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Page 1 of 45 The Only 5 Marine National Park and Water Sanctuaries of India India boasts of several marine national parks which are hotspots of bio-diversity and home to a number of marine creatures including Olive Ridley sea turtles, saltwater crocodile and a medium-sized marine mammal known as Dugong. Water sanctuaries of India include Bhitarkanika National Park, Sundarbans National Park and Rani Jhansi Marine National Park. These are swamp or large mangroves forests in India. Gulf of Kutch Marine National Park This is a fragile Ecosystem. Marine National Park in Gulf of Kutch is situated on the southern shore of the Gulf of Kutch in Jamnagar, Gujarat. It is the first national marine park of India with 42 islands on Jamnagar coast in the Marine National Park. Some popular islands:- Poshitra, Pirotan, Karubhar and Narara. Flora/Fauna:-Coral Lichen, Sea Slug, Painted Storks, Shelled Mollusks, Octopus. This national park is the 1 st marine wildlife sanctuary and the 1 st marine national park in India. Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park is a national park of India on the Andaman Islands, situated 29 kms. from Port Blair. Most of the coral reefs in the park are fringing reefs and the park is an important breeding ground for turtles. It is also Known as WandoorNational
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Page 1: The Only 5 Marine National Park and Water Sanctuaries of India Important content for... · The Only 5 Marine National Park and Water Sanctuaries of India India boasts of several marine

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The Only 5 Marine National Park and Water Sanctuaries of India

India boasts of several marine national parks which are hotspots of bio-diversity and

home to a number of marine creatures including Olive Ridley sea turtles, saltwater

crocodile and a medium-sized marine mammal known as Dugong. Water sanctuaries

of India include Bhitarkanika National Park, Sundarbans National Park and Rani

Jhansi Marine National Park. These are swamp or large mangroves forests in India.

Gulf of Kutch Marine National Park

This is a fragile Ecosystem.

Marine National Park in Gulf of Kutch

is situated on the southern shore of the

Gulf of Kutch in Jamnagar, Gujarat. It

is the first national marine park of

India with 42 islands on Jamnagar

coast in the Marine National Park.

Some popular islands:-

Poshitra, Pirotan, Karubhar and

Narara.

Flora/Fauna:-Coral Lichen, Sea Slug,

Painted Storks, Shelled Mollusks,

Octopus.

This national park is the 1stmarine

wildlife sanctuary and the 1st marine

national park in India.

Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park

Mahatma Gandhi Marine National

Park is a national park of India on the

Andaman Islands, situated 29 kms.

from Port Blair. Most of the coral

reefs in the park are fringing reefs and

the park is an important breeding

ground for turtles.

It is also Known as WandoorNational

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Established in 1983

Jolly Buoy and Red Skin Islands: Open

for tourists.

Park.

Jolly Buoy and Red skin Islands are

famous islands out of the 15 islands in

this national park.

This National park is covered with

Tropical Forest.

Gahirmatha Marine Wildlife Sanctuary

It is the biggest nesting ground for olive

Ridley Turtles in the world.

Gahirmatha is the first and the only

marine sanctuary of Orissa, number of

marvellous creatures including Olive

Ridley sea turtles migrate here in huge

numbers. Gahirmatha Beach separates

the Bhitarkanika Mangroves from the

Bay of Bengal and is the world’s most

important nesting beach for Olive

Ridley Sea Turtles.

In 1997:- Govt declared Gahirmatha as

marine sanctuary to save turtles.

Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park

Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park

consists of 21 small islands and coral

reefs in the Gulf of Mannar in the

Indian Ocean of Tamil Nadu. The park

has a high diversity of plants and

animals in its marine and shore

habitats. Dugong (Sea Cow), a

vulnerable marine mammal is also

found here.

Malvan Marine Wildlife Sanctuary

Rich in Salt that is why named as Malvan. Malvan Marine Sanctuary is the only

marine sanctuary located in Malvan

Taluka of Sindhudurg district in

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Konkan region of Maharashtra. The

Malvan Wildlife Sanctuary includes

Padamged Island and other submerged

rocky structures.

Note:-Maharashtra government last

year has declared the area along Thane

Creek as Flamingo Sanctuary. It

should be noted that this Sanctuary is

Maharashtra’s second marine

sanctuary after Malvan (Marine)

Wildlife Sanctuary which was

declared in 1987.

Ramsar Partner Organizations:

is a global partnership of

conservation organisations that

strives to conserve birds,

their habitats and

global biodiversity, working

with people towards

sustainability in the use of

natural resources. It is the

world's largest partnership of

conservation organisations,

with over 120 partner

organisations.

Motto Partnership for Nature and

People

Formation 1922

Type NGO

Purpose Conservation

Headquarters Cambridge, United

Kingdom

Regions

served

Africa, Americas, Asia,

Europe and Central Asia,

Pacific

It is widely recognized as the world leader in Bird

Conservation.

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International Union for

Conservation of Nature

H.Q.-Switzerland

International organisation working in the field

of nature conservation and sustainable use of natural

resources. It is involved in data gathering and

analysis, research, field projects, advocacy, lobbying

and education. IUCN's mission is to "influence,

encourage and assist societies throughout the world

to conserve nature and to ensure that any use of

natural resources is equitable and ecologically

sustainable."

It was created in 1948, and is world’s largest and

most diverse environmental network.

It is a nonprofit research

organisation with headquarters

inColombo, Sri Lanka, and

offices across Africa and Asia.

Research at the Institute

focuses on improving how

water and land resources are

managed, with the aim of

underpinning food security and

reducing poverty while

safeguarding vital

environmental processes.

Formation 1985

Type Non profit research organisation

Location Sri Lanka (Colombo -

Headquarters); India (Hyderabad,

New Delhi); Pakistan (Lahore);

Laos (Vientiane); Nepal

(Kathmandu); Uzbekistan

(Tashkent); South Africa

(Pretoria); Ghana (Accra);

Ethiopia (Addis Ababa)

Vision:- “A water-secure world”

World Wide Fund for Nature

International non-governmental

organisation founded in 1961, working in the field

of the wilderness preservation, and the reduction of

humanity's footprint on the environment. It was

formerly named the World Wildlife Fund, which

remains its official name in Canada and the United

States.

It is the world's largest conservation

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H.Q.- Morges, Switzerland organisation with over 5 million supporters

worldwide, working in more than 100 countries,

supporting around 1,300conservation and

environmental projects.

Global organisation that works to sustain and

restore wetlands and their resources for people

and biodiversity. It is an independent, not-for-profit,

global organisation, supported by government and

NGO membership from around the world.

Based mostly in the developing world, it has 20

regional, national or project offices in all continents

and a head office in Ede, the Netherlands.

Wildfowl and Wetland Trust

The Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust (WWT) is a

conservation charity that saves wetlands, which are

essential for life itself. Wetlands are the primary

source of drinking water for people and wildlife.

The WWT was founded in 1946 by

the ornithologist and artist Sir Peter Scott as

the Severn Wildfowl Trust. The WWT was

instrumental in saving the nēnē from the brink of

extinction in the 1950s.

IUCN Red list was also created by Sir peter Scott

Ramsar Convention on Wetlands

International treaty for “the conservation and sustainable use of wetlands”.

It is also known as the Convention on Wetlands.

It is named after the city of Ramsar in Iran.

The Convention was signed on 2nd

of February, 1971.

The 2nd of February each year is World Wetlands Day.

Number of parties to the convention (COP) is169.

At the centre of the Ramsar philosophy is the “wise use” of wetlands.

Wise use: maintenance of ecological character within the context of sustainable

development.

The Montreux Record

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The Montreux Record is a register of wetland sites on the List of Wetlands of

International Importance where changes in ecological character have occurred,

are occurring, or are likely to occur as a result of technological developments,

pollution or other human interference. It is maintained as part of the Ramsar

List.

