The only reason for time is so that everything doesn't happen at once.

Albert Einstein

87

8. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Stewart DA, Cooper CR, Sikes RA. Changes in extracellular matrix (ECM) and ECM-

associated proteins in the metastatic progression of prostate cancer. Reprod Biol

Endocrinol 2004; 2:2. 2. Chandrann UR, Ma C, Dhir R et al. Gene expression profiles of prostate cancer reveals

involvement of multiple molecular pathways in the metastatic process. BMC Cancer

2007; 7:64. 3. McCarty MF. Targeting multiple signaling pathways as a strategy for managing prostate

cancer: multifocal signal modulation therapy. Integr Cancer Ther 2004; 3:349-80. 4. Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E. Cancer statistics, 2008. CA Cancer J Clin 2008; 58:71-96. 5. Daher R, Beaini M. Prostate-specific antigen and new related markers for prostate cancer.

Clin Chem Lab Med 1998; 3:671-81. 6. Chakraborty C, Jain S, Behera R et al. The multifaceted roles of osteopontin in cell

signaling, tumor progression and angiogenesis. Curr Mol Med 2006; 6:819-30. 7. Jain S, Chakraborty G, Bulbule A, Kaur R, Kundu GC. Osteopontin: an emerging

therapeutic target for anticancer therapy. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2007; 11:81-90. 8. Denhardt DT, Guo X. Osteopontin: a protein with diverse functions. FASEB J 1993;

7:1475-82. 9. Shao J, Washington MK, Saxena R, Sheng H. Heterozygous disruption of the PTEN

promotes intestinal neoplasia in APCmin/+ mouse: roles of osteopontin. Carcinogenesis

2007; 28:2476-83. 10. Lin YH, Yang-Yen HF. The osteopontin-CD44 survival signal involves activation of the

phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt signaling pathway. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:46024-30. 11. Fisher LW, Torchia DA, Fohr B, Young MF, Fedarko NS. Flexible structures of

SIBLING proteins, bone sialoprotein, and osteopontin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun

2001; 280:460-5. 12. Sodek J, Ganss B, McKee MD. Osteopontin. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 2000; 11:279-303.

88

13. Chambers AF, Behrend EI, Wilson SM, Denhardt DT. Induction of expression of

osteopontin (OPN; secreted phosphoprotein) in metastatic, ras-transformed NIH 3T3

cells. Anticancer Res 1992; 12:43-7. 14. Wu Y, Denhardt DT, Rittling SR. Osteopontin is required for full expression of the

transformed phenotype by the ras oncogene. Br J Cancer 2000; 83:156-63. 15. Denhardt DT, Guo X. Osteopontin: a protein with diverse functions FASEB J 1993;

7:1475-82. 16. Behrend EI, Craig AM, Wilson SM, Denhardt DT, Chambers AF. Reduced malignancy

of ras-transformed NIH 3T3 cells expressing antisense osteopontin RNA. Cancer Res

1994; 54:832-7. 17. Gardner HA, Berse B, Senger DR. Specific reduction in osteopontin synthesis by

antisense RNA inhibits the tumorigenicity of transformed Rat1 fibroblasts. Oncogene

1994; 9:2321-6. 18. Weber GF. The metastasis gene osteopontin: a candidate target for cancer therapy.

Biochim Biophys Acta 2001; 1552:61-85. 19. Senger DR, Wirth DF, Hynes RO. Transformed mammalian cells secrete specific

proteins and phosphoproteins. Cell 1979; 16:885-93. 20. Craig AM, Smith JH, Denhardt DT. Osteopontin, a transformation-associated cell

adhesion phosphoprotein, is induced by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate in mouse

epidermis. J Biol Chem 1989; 264:9682-9. 21. Franzen A, Heinegard D. Isolation and characterization of two sialoproteins present only

in bone calcified matrix. Biochem J 1985; 232:715-24. 22. Fisher LW, Hawkins GR, Tuross N, Termine JD. Purification and partial characterization

of small proteoglycans I and II, bone sialoproteins I and II, and osteonectin from the

mineral compartment of developing human bone. J Biol Chem 1987; 262:9702-8. 23. Oldberg A, Franzen A, Heinegard D. Cloning and sequence analysis of rat bone

sialoprotein (osteopontin) cDNA reveals an Arg-Gly-Asp cell-binding sequence. Proc

Natl Acad Sci U S A1986; 83:8819-23.

89

24. Patarca R, Freeman GJ, Singh RP et al. Structural and functional studies of the early T

lymphocyte activation 1 (Eta-1) gene. Definition of a novel T cell-dependent response

associated with genetic resistance to bacterial infection. J Exp Med 1989; 170:145-61. 25. Denhardt DT, Lopez CA, Rollo EE, Hwang SM, An XR, Walther SE. Osteopontin-

induced modifications of cellular functions. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1995; 760:127-42. 26. Young MF, Kerr JM, Termine JD et al. cDNA cloning, mRNA distribution and

heterogeneity, chromosomal location, and RFLP analysis of human osteopontin (OPN).

