The OldowanManuel Domınguez-Rodrigo, Oxford Handbook Kap. 21

Dipl.-Ing. F. Axel Berger

Institut fur Ur- und FruhgeschichteUniversitat zu Koln

Einfuhrung in die Ur- und Fruhgeschichte AfrikasSommersemester 2020Prof. Dr. H.-P. Wotzka

1 / 31

Dipl.-Ing. F. Axel BergerInstitut fur Ur- und Fruhgeschichte Universitat zu Koln2020-04-28 Sommersemester 2020

Kontaktdaten

eMail:Axel.Berger@Uni-Koeln.De

URL:http://uni-koeln.de/∼aberge13/

Username:Password:

In diesem Semester wird bis auf weitereskein Kennwort vergeben.

2 / 31

Dipl.-Ing. F. Axel BergerInstitut fur Ur- und Fruhgeschichte Universitat zu Koln2020-04-28 Sommersemester 2020

Der afrikanische Grabenbruch

3 / 31

Dipl.-Ing. F. Axel BergerInstitut fur Ur- und Fruhgeschichte Universitat zu Koln2020-04-28 Sommersemester 2020 Ph93, Ri18

Ein afrikanischer Fundplatz mit Schichten

Olduvai Gorge[Ph93, 25].

4 / 31

Dipl.-Ing. F. Axel BergerInstitut fur Ur- und Fruhgeschichte Universitat zu Koln2020-04-28 Sommersemester 2020 Ph93

Der Fundplatz Lomekwi 3

the a- and b-Tulu Bor Tuffs in the lower third (SupplementaryInformation, part B). Composite Section 2 (upper CSF-2012-9,,44m thick, located 0.4 km south of LOM3 and lower CSF-2011-2located 0.28 km north of LOM3, Fig. 3a, b and Extended Data Fig. 2)includes at the base a lenticular tuff correlated geochemically with theToroto Tuff in the Koobi Fora Formation where it outcrops 10–12mabove the a-Tulu Bor Tuff, and has been dated radiometrically to3.316 0.02 (refs 29, 30). Both the two Tulu Bor Tuffs in Section 1and the Toroto Tuff in Section 2 occur in normal polarity magneto-zones, corresponding to the early part of the Gauss Chron C2An(Fig. 3a and Supplementary Information, part C), while the overlyingsediments at both sites are in reversed polarity zones as are the sedi-ments encompassing the in situ artefacts at LOM3, 10m above theToroto Tuff (Fig. 3b). Thus, the artefacts were deposited after3.316 0.02Ma during the Mammoth reverse subchron C2An.2r(3.33–3.21Ma31). Based on extrapolation of sediment accumulationrates between the levels of the a-Tulu Bor and Toroto Tuffs and theonset of subchron C2An.2r, an age of 3.3Ma is determined for LOM3(Extended Data Fig. 3 and Supplementary Information, part C),which accords with previous interpretations of the antiquity of fossilsfrom this locality27–30.Stable carbon isotopic analyses of pedogenic carbonate nodules

located adjacent to and at LOM3 yielded a mean d13CVPDB value of27.36 1.1% (Extended Data Fig. 4 and Supplementary Information,part D), which indicates a mean fraction of woody cover (ewc) of476 9% and positions the site within a woodland/bushland/thicket/shrubland environment32. Our results are comparable to paleosold13CVPDB values of other East African hominin environments between3.2 and 3.4Ma but significantly woodier than the 2.6Ma artefact site atGona, Ethiopia (Extended Data Figs 4b, c)32,33. The associated faunasupports this interpretation (Supplementary Information, part E).

The Lomekwi 3 site

The LOM3 site is a low hill eroded into by a small ravine. The upper-most sediments encountered during excavation form a plaque of slopedeposit which is a few centimetres thick (Fig. 2a). Under it, a series ofinterdigitated lenses of sands, granules and silts are found. They corre-spond to different facies of the same sedimentary environment relatedto the distal fan deposit in which the artefacts are preserved (Fig. 2cand Supplementary Information, part B). Sealed in situ in thesePliocene sediments (Extended Data Fig. 5), the LOM3 archaeologicalmaterial is considered to be in a slightly re-distributed primary

archaeological context based on the following observations: (1) arte-facts of different sizes, ranging from ,1 cm wide flake fragments tovery large worked cobbles and cores are present; (2) artefacts arelarger and heavier than could be carried by the energy of the alluvialsystem that deposited the sediments (the maximal competence of thetransport flow can be inferred by the coarsest fraction of the bed loaddeposited, that is, ,4 cm diameter granules); (3) many excavatedlithic pieces exhibit only slight abrasion, as reflected in the observationof arete and edge widths measuring#100 mm. Moreover, although itis not possible at present to link all surface finds to the excavatedcontext, the identification of a refit between a core recovered fromthe dense stratified deposit and one surface flake clearly shows that atleast a portion of the surface material derives directly from the in situlevel (Fig. 4a).More precise interpretation of site preservation is basedon observations drawn from the excavation, with the most plausiblepossibilities limited to either good preservation of the site andmost ofthe assemblage, or a slight redistribution in close proximity of theoriginal activity location (Supplementary Information, part B).