International Organisation Partners

The Ramsar Convention works closely with six other organizations known as

International Organisation Partners (IOPs). These are:

1. Birdlife International

2. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)

3. International Water Management Institute (IWMI)

4. Wetlands International

5. WWF

6. International Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust (WWT)

Other Partners

Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)

Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD),

Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals

Convention on Migratory Species (CMS),

World Heritage Convention (WHC) and

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES).

Jammu And Kashmir

1. Wular Lake

The largest freshwater lake in India.

Situated on the Jhelum River.

Lake basin was formed as a result of tectonic

activity.

2. Tsomoriri A freshwater to brackish lake lying at 4,595m

above sea level. The site is said to represent the

only breeding ground outside of China for one of

the most endangered cranes, the Black-necked

crane (Grus nigricollis), and the only breeding

ground for Bar-headed geese in India.

The Great Tibetan Sheep or Argali

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(Ovisammonhodgsoni) and Tibetan Wild Ass

(Equus kiang) are endemic to the Tibetan plateau,

of which the Changthang is the westernmost part.

Largest of the high altitude lake which is entirely

within India.

3. Surinsar-Mansar

Lakes

Located in Jammu, Holy site.

Surinsar and Mansar lakes are reffered as twin

lakes.

4. Hokersar Wetland

Jammu and Kashmir

Hokersar wetland is only 10 km away from

Srinagar.

Waterfowl species like Large Egret, Great Crested

Grebe, Little Cormorant, Common Shelduck,

Tufted Duck and endangered White-eyed Pochard,

coming from Siberia, China, Central Asia, and

Northern Europe.

Himachal Pradesh

1. Pong Dam Lake

A water storage reservoir created in 1975 on the

Beas River in the low foothills of the Himalaya on

the northern edge of the Indo-Gangetic plain.

2. Renuka Lake A natural wetland with freshwater springs and

inland subterranean karst formations, fed by a

small stream flowing from the lower Himalayan

out to the Giri River.

Crimson-breasted barbet, Mayna, Bulbul,

Pheasants, Egrets, Herons, Mallards and Lapwing.

Among ungulates Sambhar, Barking deer and

Ghorals are also abundant in the area.

Named after Goddess Renuka the mother of Hindu

sage Parshuram.

Largest natural Lake of Himachal Pradesh.

3. Chandra Tal Located in Spiti part of Lahaul- Spitidistrict of

Himachal Pradesh.

Punjab

1. Harike

An important site for breeding, wintering and

staging birds, supporting over 200,000 Anatidae

(ducks, geese, swans, etc.) during migration.

Also known as Hari-Ke-Pattan

At Harike Beas River meets Satluz.

Largest Wetland in Northern India.

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2. Ropar Wetland A human made wetland of lake and river formed

by the 1952 construction of a barrage for diversion

of water from the Sutlej River for drinking and

irrigation supplies.

The site is an important breeding place for the

nationally protected Smooth Indian Otter, Hog

Deer, Sambar, and several reptiles, and the

endangered Indian Pangolin (Maniscrassicaudata)

is thought to be present.

3. Kanjali Man-made wetland and was created in 1870.

Kerala

1. Sasthamkotta Lake

It is the largest freshwater lake in Kerala, situated

in Kollam district.

Named after ancient Sastha Temple.

2. VembanadKayal Largest Lake of Kerala.

Famous tourist locations like Alappuzha and

Kumarakom, known for house boats falls here.

River mouths of Pamba-AchenkovilRivers in

Vembanad forms one of the most unique wetland

topography of Kerala, the Kuttanad. It is below the

sea level and is famous for exotic fish varieties and

paddy fields that are below the sea level.

3. Ashtamudi

A natural backwater in Kollam district.

RiversKallada and Pallichal drain into it.

It forms an estuary with the sea at Neendakara

which is a famous fishing harbour in Kerala

National Waterway 3 passes through it.

Rajasthan

1. Sambhar Lake

Largest inland salt lake of India

Sambhar has been designated as a Ramsar site

(recognized wetland of international importance)

because the wetland is a key wintering area for tens

of thousands of flamingos and other birds that

migrate from northern Asia.

Waterfowl, Nilgai,deer, foxes.

Example of centripetal drainage, Megha and

Khandel Streams drain in it.

2. Keoladeo Ghana

National Park

A complex of ten artificial, seasonal lagoons,

varying in size, situated in a densely populated

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Or Bharatpur Bird

Sanctuary

region.

Placed on the Montreux Record in 1990 due to

“water shortage and an unbalanced grazing

regime”.

Moreover, invasive growth of the grass

Paspalumdistichum has changed the ecological

character of large areas of the site, reducing its

suitability for certain waterbird species, notably the

Siberian crane.

Odisha

1. Chilika Lake

Chilika Lake is a brackish water lagoon at the

mouth of the Daya River

It is the largest coastal lagoon in India and the

second largest lagoon in the world.

Birds from as far as the Caspian Sea, Lake Baikal,

Aral Sea and other remote parts of Russia, Kirghiz

steppes of Mongolia, Central and Southeast Asia,

Ladakh and Himalayas come here.

In 1981, Chilika Lake was designated the first

Indian wetland of international importance under

the Ramsar Convention.

Birds: White Bellied Sea Eagles, Greylag Geese,

Purple Moorhen, Jacana, flamingos, egrets, gray

and purple herons, Indian Roller, Storks, White

Ibis, Spoonbills, Brahminy Ducks, Shovellers,

Pintails, and more.

Nalbana Island is the core area of the Ramsar

designated wetlands of Chilika Lake. Nalbana was

notified in 1987 and declared a bird sanctuary in

1973 under the Wildlife Protection Act.

The Irrawaddy Dolphin (Orcaellabrevirostris) is

the flagship species of Chilika Lake. It is classified

as critically endangered, in five of the six other

places it is known to live.

2. Bhitarkanika

Mangroves

It was under the control of

a zamindar until 1952.

The core area of Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary

was declared Bhitarkanika National Park.

Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary includes

Gahirmatha Marine Wildlife Sanctuary.

Bhitarkanika Mangroves were designated a Ramsar

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In 2006 park was

recognized by the

Guinness book of world

record for the largest

White Crocodile.

Wetland of International Importance in 2002.

It is famous for its salt water crocodiles and Olive

Ridley sea turtles.

Brahmani and Baitrani River Delta.

Remaining North to

South

1. Uttar Pradesh

Upper Ganga River

(Brijghat to Narora

Stretch)

The river provides habitat for IUCN Red listed

Ganges River Dolphin, gharial, crocodile, 6

species of turtles, otters, 82 species of fish and

more than a hundred species of birds.

2. Madhya Pradesh

Bhoj Wetland

The Bhoj Wetland consists of two lakes located in

the city of Bhopal.

The two lakes are the Bhojtal and the Lower Lake.

It is a manmade reservoir.

The largest bird of India, the SarusCrane (Grus

Antigone) is found here.

3. Gujarat

Nalsarovar Bird Sanctuary

[Declared as aRamsar site

in 2012. Most recent

Ramsarsite in India]

A natural freshwater lake (a relict sea) that is the

largest natural wetland in the Thar Desert

Biogeographic Province and represents a dynamic

environment with salinity and depth varying

depending on rainfall.

Besides a few mammalian species including the

endangered wild ass and the black buck, its

migratory bird population includes Rosy

Pelicans, flamingos, white

storks, BrahminyDucks and herons. Thousands of

migratory waterfowl flock to this sanctuary just

after the Indian monsoon season.

The wetland is also a lifeline for a satellite

population of the endangered Indian wild ass

(Equushemionuskhur) which uses this area in the

dry season.