Genomics 1990; 7:491-502. 27. Hijiya N, Setoguchi M, Matsuura K, Higuchi Y, Akizuki S, Yamamoto S. Cloning and

characterization of the human osteopontin gene and its promoter. Biochem J 1994;

303:255-62. 28. Fet V, Dickinson ME, Hogan BL. Localization of the mouse gene for secreted

phosphoprotein 1 (Spp-1) (2ar, osteopontin, bone sialoprotein 1, 44-kDa bone

phosphoprotein, tumor-secreted phosphoprotein) to chromosome 5, closely linked to Ric

(Rickettsia resistance). Genomics 1989; 5:375-7. 29. Miyazaki Y, Setoguchi M, Yoshida S, Higuchi Y, Akizuki S, Yamamoto S. Nucleotide

sequence of cDNA for mouse osteopontin-like protein. Nucleic Acids Res 1989; 17:3298. 30. Rangaswami H, Bulbule A, Kundu GC. Osteopontin: role in cell signaling and cancer

progression. Trends Cell Biol 2006; 16:79-87. 31. Bautista DS, Saad Z, Chambers AF et al. Quantification of osteopontin in human plasma

with an ELISA: basal levels in pre-and postmenopausal women. Clin Biochem 1996;

29:231-9. 32. Senger DR, Perruzzi CA, Papadopoulos A, Tenen DG. Purification of a human milk

protein closely similar to tumor-secreted phosphoproteins and osteopontin. Biochim

Biophys Acta 1989; 996:43-8. 33. Hoyer JR, Otvos L Jr, Urge L. Osteopontin in urinary stone formation. Ann N Y Acad

Sci 1995; 760:257-65. 34. Cancel AM, Chapman DA, Killian GJ. Osteopontin localization in the Holstein bull

reproductive tract. Biol Reprod 1999; 60:454-60.

90

35. Singhal H, Bautista DS, Tonkin KS et al. Elevated plasma osteopontin in metastatic

breast cancer associated with increased tumor burden and decreased survival. Clin Cancer

Res 1997; 3:605-11. 36. Kitamura M, Iwabuchi K, Kitaichi N. Osteopontin aggravates experimental autoimmune

uveoretinitis in mice. J Immunol 2007; 178:6567-72. 37. Sender DR, Perruzzi CA, Papadopoulos-Sergiou A, Van de Water L. Adhesive

properties of osteopontin: regulation by a naturally occurring thrombin-cleavage in close

proximity to the GRGDS cell-binding domain. Mol Cell Biol 1994; 5:565-74. 38. Weber GF, Ashkar GF, Glimcher MJ, Cantor H. Receptor-ligand interaction between

CD44 and osteopontin (Eta-1). Science 1996; 271:509-12. 39. Bellahcène A, Castronovo V, Ogbureke KU, Fisher LW, Fedarko NS. Small integrin-

binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLINGs): multifunctional proteins in cancer.

Nat Rev Cancer 2008; 8:212-26. 40. Ashkar S, Weber GF, Panoutsakopoulou et al. Eta-1 (osteopontin): an early component of

type-1 (cell-mediated) immunity. Science 2000; 287:860-4. 41. Beninati S, Senger DR, Cordella-Miele E et al. Osteopontin: its transglutaminase-

catalyzed posttranslational modifications and cross-linking to fibronectin. J Biochem

1999;115:675-82. 42. Prince CW, Dickie D, Krumdieck CL. Osteopontin, a substrate for transglutaminase and

factor XIII activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1991; 177:1205-10. 43. Saavedra RA, Kimbro SK, Stern DN et al. Gene expression and phosphorylation of

mouse osteopontin. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1995 Apr 21; 760:35-43. 44. Lasa M, Chang PL, Prince CW, Pinna LA. Phosphorylation of osteopontin by Golgi

apparatus casein kinase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997; 240:602-5. 45. Sorensen ES, Hojrup P, Peterson TE. Posttranslational modifications of bovine

osteopontin: identification of twenty-eight phosphorylation and three O-glycosylation

sites. Protein Sci 1995; 4:2040-9. 46. Prince CW, Oosawa T, Butler WT et al. Phosphorylation of osteopontin by Golgi

apparatus casein kinase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997; 240:602-5.

91

47. Philip S, Bulbule A, Kundu GC. Osteopontin stimulates tumor growth and activation of

promatrix metalloproteinase-2 through nuclear factor-kappa B-mediated induction of

membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase in murine melanoma cells. J Biol Chem 2001;

276:44926-35. 48. Rittling SR, Chen Y, Feng F, Wu Y. Tumor-derived osteopontin is soluble, not matrix

associated. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:9175-82. 49. Denhardt DT, Mistretta D, Chambers AF et al. Transcriptional regulation of osteopontin

and the metastatic phenotype: evidence for a Ras-activated enhancer in the human OPN

promoter. Clin Exp Metastasis 2003; 20:77-84. 50. Jain S, Chakraborty G, Kundu GC. The crucial role of cyclooxygenase-2 in osteopontin-

induced protein kinase C alpha/c-Src/IkappaB kinase alpha/beta-dependent prostate

tumor progression and angiogenesis. Cancer Res 2006; 66:6638-48. 51. Chakraborty G, Jain S, Kundu GC. Osteopontin promotes vascular endothelial growth

factor-dependent breast tumor growth and angiogenesis via autocrine and paracrine

mechanisms. Cancer Res 2008; 68:152-61. 52. Wai PY, Guo L, Gao C, Mi Z, Guo H, Kuo PC. Osteopontin inhibits macrophage nitric

oxide synthesis to enhance tumor proliferation. Surgery 2006; 140:132-40. 53. Ruoslahti E. Integrins. J Clin Invest 1991; 87:1-5. 54. Wilder RL. Integrin alpha V beta 3 as a target for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and

related rheumatic diseases. Ann Rheum Dis 2002; 61:ii96-9. 55. Goodison S, Urquidi V, Tarin D. CD44 cell adhesion molecules. Mol Pathol 1999;