Technology of the Lomekwi 3 stone tools

Based on the lithic material recovered in 2011 and 2012, the currenttotal assemblage (n5 149 surface and in situ artefacts) incorporates

1920 18 17

449.6449.5

449.7449.8449.9450.0

m a

bo

ve s

ea level

Lower sandy lensesSilty layerUpper sandy lens

Excavation �oor1 m

SW

Slopedeposit

Fan deposit

c

Slope deposit

Sands and granules

a

Artefactincluded inslope deposit

Slope deposit

Artefactincludedslope depo

Artefacts in situ

in Pliocene bed

Pliocene beds

Desertic pavement

armouring old slope

Modern

alluvial

deposit

Present-day

channel

sands

Pliocene deposit outcropping

on currently eroding slope

Ex

GP

10 m

Ch

SW

447

446

448

449

450

451

452

453

Ele

vatio

n (m

ab

ove s

ea level)

vert

ical exag

gera

tio

n ×

3

ClaysSandy siltsSands and granulesBedded gravels

and sands

b

Figure 2 | LOM3 lithological context. a, View of the excavation, facing east,showing relationship between surface, slope deposit, and in situ contextscontaining the artefacts and fossils. Scale in midground is 20 cm. Lower-leftmost artefact is the anvil LOM3-2012-K18-2, shown in Fig. 5a.b, Topographic profile and stratigraphic units at site level showing theexcavation zone (Ex), the geological trenchmade at the base of the section (GP);the artefacts and fossils derive from a series of lenses of sand and granulesmaking up a,1m thick bed (Ch). c, Section at the excavation along bands I andJ (indicated by the black line in Extended Data Fig. 1a) showing the sedimentswhich form the fan deposits containing the artefacts.

Kerio

Riv

er

Lake Turkana

34

2

8

129

136

6 1

6

Lomekwi 3

Lokalalei1

2c

Kokiselei

1–6

Naiyena Engol Kalochoro

Nachukui

Kalokodo

Kaitio

Nadung'a

12

110

11 1

34

5

3

2

Kangatukuseo

Lomekwi

Kaitio

Kalochoro

Nariokotome

Nachukui

Naiyena Engol

Kalokodo

Kokiselei

Lake T

urk

anaKangaki

Lokalalei

N

04° 00′ N

0 2km

Koobi

Fora

Formation

Nachukui

Formation

Nachukui

Formation

Shungura

Formation

Shungura

Formation

Om

o R

iver

Turk

wel R

iver

0 20 40 60

km

Figure 1 | Geographic location of the LOM3 site. Map showing relation ofLOM3 to other West Turkana archaeological site complexes.

2 1 M A Y 2 0 1 5 | V O L 5 2 1 | N A T U R E | 3 1 1

ARTICLE RESEARCH

G2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved

Ha15

Die Fundsituation

the a- and b-Tulu Bor Tuffs in the lower third (SupplementaryInformation, part B). Composite Section 2 (upper CSF-2012-9,,44m thick, located 0.4 km south of LOM3 and lower CSF-2011-2located 0.28 km north of LOM3, Fig. 3a, b and Extended Data Fig. 2)includes at the base a lenticular tuff correlated geochemically with theToroto Tuff in the Koobi Fora Formation where it outcrops 10–12mabove the a-Tulu Bor Tuff, and has been dated radiometrically to3.316 0.02 (refs 29, 30). Both the two Tulu Bor Tuffs in Section 1and the Toroto Tuff in Section 2 occur in normal polarity magneto-zones, corresponding to the early part of the Gauss Chron C2An(Fig. 3a and Supplementary Information, part C), while the overlyingsediments at both sites are in reversed polarity zones as are the sedi-ments encompassing the in situ artefacts at LOM3, 10m above theToroto Tuff (Fig. 3b). Thus, the artefacts were deposited after3.316 0.02Ma during the Mammoth reverse subchron C2An.2r(3.33–3.21Ma31). Based on extrapolation of sediment accumulationrates between the levels of the a-Tulu Bor and Toroto Tuffs and theonset of subchron C2An.2r, an age of 3.3Ma is determined for LOM3(Extended Data Fig. 3 and Supplementary Information, part C),which accords with previous interpretations of the antiquity of fossilsfrom this locality27–30.Stable carbon isotopic analyses of pedogenic carbonate nodules

located adjacent to and at LOM3 yielded a mean d13CVPDB value of27.36 1.1% (Extended Data Fig. 4 and Supplementary Information,part D), which indicates a mean fraction of woody cover (ewc) of476 9% and positions the site within a woodland/bushland/thicket/shrubland environment32. Our results are comparable to paleosold13CVPDB values of other East African hominin environments between3.2 and 3.4Ma but significantly woodier than the 2.6Ma artefact site atGona, Ethiopia (Extended Data Figs 4b, c)32,33. The associated faunasupports this interpretation (Supplementary Information, part E).

The Lomekwi 3 site

The LOM3 site is a low hill eroded into by a small ravine. The upper-most sediments encountered during excavation form a plaque of slopedeposit which is a few centimetres thick (Fig. 2a). Under it, a series ofinterdigitated lenses of sands, granules and silts are found. They corre-spond to different facies of the same sedimentary environment relatedto the distal fan deposit in which the artefacts are preserved (Fig. 2cand Supplementary Information, part B). Sealed in situ in thesePliocene sediments (Extended Data Fig. 5), the LOM3 archaeologicalmaterial is considered to be in a slightly re-distributed primary

archaeological context based on the following observations: (1) arte-facts of different sizes, ranging from ,1 cm wide flake fragments tovery large worked cobbles and cores are present; (2) artefacts arelarger and heavier than could be carried by the energy of the alluvialsystem that deposited the sediments (the maximal competence of thetransport flow can be inferred by the coarsest fraction of the bed loaddeposited, that is, ,4 cm diameter granules); (3) many excavatedlithic pieces exhibit only slight abrasion, as reflected in the observationof arete and edge widths measuring#100 mm. Moreover, although itis not possible at present to link all surface finds to the excavatedcontext, the identification of a refit between a core recovered fromthe dense stratified deposit and one surface flake clearly shows that atleast a portion of the surface material derives directly from the in situlevel (Fig. 4a).More precise interpretation of site preservation is basedon observations drawn from the excavation, with the most plausiblepossibilities limited to either good preservation of the site andmost ofthe assemblage, or a slight redistribution in close proximity of theoriginal activity location (Supplementary Information, part B).

