho ldsasimilarv iew butatthe

persistenceofacointypealmost unchangedfor150yearsmay

statue.17R aoul-Rochette1 aswellasMacdonald19considerthe

nthecaseof theA po llo f igure. Macdonald how ever re ectsthe

eanintegralpartof agroupbecauseitrests uponaseparate

titudeofdependancyore pectancytobeseenonthe partofthe

fthestagseemto metoindicatea relationshipbetweenthem.

edevenbythecrudestdie-cuttersup tothetimeofthe disap-

sfromthe obverse.Theseparategroundlineofthestagmight

e possibilityofasculpturalprototype.

positiontoanyconsiderationoftheobversetypesas derived

theroundbecauseofthetechnical difficultyofsupportingit

wnremainsofothergroupsprovidea satisfactoryanalogy.The

" R h e gi on Z a n kl e- Me ss an a an d th e Sa mi an s " J H S L X I ( 1 94 ) , p . 1 .

h e Ty p es o f G re e kC o in s ( C am b ri d ge 1 8 3 , p p . 6 8 - 9 .

H a n d bu c h de r A rc h do l og i e e d . W a lt e r O t t o ( M u n c he n 1 9 39 ; " A n ha n g:

p 1 34 -1 3 .

l o c. c i t. p . 2 .

pp. 97and132.

p. 132.

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atL ocribyOrsi 21mayhavebeeninspiredbysuchanearlier

markablemetopesfoundatP aestuminrecentyearsbyD r.

monstratehowlimitedtheknowne amplesofsculpturefromMagna

stthatimportantadditionsto whatweknowmaybeawaiting

ratthesitesofotherGreek cit iesinI ta ly . B utevenontheearliest

thetreatmentofthereversedetails especiallythedelineationof

a ir remindoneof the likecaretakenw iththefo ldsof thechlamys

reversesofthe incusestatersofP oseidonia.23Andcertainlythe

ethangsoverthearmof thefigureonthelatest staters

dX X ) impliesthatthefigure isinanimate. A sforthestag theattachment

lateX I , 139-uni uepiecefromMr. New ell sco llection asw ell

sa g s n e ck ( P l a te s V I a n d V I I , 6 9 - 70 7 2 -7 5 a n d 77 a l so s e em

astatueand difficultotherwisetoe plainasaccessoriesofthe

estaterswithbothsidesin reliefistheanimalrepresentedas

1 02 -3 1 0 , 1 10 -1 14 .

maynotbeenoughto provethatthetypeofCauloniawas

ulptura lprototype theydoshow itseemstome thatsucha

AV AO H I ATAM whichdoesnotoccuruntil wellalong

isana logoustow hatisfoundontheco insofne ighboringCroton

ris( inasingle instance . The inscriptionoccurssometimesonthe

nthereverse andsometimessingularlyenough itoccurson

the interchangingof the lettersO and£2 anda lsothef ina lM

te2 . Thecustomary formofZ occursontheco insof the last

o f thek now nspecimensofnos. 119-23 1 0 and1 1show any

indiscussingthesignificanceof inscriptionsonancientcoins

eristicallyI taliotuseofthenominativesingularad ectiveof

gbyitselfis foundonCaulonia scoinsamongothers.24I nthe

Apolloontheobverseandthe stagonthereverseonemight

st and" parasemon respectively— thereby renderingthereadings

o ni a n ( o e k is t " a n d " ( t h is i s t he C au l on i an ( p a ra s em on .

stwoclear-cutdivisions namely incuseanddouble-relief.

cordingto flan-diameters.Four stepsorgradationsaredis-

tflan-diametersarefoundontheearliestcoinsand thechanges

areabruptratherthangradua1.Thelast incusestatersappro i-

ble-reliefcoins aswellascontemporarycoinsofthe neighboring

ontum andTarentum 25andtheSicil ianmintsofA grigentum Gela

astheoverstrikestestif y .

o c ri s e c. I I I a n d D . R a nd al l- Mc v er o p . ci t. P I . V I I I .

G .M . A . R i c ht e r A r ch a ic G r ee k A rt ( N e wY o r k 1 9 49 F i g s. 2 0 4- .

b e en f o un d w it h in t h e pa s t ye a r. C f .A J A V o l . 6 2 ( 1 9 5 ) p . 4 1 p i . 11 3 .

p. 97.

TheOrigina lSignif icanceof the I nscriptiononA ncientCo ins " P rocis-

duC ongrisI nternationa ldeNumismati ueetd A rtde laMidail leC ontempora ine

0 , p p . 2 7 s . 2 C f . AN SM N V I I , 1 9 57 p p. I 3 ff -

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G

l at es I - I I .

ereinsub-dividedintofour groups.Thefirst andthelargest

argestflan( c. 30mm. . Throughoutthisgroup the inscriptionis

tersof thecity sname anditoccursontheobverseonly . F if teen

sevenreverseshaveheendistinguished.O nthereverse the

on beingincisedinthedie wouldhavebeensusceptible

butneitherthisnor anyothermodificationhasbeendetected.

theobversehasacableborder withthepossiblee ceptionof

risnotpreserved.

eorderwithinGroup Ashouldbesubmitted.Thesestaters

nscriptionsinlarger lettersthanaretobe foundforthesucceeding

theV isdif ferentinthe laterco insofGroupA w here ittak esa

blesY .Thereisalsosupport forthisse uenceinthepostureof

enconsideredtheearlier piecesheisshownwith hisrightheel

o f forw ardmovement. F orthepiecesonP late I I , andnotablyon

I , bothfeetaref latonthegroundline thereby lesseningthefee lingof

eonbothobverseandreverseis consistentlypresent.Theorder

la te I isdetermined' by thedie- f law betw eenthe init ia lle tters

ak behindtheheadofA po llo nottobeseeninno. 1 ispresentin

he postureofthereversedaimonshouldbenoted.There

ediameterof thef lansothatthetransit iontoGroupI isless

GroupsI I andI I I . I nthisshrink age it isthebordersw hichsuf fer.

onbecausethe branchesheldineachhandof thedaimon

htheirsignificancehas beenlost.Again becausethisfigurewearsa

nddirectthanintheearlierform. F orno. 15 theda imonf igure

reverse aconditionwhichrecursin succeedinggroups.The

(nos. 1and11 show thisf igurecarry ingabranch. C anthereason

nthat itofferedmorecomplicationthanthedie-cutterwas

s I I a n d I I I ( n o s. 1 - 2 ) , a s h ar p ly b e nt l e ft a r m di s ti n gu i sh e s

earmslantingupwardinstead ofhori ontalasheretofore.No.20

desribesfromaspecimeninhis possessionasbearingintiny

( A . Thef irstthreeof these lettersarereadbyhimtothe le fto f the

with hisarm theotherfourfollowtherim infrontofthe

hI havee aminedshowthatthisreadingis unwarrantedand

L e M on et e de ll I t al ia A nt ic a ( R o ma 1 8 5 , p . 1 6 , s ec . 17 .

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l a t es I I I a nd I V

flansare slightlyreducedandatinycir cleorannulet

center isf re uentlyplacedabovetheobversestag. Thisis

ctlyidentifiedasthe lettertheta althoughR eglingreadsitasthe

7Thisletter if it isa letter a lsooccursonthereversesofnos. 27

3 and39-40 butisisnotuniformlyplaced. Thesereverseoccurrencesand

tprecludeassociatingitwith theethnic.Anotherletter re-

maretrograde occursbetweenthefeetofApollo ononeobverse

ndisa lso foundonthereverseofoneof thevarietiesassociatedw iththisdie

stfourlettersof thecity snameoccuronthereverseswiththree

2 , 29 . Theassignmentof thevarietiesatthebeginningof thegroup

thecableborder.Thisis almostimmediatelyreplacedbya

wolinearcircles.B esidesthis thesefirstthreevarietiesshare

roupAtheomissionof anyreverseinscription.Toreplacethe

A po llo issometimesgivenasecondlustralbranch(nos. 30-32 3 ,

verhis shoulderbeingindicatedverysummarilythroughoutthe

nchinf ronto f thestag.

l a te I V .

sthedistinctionof beingclassedseparately sincethereare

ngleobversedie.Theshrinkageofflanis nowmoremarked

nscriptionisinf ive lettersandnow appearsonbothobverseand

aterbirdresemblingaswanreplacesthe letterabovetherumpof

reversesomittheda imonf igure w hich how ever doesnothave

ycustomary.

P l a te V .

groupsshowsfurthershrinkageofthe flan( from24to21 mm.

agrowingcrudity inthedie-cutting especia lly forthereverses( cf .

usua llyoccurringw iththree lettersbutsometimesw ithf ive letters is

c e pt f o r no s . 49 5 3 5 4 5 , a n d 57 . O n n o s . 59 6 0 a n d po s si b ly

eoccupiesthereversespaceusua lly reservedforthe inscription para l-

ton.Theinterval betweenmayhavebeenconsiderablesince

tsof theincuseprocessseemtohavebeen forgotten.

turesofthese incusestaterscallfor comment.I ntheir

eor nothingthatmightbecalledprimitiveabout eitherthetypeor

useformatitselfmarksanadvancedstagein coining and

mightbee plainedbyitshavingbeenborrowedfromCroton

dforthetype. F orana logy regardingthetype w emustgoto

efigureofP oseidonimmediatelyremindsoneoftheheroicstatue

e G r i ec h is c he n M ii n e n d er S a mm l un g W a r re n ( B e r l i n 1 9 0 ) , p . 2 2 n o . 1 3 .