52:189-96. 56. Denda S, Reichardt LF, Müller U. Identification of osteopontin as a novel ligand for the

integrin alpha8 beta1 and potential roles for this integrin-ligand interaction in kidney

morphogenesis. Mol Biol Cell 1998; 9:1425-35. 57. Attur MG, Dave MN, Clancy RM, Patel IR, Abramson SB, Amin AR. Functional

genomic analysis in arthritis-affected cartilage: yin-yang regulation of inflammatory

mediators by alpha 5 beta 1 and alpha V beta 3 integrins. J Immunol 2000; 164:2684-91. 58. Gao C, Guo H, Downey L, Marroquin C, Wei J, Kuo PC. Osteopontin-dependent

CD44v6 expression and cell adhesion in HepG2 cells. Carcinogenesis 2003; 24:1871-8.

92

59. Ue T, Yokozaki H, Kitadai Y et al. Co-expression of osteopontin and CD44v9 in gastric

cancer. Int J Cancer 1998; 79:127-32. 60. Celetti A, Testa D, Staibano S et al. Overexpression of the cytokine osteopontin identifies

aggressive laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas and enhances carcinoma cell proliferation

and invasiveness. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11:8019-27. 61. Guarino V, Faviana P, Salvatore G. Osteopontin is overexpressed in human papillary

thyroid carcinomas and enhances thyroid carcinoma cell invasiveness. J Clin Endocrinol

Metab 2005; 90:5270-8. 62. Khan SA, Cook AC, Kappil M et al. Enhanced cell surface CD44 variant (v6, v9)

expression by osteopontin in breast cancer epithelial cells facilitates tumor cell migration:

novel post-transcriptional, post-translational regulation. Clin Exp Metastasis 2005;

22:663-73. 63. DeGrendele HC, Estess P, Picker LJ, Siegelman MH. CD44 and its ligand hyaluronate

mediate rolling under physiologic flow: a novel lymphocyte-endothelial cell primary

adhesion pathway. J Exp Med 1996; 183:1119-30. 64. Zohar R, Suzuki N, Suzuki K. Intracellular osteopontin is an integral component of the

CD44-ERM complex involved in cell migration. J Cell Physiol 2000; 184:118-30. 65. Marroquin CE, Downey L, Guo H, Kuo PC. Osteopontin increases CD44 expression and

cell adhesion in RAW 264.7 murine leukemia cells. Immunol Lett 2004; 95:109-12. 66. Cook AC, Tuck AB, McCarthy S. Osteopontin induces multiple changes in gene

expression that reflect the six "hallmarks of cancer" in a model of breast cancer

progression. Mol Carcinog 2005; 43:225-36. 67. Philip S, Kundu GC. Osteopontin induces nuclear factor kappa B-mediated promatrix

metalloproteinase-2 activation through I kappa B alpha /IKK signaling pathways, and

curcumin (diferulolylmethane) down-regulates these pathways. J Biol Chem 2003 18;

278:14487-97. 68. Rangaswami H, Bulbule H, Kundu GC. Nuclear factor-inducing kinase plays a crucial

role in osteopontin-induced MAPK/Ikappa B alpha kinase-dependent nuclear factor

kappa B-mediated promatrix metalloproteinase-9 activation. J Biol Chem 2004 10;

279:38921-35.

93

69. Chellaiah M, Fitzgerald C, Filardo EJ, Cheresh DA, Hruska KA. Osteopontin activation

of c-src in human melanoma cells requires the cytoplasmic domain of the integrin alpha

v-subunit. Endocrinology 1996; 137:2432-40. 70. Hayashi C, Rittling S, Hayata T et al. Serum osteopontin, an enhancer of tumor

metastasis to bone, promotes B16 melanoma cell migration. J Cell Biochem 2007;

101:979-86. 71. Bramwell VH, Doig GS, Tuk AB et al. Serial plasma osteopontin levels have prognostic

value in metastatic breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:3337-43. 72. Rudland PS, Platt-Higgins A, El-Tanani M et al. Prognostic significance of the

metastasis-associated protein osteopontin in human breast cancer. Cancer Res 2002,

62:3417-3427. 73. He B, Mirza M, Weber GF. An osteopontin splice variant induces anchorage

independence in human breast cancer cells. Oncogene 2006; 25:2192-202. 74. Adwan H, Bauerle TJ, Berger MR. Downregulation of osteopontin and bone sialoprotein

II is related to reduced colony formation and metastasis formation of MDA-MB-231

human breast cancer cells. Cancer Gene Ther 2004; 11:109-20. 75. Adwan H, Bäuerle T, Najajreh Y, Elazer V, Golomb G, Berger MR. Decreased levels of

osteopontin and bone sialoprotein II are correlated with reduced proliferation, colony

formation, and migration of GFP-MDA-MB-231 cells. Int J Oncol 2004; 24:1235-44. 76. Forootan SS, Foster CS, Aachi VR et al. Prognostic significance of osteopontin

expression in human prostate cancer. Int J Cancer 2006; 118:2255-61. 77. Angelucci A, Festuccia C, D'Andrea G, Teti A, Bologna M. Osteopontin modulates

prostate carcinoma invasive capacity through RGD-dependent upregulation of

plasminogen activators. Biol Chem 2002; 383:229-4. 78. Thalmann GN, Sikes RA, Devoll RE, et al. Osteopontin: possible role in prostate cancer

progression. Clin Cancer Res 1999; 5:2271-7. 79. Tozawa K, Yamada Y, Kawai N, Okamura T, Ueda K, Kohri K. Osteopontin expression

in prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia. Urol Int 1999; 62:155-8.