Technology of the Lomekwi 3 stone tools

Based on the lithic material recovered in 2011 and 2012, the currenttotal assemblage (n5 149 surface and in situ artefacts) incorporates

1920 18 17

449.6449.5

449.7449.8449.9450.0

m a

bo

ve s

ea level

Lower sandy lensesSilty layerUpper sandy lens

Excavation �oor1 m

SW

Slopedeposit

Fan deposit

c

Slope deposit

Sands and granules

a

Artefactincluded inslope deposit

Slope deposit

Artefactincludedslope depo

Artefacts in situ

in Pliocene bed

Pliocene beds

Desertic pavement

armouring old slope

Modern

alluvial

deposit

Present-day

channel

sands

Pliocene deposit outcropping

on currently eroding slope

Ex

GP

10 m

Ch

SW

447

446

448

449

450

451

452

453

Ele

vatio

n (m

ab

ove s

ea level)

vert

ical exag

gera

tio

n ×

3

ClaysSandy siltsSands and granulesBedded gravels

and sands

b

Figure 2 | LOM3 lithological context. a, View of the excavation, facing east,showing relationship between surface, slope deposit, and in situ contextscontaining the artefacts and fossils. Scale in midground is 20 cm. Lower-leftmost artefact is the anvil LOM3-2012-K18-2, shown in Fig. 5a.b, Topographic profile and stratigraphic units at site level showing theexcavation zone (Ex), the geological trenchmade at the base of the section (GP);the artefacts and fossils derive from a series of lenses of sand and granulesmaking up a,1m thick bed (Ch). c, Section at the excavation along bands I andJ (indicated by the black line in Extended Data Fig. 1a) showing the sedimentswhich form the fan deposits containing the artefacts.

Kerio

Riv

er

Lake Turkana

34

2

8

129

136

6 1

6

Lomekwi 3

Lokalalei1

2c

Kokiselei

1–6

Naiyena Engol Kalochoro

Nachukui

Kalokodo

Kaitio

Nadung'a

12

110

11 1

34

5

3

2

Kangatukuseo

Lomekwi

Kaitio

Kalochoro

Nariokotome

Nachukui

Naiyena Engol

Kalokodo

Kokiselei

Lake T

urk

anaKangaki

Lokalalei

N

04° 00′ N

0 2km

Koobi

Fora

Formation

Nachukui

Formation

Nachukui

Formation

Shungura

Formation

Shungura

Formation

Om

o R

iver

Tu

rkw

el R

iver

0 20 40 60

km

Figure 1 | Geographic location of the LOM3 site. Map showing relation ofLOM3 to other West Turkana archaeological site complexes.

2 1 M A Y 2 0 1 5 | V O L 5 2 1 | N A T U R E | 3 1 1

ARTICLE RESEARCH

G2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved

6 / 31

Dipl.-Ing. F. Axel BergerInstitut fur Ur- und Fruhgeschichte Universitat zu Koln2020-04-28 Sommersemester 2020 Ha15

Die Grabung

the a- and b-Tulu Bor Tuffs in the lower third (SupplementaryInformation, part B). Composite Section 2 (upper CSF-2012-9,,44m thick, located 0.4 km south of LOM3 and lower CSF-2011-2located 0.28 km north of LOM3, Fig. 3a, b and Extended Data Fig. 2)includes at the base a lenticular tuff correlated geochemically with theToroto Tuff in the Koobi Fora Formation where it outcrops 10–12mabove the a-Tulu Bor Tuff, and has been dated radiometrically to3.316 0.02 (refs 29, 30). Both the two Tulu Bor Tuffs in Section 1and the Toroto Tuff in Section 2 occur in normal polarity magneto-zones, corresponding to the early part of the Gauss Chron C2An(Fig. 3a and Supplementary Information, part C), while the overlyingsediments at both sites are in reversed polarity zones as are the sedi-ments encompassing the in situ artefacts at LOM3, 10m above theToroto Tuff (Fig. 3b). Thus, the artefacts were deposited after3.316 0.02Ma during the Mammoth reverse subchron C2An.2r(3.33–3.21Ma31). Based on extrapolation of sediment accumulationrates between the levels of the a-Tulu Bor and Toroto Tuffs and theonset of subchron C2An.2r, an age of 3.3Ma is determined for LOM3(Extended Data Fig. 3 and Supplementary Information, part C),which accords with previous interpretations of the antiquity of fossilsfrom this locality27–30.Stable carbon isotopic analyses of pedogenic carbonate nodules

located adjacent to and at LOM3 yielded a mean d13CVPDB value of27.36 1.1% (Extended Data Fig. 4 and Supplementary Information,part D), which indicates a mean fraction of woody cover (ewc) of476 9% and positions the site within a woodland/bushland/thicket/shrubland environment32. Our results are comparable to paleosold13CVPDB values of other East African hominin environments between3.2 and 3.4Ma but significantly woodier than the 2.6Ma artefact site atGona, Ethiopia (Extended Data Figs 4b, c)32,33. The associated faunasupports this interpretation (Supplementary Information, part E).