4. West Bengal

East Calcutta Wetlands

The wetland forms an urban facility for treating the

city’s waste water

It includes salt marshes, salt meadows as well as

sewage farms and settling ponds.

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5. Andhra Pradesh

Kolleru Lake

Bird sanctuary

Located between Godavari and Krishna River

delta.

Freshwater lake.

6. Tamil Nadu

Point Calimere

Wildlife and Bird

Sanctuary

The sanctuary was created in 1967 for

conservation of the near threatened Blackbuck

Antelope, an endemic mammal species of India.

One of the last remnants of Dry Evergreen Forests.

Habitat:Dry Evergreen Forests, Mangrove &

Wetlands.

Winter Migrants : Spoon Billed Sandpiper, Greater

Flamingos.

North East India

1. Assam

DeeporBeel

Freshwater Lake

2. Manipur

Loktak Lake

Loktak Lake is the largest freshwater lake in the

north-eastern region.

KeibulLamjao the only floating national park in the

world due to the floating phumdis (Heterogenous

mass of vegetation, soil and organic matter)

Example of centripetal drainage

3. Tripura

Rudrasagar Lake

It is an important bird area in Tripura and attracts

a large number of waterfowl in winter.

Endangered Boer’s Pochard near threatened

Ferruginous Duck recorded here.

Biosphere Reserve

Cold desert

2009 Under UNESCO MAB

Famous for: Snow Leopard

Western Himachal Pradesh

Pin Valley National Park

Kibber Wildlife Sanctuary

Sarchu Wildlife Sanctuary

Nanda Devi

Inscribed as World Heritage site by

Nanda Devi peak 7817, and

drained by the Rishi Ganga

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UNESCO in 1988

Himalayan Tahr. Gorals Snow

Leopard, Himalayan Black

Bear, Rhesus Macaque

Great Rann of Kutch

Famous for: Indian Wild Ass

Tropic of Cancer Passes through it.

Thar Desert in the Kutch

District of Gujarat

Luni River, which originates

in Rajasthan, drains into it

Indian Wild Ass Sanctuary, Kutch

Desert Wildlife

Sanctuary, Narayan Sarovar

Sanctuary, Kutch Bustard

Sanctuary

Banni Grasslands

Reserve and Chari-Dhand Wetland

Conservation Reserve

Khanchenzonga

The park gets its name from the

mountain Kanchenjunga (alternative

spellingKhangchendzonga) which is

8,586 metres (28,169 ft) tall, the third-

highest peak in the world. There are many

glaciers in the park famous one

is ZemuGlacier

musk deer, snow

leopard, Himalayan Tahr, wild

dog, sloth bear, civet, Himalayan

black bear, red panda, Tibetan wild

ass,Himalayan blue

sheep, serow, goral ,Russell's

viper.

Manas

Manas have the largest population of

endangered Bengal Florican

Manas river is the main river

Assam Roofed Turtle, Hispid

Hare, Golden Langur and Pygmy

Hog.

DibruSaikhowa

BhrahamputraRiver

LohitRiver

DibruRiver

Dihang-Dibang Mouling National Park, Dibang

Wildlife Sanctuary

Mishmi takin, red goral, musk

deer, red panda, Asiatic black

bearMechuka giant flying squirrel

Mishmi Hills giant flying squirrel.

Nokrek

Along with Balpakram, Nokrek is a

Tura Peak in West Garo Hills

district of Meghalaya

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hotspot of biodiversity in Meghalaya. Nokrek is also an important habitat

of the Asian elephants, Red Panda

Panna

Ken River passes through it.

Panna was given the Award of

Excellence in 2007 as the Best

Maintained National Park of India by

the Ministry of Tourism

Pachmari

Satpura National Park, Bori Sanctuary,

Pachmari Sanctuary

The endemic fauna

includes chinkara, nilgai, barking

deer, cheetal, leopards, wild dogs

and wolves

Achanakamar –Amarkantak 2005 The Narmada, the Johilla and the Son

River. Maikal hill ranges together

with Vindhya and Satpura lie within the

Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere

Reserve.

Simlipal Waterfalls like Joranda and Barehipani

Santhal tribal settlements, Meghasani, the

highest peak in the national park

Simlipal is famous

for Gaurs (Indian Bisons), Chausingha, as

well as Anorchidarium

The "Mugger Crocodile Management

Programme" has helped the Mugger

crocodile (Crocodyluspalustris) to

survive and flourish on the banks

of Khairi River

Sundarban

It is the largest single block of

tidal halophytic mangrove forest in the

world

To the east it is bordered by the Baleswar

River

Brown-winged Kingfishers

Adjutants, Masked Finfoots

White-bellied Sea

Eagles and Grey-headed Fish-

eagles , Great Bengal Civets

Nilgiri: It has largest population of two

endangered species Lion-tailed

macaque and Nilgiri tahr

UNESCO world Heritage site

Mukurthi National Park, Bandipur

National Park, Nagarhole National

ParkSilent Valley National Park

Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary

Wayanad Wildlife sanctuary

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Agastyamalai Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve

(TN)Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary Peppara

Wildlife Sanctuary,Shenduruny Wildlife

Sanctuary.

lion-tailed macaques, NilgiriTahr and

the vulnerable Gaur, Sloth Bear, Malabar

Spiny Dormouse and Nilgiri Marten

Sashachalam Rayalseema Upland

Nandayal Valley

globally threatened yellow-throated

Bulbul Pcynonotus, Xantholaemus,

Pompadour Green Pigeon,

TerronPompadore

Gulf of Mannar The estuaries of Thamirabarani River of

south India

Critically endangered species

including Humpback whale, Fin whale

Dugong, a vulnerable marine mammal is

the flagship mammal of the park

Great Nicobar

This biosphere reserve has 12 km wide

buffer zone.

Cambell Bay National park, Galathea

National Park

Nicobar

scrubfowl (Megapodiusnicobariensis,

a megapode bird), theEdible-nest

Swiftlet (Aerodramusfuciphagus),

the Nicobar Long-tailed Macaque

Leatherback Sea Turtle

Groupings

SAARC

HQ Kathmandu

Members:

Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal,

Maldives, Pakistan and Sri Lanka

States with observer status:

Australia, China, the European Union, Iran, Japan, Mauritius,

Myanmar, South Korea and the United States

ASEAN

HQ

Jakarta(Indonesia)

Members:

Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia, Malaysia,

Singapore, Indonesia, Brunei, Philippines

BIMSTEC(Bay of Members:

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Bengal Initiative for

Multi sectoral

Technical and

Economic

Cooperation)

HQ Dhaka

Chairmanship-

Bangladesh

India, Bhutan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Sri Lanka,

Thailand

SCO Shangai

Cooperation

Organisation

HQ: Beijing

Shanghai Five, founded in 1996 Members:

China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan

after the inclusion of Uzbekistan in 2001, the members

renamed the organisation as SCO

At present members:

China,Russia,Kazakhstan,Kyrgyzstan,Tajikistan,Uzbekistan,

India,Pakistan.

Observer states:

Belarus, Afghanistan, Iran, Mongolia

Dialogue partners:

Turkey,Armenia, Azerbaijan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Cambodia

CIS(Commonwealth

of Independent

States)

HQ Minsk(Belarus)

Members:

Russia,Kazakhstan,Kyrgyzstan,

Tajikistan,Turkmenistan,Uzbekistan,

Georgia,Armenia,Azerbaijan, Belarus, Ukraine,Moldova

OPEC

HQ Vienna

Members:

Saudi Arabia, Kuwait,Qatar,UAE, Algeria, Libya,

Nigeria,Angola,Gabon(July 2016), Venezuela, Ecuador, Iran,

Iraq, Indonesia

GCC(Gulf

Cooperation Council)

HQ Riyadh

Members:

Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, UAE, Oman

BRICS Members:

Brazil,Russia,India,China,South Africa

G7 Members:

Canada,USA,UK,France,Germany,Italy,Japan

D8 Organization for

Economic

Cooperation

Members:

Nigeria, Egypt, Turkey, Iran, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Malaysia,

Indonesia

MERCOUSER Members:

Venezuela, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina

Associate members:

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Colombia, Ecuador, Bolivia, Peru, Chile

Observer status:

Mexico, New Zealand

ARCTIC

COUNCIL(establishe

d in Ottawa in 1996,

with Ottawa

Declaration)

Members:

Canada, USA, Iceland, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland,

Russia

Mekong-Ganga

Cooperation

Members:

India,Myanmar, Thailand,Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam.