94

80. Fedarko NS, Jain A, Karadag A, Van Eman MR, Fisher LW. Elevated serum bone

sialoprotein and osteopontin in colon, breast, prostate, and lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res

2001; 7:4060-6. 81. Hotte SJ, Winquist EW, Stitt L, Wilson SM, Chambers AF. Plasma osteopontin:

associations with survival and metastasis to bone in men with hormone-refractory

prostate carcinoma. Cancer 2002; 95:506-12. 82. Lecrone V, Li W, Devoll RE, Logothetis C, Farach-Carson MC. Calcium signals in

prostate cancer cells: specific activation by bone-matrix proteins. Cell Calcium 2000;

27:35-42. 83. Hotte SJ, Winquist EW, Stitt L, Wilson SM, Chambers AF. Plasma osteopontin:

Associations with survival and metastasis to bone in men with hormone-refractory

prostate carcinoma. Cancer 2002; 95:506-12. 84. Hanahan D, Folkman J. Patterns and emerging mechanisms of the angiogenic switch

during tumorigenesis. Cell 1996; 86:353-364. 85. Folkman J. What is the evidence that tumors are angiogenesis dependent? J Natl Cancer

Inst 1990; 82: 4-6. 86. Fidler IJ, Ellis LM. The implications of angiogenesis for the biology and therapy of

cancer metastasis. Cell 1994; 79: 185-8. 87. Izawa JI, Dinney CP. The role of angiogenesis in prostate and other urologic cancers: a

review. CMAJ 2001; 164:662-70. 88. Hepburn PJ, Griffiths K, Harper MF. Angiogenic factors expressed by human prostatic

cell lines: effect on endothelial cell growth in vitro. Prostate 1997; 33:123-32. 89. Weingartner K, Ben-Sasson SA, Stewart R, Richie JP, Riedmiller H, Folkman J.

Endothelial cell proliferation activity in benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer:

an in vitro model for assessment. J Urol 1998; 159:465-70. 90. Ferrer FA, Miller LJ, Andrawis RI et al. Angiogenesis and prostate cancer: in vivo and in

vitro expression of angiogenesis factors by prostate cancer cells. Urology 1998; 51:161-7. 91. Takahashi F, Akutagawa S, Fukumoto H et al. Osteopontin induces angiogenesis of

murine neuroblastoma cells in mice. Int J Cancer 2002; 98:707-12.

95

92. Leali D, Dell’Era P, Stabile H et al. Osteopontin (Eta-1) and fibroblast growth factor-2

cross-talk in angiogenesis. J Immunol 2003; 171:1085-93. 93. Senger DR, Ledbetter SR, Claffey KP, Papadopoulos-Sergiou A, Peruzzi CA, Detmar M.

Stimulation of endothelial cell migration by vascular permeability factor/vascular

endothelial growth factor through cooperative mechanisms involving the vβ3 integrin,

osteopontin, and thrombin. Am J Pathol 1996; 149:293-305. 94. Shijubo N, Uede T, Kon S, Nagata M, Abe S. Vascular endothelial growth factor and

osteopontin in tumor biology. Crit Rev Oncog 2000; 11:135-46. 95. Wallace JM. Nutritional and botanical modulation of the inflammatory cascade-

eicosanoids, cyclooxygenases, and lipoxygenases as an adjunct in cancer therapy. Integr

Cancer Ther 2002; 1:7-37. 96. Chandrasekharan NV, Dai H, Roos KL, et al. COX-3, a cyclooxygenase-1 variant

inhibited by acetaminophen and other analgesic/antipyretic drugs: cloning, structure, and

expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:13926-31. 97. Sales KJ, Jabbour HN. Cyclooxygenase enzymes and prostaglandins in pathology of the

endometrium. Reproduction 2003; 126: 559-67. 98. Murakami M, Shimbara S, Kambe T et al. The functions of five distinct mammalian

phospholipase A2S in regulating arachidonic acid release. Type IIa and type V secretory

phospholipase A2S are functionally redundant and act in concert with cytosolic

phospholipase A2. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:14411-23. 99. Murakami M, Kudo I. Phospholipase A2. J Biochem 2002; 131:285-92. 100. Narumiya S. Prostanoid receptors. Structure, function, and distribution. Ann N Y Acad

Sci 1994; 744:126-38. 101. Breyer MD, Breyer RM. G protein-coupled prostanoid receptors and the kidney. Annu

Rev Physiol 2001; 63:579-605. 102. Funk CD. Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes: advances in eicosanoid biology. Science

2001; 294:1871-5. 103. Hull MA, Ko SC, Hawcroft G. Prostaglandin EP receptors: targets for treatment and

prevention of colorectal cancer? Mol Cancer Ther 2004; 3:1031-9. 104. Sugimoto Y, Narumiya S. Prostaglandin E receptors. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:11613-7.