The Lomekwi 3 site

The LOM3 site is a low hill eroded into by a small ravine. The upper-most sediments encountered during excavation form a plaque of slopedeposit which is a few centimetres thick (Fig. 2a). Under it, a series ofinterdigitated lenses of sands, granules and silts are found. They corre-spond to different facies of the same sedimentary environment relatedto the distal fan deposit in which the artefacts are preserved (Fig. 2cand Supplementary Information, part B). Sealed in situ in thesePliocene sediments (Extended Data Fig. 5), the LOM3 archaeologicalmaterial is considered to be in a slightly re-distributed primary

archaeological context based on the following observations: (1) arte-facts of different sizes, ranging from ,1 cm wide flake fragments tovery large worked cobbles and cores are present; (2) artefacts arelarger and heavier than could be carried by the energy of the alluvialsystem that deposited the sediments (the maximal competence of thetransport flow can be inferred by the coarsest fraction of the bed loaddeposited, that is, ,4 cm diameter granules); (3) many excavatedlithic pieces exhibit only slight abrasion, as reflected in the observationof arete and edge widths measuring#100 mm. Moreover, although itis not possible at present to link all surface finds to the excavatedcontext, the identification of a refit between a core recovered fromthe dense stratified deposit and one surface flake clearly shows that atleast a portion of the surface material derives directly from the in situlevel (Fig. 4a).More precise interpretation of site preservation is basedon observations drawn from the excavation, with the most plausiblepossibilities limited to either good preservation of the site andmost ofthe assemblage, or a slight redistribution in close proximity of theoriginal activity location (Supplementary Information, part B).

Technology of the Lomekwi 3 stone tools

Based on the lithic material recovered in 2011 and 2012, the currenttotal assemblage (n5 149 surface and in situ artefacts) incorporates

1920 18 17

449.6449.5

449.7449.8449.9450.0

m a

bo

ve s

ea level

Lower sandy lensesSilty layerUpper sandy lens

Excavation �oor1 m

SW

Slopedeposit

Fan deposit

c

Slope deposit

Sands and granules

a

Artefactincluded inslope deposit

Slope deposit

Artefactincludedslope depo

Artefacts in situ

in Pliocene bed

Pliocene beds

Desertic pavement

armouring old slope

Modern

alluvial

deposit

Present-day

channel

sands

Pliocene deposit outcropping

on currently eroding slope

Ex

GP

10 m

Ch

SW

447

446

448

449

450

451

452

453

Ele

vatio

n (m

ab

ove s

ea level)

vert

ical exag

gera

tio

n ×

3

ClaysSandy siltsSands and granulesBedded gravels

and sands

b

Figure 2 | LOM3 lithological context. a, View of the excavation, facing east,showing relationship between surface, slope deposit, and in situ contextscontaining the artefacts and fossils. Scale in midground is 20 cm. Lower-leftmost artefact is the anvil LOM3-2012-K18-2, shown in Fig. 5a.b, Topographic profile and stratigraphic units at site level showing theexcavation zone (Ex), the geological trenchmade at the base of the section (GP);the artefacts and fossils derive from a series of lenses of sand and granulesmaking up a,1m thick bed (Ch). c, Section at the excavation along bands I andJ (indicated by the black line in Extended Data Fig. 1a) showing the sedimentswhich form the fan deposits containing the artefacts.

Kerio

Riv

er

Lake Turkana

34

2

8

129

136

6 1

6

Lomekwi 3

Lokalalei1

2c

Kokiselei

1–6

Naiyena Engol Kalochoro

Nachukui

Kalokodo

Kaitio

Nadung'a

12

110

11 1

34

5

3

2

Kangatukuseo

Lomekwi

Kaitio

Kalochoro

Nariokotome

Nachukui

Naiyena Engol

Kalokodo

Kokiselei

Lake T

urk

anaKangaki

Lokalalei

N

04° 00′ N

0 2km

Koobi

Fora

Formation

Nachukui

Formation

Nachukui

Formation

Shungura

Formation

Shungura

Formation

Om

o R

iver

Tu

rkw

el R

iver

0 20 40 60

km

Figure 1 | Geographic location of the LOM3 site. Map showing relation ofLOM3 to other West Turkana archaeological site complexes.

2 1 M A Y 2 0 1 5 | V O L 5 2 1 | N A T U R E | 3 1 1

ARTICLE RESEARCH

G2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved

7 / 31

Dipl.-Ing. F. Axel BergerInstitut fur Ur- und Fruhgeschichte Universitat zu Koln2020-04-28 Sommersemester 2020 Ha15

Eine Zusammensetzung aus Kern und Abschlag

able to deliver sufficient intentional force to repeatedly detach series ofadjacent and superposed unidirectional flakes, sometimes invasive,and then to continue knapping either by laterally rotating the coresor by flipping them over for bifacial exploitation. However, thoughmultiple flakes were successfully detached, the majority of flake scarsterminate as hinge and step fractures. The precision of the percussivemotion was also occasionally poorly controlled, as shown by repeatedimpact marks on core platforms caused by failed blows applied too farfrom the striking platform edge to induce fracture. LOM3 lithics(cores and flakes) are significantly larger in length, width, and thick-ness than those from OGS7, EG10 and EG12 at Gona, A.L. 894 atHadar, and Omo 57 and Omo 123 in Ethiopia; Lokalalei 2C fromWest Turkana, Kenya; and DK and FLK Zinj from Olduvai Gorge inTanzania (Extended Data Table 2). Furthermore, the LOM3anvils and percussors are larger and heavier than those chosen for