Indian Ocean Rim

Association

Members:

Australia, Bangladesh, Comoros,India, Indonesia, Iran,Kenya

, Madagascar, Malaysia, MauritiusSomalia, Mozambique,

Oman, Seychelles, Singapore, South Africa, Sri

Lanka, Tanzania, Thailand, United Arab Emirates,Yemen

East Asia Summit

Established in 2005

Membership of EAS consists of ten ASEAN Member States

(i.e. Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR,

Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, Thailand, the Philippines and

Vietnam), Australia, China, India, Japan, New Zealand,

Republic of Korea, Russian Federation and the USA

COAST of India: Hand-out

Database on Coastal States of India

Coastal data

Length of coastline 7516.6 km

Mainland: 5422.6 km

Island Territories: 2094 km

Total Land Area 3,287,263 km²

Area of continental shelf 372,424 km²

Territorial sea (up to 12

nautical miles)

193,834 km²

Exclusive Economic

Zone

2.02 x106 million km²

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Maritime States and UT

Number of coastal

States and Union

Territories

Nine states

1. Gujarat

2. Maharashtra

3. Goa

4. Karnataka

5. Kerala

6. Tamil Nadu

7. Andhra Pradesh

8. Odisha

9. West Bengal

Two Union Territories

1. Daman & Diu

2. Puducherry

Island Territories 1. Andaman & Nicobar Islands (Bay of Bengal)

2. Lakshadweep Islands (Arabian Sea)

Total number of coastal

districts

69 coastal districts in mainland India; 3 in

Andaman & Nicobar and 1 in Lakshadweep

Coastal Geomorphology (Mainland)

Sandy Beach 43 %

Rocky Coast 11%

Muddy Flats 36%

Marshy Coast 10%

Coastline affected by

erosion

1624.435 km mainland

132 (islands) (CPDAC)

Coastal Ecosystems

Coastal wetlands 43230 km²

Major

estuaries

97

Major Lagoons 34

Mangrove Areas 31

Area under Mangroves 6740 km² (57% East coast,23% west coast, 20%

Andaman &Nicobar Islands)

Coral Reef Areas 5

Marine Protected Areas 31

Area Covered by MPA 6271.2 km²

Coastal Biodiversity

Marine Algae 217 genera 844 species

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Sea grasses 6 genera 14 species

Mangroves 25 families, 43 genera, 39 species

Associated flora: 420

Associated fauna: 1862

Crustaceans 2934 species

Molluscs 3370 species

Echinoderms 765 species

Hard Corals 218 species

Fishes 2546 species

Reptiles 5 sea turtle species

26 sea snake species

Marine Mammals 25 reported from Indian waters

3 species of cetaceans: Irrawaddy Dolphin, Ganges

River Dolphin and Sperm whale; Dugong listed in

Schedule I of Wildlife Act 1972

Marine Fisheries (Source: CMFRI)

Number of Marine

Fishing Villages

3288 (CMFRI Census 2010)

Fishermen Population about 4 million comprising in 864,550 families

Number of Fishing

Harbours

Major fishing harbours: 6

Minor fishing harbours: 40

Number of Fish Landing

Centres

1511 (CMFRI Census 2010)

Estimated Marine Fish

Landing

3820207 tonnes (2011)

Fishing Craft 194,490 crafts

mechanized: 37%

motorized: 37%

non-motorized: 26%

Ports and Harbours (Source: Indian Ports Association)

Major Ports 13

State wise number of

ports

Gujarat: 40

Maharashtra: 53

Goa: 5

Daman & Diu: 2

Karnataka: 10

Kerala: 13

Lakshadweep Islands: 10

Tamil Nadu: 15

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Puducherry: 1

Andhra Pradesh: 12

Odisha: 2

West Bengal: 1

Andaman & Nicobar Islands: 23

Balkan:-

Balkans, is a peninsula and a cultural

area in Southeast Europe with

different and disputed borders.

Balkan Mountains :- East of Serbia to

the Black Sea

Bordered by:-

(a) Adriatic Sea

(b) Ionian Sea

(c) Mediterranean sea

(d) Aegean Sea

(e) Black Sea

Entirely Within the Balkans:

Albania (Tirana)

Bulgaria( Sofia)

Bosnia and Herzegovina(Sarajevo)

Kosovo(Pristina)

Macedonia(Skopje)

Montenegro(Podgorica)

partially within the Balkans:

Croatia

Greece

Italy

Serbia

Slovenia

Romania

Turkey

Nicaragua Canal

Nicaragua Grand Interoceanic Canal) is a

planned shipping route through Nicaragua to

connect the Caribbean Sea with the Pacific

Ocean.

Capital of Nicaragua is Managua

Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary An estuarine mangrove habitat which is

declared as a bird sanctuary and located on

western tip of the Island of Chorao along the

River Mandovi, Goa, in India. The sanctuary

is named after Salim Ali, the eminent

Indian ornithologist.

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mangroves

of Rhizophoramucronata, Avicenniaofficinali

s

common species include the striated

heron andWestern reef heron

Other species that have been recorded include

the little bittern, black bittern, red knot, Jack

snipe and pied avocet,mudskippers, fiddler

crabs

SagarMala

Six megaports are planned in

Sagarmalaproject.

West

Bengal

Sagar Island

Tamil

Nadu

Colachel

Gujarat Wadhwan

Karnataka Tadadi

Andhra

Pradesh

Machilipatnam

Ports contribute to just 1 % of the entire

GDP, whereas the road sector contributes 6%

and Railways 9% towards the GDP.

Focus of the SagarmalaYojana:-

Supporting port-led development with pro-

active policy initiatives and providing

institutional framework to assist all

stakeholders.

Modernising port infrastructure.

Developing integrated transport

infrastructure for connecting the coast to

the hinterland.

On 25th

March 2015 Cabinet gave approval

for this project to develop 12 ports and

1208 islands of India.

Nodal Ministry: Ministry Of Shipping

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Bharat Mala Project Ambitious road and highways, the

government will fund most of the Bharat

Mala project but some works under it can

also be taken up in the Public-Private

Partnership (PPP) mode. :- The project will

start from Gujarat and Rajasthan, move

to Punjab and then cover the entire string of

Himalayan states -Jammu and

Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand -

and then portions of borders of Uttar

Pradesh andBihar alongside Terai, and move

to Sikkim, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, and

right up to the Indo-Myanmar border

in Manipur and Mizoram.

Diamond Quadrilateral Project of the Indian railways to

establish high speed rail network in India.

This quadrilateral will connect the four metro

cities in India,

i.e. Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata.

Golden Quadrilateral The Largest Highway Project in India and 5th

Longest in the world.

Kaladan

problem:-

Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit

Transport Project is at present facing

problems such as underestimation of

the road length in Myanmar and plans

to construct hydro-electric projects —

Chimtuipui River and Lungleng

River — on two tributaries of

the Kaladan River

Project that will connect the eastern Indian

seaport of Kolkata with Sittwe seaport

in Myanmar by sea; it will then

link Sittwe Seaport

to Paletwa in Myanmar via KaladanRiver boa

t route and then from Paletwa on

to Mizoram by road transport.