96

105. Watabe AY, Sugimoto A, Honda A et al. Cloning and expression of cDNA for a mouse

EP1 subtype of prostaglandin E receptor. J Biol Chem 1993; 268:20175. 106. Nguyen M, Solle M, Audoly L et al. Receptors and Signaling Mechanisms Required for

Prostaglandin E2-Mediated Regulation of Mast Cell Degranulation and IL-6 Production. J

Immunol 2002; 169: 4586-93. 107. Sugimoto Y, Negishi M, Hayashi Y et al. Two isoforms of the EP3 receptorwith different

carboxyl-terminal domains: identical ligand binding properties and different coupling

properties with Gi proteins. J Biol Chem 1993; 268:2712-8. 108. Narumiya S, Sugimoto Y, Ushikubi F. Prostanoid receptors structures, properties, and

functions. Physiol Rev 1999; 79:1193-26. 109. Namba T, Sugimoto Y, Negishi M et al. Alternative splicing of C-terminal tail of

prostaglandin E receptor subtype EP3 determines G-protein specificity. Nature 1993

9;365:166-70. 110. DeWitt D, Smith WL. Yes, but do they still get headaches? Biochem Cell 1995; 83:345-

8. 111. DeWitt DL. Prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase: regulation of enzyme expression.

Biochim Biophys Acta 1991; 1083:121-34. 112. Smith WL, Meade EA, DeWitt DL. Pharmacology of prostaglandin endoperoxide

synthase isozymes-1 and -2. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1994; 714:136-42. 113. Zhang X, Morham SG, Langenbach R, Baggs RB, Young DA. Lack of cyclooxygenase-2

inhibits growth of teratocarcinomas in mice. Exp Cell Res 2000; 254:232-40. 114. Tjandrawinata RR, Hughes-Fulford M. Up-regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 by product-

prostaglandin E2. Adv Exp Med Biol 1997; 407:163-70. 115. Dempke W, Rie C, Grothey A, Schmoll HD. Cyclooxygenase-2: a novel target for cancer

therapy? J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2001; 127:411-17. 116. Sawaoka H, Tsuji S, Tsuji M et al. Cyclooxygenase inhibitors suppress angiogenesis and

reduce tumor growth in vivo. Lab Invest.1999; 79:1469-77. 117. Masferrar JL, Leahy KM, Koki AT et al. Antiangiogenic and antitumor activities of

cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors. Cancer Res 2000; 60:1306-11.

97

118. Jones MK, Wang H, Peskar BM et al. Inhibition of angiogenesis by nonsteroidal anti-

inflammatory drugs: insight into mechanisms and implications for cancer growth and

ulcer healing. Nat Med 1999; 5:1418-23. 119. Yamada M, Kawai M, Kawai Y, Mashima Y. The effect of selective cyclooxygenase-2

inhibitor on corneal angiogenesis in the rat. Curr Eye Res. 1999; 19:300-4. 120. Williams CS, Tsujii M, Reese J, Dey SK, DuBois RN. Host cyclooxygenase-2 modulates

carcinoma growth. J Clin Invest 2000; 105: 1589-94. 121. Attiga FA, Fernandez PM, Weeraratna AT et al. Inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis

inhibit human prostate tumor cell invasiveness and reduce the release of matrix

metalloproteinases. Cancer Res 2000; 60:4629-37. 122. Huang M, Stolina M, Sharma S et al. Non-small cell lung cancer cyclooxygenase-2-

dependent regulation of cytokine balance in lymphocytes and macrophages: up-

regulation of interleukin 10 and down-regulation of interleukin 12 production. Cancer

Res 1998; 58:1208-16. 123. Stolina M, Sharma S, Lin Y et al. Specific inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 restores

antitumor reactivity by altering the balance of IL-10 and IL-12 synthesis. J Immunol

2000; 164:361-70. 124. Barone J, Hebert JR. Dietary fat and natural killer cell activity. Med Hypothesis 1988;

25:223-6. 125. Cifone MG, Botti D, Festuccia C et al. Involvement of phospholipase A2 activation and

arachidonic acid metabolism in the cytotoxic functions of rat NK-cells. Cell Immunol

1993; 148:247-58. 126. Baxevanis CN, Reclos GJ, Gritzapis AD et al. Elevated prostaglandin E2 production by

monocytes is responsible for the depressed levels of natural killer and lymphokine-

activated killer cell function in patients with breast cancer. Cancer 1993; 72:491-501. 127. Chaudry AA, Wahle KW, McClinton S, Moffat LE. Arachidonic acid metabolism in

benign and malignant prostatic tissue in vitro: effects of fatty acids and cyclooxygenase

inhibitors. Int J Cancer 1994; 57:176-80. 128. Tsujii M, Kawano S, Tsuji S, Sawaoko H, Hori M, DuBois RN. Cyclooxygenase

regulates angiogenesis induced by colon cancer cells. Cell 1998; 93:705-16.

98

129. Chang SH, Liu CH, Conway R et al. Role of prostaglandin E2-dependent angiogenic

switch in cyclooxygenase 2-induced breast cancer progression. Proc Natl Acad Aci U S

A 2004; 101:591-6. 130. Jabbour HN, Milne SA, Williams AR, Anderson RA, Boddy SC. Expression of COX-2

and PGE synthase and synthesis of PGE(2)in endometrial adenocarcinoma: a possible

autocrine/paracrine regulation of neoplastic cell function via EP2/EP4 receptors. Br J

Cancer 2001; 85:1023-31. 131. Sonoshita M, Takaku K, Sasaki N. Acceleration of intestinal polyposis through

prostaglandin receptor EP2 in Apc(Delta 716) knockout mice. Nat Med 2001; 7:1048-51. 132. Seno H, Oshima M, Ishikawa TO et al. Cyclooxygenase 2- and prostaglandin E(2)

receptor EP(2)-dependent angiogenesis in Apc(Delta716) mouse intestinal polyps.