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rtemesion.2 A shasbeenmentioned R eglingmak esaspecif ic

aandP oseidoniatypesinformulatinghisopinionthatthe die-

nspirationfromstatuesuntiltheH ellenisticperiod.29I nstudying

ofthe Cauloniatype wenotetheeffectivenesswithwhichit

eniceplacementof the inscriptionandtheda imon sf igure and

nsofthestag.Theavoidanceof awkwardnessintheApollofigure

thetorsofrontal theheadandlowerlimbs inprofile.Theshorten-

uisedbythe hairtresses sothatthecontrastis lessnoticeable.

earliestissuesofPose idoniaare lessf inishedandmuchmore

lonia.F orCroton therearetoofewelementsinc ommonto

ferenceinincidence.W edonotknowhowlong thedisasteratthe

theco inagebeginningsatC roton( H eaddatesthe latteras550b.C . .

daseveresetback however inwhichCauloniawouldhave

ort distancefromtheSagras.AtCaulonia suchrefinementsasthe

aimonsuggestan intervalbetweenthecoinageonwhichitfirst

her citiesusingtheincusec onvention.Moreover theoutlining

sesisatechnicalitynot foundatMetapontumuntilwellalongin

heseconditionspointtoanearlier beginningatMetapontum it

snot yetsufficientdataforestablishinghowmuchearlier.

e E . M yl on as " T he B r o n e S ta tu e fr om A rt em is io n " A J A X L V I I I ( 1 94 4 ,

innote17.

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L I E F CO I N AG

P l a t es V I a nd V I I

ningbehindthearrangementofthe double-reliefstaters itis

osesofc omparisonthisgroupdoesnotgreatlyoverruna single

ciculi30of theSylloge thetypeforthereversew iththebranchinf ront

) isgivenprecedenceoverthisgroup( E ) , andforthatreasonthe

bemadeclear. I nGroupE, theobverse inscriptionsareof three

upF theyareconsistentlyoffourletters.Thecableborder a

theincuseformat givesplacetoadotted borderbeforewe

. Whetherthebranchcharacterist ico fGroupF isconsidereda

maybeopentoq uestion butthevarietieswithoutthisaccessory

han tofollowitsintroduction andstylistically theycome

egroupissimplifiedby thediecombinationswhichdictate

efoundbutsevenobversescombinedwithsi teenreverses theremust

nted.No.6 2isplacedat theverybeginningbecauseoftheform

ause6 4awhichimmediatelyfollows( byreasonofthescale of

occursinthehoarddiscussedhereafter( cf . p. 59 . Thisstateris

sues inthathoard— alongwithitis asingledouble-relief

ehoardmusthavebeensecretednotlong afterthetransition

adtakenplaceatC auloniaandPose idonia andto j udgef rom

andCrotoninthis hoard beforethechangetookplaceat

scalelettersof theinscriptionforGroupE giveplacealmost

s.Thereversesofthis groupbearnoinscription.Thoseshowing

w ithaw reathabouttheneck of thestag( nos. 69 6 9a 6 gd

toobversesa lsocombinedwithaw reathlessstagw hichshow by the

rsediethat thewreathlessformprecededtheother aswasto

no. 62 hasareverse uni ueamongdouble- re lie f staters w hichhas

aborder ofdots— aformobviouslyderivedfromtherimof the

erofdotson thereversewhichimmediatelyfollowsisminimi ed

corative importance inGroupF .

1 P l at es V I I , V I I I a nd I X

rsesandreversesbearinscriptions. I nadditionthereverseshave

front ofthestag.These uenceisachievedbyworkingback-

asthelongestinscriptionsso far isplacedlastbecausea tendency

becomescommoninthefollowinggroup.I talsosharesthe same

I X .

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e

w herethere isacomple o fbranchesonthereverse . B ecause

ycopiedf romno. 87 thecomple o fbranchesissimplerforno. 8 7than

isreasonablethatthe simplerbranchshouldprecedethemore

lthoughwemaynotdeterminethe progressiondiebydie itis

edevolutionisconfirmedbychangesin theinscriptions bythe

gure andbytheproportionsofthe stagonbothobverseand

nthatnos. 7 and79 w iththe leaf insteadof thebranch be longat

The threeletterreverseinscriptionandthescale ofthestagseem

ce.

la tesI X andX

n stylebetweenthisgroupandGroupF .I fthearrangement

ereisaclear indicationofane tendedintervalbetweennos.101

boththef iguresof theobverseA po lloandthereversestag insteadof

uietpose arerepresentedinmotionwitha vigorlittleshortof

thandultimatelyreturningtoa staticposition.Thereisnotable

ttingwhichseemstopartakeof thenewvigorinthe types.

ntroductionofsymbolsor accessoriestothetype.E x ceptforthe

e placedontheobverse.F orthesucceedinggroup theseadditions

alforthis group thedaimonfiguredisappears.Althoughit

m i edtosomee tent itherereachesa limito fcrudityand

rgementsofnos. 104and107onP latesX I X andX X respectively .

edfromnos. 105 10 , 11 and117whiletherearepossible

I I . O nno. 104thestagisbadlyplacedandonno. 105w hichshares

o stagatall.Thestag isagainomittedonthe obversesofnos.no

socasualthatit mighteasilyevadeobservation.Theobverse

hasbeenshow nwithheadreverted indicatingadependentre-

inningw ithno. 112thestag sheadislikethatonthereverse—

e ceptinno. 11 , continuesinthisposit ion.

e plainedbyworkingbackwardfromno.117.Nos.115-117

ndonthis reverse theprogressionofthedie breakshowsthatthis

3-115share thesameobversedie thedeteriorationofwhich

eboundingstagofnos.110-113ties themtogether.O nnos.107-109

rybut theobversefigureofApollois not.I tagreesperfectlywith

ecedesorno. now hichfo llow s. Nos. 105and10 ( sameobverse

tagswhileacommonreversebringsno. 104intoplace.Nos.102

bverse thelatterbeingmoreworn.P erhapstheleavesonthe

ty li a tionof thebranchofGroupF ratherthanasymbol. Onthe

hesprayofthreeleavesseemsto betheprototypeofthereverse spray

a lthoughtw oberrieshavebeenaddedtothe latter.

setypefor thisgroupareveryinteresting partlybecause

ssification.Theirnatureisq uitedifferentfromthemorepersonal

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ar o inochoe etc. w hichareaccompaniedby the initia lso f thenamesof

rthcenturystaters ofMetapontum.I nthefifthcentury thereare

eMetapontinesymbols.Theiroccurrenceon thereversegenerally

elationor connectionwiththemaintype.F orifthereverse

toGroupF atC aulonia isasymbolforw oodsortheforest( a

ontoindicatethehabitatof thestag , thebranchaddedtothe

1wouldhavethesamesignificance althoughitsappropriateness

clear.Theconnectionbetweenthe conventionali edtreeform

sestagisalmostobvious butthesprigon thereverseofno.102is

odepriveit ofanyconnectionwiththestag. Thewreathonno.112

and113are lesseasilyassociatedwithApolloalthoughthebirds

dlif e . Moreover onno. 10 themask ofafo orhindinaf rameof

ameimplication.

onthatthe regularitywhichhadmarkedGroupF has

vationinGroupG acharacteristicwhichcarriesoverinto

egree.

40 P l a te s X a n d X I

markedbythebranchon thereverses thisgroupisdistinguished

riesora singleleaf.Thedaimori whichdisappearedinthe

completelylackinghere.Thereseemsto beaslightdeteriorationin

echangesinthetreatmentofthe inscription includingits

seandreverseonnos.119-123.The figureofApolloisgenerally

esenseofmovementonbothsides whichmarkedtheissuesof

pearedbytheendof GroupH .Thediemulingsbring intoclose

swhichonewouldhavehesitatedtoassociateotherwise.

hebeginningofthisgroup asalreadynoted haveincommon

twoberriesinthefield ofthereverse.I tseemsreasonabletosee

the obverseofno.11 theprototypeofthisreversesymbo1.

alreversesofGroupH areinferiortothose ofnos.115-117which

betweennos.117 and11 .D iecombinationsandprogressingdie

ownas willbeseenfromthediagramof diecombinations.

ontoan earlierforminthatthe headoftheobversestagis

pG weoccasionallyfindobverseadditions.O nnos.121-123

nmy j udgmentnotacicada w hichalsooccursonnos. 127-129

relationbetweenthesecoins althoughthemuhngsseemto

eversesymbolonno. 129isatree whichisfarmoreconventional-

formsdescribedpreviously.O nnos.130and131 thereversespray-

ent whichmarksatimeseparationfromtheform usedon

ulonia stypeI gavereasonsforthinkingthattheplacingof the

arategroundlinewasperhapsanindicationthat thetwofigures

alcultstatueof Apolloaccompaniedbyastagwithsome

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e

ossibletofollownow.I nGroupGwe findthestag sgroundline

ghouttheincuseformat undergoingachange.O nnos.107-109

ngresemblingthecapitalofacolumnbeneaththe stag.O n

asbeenmodifiedso thatitisvery muchlikeastatue-basis

roportions. Onnos. 124-12 how ever thisbasis w hichordinarily

fthestag bearsastrangeanimalwithoutantlersandwith a

din somewhatthesamewayastheheadof thechargingbullon

epresented.Grosscarelessnessseemsamorelikelye planation

utionforthefigure ofthestag.

groupareknownina singleorina smallnumberof

9isoneof theformer. Inscriptions a lthoughw ornandinshortened

othdies. Thefilletshangingfromtheantlersof thestag however

tdistinction.Theirdelicatelineartreatmentisbest seeninthe

I X . Sty list ica lly thespreadlegsof thisstagare lik ethoseof

p.Thesi eoftheletters oftheinscriptionmightgiveit aplace-

hanisshownhere.

no . 140arek nowntoe ist one isinParisandtheotherin

eenknownandR aoul-Rochette31has writtenaboutthistype.

edthesecoins considerthemsuspect. L ook ingatthereversef irst

rpositionofthe inscriptionwiththreelettersin averticalline

e lsew here inthiscity sco inage. Theposit ionof thestag santlers

estance withthespreadforelegsisemployed.I tisthe obverse

uestionable . B oththethick groundlineandtheheavy clumsybody

areincontrastto thepresentationwehavecometoknow.

of symbolsisnotfoundelsewhere.Thefountainis notunlikeone

157 butthelion s-headwaterspoutwouldmoreappropriately

asitdoes onthestatersofTerina thanintoastationaryfont.I n

hyphallichermfacingtoright withafilletedbucraniumaboveit.

figure ofApolloorto eachother andsuggestahandor amind

o ledesign if suchitcanbecalled bearstheearmark sof the

ormore ago.

diecombinationsunknowntomemayalterthearrangement

ple nos. 127-129withtheobverse insect andnos. 130-131w iththe

maycomelaterrather thanwheretheyhavebeenplaced.The

o. 127andA onno. 12 mightw ithe ua lappropria tenessentitle

roupI andthe longvertica linscriptionintiny lettersonthe

ightfollowratherthanprecedenos. 132-134.