The project has several sections/legs:[3]

539 km shipping route from seaport

of Kolkata in India to Sittwe Seaport

in Myanmar via Bay of Bengal

158 km river boat route

from Sittwe Seaport to Paletwa jetty

via KaladanRiver in Myanmar

110 km road route from Paletwa jetty to

Indo-Myanmar border in Myanmar

100 km route from Indo-Myanmar border

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Setusamudram:

to Lawngtlai in Mizoram in India by road

on National Highway 54 (India) (NH-54),

which then continues further to

Dabaka in Assam via 850 km long NH-54

Rajaji National Park and Kudremukh

National Park

The National Tiger Conservation Authority

has accorded final approval to

KudremukhNational Park in Karnataka and

Rajaji National Park in Uttarakhand for being

declared as Tiger Reserves.

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Kaladan Project:-

Famous Valleys in India:

Araku Valley, Vishakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh

Betaab Valley, J & K

Bhagirathi Valley, Uttarkashi District, Uttarakhand

BhakraNangal, Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh

Bhilangana Valley, Garhwal Himalayas:

Barak Valley, Assam

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Chumbi Valley, Tibet, China the intersection of India (Sikkim), Bhutan and China

(Tibet) in the Himalayas.

Darma Valley, Pithoragarh District, Uttarakhand

Doon Valley, Lower Himalayas, Uttarakhand

Dzukou Valley, border of Manipur and Nagaland

Johar Valley, Uttarakhand

Jojila Valley, J & K

Kambam Valley, Tamil Nadu

Kangra Valley, Himachal Pradesh

Ketty Valley, Ooty, Tamil Nadu

Lahaul Valley, Himachal Pradesh

Lidder Valley J & K

Lohab Valley, J & K

Mana Valley, Chamoli District, Uttarakhand

Mandakini Valley, Kedarnath

Markha Valley, Ladakh

Nandayal Valley, Kurnool District, Andhra Pradesh

Nelang Valley , Uttarkashi District, Uttarakhand

Niti Valley, Chamoli District, Uttarakhand

Neora Valley, Kalimpong, Darjeeling

Nubra Valley, NE of Ladakh Valley

Pangi Valley, Himachal Pradesh

Pindar Valley, Uttarakhand

Parvati Valley, Tosh, Kasol

Sangla Valley, Kinnaur District, Himachal Pradesh

Saur Valley, Pithoragarh District, Uttarakhand

Silent Valley, Palakkad District,Kerala

Sind Valley, J & K

Spiti Valley, Himachal Pradesh between Tibet and India

Suru Valley, Ladakh region, J & K

Tirthan Valley, Banjar District, Himachal Pradesh

Tons Valley, Garhwal region, Uttarakhand

Valley of Flowers, West Himalayas, Uttarakhand

Visalakshi Nagar - Visakhapatnam,A.P (Residential Valley)

Yumthang Valley, Sikkim

Zanskar Valley, Ladakh

Soon Valley NW of Khusab District, Punjab, Pakistan

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Hemis National Park, Jammu and Kashmir

Hemis National Park:

High altitude national park located in eastern Ladakh region of Jammu and

Kashmir.

On the banks of River Indus.

Snow leopards Bharal, Argali, Asiatic Ibex, Eurasian Brown Bear, Tibetan

Wolf, Red Fox, etc.

Arid woods of juniper, birch, fir, and populussalix(it does not receive heavy

amount of precipitation)

It is the second largest contiguous protected region of the country after Nanda

Devi Biosphere Reserve.

Sundarbans National Park, West Bengal

Sundarbans National Park is a national park, biosphere reserve and tiger reserve

located in West Bengal, India. The park is the part of Sundarban woods extended on

Ganges Delta. The mangrove woods sheet the delta and make it look verdant. The

main attraction of this park is the dense population of tigers. Apart from the tigers, the

park is also home to Fishing Cats, Macaques, Leopards Cats, Indian Grey Mongoose,

Wild Boar, Jungle Cats, Fox, Pangolin, Chital, Flying Fox, etc.

Here is why Sundarbans is considered to be unique:

Sundarban is one of the largest reserves for tigers.

It boasts of around 400 tigers.

In 2012, the camera traps in the park snapped apicture of an unknown animal. It

was a never-seen-before cat in Sundarbans. This cat was smaller than a leopard

and bigger than wild cats.

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Photo credit

KeibulLamjao National Park, Manipur

KeibulLamjao National Park

Stretches over 40 square kilometres of floating vegetation.

Loktak Lake(major attraction): It is the largest freshwater lake in the country.

Brow altered deer.

Only floating sanctuary of the world. The park has a 1.5-meter deep

vegetation, which keeps floating. This floating foliage is known as Phumdi.

Floating phumids on Lake Loktak.

Namdapha National Park, Arunachal Pradesh

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Namdapha National park:

It is the largest protected region of the Eastern Himalayan Biodiversity

Hotspot. Area wise, Namdapha is the third largest national park of India.

The region is famous for its extensive Diterocarp forests.

Wolves, Dholes, Mongoose, Asiatic Black Bears, Red Panda, Gaur, Sambar,

Takin and many more.

There is a local tribe called Lisu within the periphery of the park.

This protected area is India's only national park credited with providing a haven

to all the three top types of cat- The snow leopard, the clouded leopard and the

Bengal tiger.

It is the only national park that is a preferred habitat for Hoolock Gibbons.

List of 25 cultural Heritage Sites.

Name of the Site Location Year of

Inscription

Agra Fort Uttar Pradesh 1983

Ajanta Caves Maharashtra 1983

Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi Madhya Pradesh 1989

Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological

Park Gujarat 2004

ChhatrapatiShivaji Terminus (formerly Maharashtra 2004

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Victoria Terminus)

Churches and Convents of Goa Goa 1986

Elephanta Caves Maharashtra 1987

Ellora Cave Maharashtra 1983

FatehpurSikri Uttar Pradesh 1986

Great Living Chola Temples Tamil Nadu 1987

Group of Monuments at Hampi Karnataka 1986

Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram Tamil Nadu 1984

Group of Monuments at Pattadakal Karnataka 1987

Hill Forts of Rajasthan Rajasthan 2013

Humayun’s Tomb, Delhi Delhi 1993

Khajuraho Group of Monuments Madhya Pradesh 1986

Mahabodhi Temple Complex at Bodh

Gaya Bihar 2002

Mountain Railways of India

Darjeeling, West Bengal

Nilgiri, Tamil Nadu

Kalka-Shimla, Himachal

Pradesh

1999

QutabMinar and its Monuments, Delhi Delhi 1993

Rani-ki-Vav (the Queen’s Stepwell) Gujarat 2014

Red Fort Complex Delhi 2007

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Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka Madhya Pradesh 2003

Sun Temple, Konârak Orissa 1984

TajMahal Uttar Pradesh 1983

The JantarMantar, Jaipur Rajasthan 2010

List of Seven Natural Heritage Sites

Name Of the Site Location Year of

Inscription

Great Himalayan National Park

Conservation Area Himachal Pradesh 2014

Kaziranga National Park Assam 1985

Keoladeo National Park Rajasthan 1985

Manas Wildlife Sanctuary Assam 1985

Nanda Devi and Valley of

Flowers National Parks Uttarakhand 1988

Sundarbans National Park West Bengal 1987

Western Ghats

Covers Four states

(Kerala,Karnataka,Tamil Nadu and

Maharashtra)

2012

Biodiversity Hotspot:

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What: - These are certain geographical areas on the earth that are biologically rich but

severely threatened.

Who developed this concept?

Norman Myer, a scientist, was the 1st person who came up with this unique idea in

1988.