Cancer Res 2002; 62:506-11. 133. Wang X, Klein RD. Prostaglandin E2 induces vascular endothelial growth factor

secretion in prostate cancer cells through EP2 receptor-mediated cAMP pathway. Mol

Carcinog 2007; 46:912-23. 134. Liotta LA, Steeg PS, Stetler-Stevenson WG. Cancer metastasis and angiogenesis: an

imbalance of positive and negative regulation. Cell 1991; 64:327-36. 135. Abramson SB, Weaver AL. Current state of therapy for pain and inflammation. Arthritis

Res Ther 2005; 7 Suppl 4:S1-6. 136. Jackson CG. Therapeutic potential of COX-2 inhibitors in arthritis. Expert Opin Investig

Drugs 2001; 10:1317-25. 137. Brune K. Safety of anti-inflammatory treatment--new ways of thinking. Rheumatology

(Oxford). 2004 Feb; 43 Suppl 1:i16-20. 138. Hernandez-Diaz S, Rodriguez LA. Association between nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory

drugs and upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding/ perforation: an overview of epidemiologic

studies published in the 1990s. Arch Intern Med 2000; 160:2093-9. 139. Ayar A. Tocolytic effect of parecoxib, a new parenteral cyclo-oxygenase-2-specific

inhibitor, on the spontaneous and prostaglandin-induced contractions of rat isolated

myometrium. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2007; 34:737-41.

99

140. Guruswamy S, Rao CV. Multi-target approaches in colon cancer chemoprevention based

on systems biology of tumor cell-signaling. Gene Regulation and Systems Biology

2008:2 163-176. 141. Fries S, Grosser T. The cardiovascular pharmacology of COX-2 inhibition. Hematology

Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2005:445-51. 142. Earp HS 3rd, Calvo BF, Sartor CI. The EGF receptor family-multiple roles in

proliferation, differentiation, and neoplasia with an emphasis on HER4. Trans Am Clin

Climatol Assoc 2003; 114:315-33. 143. Brass AL, Barnard J, Patai BL, Salvi D, Rukstalis DB. Androgen up-regulates epidermal

growth factor receptor expression and binding affinity in PC3 cell lines expressing the

human androgen receptor. Cancer Res 1995; 55:3197-203. 144. Myers RB, Oelschlager D, Manne U, Coan PN, Weiss H, Grizzle WE. Androgenic

regulation of growth factor and growth factor receptor expression in the CWR22 model

of prostatic adenocarcinoma. Int J Cancer 1999; 82:424-9. 145. Mimeault M, Pommery N, Hénichart JP. Synergistic antiproliferative and apoptotic

effects induced by epidermal growth factor receptor and protein kinase a inhibitors in

human prostatic cancer cell lines. Int J Cancer 2003; 106:116-24. 146. Dropinski J, Musial J, Jakiela B, Wegrzyn W, Sanak M, Szczeklik A. Anti-thrombotic

action of clopidogrel and P1(A1/A2) polymorphism of beta3 integrin in patients with

coronary artery disease not being treated with aspirin. Thromb Haemost 2005; 94:1300-5. 147. Lin H, Wang X, Liu G, Fu J, Wang A. Expression of alphaV and beta3 integrin subunits

during implantation in pig. Mol Reprod Dev 2007; 74:1379-85. 148. Hodivala-Dilke KM, McHugh KP, Tsakiris DA. Beta3-integrin-deficient mice are a

model for Glanzmann thrombasthenia showing placental defects and reduced survival. J

Clin Invest 1999; 103:229-38. 149. Li SG, Ye ZY, Zhao ZS et al. Correlation of integrin beta3 mRNA and vascular

endothelial growth factor protein expression profiles with the clinicopathological features

and prognosis of gastric carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14:421-7. 150. Bakewell SJ, Nestor P, Prasad S et al. Platelet and osteoclast beta3 integrins are critical

for bone metastasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:14205-10.

100

151. Watson-Hurst K, Becker D. The role of N-cadherin, MCAM and beta3 integrin in

melanoma progression, proliferation, migration and invasion. Cancer Biol Ther 2006;

5:1375-82. 152. Switala-Jelen K, Dabrowska K, Opolski A, Lipinska L, Nowaczyk M, Gorski A. The

biological functions of beta3 integrins. Folia Biol (Praha) 2004; 50:143-52. 153. Bakewell SJ, Nestor P, Prasad S et al. Platelet and osteoclast beta3 integrins are critical

for bone metastasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:14205-10. 154. Wang X, Ferreira AM, Shao Q, Laird DW, Sandig M. Beta3 integrins facilitate matrix

interactions during transendothelial migration of PC3 prostate tumor cells. Prostate 2005;

63:65-80. 155. Cohen MB, Padarathsingh M, Hendrix MJ. Experimental models of prostate cancer

research. Am J Pathol 2000; 156:355-8. 156. Butler B, Williams MP, Blystone SD. Ligand-dependent activation of integrin αvβ3. J

Biol Chem 2003; 278: 5264-70. 157. Quyang X, Jessen WJ, Al-Ahmadie H et al. Activator protein-1 transcription factors are

associated with progression and recurrence of prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2008;

68:2132-44. 158. Zheng DQ, Woodard AS, Fornaro M, Tallini G, Languino LR. Prostatic carcinoma cell

migration via alpha (v) beta3 integrin is modulated by a focal adhesion kinase pathway.