1 P l a t es X I I a n d X I I I

ofsome oftheprecedingclasses providesevidencethatthe

argeone andthatstrictregularityof procedure whetherstylistic

g.Asinpreviousgroups diecombinationsbringtogetherstaters

o p. c it . p. 2 4 n ot e 1 P I . I I , 1 0.

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ommon( cf . nos. 150-151 . F orthisgroupanivy leafsymbolisto

or reverseofsomeofthepieces. O thersymbolssuchasthe crab

metimeswiththeleaf onthesamedieand sometimeswiththe

. The letterphi( isthisasignaturesuchasw ef indatTerina?) is

e . I t isfoundbeneaththerightarmofA po lloonno. 142 be low the

s.143-147andon thereversesofnos.149-151and154 Theletter

appearsontheobverseofno . 150andintheformG ontheobverses

ereversesofnos. 155-15 asw ellasonthebron epieces( nos.

u z ling differingformssometimesoccurringonthesame

1and102wehavethe fifthletter anomicron.Thisisrepeatedly

at e r di e s ( n o s . 12 4 -1 2 5 1 3 0- 1 31 1 3 5 1 3 9 1 4 , 1 5 0 1 5 2 1 7 0 - 17 ,

aettero f the inscriptionw hengiveninfull issometimesN sometimes

andonthe lastdies sigmainitsnormalform. Thearcha icform

e herepersistsaslateasno. 1 6 . 32

es.Theobversestagis sometimespresent sometimesnot.

hegroup heresemblesagoatmorethanadeer. Thestag ssi e

fApollogrowssteadilyheavier— almostpugilistic.H isattitude

of runninginnos. 15 -1 1. Hisha irisusua lly short butin

verhisshoulderareclear. Aknotatthe backoftheheadis visible

branchinhisrighthandinterferesw iththe inscriptioninnos. 141-145

issomodif iedthatitw ouldscarce lyberecogni edasabranchif there

blishthisintention.Thereversestagis fre uentlyheavyand

herthanrightinno. 1 1.

are intriguing e.g. thebirdwithupraisedwingsin afont

5-15 andontheobverseofno . 155w hatseemstobeana ltar( cf .

X ) . Thepa lmettesatitscorners thestrutandthemannerin

edtothetopindicate astructuremadeofmeta1.

3-154there arelongfilletstied tobotharmsofApollo.33

toe pla inthepurposeof thesef il le ts. Thetetrobo lsonP lateX V

w hichisconnectedw iththisgroupby thepresenceof the letter< t> ,

edwithoutthef il let andthenw iththef il le t. I sitpossiblethat

eenaddedtothecity scultstatue( w hichmayorigina llyhave

duringanagonisticcelebration andhavebeenusedon thecoinage

mplication? Thisisbutone oftheunresolvedq uestionsraisedby

1 P l a te sX I I I a nd X I V

nsandthe styleofthesecoinsleavehardlyany alternativeas

etop-knottedApollocontinueson theearlieststatersinthis

3 , giv ingw ay toagodw ithclippedha irw hichbearssomeresemblance

ofinscriptionalformsseeMacdonaldreferencecitedin note24.

o fco insw ithf i l le tsseeP latesX I X andX X .

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e

1 1there isarunningA pollow hichisreplacedonnos. 1 2-1 6 by

weightontheleftfoot amuchmoreawkwardstancethanthat

hichwehadbecomeaccustomed andtowhichthereis areturn

eheavy -bodiedf igurecontinuestotheendof theco inage.

e mostlyontheobverse e.g. turtle dolphins starand

esingle letters— A onthereverseofnos. 1 8 -173 0onthe

andE onthereverseofno. 175. I f these lettersare init ia lso f

neletteronthe obverseandanotheronthereversewouldshowthat

workingconcurrently anindicationofastepped-upcoinage

relativelylargenumberofsurvivingspecimensofnos.179and

hetwo dolphinsisdifficulttofathom.Thefillet laidacrossthearm

of the lasttype isofa familiarform i. e . w oo lw ithtermina l

symbolonnos. 17 -1 1hasneverbeensatisfactorilye pla ined it

any morethanitdoesa birdtrap.Theincreasedscaleof the

consistentthroughoutthisgroupasopposedtothat ofGroupI .

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S

shownonthetwoplatesof enlargementswasgivencareful

tisdesignedtoemphasi esomeofthe ideaspresentedinthe

andtherefore itdoesnotfollow these uentia lorderinthecata logue. The

numbershownmaybesupplementedby theotherplates. I tw ouldhave

seriesofenlargementsdevotedtothedaimonhadbeenincluded

rmwhichoccurbeforefinaldisappearancefromtheobverse.

presentations( nos.73and104 appearonthesetwoplates.

necessaryforthe incusestatersastheyare forthesmaller

seoftheirgreaterflandiameter.

1 0 4 1 0 a n d 11 3 o f P l a te X I X t h e in c re a se d s tr i de o f t he m ai n

ismostmark edonno. 102 w hich inmyopinion providesaclear

beingpresentedas movingfromtheverybeginning— nearlyor

esubsidiaryda imon. Thestaticstagonthereverseofno . 62 w hich

gof thedoublerelief changesforonlyafewdies toarealistic

eversesofnos. 102and113 . Thereturntothequietposit ionis

e llasonno. 155ofP lateX X .

mphasi ede tendfromoneplateto another.Thesuggested

stobecomparednot onlywithno.112but alsowithnos.121and

et tobothobverseandreversetypesis shownfortheentire

tssignificanceisfar fromobvious fordiscussionseepage6

ta logueentries( 105 139 153and17 -1 1 .

tshaveindividualinterest.No.73 forinstance isnot

think butinsomemannerthediehasbeenin uredandrecutfor

tmusthavebeendeplorablybadfrom thebeginning.Thereare

ombinationswithdifferingreverses.Thestyli edtreeonno.107

orms comparealsothereverseofno.129. No.121bisnoteworthy

olandforthelong-hairedheadofApollo.No. 112hasafine

hemuchlater dieofno.151.B othobverseandreverseofno.155

etodisplaythealtar whichseemstobeentirelyof metaltoj udge

hesupportsforitstop andthereverseto il lustratethestyli ed

the stagaswellas thebirdwithupraisedwingsin apedestalled

0 connectthisw iththeobversesof thebron eissues.

no.21 ) showsthekantharossymbolwhichdoesnotoccur

her thefilletofthe obverseisalateraddition tothisdie.Thefine

231and232deservesattention— I amunabletofindany

mighthavebeenderived. Ex ceptonthebron eco ins headssuch

Caulonia sco inage andasconceptionstheyareofoutstanding

riginality.

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irlyclear indicationsthatthefourdivisionsof thesefractions

sharpseparatione istsbetweenthetwolaterdivisions.

minationsintheincuse formisnotprolific.This conditionis

tapontumforitsincusecoinage.V eryfewoftheincuse

ae aminedbymehavebeeningood condition thereisseldom

evidenceofcirculation.Thismakesitdifficult tofindstylistic

staters.Thethree-letterobverseinscriptionon nos.201and202

ononnos.203-205do notoccuramongthediesof theearly

cf . P la teV ) . L ik ewise thereverse inscriptionssuchasthoseof

mbered203onP lateX V ) 204and205appearre lative ly la te

olbearsthe triskelesforitsobversetype( nos.20 and207

nceivedas acorrelativeofthedaimonas R obinsonsuggests.34

hthe incusepiecesisshownbythe reverseborderwhichislike

trobo ls( cf . P la te I V andno. 20 ) .

nos.20 -214 withthelaterissueshavingthe subsidiary

sinterestingfortheoccasionalchange inorientationforboth

s( anysignif icanceforw hichescapesme andfortheminimi ingor

onfigure.Thestriding attitudeismorepronouncedherethan

erwithinthegroupbecomesclear bycomparingtherimof

62of thestaters. Thisreverserim sunkenatf irst changestoa

antforthekantharossymbolwhichdoesnotoccur amongthe

eisa furtherdistinctivepeculiarityinthefillet whichhangsfrom

inthecircumstancethat thishasbeenaddedto adiealreadyin

hesprigw ithtw oleaves( obv . ofno . 217 isa lso foundamongthestaters

a lthoughinthe latteroccurrence itbearsthree leavesandtw oberries.

urthgroup ( nos.229-232 hasbeenthoughtbyGagliardi3

ecauseofthehorn-likepro ectiononno.231.I nearlierdiscussions

avehadbettercla imtobeingthatofA po llo. Thee q uisitesty le

ivyleaf symbolonthereverseofno.230 ( paralleledon

marksthemaslatein thecoinageofthecity andthereforenot

donottraceanynotableresemblanceto theissuesofneighboring

ee ceptionofTerinaw herecerta instatersandlatesi thsbeara

it . p . 1 .

usdiscussion.