nut-cracking by wild chimpanzees in Bossou41 (southeastern Guinea;Extended Data Table 3). The dimensions and the percussive-relatedfeatures visible on the artefacts suggest the LOM3 hominins werecombining core reduction and battering activities and may have usedartefacts variously: as anvils, cores to produce flakes, and/or as pound-ing tools. The use of individual objects for several distinctive tasksreflects a degree of technological diversity both much older thanpreviously acknowledged and different from the generally uni-purpose stone tools used by primates24,25. The arm and hand motionsentailed in the two main modes of knapping suggested for the LOM3assemblage, passive hammer and bipolar, are arguablymore similar tothose involved in the hammer-on-anvil technique chimpanzees andother primates use when engaged in nut cracking42–44 than to thedirect freehand percussion evident in Oldowan assemblages. Thelikely prevalence of these two knapping techniques demonstrates

a

b

c

d

2

1

12

10cm

10cm

10cm

5cm5cm

Figure 4 | Photographs of selected LOM3artefacts. a, In situ core (LOM3-2011-I16-3,1.85 kg) and refitting surface flake (LOM3-2011surf NW7, 650 g). Unifacial core, passive hammerand bipolar technique. Both the core and the flakedisplay a series of dispersed percussion marks oncortex showing that percussive activities occurredbefore the removal of the flake, potentiallyindicating the block was used for differentpurposes. b, In situ unifacial core (LOM3-2012-H18-1, 3.45 kg), bipolar technique. See ExtendedData Fig. 6b for more details. c, Unifacial core(LOM3-2012 surf 71, 1.84 kg), passive hammertechnique. d, Flakes (LOM3-2012-J17-3 andLOM3-2012-H17-3) showing scars of previousremovals on the dorsal face. See SupplementaryInformation part F for 3D scans of lithic artefacts.

2 1 M A Y 2 0 1 5 | V O L 5 2 1 | N A T U R E | 3 1 3

ARTICLE RESEARCH

G2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved

8 / 31

Dipl.-Ing. F. Axel BergerInstitut fur Ur- und Fruhgeschichte Universitat zu Koln2020-04-28 Sommersemester 2020 Ha15

Beispiele fur Oldowangerate

9 / 31

Dipl.-Ing. F. Axel BergerInstitut fur Ur- und Fruhgeschichte Universitat zu Koln2020-04-28 Sommersemester 2020 Ph93

Beispiele fur Oldowangerate

10 / 31

Dipl.-Ing. F. Axel BergerInstitut fur Ur- und Fruhgeschichte Universitat zu Koln2020-04-28 Sommersemester 2020 Ri18

Oldowan idealisiert nach Wynn

11 / 31

Dipl.-Ing. F. Axel BergerInstitut fur Ur- und Fruhgeschichte Universitat zu Koln2020-04-28 Sommersemester 2020 Wy81

Oldowan idealisiert nach Wynn

12 / 31

Dipl.-Ing. F. Axel BergerInstitut fur Ur- und Fruhgeschichte Universitat zu Koln2020-04-28 Sommersemester 2020 Wy81

Oldowan idealisiert nach Wynn

13 / 31

Dipl.-Ing. F. Axel BergerInstitut fur Ur- und Fruhgeschichte Universitat zu Koln2020-04-28 Sommersemester 2020 Wy81

Zum Vergleich: Faustkeile und CleaverSidi Abderrahman (Casablanca, Marokko), Interglazial, ca. 300 ka BP

14 / 31

Dipl.-Ing. F. Axel BergerInstitut fur Ur- und Fruhgeschichte Universitat zu Koln2020-04-28 Sommersemester 2020 Ph93, 54

LiteraturvorschlageListe erstellt am 2020-04-27

ReferencesAntón 2020

Susan C. Antón, All who wander are not lost. science 368 (2020),34–35.

Domínguez-Rodrigo 2010Manuel Domínguez-Rodrigo, Travis Rayne Pickering & Henry T.Bunn, Configurational approach to identifying the earliest homininbutchers. PNAS 107 (2010), 20929–20934.

Domínguez-Rodrigo 2012Manuel Domínguez-Rodrigo, Travis Rayne Pickering & Henry T.Bunn, Experimental study of cut marks made with rocks unmodifiedby human flaking and its bearing on claims of ≈3.4-million-year-oldbutchery evidence from Dikika, Ethiopia. Journal of ArchaeologicalScience 39 (2012), 205–214.

Harmand 2015Sonia Harmand et al., 3.3-million-year-old stone tools from Lomekwi 3,West Turkana, Kenya. nature 521 (2015), 310–315.

McPherron 2010Shannon P. McPherron et al., Evidence for stone-tool-assisted consump-tion of animal tissues before 3.39 million years ago at Dikika, Ethiopia.nature 466 (2010), 857–860.

Wynn 1981Thomas Wynn, The Intelligence of Oldowan Hominids. Journal ofHuman Evolution 10 (1981), 529–541.

1

15 / 31

Dipl.-Ing. F. Axel BergerInstitut fur Ur- und Fruhgeschichte Universitat zu Koln2020-04-28 Sommersemester 2020

17. Was ist das Oldowan (Begriffsbedeutung;geographische Verbreitung; Datierungsspanne)?

16 / 31

Dipl.-Ing. F. Axel BergerInstitut fur Ur- und Fruhgeschichte Universitat zu Koln2020-04-28 Sommersemester 2020

17. Was ist das Oldowan (Begriffsbedeutung;geographische Verbreitung; Datierungsspanne)?

Die alteste und einfachste Steingerateindustrie (wenn manvom Lomekwian absieht). Es handelt sich um einfacheGerollgerate – aufgeschlagene Kiesel zur Gewinnung einerSchnittkante.Ost- und Sudafrika (Grabenbruch und Karstgebirge) unddie Mittelmeerkuste von Nordafrika.Mit der ersten Welle des „Out of Africa I“ gelangten Ol-dowangerate auch nach Georgien, Mitteleuropa undOstasien.Etwa 2.6–1.3 Ma BP.Ab etwa 2 Ma BP treten sie gehauft und regelhaft auf. Ab1.8 Ma BP uberlappen sie mit dem fruhen Acheuleen.