Cancer Res 1999; 59:1655-64. 159. Sun YX, Fang M, Wang J, Cooper CR, Pienta KJ, Taichman RS. Expression and

activation of αvβ3 integrins by SDF-1/CXC12 increases the aggressiveness of prostate

cancer cells. The Prostate 2007; 67:61-73. 160. Blobe GC, Obeid LM, Hannun YA. Regulation of protein kinase C and role in cancer

biology. Cancer Metastasis Rev 1994; 13:411-31. 161. Ron D, Kazanietz MG. New insights into the regulation of protein kinase C and novel

phorbol ester receptors. FASEB J 1999; 13:1658-76. 162. Castagna M, Takai Y, Kaibuchi K, Sano K, Kikkawa U, Nishizuka Y. Direct activation

of calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase by tumor-promoting phorbol

esters. J Biol Chem 1982; 257:7847-51.

101

163. Dean N, McKay R, Miraglia L et al. Inhibition of growth of human tumor cell lines in

nude mice by an antisense of oligonucleotide inhibitor of protein kinase C-alpha

expression. Cancer Res 1996; 56:3499-507. 164. Stewart JR, O'Brian CA. Protein kinase C-α mediates epidermal growth factor receptor

transactivation in human prostate cancer cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2005; 4.726-32. 165. Orlandi L, Binda M, Folini M et al. Ribozyme-mediated inhibition of PKC alpha

sensitizes androgen-independent human prostate cancer cells to cisplatin-induced

apoptosis. Prostate 2003; 54:133-43. 166. Lamm ML, Long DD, Goodwin SM, Lee C. Transforming growth factor β 1 inhibits

membrane association of protein kinase C α in a human prostate cancer cell line, PC3.

Endocrinology 1997;138:4657-64. 167. Liu B, Maher RJ, Hanun YA, Porter AT, Honn KV. 12(S)-HETE enhancement of

prostate tumor cell invasion: selective role of PKC α. J Natl Can Inst 1994; 86:1145-51. 168. Johnson FM, Gallick GE. SRC family nonreceptor tyrosine kinases as molecular targets

for cancer therapy. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2007; 7:651-9. 169. Irby RB, Yeatman TJ. Role of Src expression and activation in human cancer. Oncogene

2000; 19: 5636-42. 170. Brown M, Cooper J. Regulation, substrates and functions of src. Biochim Biophys Acta

1996; 1287:121-49. 171. Sen R, Baltimore D. Multiple nuclear factors interact with the immunoglobulin enhancer

sequences. Cell 1986; 46: 705-16. 172. Chen FE, Ghosh G. Regulation of DNA binding by Rel/NF-kappaB transcription factors:

structural views. Oncogene 1999; 18:6845-52. 173. Karin M. How NF-kappaB is activated: the role of the IkappaB kinase (IKK) complex.

Oncogene 1999; 18: 6867-74. 174. Pahl HL. Activators and target genes of Rel/NF-kappaB transcription factors. Oncogene

1999; 18: 6853-66. 175. Chen F, Castranova V, Shi X, Demers LM. New insights into the role of nuclear factor-

kappa-B, a ubiquitous transcription factor in the initiation of diseases. Clin Chem 1999;

45: 7-17.

102

176. Palayoor ST, YoumellMY, CalderwoodSK, Coleman CN, Price BD. Constitutive

activation of IkB kinase and NF-κB in prostate cancer cells is inhibited by ibuprofen.

Oncogene1999; 18: 7389-94. 177. Sethi G, Sung B, Aggarwal BB. Nuclear factor-kappaB activation: from bench to

bedside. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2008; 233:21-31. 178. Suh J, Payvandi F, Edelstein LC et al. Mechanisms of constitutive NF-kappaB activation

in human prostate cancer cells. Prostate 2002; 52:183-200. 179. Huang WC, Chen JJ, Inoue H, Chen CC. Tyrosine phosphorylation of I-kappa B kinase

alpha/beta by protein kinase C-dependent c-Src activation is involved in TNF-alpha-

induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression. J Immunol 2003; 170:4767-75. 180. Huang WC, Chen JJ, Chen CC. c-Src-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of IKK beta is

involved in tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced intercellular adhesion molecule-1

expression. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:9944-52. 181. Karin M, Delhase M. The I kappa B kinase (IKK) and NF-kappa B: key elements of

proinflammatory signalling. Semin Immunol 2000; 12:85-98. 182. Li ZW, Chu W, Hu Y et al. The IKK beta subunit of I kappa B kinase (IKK) is essential

for nuclear factor kappa B activation and prevention of apoptosis. J Exp Med 1999;

189:1839-45. 183. Ahn KS, Aggarwal BB. Transcription factor NF-kappaB: a sensor for smoke and stress

signals. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2005; 1056:218-33. 184. Bond M, Fabunmi RP, Baker AH, Newby AC. Synergistic upregulation of

metalloproteinase-9 by growth factors and inflammatory cytokines: an absolute

requirement for transcription factor NF kappa B. FEBS Lett 1998; 435:29-34. 185. Novak U, Cocks BG, Hamilton JA. A labile repressor acts through the NFκB-like

binding sites of the human urokinase gene. Nucleic Acids Res 1991; 19:3389-93. 186. Aggarwal BB, Shishodia S, Sandur SK, Pandey MK, Sethi G. Inflammation and cancer:

how hot is the link? Biochem Pharmacol 2006; 72: 1605-21. 187. Hai T, Curran T. Cross-family dimerization of transcription factors Fos/Jun and

ATF/CREB alters DNA binding specificity. Proc Nati Acad Sci USA 1991; 88:3720-24.