A l cu n e Mo n et e i n B r o n o d i C au l on i a A t ti e M e mo r ie d e ll I s t it u to I t a li a no d i

1 9 30 , p p . lo o ff .

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U E S

oniapresentproblems someofwhichhavebeenoutlined

tisgenerallythoughtthat theintroductionofbron eforcoins

muchantedate400b.C.3 andsinceCauloniawasdestroyedin

esprovidesignif icantdata . B eforethe introductionofbron efor

flow denominationsseemtohavesufficedforcurrencyneeds.

cescitedby Gagliardi39twoareofthesamedenominationanda third

i 40w ithstrongprobabil ity re ectsasthecoreofaplatedco in.

sconclusionis lesslikelybecauseofthe patinationandthe

heco in. Thisco inseemstometobew hatR eglingca llsa" mysti-

entif icationof theheadonthef ractionsandonthebron esasa

ompleteconviction althoughthesuggestionisanintriguingone.43

ect itw ouldseemthatw eshouldhaveagreaternumberofap-

lsorotherindicationsassociatedwitha rivergodthancanbe

whichoccurontheobversesof twovarietiesalsooccuron thestaters

scantynumberofbron epiecesk now nisindicativeof theirintro-

destructionof thecity.

9 9. H e a d d a te s Cr o to n s b r on e c o in a ge a s b eg i nn i ng ' B e f o r e ci r c .b . c . 40 0 .

p. 150.

. 99-100.

otheauthor.

101.

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loguewhichfollowsare oftherespectivediesratherthan

llustratedwhichmayhave beenselectedforitssuperiorcon-

he designisoff-flan.I nsomecasesallof theknownspecimens

auseofw earorover- ea louscleaning inconse uenceofw hichthe

willhavebeentaken fromaspecimenwhichisnot illustrated.As

e isbutasinglee ampleofno . 155w hichgivesthereverse inscription.

ofenlargements( X X ) .O ccasionallytheoff-flanportionis

tywhosereverseis combinedwiththatofthefirst.

trust beself-evident.Thegreatnationalcollectionsarein-

ecit ies—P aris V ienna Glasgow w ithaddedcitationofcata-

sgow H unter234. " B M- loydSNG207 is be inginterpreted

Museum f romtheL loydB e uest i l lustratedintheSy lloge

loyd No. 207. A NS- TNindicatesthatthespecimenisinthe

NumismaticSociety fromthebenefactionofE dwardT.Newel1.

oneillustratedonthe plates.When otherpiecesfromthe

ratedanasteriskappearsbeforeitscataloguelisting anditsletter

mberontheplates.Thosespecimenswitha daggerbeforetheir

stratedinenlargedsi eonP latesX I X -X X andcommented

.R eferencetoillustratedauctioncataloguesisby thenameof

w iththeyearof thesale andthenumberinthecata logue. The

he platesindicatethedie-combinations.Thus3 —39 40

3 and39werestruckfromthe samedieandthatthe reverses

esamedie.

S

k wise . Nak edf igure

tressesand

ancingtor. onashort

dright hand

es.O nhis

smallnakedfigure

r. lookingbackw ard

inhisr.and a

ncuse.Thebodies

intaglio.The

anchinonehand , the

branchheldby

rsofhisout-

edbylines which

faceandhairof

ncuseformat

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nr. f ie ld onasecond

tagstandingr. but

pollo.Cable

es 6 8 2 8 . 2 1

o th e by 1 9 5 2 1 7 . 4

die-break j ustbe-

o llo srightarmand

.B orderintaglio

rentlycontrolled

hedie.

i F e b . 1 9 35 4 7 . 40

a tt 1 9 22 1 7 1

1 9 09 7 7 . 7

9 14 1 7 . 70

1 9 8 . 0 1

eak back of the

pearanceofa

k ing o f thesurface

edbetweenthefirst

n.

N av il le X I I , O c t .

Co l l. 4 3 8 . 0 7

ol l . 9 2 8 . 1 0

1 7 8 . 2 0

t e by F e b . 19 2 9 1 1 8 . 4 2

5 71 8 . 2 2

91 0 1 4 8 . 2 0

1 90 , 1 1 1 8 . 20

5 72 8 . 0 2

manC oll. Sotheby

le V I , J a n. 1 92 3 2 5 7 . 8

M ay 1 90 5 R o u so po ul os

imondoesnot

ilso f theheadof

u ly 1 92 9 6 1

ay 1 93 2 1 24

24 1 92 7 2 59 1

27 1 5 0

, 19 13 23

904 6 3

F e b .1 90 7 2 91

D e c. 19 0 , 1 59

3 3 07

8 C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



sclesofr.arm

mphasi ed. The

edaimonpoints

hornsofthe

uckup sufficiently

3

o ll. 917.9

, 1 9 30 1 02 4 e N a vi ll e V ,

( B r i t is h Mu s. D u p l. 7 .7 9

M ay 1 91 2 9 5 8 . 30

th e by M a y 19 1 , 1 9 2 8 . 0 4

p. 12 , 27. 92

, F e b . 19 35 ( H e r -

3 7 . 0

( N o e5 0 7 , C f .

7

5 a n d 6 . F i g ur e

earmelongated.

rda imon nearly

nches.

g.

eofA curved

rynearlyupright.

W a rr e n 1 3 9 B r e tt 1 7 3 8 . 2 7

r Co l l. 9 2 7 . 94

. 7

N ov . 19 05 1 27 7 . 0

M a y 19 32 1 23 8 . 9

9 2 , 3 4 3 38 . 3

, 6 6 6 8 . 2

2 e R o l li n an d

9 0 , 3 23 e H . P .

J u n e 19 0 5 4 3 - .—

D e c. 19 0 , 1 5 8 . 33

, N o v .1 91 2 7 8 . 00

, 6 6 7 e E n g e lG ro s

e c . 1 9 21 1 0 8 . 1 3

e by F e b . 19 0 9 9 9 8 . 4 2

9 09 2 3 34 8 . 2 4

ongerthaninNo. 5.

mdistinct.

d ( N o e 50 7 , C f.

1 41 e C a hn L X V I I I ,

Sambon-Canessa

4 7 8 . 10

1 92 , 1 34 8 . 0 5

u ly 1 93 0 2 2 8 . 0 3

W e b er C ol l. 4 40

ee ception-

mesnot visible.

ward.

7. 5

, F e b . 19 3 5 ( H e r m i ta g e

0

tt 1 9 22 1 7 2

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



nnC oll.

.5.The

tretchedhandis

rinscale and

heretofore.

- a r re n 1 3 B r e tt 1 72 7 . 2

4 0 7 . 2

o v. 1 9 07 5 2

earschlamys

ldsswordor club

eetofA pollo fo llow

monfigure

S al e 4 4 V o l . I I I 7 . 9

thebranch held

sible.

n Ca t . p. 1 2 , 1

mbon Dec. 1901

5 8 7

2 7

90 , 7 5

sin No.

rim.

93 3 3 04

1 90 4 3 7

2 3 7e H i r sc h X X X I I I ,

adiebreak connects

ollowiththe rim.

r sc hX X V I , 1 91 0 4 28 . 1 5

an i D e c . 1 9 24 1 5

o u r g ey A p r. 1 9 0 , 4 0 7 .9 3

ie-break atk nees.

C ol l . 1 5 91 P I . 5 0

W a rr e n 13 5 B r e t t 1 9 8 . 2

e P I . 8 , 1 7 8 . 2 9

i s h Mu s . D u p l. , J u n e

ear ofApollo

( butnotthehorns

mNos.11and 12.

1909 10078. 20

6 9 7 . 93

soheavily

ed.

e I . N . P h e l ps S t ok e s

bsentand the

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arinformtothose

aimondoes not

ranchheldinhis1. hand

. B oston

oon thecoin

sedlines. The

mallin scale.

tdaimonwears

wingedsandals.

actthaninNo. 1 .

WarrenC oll. 137

ined. A po llo s

outantlers.

es C ol l. 6 7 9

islargerin

andtreatmentofhair

Santamaria Mar. 1910

9 29 8 6 8 . 4 0

l y 19 3 0 2 2 5

u ar d en t J u n e 19 1 3 3 9

branchis

differs.B aselines

fferentiatethis

and1 .

hasa largeV

ef law ? ) sometimes

betweenthe legsof the

lamys.

storica lSociety - .—

by M a y 1 9 4 2 4 8 . 3 7

hm a nn X X X , D e c .

e l X , 1 9 3 , 6 6 7 . 71

9 7 e S c hu l ma n

No.20 butletters

r Co l l. e C i an i

th t w o te s t ma r ks . 7 . 4

by J u l y 19 0 0 1 9 7 .4 3

, N ov .1 93 3 8 4 7 . 0

andathick

, 5 7 .7 0

whichGarrucci

in t i ny l e tt e rs - t h e

eadof

her. ( L aMonete

t . I I , p . 1 6 , N o. 1 7

7.

ongerthanfront

esthestag sbody .

92 9 6 0 8 . 03

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



or bothApollo

srather than

humbofApollo s

Co ll.

sistsoftwolines.

y 1 92 9 1 42 - .—

3 94 7 . 2

l un g I V , O c t . 19 3 5

oNo. 22savethat

ownwardto

betweenthe inscription

fApollosharply

N o e 50 7 , c f . p . 6 0

C X C V , M ar . 19 2 9 1 0 0 7. 9 5

Mar. 1910 24 7. 40

rX L , M ay 1 91 2 2 3 , s t. 7 . 0

g X , M a r. 1 9 3 , 6 5 8 . 0 2

93 3 3 0 7 .9 2

hebentarm

e.