Two strict criteria:

1. It must contain at least 1,500 species of vascular plants as endemics(species

found nowhere else on earth)

2. It has to have lost at least 70% of its primary vegetationOriginal Habitat)

Hotspot conservation initiatives:

Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF) is a global programme that provides

funding and technical assistance to nongovernmental organisations.

The World Wide Fund for Nature has derived a system called the "Global 200

Ecoregions", the aim of which is to select priority Ecoregions for conservation

Birdlife International has identified 218 “Endemic Bird Areas” (EBAs)

Plantlife International coordinates with several parts of the world aiming to

identify important plant areas.

Alliance for Zero Extinction is an initiative of a large number of scientific

organizations and conservation groups who co-operate to focus on the most

threatened endemic species of the world.

The National Geographic Society has prepared a world map.

Biosphere Reserve:-

The idea of ‘biosphere reserve’ was initiated by UNESCO in 1973-74 under its

Man and Biosphere(MAB) programme.

The MAB, launched in 1970 by UNESCO, is a broad based ecological

programme aimed to develop within the natural and social science a basis for the

rational use and conservation of the resource of the biosphere and for the

improvement of the relationship between man and environment.

Primary criteria • A site that must contain an effectively protected and minimally

disturbed core area of value of nature conservation and should include additional land

and water suitable for research and demonstration of sustainable methods of research

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and management. • The core area should be typical of a biogeographical unit and large

enough to sustain viable populations representing all tropic levels in the ecosystem.

Secondary criteria • Areas having rare and endangered species • Areas having

diversity of soil and micro-climatic conditions and indigenous varieties of biota. •

Potential of the area for preservation of traditional tribal or rural modes of living for

harmonious use of environment.

Structure and functions of BR:

Biosphere reserves are demarcated into following 3 inter-related zones:

Core Zone

Core zone must contain suitable habitat for numerous plant and animal

species, including higher order predators and may contain centres of endemism. Core

areas often conserve the wild relatives of economic species and also represent

important genetic reservoirs having exceptional scientific interest. A core zone being a

national park or a sanctuary which is protected/regulated mostly under the Wildlife

(Protection) Act, 1972. Whilst realizing that perturbation is an ingredient of ecosystem

functioning, the core zone is to be kept free from human pressures external to the

system.

Buffer Zone

The buffer zone, adjoins or surrounds core zone, uses and activities are

managed in this area in the ways that help in protection of core zone in its natural

condition. These uses and activities include restoration, demonstration sites for

enhancing value addition to the resources, limited recreation, tourism, fishing,

grazing, etc.; which are permitted to reduce its effect on core zone. Research and

educational activities are to be encouraged. Human activities, if natural within BR, are

likely to continue if these do not adversely affect the ecological diversity.

Transition Zone

The transition area is the outermost part of a biosphere reserve. This is usually not

delimited and is a zone of cooperation where conservation knowledge and

management skills are applied and uses are managed in harmony with the purpose of

the biosphere reserve. This includes settlements, crop lands, managed forests and

area for intensive recreation and other economic uses characteristics of the region.

Differences between biosphere reserves and national parks/ sanctuaries

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The key differences are as follows:

While national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, conservation reserves, community reserves

and tiger reserves are established as per provisions of Wildlife Protection Act, there is

no law as such under which biosphere reserves are established.

No grazing or private teneurialrights land rights are allowed in national parks. In

wildlife sanctuaries, they may be provided at the discretion of Chief Wildlife Warden.

However limited economic activity (sand and stone mining) is permitted in biosphere

reserves.

Furthermore, biosphere reserves serve as ‘living laboratories’ for testing out and

demonstrating integrated management of land, water and biodiversity. While wildlife

sanctuaries and national parks are set up for the protection of mammals normally,

biosphere reserves envisage protection of plant species, invertebrates and biotic

community as a whole.

IMPORTANT IMFORMATION FROM GOVERNMENT WEBSITES

Technology Information, Forecasting and Assessment Council (TIFAC) is an

autonomous organisation set up in 1988 under the Department of Science &

Technology to look ahead in technologies, assess the technology trajectories, and

support technology innovation by network actions in select technology areas of

national importance.

In 1993, TIFAC embarked upon the major task of formulating a Technology Vision

for the country in various emerging technology areas. The outcome of the Technology

Vision 2020 exercise led to aset of 17 documents, including 16technology areas and

one on services. The effort was a unique and pioneering exercise that involved more

than 5,000 experts including scientists, technologists and corporate managers from

academia, industry and the government.

TIFAC continues to strive for technology development of the country by leveraging

technology innovation through sustained and concerted programmes in close

association with the academia and the industry.

TIFAC Objectives

To set up specialised sub-groups for examining and evaluating the existing state of the

art of technology and direction of future technological developments in various cross-

sectoral areas as well as in other sectors of the economy, both in India and abroad and

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to prepare technology forecasting reports, covering 10 years or longer periods,

especially in production areas involving:

(a) Substantial investments of financial resources and

(b) A large volume of production.

To obtain from appropriate sources and project the estimates of the nature and

quantum of the likely demands of goods and services in various sectors of the

economy against 10 and 25 year time-frames on the basis of

a) ‘normative’, and

(b) ‘exploratory’ approaches and to suggest the direction and extent of technological

changes that might be considered necessary in order to fulfil these demands in the

light of the existing or anticipated resource base of the country.

To prepare Technology Impact Statements, with a view to uncovering the likely

implications and consequences, both desirable and undesirable, of the existing as well

as newly emerging technologies upon society, thereby indicating to decision-makers,

through generation of future-oriented scenarios, their short-term and long-term

implications.

Based on the T.I.F. & A. Studies and with a view to –

(a) Ensuring timely availability of requisite technologies relevant to the needs of the

country on futuristic basis and minimizing the time gap between the development

of new technologies and their utilization and

(b) Establishing a purposeful linkage between technology development and

technology import policies, to identify priority areas of research in relation to the

socio-economic, environmental and security needs of the country; to evolve and

suggest strategies for technological developments based on such priorities; and to

draw up programmes of purposeful research in various sectors.

In order to fulfil the above objectives, to devise and set up suitable information

collection, analysis and programming groups.

MIDH (Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture)

A Centrally Sponsored Scheme of MIDH has been launched for the holistic

development of horticulture in the country during XII plan. The scheme, which has

taken take off from 2014-15, integrates the ongoing schemes of National Horticulture

Mission, Horticulture Mission for North East & Himalayan States, National Bamboo

Mission, National Horticulture Board, Coconut Development Board and Central

Institute for Horticulture, Nagaland.

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MIDH Schemes:

NHM

National Horticulture Mission (NHM) is one of the sub schemes of Mission for

Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH) which is being implemented by

State Horticulture Missions (SHM) in selected districts of 18 States and four

Union Territories.

HMNEH

Horticulture Mission for North East & Himalayan States (HMNEH) is one of the

sub schemes of Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH)

which is being implemented by State Horticulture Missions (SHM) in the North

Eastern States and Himalayan States.

NBM

National Bamboo Mission (NBM) is one of the sub schemes of Mission for

Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH) which is being implemented by

State Bamboo Development Agencies (BDA)/ Forest Development Agency

(FDA) in all the States and UTs.

NHB

National Horticulture Board (NHB) is implementing various schemes under

Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH) in all States and

UTs.

CDB

Coconut Development Board (CDB) is implementing various schemes under

Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH) in all coconut

growing states in the country.

CIH

Central Institute for Horticulture (CIH) was established at Medizipehima,

Nagaland in 2006-07 for providing technical back stopping through capacity

building and training of farmers and Field functionaries in the North Eastern

Region.CIH now one of the sub schemes of MIDH. However, CIH is not

implementing any schemes directly.