16 / 31

Dipl.-Ing. F. Axel BergerInstitut fur Ur- und Fruhgeschichte Universitat zu Koln2020-04-28 Sommersemester 2020

18. Was sind chopper, fur welchen Technokomplexsind sie Leitform, und aus welcher Zeit und Regionstammen die altesten?

17 / 31

Dipl.-Ing. F. Axel BergerInstitut fur Ur- und Fruhgeschichte Universitat zu Koln2020-04-28 Sommersemester 2020

18. Was sind chopper, fur welchen Technokomplexsind sie Leitform, und aus welcher Zeit und Regionstammen die altesten?

Chopper sind einfache Gerollgerate, aufgeschlagene Kieselmit Schnittkanten und deren nicht oder wenig bearbeiteteAbschlage.Chopper sind die Leitform des Oldowan.Die altesten bekannten sind 2.6 Ma alt.Sie stammen aus Gona in der Afarsenke, dem Auslauferdes Grabenbruchs im nordlichen Athiopien.

17 / 31

Dipl.-Ing. F. Axel BergerInstitut fur Ur- und Fruhgeschichte Universitat zu Koln2020-04-28 Sommersemester 2020

19. Was bedeuten Olduvai Bed I, Bed II usw.?

18 / 31

Dipl.-Ing. F. Axel BergerInstitut fur Ur- und Fruhgeschichte Universitat zu Koln2020-04-28 Sommersemester 2020

19. Was bedeuten Olduvai Bed I, Bed II usw.?

Bed I usw. sind verschiedene Fundschichten am FundortOlduvai Gorge.

Bed I ist die tiefste, alteste Schicht, in der die einfachstenOldowan-Gerate gefunden wurden. Die Industrien derhoheren, jungeren Schichten heißen „Developed Oldwan“ mitden Varianten A, B und C.

18 / 31

Dipl.-Ing. F. Axel BergerInstitut fur Ur- und Fruhgeschichte Universitat zu Koln2020-04-28 Sommersemester 2020

20. Was machen Schimpansen mit Steinen?

19 / 31

Dipl.-Ing. F. Axel BergerInstitut fur Ur- und Fruhgeschichte Universitat zu Koln2020-04-28 Sommersemester 2020

20. Was machen Schimpansen mit Steinen?

Schimpansen benutzen Steine vor allem um Nusseaufzuschlagen. Sie merken sich die Orte, wo Steinezuruckgelassen wurden und transportieren sie auch uberkurzere Entfernungen (im Sichtkontakt).

Jungtiere imitieren Altere, aber ein gezielter Unterricht wie beiMenschen und ein exaktes Nachahmen auch der Details wie beiKleinkindern wurde nicht beobachtet.

Eine Bearbeitung zum Erzeugen von Abschlagen wurde bishernur in Experimenten in der Gefangenschaft beobachtet. Indiesen Fallen schlagen sie eher unkoordiniert und unpraziseund gewinnen brauchbare Abschlage mehr durch Zufall.

19 / 31

Dipl.-Ing. F. Axel BergerInstitut fur Ur- und Fruhgeschichte Universitat zu Koln2020-04-28 Sommersemester 2020

21. Welche Verhaltensunterschiede zwischenVertretern der Gattung Homo und Schimpansenzeigen Oldowan-Artefakte an?

20 / 31

Dipl.-Ing. F. Axel BergerInstitut fur Ur- und Fruhgeschichte Universitat zu Koln2020-04-28 Sommersemester 2020

21. Welche Verhaltensunterschiede zwischenVertretern der Gattung Homo und Schimpansenzeigen Oldowan-Artefakte an?

Gezielte Auswahl des Rohmaterials nach Schlageigenschaf-ten und gezieltes Aufsuchen von Quellen hochwertigenMaterials.Gezieltes Treffen des optimalen Schlagpunktes zum Erzeu-gen brauchbarer Abschlage.Gezielte Wahl mehrerer aufeinderfolgender Abschlagezum Erzeugen des gewunschten Artefaktes.Eine großere Zahl Abschlage von einem Kern.Die Verwendung von Steinartefakten zur Fleischbearbei-tung.Vorausschauende Planung und Transport von Geraten zurspateren Verwendung an entfernten Orten.

20 / 31

Dipl.-Ing. F. Axel BergerInstitut fur Ur- und Fruhgeschichte Universitat zu Koln2020-04-28 Sommersemester 2020

22. Welche moglichen Funktionen werdenOldowan-Artefakten zugeschrieben?

21 / 31

Dipl.-Ing. F. Axel BergerInstitut fur Ur- und Fruhgeschichte Universitat zu Koln2020-04-28 Sommersemester 2020

22. Welche moglichen Funktionen werdenOldowan-Artefakten zugeschrieben?

Das Schneiden von Fleisch wurde schon fur die altestenFunde vor 2.6 Ma nachgewiesen, blieb aber bis etwa2 Ma BP die seltene Ausnahme.Die Hauptverwendung war die Bearbeitung und dasStampfen von pflanzlichem Material.