3 0 1 4 7 e J . S c hu l ma n

, N ov .1 93 0 1 02 2 7 . 7

9 2 , 3 43 5 7. 7

ssa May1922 1157. 90

D e c . 19 31 1 00 7 .9 1

5 12 7 . 0

D e c . 19 32 4 7 7 .7 0

t . 19 29 4 2 7. 9

b . 19 31 2 4 7 . 6

tlinesstrokes

. armbentasin

ineslopesdownward

antlersoutlined.

oNo. 24savethat

dstrok es. A po llo s

daimonfigurelarger

c t. 1 92 , 5 4

outlined.Theeye

hisfeetwedge-

yvertica lbutreading

( counterclock-

tendsf romtheank leof

m.

lacingthedaimon

the preceding C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



oscaleofNo. 24

.22.Thedaimon

and19. I nthe

uartersof thestag an

W a rr e n 1 3 ; B r e t t 1 70 7 . 90

7. 8

9 33 3 0 3 7. 9 0

19 2 4 2 9 1 8 . 1 0

, 5 1 7 .2 5

sC ata logueof the

eannuletis

conse-

uletinthe 1.

eobverse.The

themannerofits

e c e pt N o . 2 ) .

o f the

iesof39

tatthe

nv iew of

without

uestionable

Theta.

die isbadlyw orn

ble.

5 2

annuletj ust

n bandd.

thaninNo.27.

27 7 0 7 . 4

a vi l le V I , J a n . 19 2 4

r ic e Ca t. L X I I 1 91 5

. 7 . 73

n readingupward

erted . Theda imon

nthe rightfield

dresemblesthe

es 331

19 3 , 6 0

da imonf igure . Note

N o e 2 5 , A t ti e M e m. I l l

. 7

onreads

reakshowsbelow

danotherj ustbe low

c t. 1 92 , 5 4 7 . 9

, 1 20

M ay 19 11 2 8 8 . 00

rs andreading

d.A secondbranch

e fillsthespace

now hasthe

rfilled byadie-

tthatthereare

secondbranchinthe1.

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



ssibly intermediate

rencesinthe

hebranch.

C at . 9 3

nk leofA po llo to j ust

ag showsfaintly.

owshowsthe

Sotheby Mar. 1935

e-break seenin

.

p r ot t i Co l l. C l er i ci

die -break prev iously

isible.Afurther

A pollo sr. legf rom

I , 1 93 3 3 0 2 a nd

o e 5 0 7 , P l a te

7.9

ettersistobe

A smallannulet

elegsofApollo

amma.

rv e gn a C ol l . N o v.

5738 . 02

ription-the

p.Nobranchin

o.32. A

garepeatedtheta 7

n the1.field.

Apollo isshort

he b y J u l y 1 9 0 0 1 9 7 . 32

31 8 6 0

u ly 1 93 0 2 24 7 . 8

N ov . 19 13 1 02 8 . 1 0

racesofalarge

uartersofthestag.

f Apollonow

ure.Theheadof

4 5

Sa le J une1927

c f . p. 6 0 N o . 34

3 48 . 13

hebranchabove

rmiswell defined.

gandthe rimis

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



C ol l . 1 5 9 2 P I . 5 0 5 7 . 0

l. - . —

.

nreadingclockwise

daimonfigure

e1. handofA po llo

.Thebaselinefor

ardto ther.

sigma?) istoberead

7 2

readingclock-

edaimonf igure is

, 6 6 5 6 . 9

he r.field

ad counterclock-

fApollothe letter

positiononthe

ainthe customary

heout-stretched

P lated

n g io r gi A p r. 1 9 07 1 1 8

w iththeV in-

imonseemsto be

erguall ine isnot

underther. footo f

eundertheother.

41 52

nreadingcounter

dslargebranchin

bovethehind-

a long-neck edw ater-

ew ork manshipthroughout

27mm.

ll. 3321

727

averticalline

erim.The

5 1 S al e 4 6 , 7 . 9

ne 1 92 3 6 4 7 7 .9 0

o v. 1 9 07 5 5

93 3 3 o1 7 . 9

, 3 4 3 2 7 . 8

1 1 05

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



es C ol l. 6 8 1 8 . 0 5

43.

u n e 19 2 7 4 9 7 . 35

edie-breakin

4 0 9

nlargeddie-break

s CX C V , M a r. 1 9 29 1 0 1

verticallineto

fromthecenter.

reispresentis not

menrecorded.

ranch.

No. 43 butfo llow s

rominente ergual

rved.

No. 43 butis

bya wider

lowingcurveof

nterclock wise .

2 9 ae R a tt o M ay 19 12

1935 Hermitage

e 2 5 , A H i e M e m .

l .I I , 9 - .—

nto beread

ebaseline

manshipcrude

nthebranchand in

pollo.

i ce Ca t. X X X I X , 1 93 7 1 0 1

9 29 7 5

withaprobablere-

lloandofthe

ranchnor

ehairofApollo is

3 9 5 7. 7 0

I , 1 93 0 1 02 57 .7 7

9 2 , 6 6 4 7. 71

r i ce Ca t. X V I I , F e b .

l lsther. f ie ld

rlytobaseline.

a lOntarioA rcheo l. Museum- ..

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



nwithsmaller

dreadingupward

forthestag

her. Thee ergual

r.field tobe

er.Thedaimon

701

ntoberead

nter thelasttwo

ineforthe stag

ociety

700

No branch no

. 19 31 2 4 7 . 8

9 2 , 6 6 3 7. 92

n e 19 2 3 B r i ti s h Mu s .

headofApolloSimilarto No.50butdiffersin positionof

stag.

nsimilartoNo.50

line forthestag

ee erguall ine is

ll .

ifferencesin

The r.fieldis

ch.

5 2 S al e 4 7

nasinNos.51-52

wdsthespace

O c t . 19 34 8 6 7 .5 1

ss J a n. 19 2 , 7 47 . 0

M ay 1 93 2 1 25 8 . 0 4

24 1 92 7 2 5 9 2 8 . 00

c t. 1 92 , 5 4 5 7. 9

adingupwardin

ofA po llo . Long

ld.

e 2 5 , A t ti e M e m.

I . I I , 8 -.—

theda imonf igure

es C ol l. 6 8 3 8 . 1 1

93 3 3 0 8 . 2 2

92 3 2 3 8 . 01

D e c . 1 9 07 5 1 8 . 0 5

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



onfollowing

unterclockwise

pollo showsdie

orward.

pion readingdow n-

soutstretched

esand theattitude

chesin each

ordernow ofbeads

tarioA rchaeo l. Mus.

u ne 19 22 1 4 8 . 1 1

, V o l . I V 8 . 2 7

C oll. 15937.4

e ss a M a y1 9 22 1 1 7 . 97

n readingup-

monfigure is

byApollois

ghasastraight

w hilethee ergual

meterof22 mm.

es C ol l. 6 8 5 8 . 0 9

C oll. 9 47. 90

ption readingup-

breakdisfigures

stag.

C o ll. 15948. 17

Ca l . p. 1 2 , 4 7 . 0

pion readingupw ard

thestagis

ntionali ed

da imonf igure .

97. 53

readingdownward

gureis inrelief

po llo issty li ed.

pe lletsindicatetheeye

ingtheha irispla inly

be r C ol l . 9 3 8 . 1 2

; the letters

differs.

o llo w ithout

orinscription.

u n e 19 2 7 4 8 8 . 0 0

ththestag. I n

ngr.

93

c t . 19 2 , 5 49 8 . 0

9 2 , 6 6 9 8 . 10

Apolloandthe

here isbutasingle

l . p. 1 2 , 5 7 . 39

2 7 7 . 0

b . 19 3 1 2 4 9

9 2 , 6 7 0 7. 95

portions.

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



L I E F S TA T R S

seco ins. The

nnate.The

ureandthebase line

estagwithout

A V isinvery

kwisefrom

ll. 3330- . —

e d P r i c e C at . 1 9 29

if ferencesinthe

ption.

X , D e c . 19 32 4 77 7 . 0

3 0 9 ( o v e rs t ru c k on

mSo. I ta lian

I I , 3

readingcounter

ureandlettersof

o. 4.Adie-break

thestag. B orderof

4 4 9

n e 19 2 3 ( B r i ti s h Mu s .

14

d. Thecuttingofcable

selineofstag

dotted.

overarcha icC orinth

S am bo n D e c . 19 01 1 4 7 .3 2

edotted. The

tersunkrim

aulonia.Tracesof

yofstagonspecimenillus-

ethat itwas

9

7 3 4 8 . 0 2

nnotstruck up.

specimena.

M a y 19 32 1 2 8 . 1

9 2 , 3 43 8 . 1 5

nedoubled.

91 0 6 8 8 . 3 0

17057.23

1. Ex erguall ine

C o ll. 9907. 1

estraight. B order

cimenb .

c t . 19 31 1 12 7 .9 2

, N ov . 19 33 8 5 7 . 91

y 2 9 1 92 9 7 7 7. 0

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



verThasos? )

e s Co ll . 6 8 8 ) 8 . 00

erguall ine

b. .

anMuseum7.92

Co l l. L o n do n

a r is 6 1

D e c. 190 , 1 1 1o .o ( l

e ss J a n. 19 2 , 7 7 . 0

. Staglargerinsca lethanhereto fore .

une1927 490

- c f . No . 9 b . 7 . 5

C o ll. 159 ( over-

rachm 7. 2

o n t in i

es C ol l. 6 8 7 8 . 0 3

o/ sA grigentum 7. 90

utneck.

ecimenscited.

doclesC oll.

u ly 19 2 , 1 35 8 . 14

, 6 7 1 7. 5

J u ly 1 92 9 1 44

tagtor. w ithw reathdiagona llyacross

nearlystraight.

adie -break formed

ondeB ria il lesC o ll. 8 . 20

1 7 04 7 . 1 d . J . S c hu l ma n J u n e 19 3 1 3 7 8 . 1

w reathandin

ng varieties.

sandelongated

llesColl.

doclesCo ll.