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Angora Rearing The Angora rabbit is a variety of

domestic rabbit mainly bred for their

long, soft and silky wool

Angora rabbit was obtained from Jammu

and the rearing was started at Bastar

District

Aromatic Crops 1. Lemongrass

2. Citronella

3. Palmorosa

4. Geranium

5. Patchouli

Micro-hydel Project at Dzuza River near JotsomaVillage in Kohima District

A 4 kw capacity micro- hydel power plant at Vanachalu Village in Coorg

District has been installed for the supply of power to 8 houses for lighting and

other domestic uses.

Kedarnath II mini-hydro power generation station withthe capacity of 2× 100

Kw placed at the Kedarnath in Rudraprayag District.

Nguikimicro-hydelPlant 2×100 Kw will provide electricity for all 730 houses

in the 7 villages.

NguikiRiver is in PerenDistrict of Nagaland.

Lignocellulosic Ethanol:-

Production of 2nd

generation Liquid transportation fuel(bioethanol) utilizes

more abundant biomass such as forestry based Lignocellulosic Residues.

It is a promising development over 1st generation bioethanol which utilizes

starch, corn, wheat and sugarcane molasses for its production.

BARC TRANSFERS KNOW-HOW OF "NISARGRUNA - A BIOGAS

PLANT" The know-how of NISARGRUNA, a biogas plant, based on

biodegradable waste, has been developed by the NA&BTD (Nuclear

Agriculture & Bio-technology Division), BARC. The process involves

segregating the waste, and turning it into a slurry form in a mixer. The aerobic

digestion of the slurry is carried out in a Predigester tank using thermophilic

bacteria and hot water. This is followed by anaerobic digestion by

methanogenic bacterial consortium in the Main Digester Tank. The

biogas(mainly methane) is tapped from the floating head of the Main Digester

Tank and the residual slurry is sent to manure pits where the nutrient-rich water

from manure separates out. This water can be recycled for gardening purposes.

NISARGRUNA offers a "Zero effluent" method for management of solid

waste. A 5 ton/day plant generates around 10-12 cylinders (14.3 kg gas/cyl.) of

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biogas and around 0.5 ton of high quality organic manure. The gas can be

utilized for cooking, generation of electricity(7-8 KW through a dual-fuel

based 10 KV A generator) or as fuel for vehicles. The manure can be used as

an excellent soil conditioner/fertilizer.

Science Express

Flagged off on 30 October 2007

“Science Express” has thus become the largest, the longest running, and the

most visited mobile science exhibition in India and has created six Limca Book

of Records in its journey so far.

From 2007 to 2011 the train travelled as “Science Express” displaying the

world of micro and macro cosmos, spreading the awareness about strengths of

science in meeting global challenges, including latest discoveries and

innovations in the field of modern science. The coaches of “Science

Express”were thematically represented on the Bing Bang, Nanocosmos,

Building Blocks of Life, From Gene to Organism, Architecture of

Mind, World of Senses, Sensors, From Data to Knowledge, Global

Challenges, Spaceship Earth, Our Home in the Cosmos and The Universe.

After four successful phases, “Science Express” was redesigned on the theme

Biodiversity and from 2012-2014, it travelled as Science Express Biodiversity Special

(SEBS), a unique collaboration between Department of Science & Technology (DST)

and Ministry of Environment, Forests & Climate Change (MoEFCC), Govt. of India.

Science Express Biodiversity Special (SEBS)

With United Nations declaration of the current decade (2011-2020) as Decade on

Biodiversity and India holding Chair of the Conference of Parties (COP 11) to

Convention of Biological Diversity during 2012, “Science Express” was redesigned

on the theme ‘Biodiversity’. It was a unique collaboration between Department of

Science & Technology (DST) and Ministry of Environment, Forests & Climate

Change (MoEFCC), Govt. of India. From 2012-2014, it travelled as Science Express

Biodiversity Special (SEBS).

The coaches were thematically represented on the

Trans-Himalaya & Himalaya, the Gangetic Plain, North-East India, the Western

Ghats, the Indian Desert, the Semi-Arid Zone, the Deccan Peninsula, the Coasts

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and the Islands. In rest of the rake, DST had put up exhibition on the themes

of Climate Change, Biodiversity and Water, Sustainable Environment and Energy

Conservation. In the second part of the coach on Energy Conservation, DST’s

panels on Science Education in India had been placed.

In its three phases, SEBS covered over 54,000 km across India and received over 69

lakh visitors. Besides, the first phase of SEBS (2012) was visited by the highest

number of people amongst all its phases till date.

Science Express Climate Action Special (SECAS)

After 7 successful tours across India, “Science Express” has been redesigned on the

theme ‘Climate Change’ and from 15 October 2015, it is running as 'Science Express

– Climate Action Special (SECAS)'. It is a unique collaborative initiative of

Department of Science & Technology, Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate

Change (MoEFCC), and Ministry of Railway, Government of India.

.For Climate Change, 2015 could be a decisive year, with leaders of 190

nations gathering in Paris to discuss a possible new global agreement on Climate

Change during the 21st session of the Conference of the Parties (COP 21) to the 1992

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the 11th

session of the Meeting of the Parties (CMP 11) to the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. Thus,

“Science Express”, redesigned as SECAS, intends to contribute towards increasing

understanding of the science of climate change, the observed and anticipated impacts,

and different possible responses. The previous 3 phases/runs of “Science Express”

were rolled out as a joint initiative of DST and MoEFCC as Biodiversity Special and

showcased the myriad ‘Biodiversity of India’. Thus it was rational to shift the focus to

the theme ‘Climate Change’ as it will affect the biodiversity of not just India but the

entire globe.

Vikram A Sarabhai Community Science Centre

Vikram A. Sarabhai Community Science Centre (VASCSC) established in the 1960s by

eminent space scientistDr. Vikram A. Sarabhai, is working towards popularizing science

and mathematics education among students, teachers and the lay public. Its mandate is to

stimulate interest, encourage and expose the principles of science and scientific method,

and also to improve and find innovative methods of science education.

Centre for Environment Education was established in August 1984 as a Centre of

Excellence supported by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change,

Government of India. CEE, a national institution with its headquarters in Ahmedabad,

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has a mandate to promote environmental awareness nationwide.

CEE is affiliated to the Nehru Foundation for Development

EPHEDRA is a seed bearing non flowering plant belonging to the highly evolved

order of Gymnosperm, Ephedrales. Ephedra is a medicinal plant.

The MEIZOTROPIS PELLITA(Vern, Patwa) is endemic but an endangered wild

woolly shrub.

BUTANOL, Bioethanol and Biodiesel have emerged as an alternative fuels due to

their oxygenated nature.

SLUDGE GAS:- sewage treatment plants existing in most large cities generate

sludge gas during the treatment process.

This gas is rich in methane and can be used for cooking, heating and even for

generating electricity.

EPON and GPON are popular versions of Passive Optical Networks (PONs). These

short-haul networks of fibre-optical cable are used for internet access, voice over

Internet protocol (VoIP), and digital TV delivery in metropolitan areas. Other uses

include backhaul connections for cellular base stations, Wi-Fi hotspots, and even

distributed antenna systems (DAS). The primary differences between them lie in the

protocols used for downstream and upstream communications.

There are a number of technical, economic, and business drivers that impact the

selection of the right fibreto the home (FTTH) technology for an operator to deploy.

We focus on an optimized Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) network model to evaluate

different technology choices for greenfield and brownfield deployment for both

incumbent telcos and cable operators. In a network model with a large number of

parameters it is often challenging to identify the key parameters that are critical to the

decision making. An operator runs the risk of choosing a less than optimum

technology strategy if any of these key parameters are not identified and cost

optimized. We present the results obtained by network modelling the capital

investments and operations expenses for some typical operator scenarios covering

Gigabit Passive Optical Network (GPON) and point-to-point/active Ethernet

technologies. Our analysis specifically accounts for scenarios with government un-

bundling regulations on fibre. We use sensitivity analysis tools such as Tornado and

Monte Carlo analysis to identify these key parameters and any zones of advantages.