21 / 31

Dipl.-Ing. F. Axel BergerInstitut fur Ur- und Fruhgeschichte Universitat zu Koln2020-04-28 Sommersemester 2020

23. Erlautern Sie kurz die Quellenbasis, Methodeund Interpretation von Fig. 21.3.

22 / 31

Dipl.-Ing. F. Axel BergerInstitut fur Ur- und Fruhgeschichte Universitat zu Koln2020-04-28 Sommersemester 2020

23. Erlautern Sie kurz die Quellenbasis, Methodeund Interpretation von Fig. 21.3.

Die Knocheninventare verschiedener Fundplatze werden nachmehreren Kriterien quantitativ ausgezahlt: Anteil derLangknochen, mit Verbiß, mit Schnittspuren usw.

Diese Gruppen von Zahlen werden als Vektoren aufgefaßt undein geeignetes Abstandsmaß definiert. Mit diesem Maß liegendann Fundplatze naher beieinander oder weiter entfernt unddiese Abstande sind quantifizierbar. Indem man die jeweilsnachstgelegenen hierarchisch zu Gruppen zusammenfaßtgelangt man zu einer Baumstruktur mit definierten Astlangen.

Im Ergebnis hebt sich der Fundplatz Zinj deutlich heraus.Wahrend die anderen Fundplatze von OlduvaiWildtiermahlzeiten ahneln, gruppiert Zinj weitab davon nebenrezenten Jagern und experimenteller Tierzerlegung.

22 / 31

Dipl.-Ing. F. Axel BergerInstitut fur Ur- und Fruhgeschichte Universitat zu Koln2020-04-28 Sommersemester 2020

24. Welche Methodik steht hinter Tab. 21.1, undwas ist das Gesamtergebnis?

23 / 31

Dipl.-Ing. F. Axel BergerInstitut fur Ur- und Fruhgeschichte Universitat zu Koln2020-04-28 Sommersemester 2020

24. Welche Methodik steht hinter Tab. 21.1, undwas ist das Gesamtergebnis?

Verschiedene Modelle fur Art und Entstehung von Fundplatzenfuhren zu unterschiedlichen Voraussagen fur derenZusammensetzung. Der Befund von Zinj wird verglichen mit

Resteverwerter nach BinfordWerkzeug-Cache nach PottsNachnutzer von Raubtierfangen nach BlumenschineBevorzugter-Ort-Modell nach Schickschimpansenahnlicher Schlafplatz nach Hernandez-Aguilar.

In keinem Fall wurde eine hinreichende Ubereinstimmunggefunden.

23 / 31

Dipl.-Ing. F. Axel BergerInstitut fur Ur- und Fruhgeschichte Universitat zu Koln2020-04-28 Sommersemester 2020

25. Was bedeutet Taphonomie im Zusammenhangmit Oldowan-Fundstellen?

24 / 31

Dipl.-Ing. F. Axel BergerInstitut fur Ur- und Fruhgeschichte Universitat zu Koln2020-04-28 Sommersemester 2020

25. Was bedeutet Taphonomie im Zusammenhangmit Oldowan-Fundstellen?

Taphonomie sind alle Prozesse die zur Entstehung einesFundplatzes in der heute vorgefundenen Form beitragen. Siebeginnt mit der Niederlegung von Knochen und Artefaktendurch Homininen und schließt alle spateren (geologischen)Veranderungen und Umlagerungen ein.

Wichtige Prozesse sind das Zusedimentieren und/oderFreiwehen, das Umlagern durch Wasser und Erdbewegungenund das verschieden starke Verrotten und Verwittern einzelnerBestandteile.

24 / 31

Dipl.-Ing. F. Axel BergerInstitut fur Ur- und Fruhgeschichte Universitat zu Koln2020-04-28 Sommersemester 2020

26. Was heißt scavenging mit Blick auf dasOldowan?

25 / 31

Dipl.-Ing. F. Axel BergerInstitut fur Ur- und Fruhgeschichte Universitat zu Koln2020-04-28 Sommersemester 2020

26. Was heißt scavenging mit Blick auf dasOldowan?

Scavenging oder Aasnutzung ist das Nutzen von Tieren, diebereits tot vorgefunden wurden.

Aktives Scavenging ist das Vertreiben der eigentlichen Jagerbevor wichtige Teile ganz abgefressen wurden.

Passives Scavenging ist die Nutzung der Teile, die Jagerubriggelassen haben, z. B. durch das Aufschlagen vonMarkknochen, oder das Auffinden und Nutzen naturlichgestorbener oder sterbender Tiere.

25 / 31

Dipl.-Ing. F. Axel BergerInstitut fur Ur- und Fruhgeschichte Universitat zu Koln2020-04-28 Sommersemester 2020

27. Waren die Oldowan-Homininen von OlduvaiFLK Zinj Jager? Begrunden Sie Ihre Antwort.

26 / 31

Dipl.-Ing. F. Axel BergerInstitut fur Ur- und Fruhgeschichte Universitat zu Koln2020-04-28 Sommersemester 2020

27. Waren die Oldowan-Homininen von OlduvaiFLK Zinj Jager? Begrunden Sie Ihre Antwort.

In Zinj wurden Schnittspuren vor allem an den besondersfleischreichen Mittelschaften der Langknochen gefunden undes wurde das Abtrennen von fleischreichen Extremitatennachgewiesen. Das zeigt, daß die Homininen fruhen oderersten Zugang hatten, solange die fleischreichsten Partien nochvorhanden waren.

Demnach waren die Homininen offenbar die ersten, dieZugang zu dem erlegten Tier hatten. Domınguez-Rodrigoschließt daraus, daß sie es auch selbst gejagt und erlegt habenmussen.