N . Y .

c . 19 2 , 7 1 7 . 7

, 1 92 4 2 6 7 . 6

g g e rX L , M ay 1 91 2 2 40 7 . 6

G 17037. 0

ardf romtherim.

71.

withwreathasin

ortionsthanhereto-

, N o v. 1 93 0 1 0 2 7 . 94

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



eadingf romtherim.

inglycrude. Thedi-

donotmeet and

ded.Asinglefront

hef il le t( ? ) o fA po llo

wsdie-fault.The

po llo . A fa intborderof

ual.

utitsneck.

k on? )

lles

hort antlers

d.

, 5 3

9 31 8 6 3

u ly 1 93 0 2 29

1 93 5 4 ^

a vi l le I , A p r . 1 92 1 2 7 3 7 . 95

sareunduly

er.Thelegs are

erguall ine iso f

19 2 3 B r i t i s hM u s. D u p l .

l y 19 3 0 2 2 7 . 90

19 3 , 6 1 8 . 0 5

p wa r d r e a d in g f ro m c en t er .

L o n do n o v er s tr u ck 7 . 0

5 5 ( O v e r Co ri nt h 7 .7

1 7 0 7 . 90

5 7 77 . 3

7.7

une1927 4927. 75

No.75.The

eadmore.A short

t. Now reath.

ol. F lo rangeC iani

esC oll. - . —

I , 1 93 2 1 24 8 . 2 0

. Theantlersand

es ofdots.The

I I , A pr . 19 33 6 7 7 . 9

J une1927 4917. 90

, 6 7 2 8 . 34

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



ptionreadingupward

eandlineunderstag

ork manshipe ce l-

S i r H e r ma n n W e be r

7 3 5 8 . 1 0

o7 .

c . 19 2 , 2 9 7. 35

v e th e s ta g s b a ck

erim.Stagfacing

eaftother.

w sobscuree ergue

l. 3351- . —

V ienna7. 5

av il le I , A pr . 19 21 2 7 8 . 0 5

, 6 7 5 7 .9 3

1 93 9 9 7 8 . 0 0

adingr.to1.

. 7 .

o . 7 insty le. F our-

counter

o ll. L ondon

retrograde . I n

asinglecurved

eaves.

t e r Co l l. 9

Co l l. 8

o . 80w ithdif -

rsttwoletters—

5 7

es C ol l. 6 9 2

tinscriptioninmuch

heavydots.

2 3 7 . 97

93 3 3 15 7 . 5

stag sbase line

19 0 9 2 3 6 8 . 1 0

S o th e by A p r. 1 9 09

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



uttheK o f the

lstrokesonthe

r.

1711

milartothatof

ronto f thestagmuch

stleafbeingon1. o f

93 3 3 10 7 . 3

D e c . 1 9 24 B e r l i n

thestagnotablyDieofNo. 8 4.

an.

1710

2 0

he k C ol l . V i e n n a

.Thelowestleaf

stem.The

y 1 92 9 1 4

ne 1 92 4 2 5 -. —

, 5 8 . 0 0

s el O c t . 19 35 3 5 8 . 0 1

ption counterclock-

Theheadof

.Theantlersof

utbranch thestag

.

G 5 7 5 7 .7 4

e b. 1 93 3 6 7

u ly 19 2 , 1 3 8 . 00

2

ss a V , J u n e 19 2 , 4 0 7

J u n e 19 2 7 4 9 7 . 75

e ss a M a y1 9 22 1 1 7 . 5

une1927 4947. 30

, 6 7 3 7. 7

retrograde .I n

orboughhav ing

llesColl.

i a t t D e c . 19 31 1 5 ,

e u a r de n t D e c . 1 9 19

D e c . 1 9 24 B e r l i n

- . —

asvery short

klycutboughhas

deofmainstem.

3 9

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



n d 8 9 .

V ienna

I I I , F e b . 19 3 5

n.TheAwith

-break (inits

mena. showsnear

etchedhand. ( I t

ure inNo. 92 .

llesColl.7.90

v i ll e I , A p r . 1 92 1 2 7 7 7 . 3

7337. 94

reak obliteratesthe

17128 . 0

unburyC o ll.

9 , 1 95 8 . 02

doclesC oll. - . —

n clockwise.The

ngtowardApollo.

237. 10

208 . 04

Museum W ard

7 3 1 7. 7

llesColl.

o u rg ey P t . I I ,

02

J u ne 19 2 , 1 53 7. 9

Schulman Mar. 1924

6 ; S al e 47 1 8 . 1

th e by D e c . 1 9 07 1 7 8 . 2 5

possibly thesamedie ,

tionatelylong.

belowthe second

.

y 1 92 9 1 43 - .—

c t . 19 31 1 13 7 .9 5

e d P r i c e Ca t . 1 9 2 9

n es s a M a y 19 2 2 1 1 7 . 5

thsmalldi-

Theboughhas

sofe uallength.

1 5 2

D e c . 19 32 4 7

1 93 0 7 7

9 1 4 4

cheswiththree

tion.

St. Morit - . —

u l y 19 3 3 3 1 1 7 .9 3

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



on counterclock-

c t . 19 2 , 5 54

nasinNo.93.

arsandsingle

ption counterclock-

at ofNo.91

n

onasonNo. 9 .

anyofthepre-

( ? ) mak estheha ir

ndina longlock

. B o s t o n e M e r -

5 0 8 . 0

c t . 19 2 , 5 50 8 . 0 5

ck overrareSybaris

u y ne s C ol l . 5 5 7 &

0.

o9 . Theneck of

eimmediately

1 7 09 7 . 1

5

n es s a V . J u n e 19 2 ,

ion readingason

hestagarevertica l.

nder.

WarrenC at. 141

argecrude

ofthestag

.

heboughhas

w ithNo. 8 8 .

1 9 23 B r i t i s h Mu s eu m

I I , A p r .1 93 3 6 8 e

a V , J u n e 19 2 , 4 0 5 7 . 5

retrograde ; K

short.Neckof

N ov . 19 0 , 4 44

hebranchor

D e c . 1 9 07 5 2 8 . 1 2

heinitialletter

J u n e 19 2 7 4 9 3 7. 3

9 1 92 9 7 7 . 8

, N ov . 19 30 1 02 7 7. 92

eeletters the

oubled.The

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



possiblydeepened. Stag crudelycut tor. Thef irstfour

fieldabovethe

tothe1. o f the

e low thebody. The

krunsfromthe K

andondeB ria il lesC o ll. 7. 91

r - . —

ckw ise . Youthful

a irink not striding

soalmostfrontal.

die. Theda imon

derofcoarsedots.

ionto1. counter

crudelymodelled

ofApollo.B order

I , J a n. 1 92 3 2 9

a nd S NG I I I , 5 7

713

lletintwo

tended1. arm. I n

gto1. Linearborder.

ag.

cription begins

thef irstfourletters

hestag O N in

ndtheanimal

notherA j ust

hilethefinalsigmais

lletterofthe

etweenthelegsof

hfiveheart-

rofcoarsedots

eighbors.

C o ll. 1 046 . 34

b ov e K A V . T h e

lines.Ahuge

.

urlettersof the

ise andO above

arborder.

anMuseum( B all io l

e I slandSchoo lo f

O c t. 1 93 4 8 8

, M ay 19 12 9

, 6 7 4

riaillesColl. C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



I , 1 93 5

edfigureofApollo

ag(onabeadedbase

nthef ie ldtothe1. in

w ithfourpa irso f

iculartothee ergua l

eaklycut.

p ie r ce d .

w ithda imonon

f i el d t o 1. a w o lf s ( ? )

pedframeformedby

nthef ie ldtor. stag

emblingaDoric

urethefigureof the

Ca t . 1 0

a ke C o ll . 7 3 7

7 3

1714

nthef ie ldtor.

hatappearingon

inearborder.

e by F e b .1 9 09 1 0 1

ot he by J u ne 1 9 ,

ght-letter

erim tother. o f

a andf inishes

a1.L inearborder.

tersthein-

A T A M — i n t he f i el d

atthe low er1. TheI

oftheusualthree-

fo llow ingtherim

ward thef inalle tter

s i n fr o nt o f t he n o se o f t he

e b . 19 33 6 8 7 .7 3

5 8 , S a l e 4 73 7 . 91

N av il le I , A pr . 19 21 2 74

eaththenoseof

ha isticY andA

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



nf ie ldto1. a

long-leggedstagtor. on

D aimonfigure

n es C ol l. 6 9 0

u yn es C ol l. 6 9

acia type

es C ol l. 6 8 9 8 . 0 3

hstagtor. but

nf ie ldto1. aspray

av e s.

ntlersdiffer

riptionthough

spacedor formed

ection( asinking

tendsf romtheantlers

hebodyofthe

nare-cuttingof the

inim i ethedefect.

S a le 4 7 7

eitsback K A .

A thens

09 1 0 10

gane ceptiona lly

ndthestag both

h e ro n ( ? w i th

rontandtother.

kw ise . B eneaththebody

A ON A .

criptionfollowing

nose ofthestag

dedsothat the

cometothe1. o f

er.

u n e 19 2 7 5 0 0 7. 5

X X I V , N ov .1 93 3 8 6 7 . 5

teadof

andfo llowingthe

N A t h e fi n al A

etofthestag.A

elegsdiagonally.

1715

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



savethattheDieofNos. 115and11 w iththedie

gleheart-shapedbreakadvanced

( h e ad r e ve r te d .

K A V A vertica l

1 9 29 8 7 8 . 0 0

w reath atress

ulder.Stag

all wanting.

llesColl.

7 . 7

itshind uarters

ndtwoberries the

blylarger.

9 3 3 3 1 4

, M ay 19 10 3 1

ionuncertain

e ldto1. above

atw ig( three leaves

emnoticeably

wsbeneaththe

ption.

riaillesColl.

tressestor.

onastatuebasis

n f ie ld t o 1. a f ly ( ? )

bordervisible.