Central Asia Bordering countries:

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Declarations:-

MOSCOW Declaration 2015:

This Declaration reflects BRICS partnership in addressing common global and

regional socio-economic challenges, utilizing such drivers as science, technology and

innovation (STI). BRICS STI Minister agreed on the collaboration for: (i) cooperation

within large research infrastructures, including mega-science projects; coordination of

the existing large-scale national programme of the BRICS countries; (ii) development

and implementation of a BRICS Framework Programme for funding multilateral joint

research projects, technology commercialization and innovation; (iii) establishment of

BRICS Research and Innovation Networking Platform.(Source PTI)

UFA declaration 2015:

7th

BRICS Summit

Theme “BRICS Partnership- Apowerful Factor of Global Development”

The OGP Declaration on the Post-2015 Sustainable Development Goals:

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On Sunday September 27,2015 members of the Open Government Partnership’s

Steering Committee met in New York City on the margins of the United Nations

General Assembly to endorse the Joint Declaration on Open Government for the

Implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.

MINSK Declaration:

Russia, Ukraine, French, Germany confirm the full respect of the sovereignty

and territorial integrity of Ukraine.

MainauDeclaration 2015 on Climate Change:

On 65th

Lindau Nobel Laureate 36 Noble laureates signed the “Mainau Declaration

2015 on Climate Change”

List of extinct animals of India.

Bharattherium

Exaeretodon

Gigantopithecus

Hyperodapedon

Indian aurochs (Bosprimigeniusnamadicus)

ULTRA mega Power Project

State Plant

Capacity

(MW)

Status

Andhra

Pradesh

Krishnapatnam Ultra

Mega Power Project

3960

Deferred or Postpone

Nayunipalli Ultra

Mega Power Project

4000

Proposed

Chhattisgarh

Surguja Ultra Mega

Power Project

4000

Uncertain

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Gujarat

Mundra Ultra Mega

Power Project

4000

(5x800 MW). All units are

fully functional.

Jharkhand

Tilaiya Ultra Mega

Power Project

3960

Unknown. Reliance quit.

Karnataka

Tadri Ultra Mega

Power Project

4000

Deferred

Madhya

Pradesh

Sasan Ultra Mega

Power Project

3960

(6x660MW) All units

operational

Maharashtra

Girye Ultra Mega

Power Project

4000

Deferred

Odisha

Bhedabahal Ultra

Mega Power Project

4000

Bids invited by Government

of India.

Sakhigopal Ultra

Mega Power Project

4000

Proposed

Ghogarpalli Ultra

Mega Power Project

4000

Proposed

Tamil Nadu

Cheyyur Ultra Mega

Power Project

4000

The IEEFA found it to be

unviable. Bids invited by

Government of India.

Uttar

Pradesh

Etah Ultra Mega

Power Project

4000

Bids invited by Government

of India.

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Bihar

Kakwara(Banka

Distt)

-----------

--------------------

Nuclear Safety:

1. Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty 1996

2. Convention on assistance in the case of a nuclear accident or radiological

emergency(Assistance Convention) Vienna 1986

3. Convention on early notification of a Nuclear Accident (Notification

Convention), Vienna 1986

4. Convention on nuclear safety Vienna, 1994

5. Treaty Banning Nuclear weapon tests in the atmosphere, in outer space and

under water

6. Vienna convention on civil liability for nuclear damage Vienna 1963.

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National Action Plan on Climate Change

Government of India.

On June 30, 2008, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh released India’s first National

Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) outlining existing and future policies and

programmes addressing climate mitigation and adaptation. The plan identifiedeight

core “national missions” running through 2017 and directedMinistries to submit

detailed implementation plans to the Prime Minister’s Council on Climate Change by

December 2008.

Emphasizing the overriding priority of maintaining high economic growth rates to

raise living standards, the plan “identifies measures that promote our development

objectives while also yielding co-benefits for addressing climate change

effectively.” It says these national measures willbe more successful with assistance

from developed countries, and pledges that India’s per capita greenhouse gas

emissions “will at no point exceed that of developed countries even as we pursue our

development objectives.”

The Department of Science & Technology, Ministry of Science & Technology has

been entrusted with the responsibility of coordinating two out of eight national

missions launched under the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC).

These are:

National Mission for Sustaining Himalayan Ecosystem (NMSHE)

National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change (NMSKCC)

The broad objectives of NMSHE include - understanding of the complex processes

affecting the Himalayan Ecosystem and evolving suitable management and policy

measures for sustaining and safeguarding the Himalayan eco-system, creating and

building capacities in different domains, networking of knowledge institutions

engaged in research and development of a coherent data base on Himalayan

ecosystem, detecting and decoupling natural and anthropogenic induced signals of

global environmental changes in mountain ecosystems, studying traditional

knowledge systems for community participation in adaptation, mitigation and coping

mechanisms inclusive of farming and traditional health care systems and developing

regional cooperation with neighbouring countries, to generate a strong data base

through monitoring and analysis, to eventually create a knowledge base for policy

interventions.

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The NMSKCC has been launched with the broad objectives of mapping of the

knowledge and data resources relevant to climate change and positioning of a data

sharing policy framework for building strategic knowledge among the various arms of

the government, identification of knowledge gaps, and formation of global technology

watch groups to help accomplish the task of technology selection and prioritization,

networking of knowledge institutions after investing critical mass of physical,

intellectual and policy infrastructure resources, creation of new dedicated centres

within the existing institutional framework, building international cooperation on S&T

for climate change agenda through strategic alliances and assistance to the formulation

of policies for a sustained developmental agenda within a responsive climate change

framework and inputs to the Ministry of Environment and Forests and Ministry of

External Affairs.

Other six missions are:

National Solar Mission: The NAPCC aims to promote the development and use of

solar energy for power generation and other uses with the ultimate objective of

making solar competitive with fossil-based energy options. The plan includes:

Specific goals for increasing use of solar thermal technologies in urban areas,

industry, and commercial establishments;

A goal of increasing production of photovoltaics to 1000 MW/year; and

A goal of deploying at least 1000 MW of solar thermal power generation.

Other objectives include the establishment of a solar research centre, increased

international collaboration on technology development, strengthening of domestic

manufacturing capacity, and increased government funding and international

support.

National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency: Current initiatives are expected

to yield savings of 10,000 MW by 2012. Building on the Energy Conservation Act

2001, the plan recommends:

Mandating specific energy consumption decreases in large energy-consuming

industries, with a system for companies to trade energy-savings certificates;

Energy incentives, including reduced taxes on energy-efficient appliances; and

Financing for public-private partnerships to reduce energy consumption through

demand-side management programmes in the municipal, buildings and

agricultural sectors.

National Mission on Sustainable Habitat: To promote energy efficiency as a core

component of urban planning, the plan calls for:

Extending the existing Energy Conservation Building Code;

A greater emphasis on urban waste management and recycling, including power

production from waste;

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Strengthening the enforcement of automotive fuel economy standards and using

pricing measures to encourage the purchase of efficient vehicles; and

Incentives for the use of public transportation.

National Water Mission: With water scarcity projected to worsen as a result of

climate change, the plan sets a goal of a 20% improvement in water use efficiency

through pricing and other measures.

National Mission for a “Green India”: Goals include the afforestation of 6 million

hectares of degraded forest lands and expanding forest cover from 23% to 33% of

India’s territory.

National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture: The plan aims to support climate

adaptation in agriculture through the development of climate-resilient crops,

expansion of weather insurance mechanisms, and agricultural practices.


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