26 / 31

Dipl.-Ing. F. Axel BergerInstitut fur Ur- und Fruhgeschichte Universitat zu Koln2020-04-28 Sommersemester 2020

28. Nennen Sie funf Elemente des mit demOldowan verknupften fruhmenschlichenVerhaltensrepertoires.

27 / 31

Dipl.-Ing. F. Axel BergerInstitut fur Ur- und Fruhgeschichte Universitat zu Koln2020-04-28 Sommersemester 2020

28. Nennen Sie funf Elemente1 Homininen wahlen gezielt bestimmte Gesteinsarten zur Werkzeug-

herstellung aus.2 Da diese Rohstoffe ungleichmaßig verteilt sind, werden Werkzeuge

oder Rohstoffe geplant uber große Entfernungen transportiert.3 Steinwerkzeuge und Steine mit kunstlich geschaffenen Schneiden

werden zur Fleischbearbeitung verwendet.4 Mit Steinen werden Pflanzen bearbeitet oder (u. a. durch Stampfen)

Pflanzenteile genießbar gemacht.5 Homininen haben Werkzeuge nicht dort hergestellt, wo sie gebraucht

wurden, sondern an den, offenbar gezielt aufgesuchten, Rohstoffvor-kommen.

6 Homininen haben Werkzeuge, Rohlinge, Fleisch und anderes gezieltzu bevorzugten Lagerplatzen gebracht.

7 Fleisch wurde gezielt zur Gruppe gebracht und mit an der Jagd oderdem Sammeln nicht Beteiligten geteilt.

27 / 31

Dipl.-Ing. F. Axel BergerInstitut fur Ur- und Fruhgeschichte Universitat zu Koln2020-04-28 Sommersemester 2020

Feierabend

Bis nachste WocheUsername:Password:

In diesem Semester wird bis auf weiteres keinKennwort vergeben.

28 / 31

Dipl.-Ing. F. Axel BergerInstitut fur Ur- und Fruhgeschichte Universitat zu Koln2020-04-28 Sommersemester 2020

LiteraturAn20 Susan C. Anton,

All who wander are not lost.science 368 (2020), 34–35.

Br19 David R. Braun et al.,Earliest known Oldowan artifacts at >2.58 Ma from Ledi-Geraru, Ethiopia, highlight early technologicaldiversity.PNAS 116 (2019), 11712–11717.

Co01 Graham Connah,African civilizations, An archaeological perspective.(Cambridge 22001).

Co04 Graham Connah,Forgotten Africa, An introduction to its archaeology.(Abingdon 2004).

Do10 Manuel Domınguez-Rodrigo, Travis Rayne Pickering & Henry T. Bunn,Configurational approach to identifying the earliest hominin butchers.PNAS 107 (2010), 20929–20934.

Do12 Manuel Domınguez-Rodrigo, Travis Rayne Pickering & Henry T. Bunn,Experimental study of cut marks made with rocks unmodified by human flaking and its bearing on claims of≈3.4-million-year-old butchery evidence from Dikika, Ethiopia.Journal of Archaeological Science 39 (2012), 205–214.

Ec77 Umberto Eco,How to Write a Thesis.(Cambridge 2015 [1977]).

29 / 31

Dipl.-Ing. F. Axel BergerInstitut fur Ur- und Fruhgeschichte Universitat zu Koln2020-04-28 Sommersemester 2020

Literatur (cont.)Fa13a Francois-Xavier Fauvelle,

Le rhinoceros d’or, Histoires du Moyen Age africain.folio histoire 239 (Malesherbes 2017 [2013]).

Fa13b Francois-Xavier Fauvelle,Das Goldene Rhinozeros, Afrika im Mittelalter.(Munchen 2017 [2013]).Originaltitel: Le Rhinoceros d’or – Histoires du Moyen Age africain.

Ha15 Sonia Harmand et al.,3.3-million-year-old stone tools from Lomekwi 3, West Turkana, Kenya.nature 521 (2015), 310–315.

He01 Peter Hertel,Projekt Diplomarbeit, Schreibwerkstatt.(Osnabruck 2001).<http://www.informatik.hs-furtwangen.de/∼hanne/LATEX-DA-sws.pdf> (2017-04-16).

Ph10 Shannon P. McPherron et al.,Evidence for stone-tool-assisted consumption of animal tissues before 3.39 million years ago at Dikika, Ethiopia.

nature 466 (2010), 857–860.

Mi13 Peter Mitchell & Paul Lane (Hrsg.),The Oxford Handbook of African Archaeology.(Oxford 2013).

Ph93 David W. Phillipson,African Archaeology.(Cambridge 21993).

30 / 31

Dipl.-Ing. F. Axel BergerInstitut fur Ur- und Fruhgeschichte Universitat zu Koln2020-04-28 Sommersemester 2020

Literatur (cont.)

Ph05 David W. Phillipson,African Archaeology.(Cambridge 32005).

Re90 Josef H. Reichholf,Das Ratsel der Menschwerdung, Die Entstehung des Menschen im Wechselspiel der Natur.(Munchen 62004 [1990]).

Ri05 Peter Richerson & Robert Boyd,Not by genes alone, How culture transformed human evolution.(Chicago 2005).

Ri18 Jurgen Richter,Altsteinzeit, Der Weg der fruhen Menschen von Afrika bis in die Mitte Europas.(Stuttgart 2018).

Wy81 Thomas Wynn,The Intelligence of Oldowan Hominids.Journal of Human Evolution 10 (1981), 529–541.

31 / 31

Dipl.-Ing. F. Axel BergerInstitut fur Ur- und Fruhgeschichte Universitat zu Koln2020-04-28 Sommersemester 2020