Co l l. L o n do n

llesColl.

5 3

d 1 22 b a dl y w or n ? ) .

l. 3 3 2 - . —

ferencesinthe

thestagslightly

T . Ne w el l C ol l . 7. 7

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



chinupraised

ringletsofha irover

e ldtor. astatuebasis

bull( ? ) w ith

B unburyC o ll.

, 1 95 7. 0

eginsabove

erminateswitha

( c f . r e v. o f N o. 1 2 5 .

o f theanimal a

122.NoteQ

ne s Co ll . 6 9 5 6 . 8

badlybrok eninthe

ndparallelwiththe

I , 5 5 4 8 . 03

erguall ine isseen

ength.

df igureofA pollo

. L argestaginf ie ld

V i e nn a ( f o ur r ee ? ) 6 . 5

n1. field.

withbothstagStandingstagto r.Theinscriptionfollow

essesof Apollo

edingdie are

.

eaththenoseof the

etters( w ithO) in

A TA Ntothe1.

ovethethin

vertedlettersA .

nCo ll. 1 17

ambon Nov . 1907

d 6 . 1

diebreak has

rso ofApollo.

12 .

fivelettersof

tother. the

TA N are inthe1. f ield

aththebodyofthe

edbaseline.

e nt i on a li e d p in e ( ? ) t r ee

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0





w ithdifference in

nk not facingr.

A Q N 1 i n I . f i el d r e a di n g

af f it o A 7 . 73

C ol l . 1 2 7 7 . 3

olloto r.without

Tracesofthe first

whichfollowsthe

1. arm.Thefifth

vyandbadly

oubledbase line . I n

ntaindischarging

hatonrev . o f

hypha ll ichermtor.

boveit.F aint

l. 3232- . —

K A A r e ad i ng

hehind uarters

curvedstem.

mtheantlers

pandtwolooseends

endscrossthe

it. Slighttracesofan

thelettersTAM

eneaththenoseof the

ptiona llyheavybase-

satthe1. w ith

. I nahori onta ll ine

A f lN A . I n

f stag TA M.

u y ne s C ol l . 6 9 4 7 . 3 0

ightbranch.

o pu s ( ? ) . N o r ec o rd e d

ningofthein-

t h e le t te r s O N A T a re

dandon' b , A N

tstretchedarm leaf

hasshort

C o ll. 1 1

e r Co l l. 1 1

leaf t ipupwards

nscriptionto1.

ll . 333

O c t. 1 93 4 8 9

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t> be low elbow

. I nscriptionin

tothe1. I t is

cimensrecorded

ree-strokeI

ecertainlyI ATAN.

ean( overstruck onC o-

eryshortbranchhe

ed. B eneaththe

inscriptioninlarger

A V A ON A TA M.

ovetheheadof

therest ofthe

ineofdots

w hich<D ( ? ) betw een

ie ldtor. acrabw ith

ionintinyletters

dreads

av il le I , A pr . 19 21 2 7

llesColl.

ctive.

adlymodelledneck

rticallinereads

the lettersKA V A .

ria il lesC o ll. (This

. 19

sibly thesamedie

ed.Thefirst

agandthesecond

[ Thefa inttraces

erentfromthose

l. 3334

1724

llesColl.

ndspecimen

ks7.7

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y leafw ithcurved

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A V A Q .

n e 19 2 2 1 5 1

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ont counter

C o ll. 1 15 C r e a



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yA po llo isshort.

tlerstouchthe

17237.52

eginsat

A O N A T AN — t h e

7 4 0 7. 9

97.91

milartoNo. 14 , butw ithphiortheta

betweenthestag s

idedasinNo. 14 .

a7. 23

tor. between

riptionfollowingthe

nhisheadandthe

mainder..N A

eldtor.

pward abovetheback

eneathitsbody . The

ckw ise fo llow sthe

A O N A TA N.

reathoflaurel

ardinfieldto 1.

betweentheborder

A O N A T AN

5 1

009

eak throughthe

.

1725

llesColl.

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betweenlegs. D ieofNos. 150and151.

A f treadingupwards

tor. A f i l le thangsStagtor. F our( ? ) le tterinscription in1.

standanotherfield readingclockwise

ed t o r. O E .

sgow C oatesC o ll. 2 31- . —

l. 3 3 39 - . — d . A N S - T N 6 . 7 2

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he inscription

ngbeneaththenose

I A TA Nin1.

ptionandthestag s

dupward.Above

eletterphi. There is

1 7 2 8 . 1 5

, M ay 19 12 1 00

ad i ng c l oc k wi s e K A V .

r ? ) , a t t h e c or n er s o f

eo n Co l l. 4 1 3 7. 9 2

17277.94

5 6

o th e by F e b .1 9 09 1 0 2 7. 5 4

ng i or g i A p r. 1 9 07 1 1 7 7 . 95

weenitslegs. I n

ck ) w i th u p ra i se d

dpedestal.

e lower1. and

the tipofthe

e butof f f lanonmost

N ov . 19 12 7 7 .9 2

M a y1 9 11 2 7 1

ambon Nov . 1907

lesColl.7.43

edoclesCo ll. - .—

eenthe legsof the

nscriptionKA reads

172

e 19 1 3 5 9

D ec. 1907 557. 74

u n e 19 2 7 5 0 1 7. 5

largestagto r.

weenlegs. No

w 2 3 2

r. withanunusua lly

hinhisr. hand. No

orderofwidely

257. 1

k tother. o f theE is

owsbreakabove

C r e a



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doclesC oll. - . —

w i th e t e nd e d di e

C ol l . 1 3 7 7 . 2

-1 0 w ithout

wi t h K ] A [ A i n

king.

w ithoutinscrip-

symbol( die

o low er1.

l. 3 3 2 - . —

une1927 5026 . 75

airinapronounced

dandwith

eg.Alargestag

t o 1 . a s e a tu r tl e ( ? )

C o ll. 1 147. 7

eginningatthe

N A T AM t h e la s t

inther. f ield.

, N o v. 1 93 0 1 0 29 7 . 8

.

eptthatthe last

e inthefieldto

liC o ll. 3335

G7307.94

ondeB ria il lese C aronC oll.

b . 19 2 , 1 2 1 7. 7 0

7 . 8

2 b u t wi t ho u t D i e o f No . 1 3 .

pedhair.Stagwith

Museum7. 0

4-possiblyaL aterstageof thedieofNo. 1 3.

loandstagin high

C r e a



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4 .

C o ll. 1 127. 51

a n Mu s eu m ( K e b le 7 . 42

estaginf ie ldtor.

baseline.

I , 57 7 . 5

i e l d to 1 . t h e le t te r

witha letter-phi

e f law inf ie ldto1.

o ll. 127. 47

A po llo tor. w itha

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17307.75

ne s C ol l . 6 9 3 7 .4 2

dstarbeneath

ginningin front

A O N A T AZ ;

astthreeletters

shead.

lesC o ll. 8 . 22

N . Y . - . —

Santamaria Mar. 1910

tsbody.The

te r s h a s K A A O t o

aththenoseof the

othNsreversedand

tter to the1. ( clock-

lesC o ll. e

le I , A p r. 1 92 1 2 0 7 . 4

t to N o v. 1 9 0 , 1 2 7 . 0

O c t .1 93 1 1 15 7. 2

tsbody.The

ion ( w ithQ

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mtherim tothe1.

ody the1hav ingan

me.

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nearerthebody

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fofthe 1.forefoot.

.

iC o ll.

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.Adie-breakat

loped.

1731

y ofthestag

tlersmore

ferencesinthe in-

terCo ll. 13

e dolphinsare

tw eenthe legsof

S a le N a vi l l eX V I I ,

P o z i C ol l.

7 9 e S t ro z i C ol l .

antlersdiffer.

1 1 92 7 . 3

, 5 9 7 . 50

ch X I I I , R o us o-

147. 75

vidingof

rbeneaththebody

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4 9 7 . 9

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5 0 3 7. 3 5

.

C o ll. 1 33

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ed1. arm inf ie ldto

r bi rd -t ra p ( ? ) .

f i l le t intwo

Apollo.F aint

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l. 3337

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rmat

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criptionmore

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K A V A O in1.

fstag slants

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ne s 6 8 6

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3 e P o z i N av il le I ,

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15952.44

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ton. B orderofdots-cf . No. 62. R a isede erguall inew ith

ng.

C r e a



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Apolloshowsdie

riptionKA .

aratedantlers.

Three-letter

ameter11mm.

riptionabove

nt. Cf . Nos. 7 -79.

withfaintly

.Three-letter

kwisefromcenter.

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I .

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6 0

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1 9 24 1 3 2

so ofApolloThree-letterinscription( retrograde above

fdaimonuncertain stagfacingr. branchinr. f ie ld.

l oy d S NG 5 8 , e

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1 9 24 ( B e r l i n D u p l . 2 . 3 4

5902.22

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.

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.132.No

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in1. f ie ld.

17191.2

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meter12. 2mm.

erta inob ectsin

scription. Diameter

721

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a ir surroundedby

A TA M. Diameter

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behindhead.

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6 6 1 1 .3 1

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n.

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at eX V I ) .

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scriptionv isible .

Coll.

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f o r pr o to t yp e .T h re e -

p. 127 No. 7- . —

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oundamongthe

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.

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.

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etheback of the

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C r e a



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TA I ANH O AR D

beenfoundin1929 southeastofTarantonearthecoast.The

beengenerouslycommunicatedtomeby anumismatistwho

Accordingtohis information thehoarddidnotcontain more

milarhoardspreviouslyunearthedinSouthI talyhavebeen

ifata ll andthereforetheva lueofstudyingthisf indisenhanced.

mthishoard couldprobablyhavebeendeducedfromearlier

curate statementregardingthem.Sincealmostallofthe pieces

heplatesand sincethosenotsoreproducedhavetheir dies

ecestowhichreferenceis comparativelyeasy thedescriptions

heentry intheHoardB ibliographyNNM7 isunderNo. 507.

ings uid. R ev . H ippocamp1. w ithsca llopshe ll. D iesofMcClean533

N ot o n P l at es . 7. 5

nr. w ithshe ll. R ev . Oek istseatedr. ho ldingk antharos. V lasto Taras

w B M L loydSNG131. 7.92

hM Tonr. R ev . B arleyearincuse.

I , 5 7 . 5

59. 6. 92

8 5 . 7 . 5

d. Cf . Metapontuml 8 9forobv . 94forrev . 7. 4

. 7. 4

w . M TA in1. f ie ldandram sheaddownw ardonr. R ev . Die-break inr.

L l o yd C ol l . S y ll . l l 3 0 . 7 . 3

nonr. A new obv . die . C f . MetapontumI , 73-7 forobv. and7 forrev. 7. 6

tum I , butcf . 134. 7. 79

2 . 7 . 94

1 . 7 . 5

9 . 7 .9

1 7( inscriptiondif fersslightly . 7. 5

Mine ergue. R ev . Sametypeincuse. 7. 7

X V I , 2 2 . 7 .7

d. 7. 1

brokenaw ay . Notil lustrated. 6 . 7

nscriptionisabovethebull. 7. 5

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



letterinscriptionin1 field.R ev.Tripodincuse.8 .20

smallerthanabove.Notillustrated7 6 1

1.fieldandthree-letterinscriptionin r.R ev.Typeincusew.chelysin 1.

ptiononr. 7. 8

arper.7-53

bove butf lanreducedto23mm. R ev . D o lphininr. f ie ldandthree- letter

nscriptionto1. o f tripod heronorcraneonr. R ev . w ithoutinscriptionor

nscriptionreadsupw ard. Navil leSa leX V L 324. 7.95

27abovee ceptthatinscriptionisonr. andheronin1. f ie ld. 7.<> 4

letterinscriptioninsmallletters on1.R ev.E agleflyingr.onsunken

N av i ll e S al e X V I , 3 2 . 7 . 3

p. 22. 7. 5

e 6 ginC ata logue p. 22. 7. 7

p. 25. 7. 7

99

e p. 27. 8 . 13

e p. 27. 7. 9

gu e p . 3 2. N ow A N S e H e l b i ng S a le L X X , 1 9 22 4 2 7 an d Na v il l e X V I , 3 0 9.

o fSe linus. 7. 0

A

four-le tterinscription. R ev . B ull l . f our- le tterinscription. C f . B MC 25. 7. 99

ousbullr.R ev.Nikecrowninghorsesdrawingbigator. Tetradrachm.

6 , P I . L X X V I I , 1 3. 1 . 77

isSouthI ta lianhoardhadtobemadef romcastsorphoto-

othecoinsthemselvese ceptina fewinstances deductionsfrom

ndable.Nos.2 3 and37indoublereliefarecomparativelythe

oseidoniaseemsweaklystruckratherthanworn.Thestatersof

antheearlieststaters ofMetapontum andthelatesmall-flan

erthanthespread- f lanvarieties. There is conse uently con-

eliefin thegradualconstrictionoftheflans forthecoinageof

ThepresenceofthetetradrachmofGelasuggestsa relationship

ndSicily ( notsuff iciently recogni edhitherto forw hichover-

o f fersupportingev idenceasI havetriedtoshow inaseparatepaper. *

oseidonia( no.37 alongwiththeoneof Caulonia( no.3 )

oekisttype( no.2 havegreatsignificanceconsideringthelength

ectivemints.Tarentumhadalwaysfavoredthesmallflanstaters

1 95 7 p p. 2 4f f.

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



ngw iththe incuseform w hich how ever neverapproachedthe

by thef inestincusepiecesofnearbyMetapontum(cf . no . 8 ) .

eontiniw eregrow inginimportanceatthist ime anda llthree

nsive issuesofdidrachms. Canitbethatthe ire amplehadsome

P ose idonia? A pplyingKeary stheoryofmorpho logy 45thecho ice

nnedformmighthavebeeninducedby competitioninamarketin

valent.V eliaandNapleswouldhaveprovidedthiscondition for

rofthesecities hadstruckincusecoins.O nlyinweightdothese

ianstatersstruckat thistime.

ed thechangetothesi eof theSiciliandidrachmsatMeta-

herclose ly sinceaMetapontumstater( no . 234 isstruck overa

usew hichB oehringer47datesaf ter474b. c. I f thisisso theMeta-

havebeenstruckafter474b.c. atpresentamoree actdate

nthoardissaid tohavebeenfoundnotfar tothesoutheast

st itseemsstrangethatthereshould havebeenonlytwocoins

ty-eight.E vans4 thoughtthattheseated-oekisttypewas

whichyearthearmyof theTarentineswasdefeatedbytheMessa-

ngermen ofthecitywereslain. V lasto4 datestheintroductionof

heoekist-typecoinin thishoardshowswear.Thestyleseemsto

an473b. c. V lasto sdate therefore seemspreferable.

escouldhaveprovidedampleinducementfor thesecretion

enumericalpreponderanceofstatersfromMetapontumand

farfromTarentumisstriking.A fleeingciti enofTarentum

edthesecoinsin thebeliefthattheywouldhavebeen more

anthestatersofhis owncity.Thepreponderanceofissuesotherthan

etedasindicatingthe holdingsofamaritimetrader.I tis

oreadanysignificantevidencefromthemake-upoftheaccumulation.

so fSybaris destroyedmorethantwodecadesprev iously musthave

rentum.Thetotalamount seventy-eightdrachms hardly

.I believethatthesesparsefindingspointto aq uickgathering

erthanto savingsmadeoveraperiodofyears.

edbyanyofthethree comparablepublishedhoards.The

udgefromtheportionpublishedbyB abelon 50isearlier butitgivesvery

F ind( B ibliography253 isinade uate lydescribedandis

eemstohavebeen buriedshortlyafterthisone.TheCuringa

nsiderabledistancefromTarentum andhadnoTarentineissues

itofferstheclosestanalogies especiallyastothe dateofburia1.

oportionof Metapontumstaters thesameinclusionofa few

M o rp h ol o gy o f Co i ns ( 1 8 6 ) .

ts n o. 20 7 , P I . L X V I , 1 .

i e Mi in e n vo n Sy ra ku s ( B e rl in 1 92 9 n o. 4 97 P I . 3 0 Z 4 .

p p . 3 an d 3 2.

T ar as O i k is te s N NM 1 5 ( 1 9 22 , p . 23 .

T r ou v ai l le d e T ar e nt e " R N X V I ( 1 9 12 , p p . 1 -4 0 .

C r e a



_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



owingofthestatersofCrotonand Cauloniasimilartothatin this

thoughtheC uringaH oardisnotintact there isgoodreasonto

oss-sectionisprovidedin whatisrecorded.I tsburialmusthave

possiblya litt le la ter.

wardifwecouldusethe presenceofno.3 tofi thedatefor

mtheincuse formtodoublerelief forweshouldthenhave

heperiodduring whichthecoinagehadbothsides inrelief since

nof thecity in3 9/ 3 8 isun uestioned. Withintheseyears a

century thereareseventy-si obversediesrecordedinthis study.

rehavebeen noadditionstothislist despitediligentsearching

blenumberseemimprobable.B uttoreasonthat wecanestimate

versedies bydividingthenumberofyearsin thisperiodbythe

plification.I nthefirstplace thereareindicationsthatthe coinage

olonyofCrotonwasnotcontinuous.R eglingisofthe opinionthat

whereherecordsonlythirty-eightobversediesfor itsentire

eststhatinsomecities coiningmayhavebeencoincidentwithagonistic

erthanannua1. 2Thestatercommemoratinggamesinhonorof

offersanillustrationofsuch anissue.Agroup ofCaulonian

anamphora andthissymboldoesnotoccur inthestaterissues.

lytetrobols werestruckseemshighlyprobable.Secondlya

silver oreisunlikely.Thecoinageneedsof thecitymusthave

ina lly theobversedie f re uentlyoutlivedthereverse . Thereare

oneobversewithtworeverses ninewiththreeandonewith no

conse uencetheremusthavebeenvariance intheperiodduringw hichthe

s. Underthesecircumstancesthe" lif espan canhavelitt le

ty.

efeatoftheTarentinesin 473b.c.causedthesecretionof

ndthevalueofour findmaybegreaterforcomparisonthanfor its

arlyseemstoi ndicatethatP oseidoniaandCauloniahadchanged

o doublereliefsomeyearsbeforeitwas buriedandthatCroton

oneso andthisdeductionissupportedby theCittanuovoand

sto sdate( c. 4 5 forthe introductionof theseated-oek isttype53gains

vans.Thepresenceofthesingle tetradrachmofGelabolstersthe

relationswithSicilywhichis furtheremphasi edbyoverstruck

ally thecontinuingcirculationofthe statersofSybarisisan

r i na " P r o g r am z . W i n c ke l ma n ns f es t e 1 9 0 .

p . 1 5.

C r e a



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_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0





_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0





_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



~ 9 1 0 1 1 ~

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-19202122

C r e a



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_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



40-41

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_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



- 7 - 8 - 9 -7 0- 71 72

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_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



9 -9 09 1 9 2 93 _9 49 59 9 7~ 9 9 9

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0710 -109110111112113~

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_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



4 14714 -149150_151_152153~

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-1 71 -1 72 1 73 -1 74 -1 75 1 7 _ 1 7 71 7 " 1 79 ~ 1 0 1 1

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A NH O A R D

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A NH O A R D

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c - s a - 4 . 0

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