103

188. Liang G, Hai T. Characterization of human activating transcription factor 4, a

transcriptional activator that interacts with multiple domains of cAMP-responsive

element-binding protein (CREB)-binding protein. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:24088-95. 189. Ameri K, Harris AL. Activating transcription factor 4. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2008; 40:

14-21. 190. DeClerck YA, Mercurio AM, Stack SM et al. Proteases, extracellular matrix, and cancer;

a workshop of the path B study section. Am J Pathol 2004; 164:1131-9. 191. Blasi F, Carmeliet P. uPAR: a versatile signalling orchestrator. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol

2002; 23, 932-43. 192. Murphy G, Ward R, Gavrilovic J, Atkinson S. Physiological mechanisms for

metalloproteinase activation. Matrix 1992; 1: 224-230. 193. Skrzydlewska E, Sulkowska M, Koda M, Sulkowski M. Proteolytic-antiproteolytic

balance and its regulation in carcinogenesis. World J Gastroenterol 2005;11:1251-66. 194. Miyake H, Hara I, Yamanaka K, Arakawa S, Kamidono S. Elevation of urokinase-type

plasminogen activator and its receptor densities as new predictor of disease progression

and prognosis in men with prostate cancer. Int J oncol 1999; 14: 535-41. 195. Ferrara N. Vascular endothelial growth factor. Cardiovasc Med 1993; 3:244-250. 196. Liang OD, Korff T, Eckhardt J et al. Oncodevelopmental alpha- fetoprotein acts as a

selective proangiogenic factor on endothelial cell from the fetomaternal unit. J Clin

Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89:1415-22. 197. Bando H. Vascular endothelial growth factor and bevacitumab in breast cancer. Breast

Cancer 2007; 14:163-73. 198. Toi M, Matsumoto T, Bando H. Vascular endothelial growth factor: its prognostic,

predictive, and therapeutic implications. Lancet Oncol 2001; 2:667-73. 199. Robinson CJ, Stringer SE. The splice variants of vascular endothelial growth factor

(VEGF) and their receptors. J Cell Sci 2001; 114:853-65. 200. Ferrara N, Davis-Smyth T. The biology of vascular endothelial growth factor. Endocr

Rev 1997; 18: 4-25. 201. Neufeld G, Cohen T, Gengrinovitch S, Poltorak Z. Vascular endothelial growth factor

(VEGF) and its receptors. FASEB J 1999; 13: 9-22.

104

202. Zhang P, Ostrander JH, Faivre EJ, Olsen A, Fitzsimmons D, Lange CA. Regulated

association of protein kinase B/Akt with breast tumor kinase. J Biol Chem 2005;

280:1982-91. 203. Lee KA, Bindereif A, Green MR. A small-scale procedure for preparation of nuclear

extracts that support efficient transcription and pre-mRNA splicing. Gene Anal Tech

1988; 5:22-31. 204. Leopold JA, Walker J, Scribner AW, et al. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

modulates vascular endothelial growth factor-mediated angiogenesis. J Biol Chem 2003;

278:32100-6. 205. Zweifel BS, Davis TW, Ornberg RL, Masferrer JL. Direct evidence for a role of

cyclooxygenase-2-derived prostaglandin E2 in human head and neck xenograft tumors.

Cancer Res 2002; 62:6706-11. 206. Chakraborty G, Rangaswami H, Jain S, Kundu GC. Hypoxia regulates crosstalk between

Syk and Lck leading to breast cancer progression and angiogenesis. J Biol Chem 2006;

281:11322-31. 207. Chandrasekharan NV, Dai H, Roos KL, et al. COX-3, a cyclooxygenase-1 variant

inhibited by acetaminophen and other analgesic/antipyretic drugs: cloning, structure, and

expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99: 13926-31. 208. DeWitt D, Smith WL. Yes, but do they still get headaches? Biochem Cell 1995; 83:345-

8. 209. DeWitt DL. Prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase: regulation of enzyme expression.

Biochim Biophys Acta 1991; 1083:121-34. 210. Smith WL, Meade EA, DeWitt DL. Pharmacology of prostaglandin endoperoxide

synthase isozymes-1 and -2. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1994; 714:136-42. 211. Gately S, Li WW. Multiple roles of COX-2 in tumor angiogenesis: a target for

antiangiogenic therapy. Semin Oncol 2004; 31:2-11. 212. Wang D, DuBois RN. Cyclooxygenase 2-derived prostaglandin E2 regulates the

angiogenic switch. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:415-6.

105

213. Houchen CW, Sturmoski MA, Anant S, Breyer RM, Stenson WF. Prosurvival and

antiapoptotic effects of PGE2 in radiation injury are mediated by EP2 receptor in

intestine. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2003; 284:490-8. 214. Karamouzis MV, Papavassiliou AG. COX-2 inhibition in cancer therapeutics: a field of

controversy or a magic bullet? Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2004; 13: 359-72. 215. Koren R, Ben Meir D, Langzam L et al. Expression of protein kinase C isoenzymes in

benign hyperplasia and carcinoma of prostate. Oncol Rep 2004; 11:321-6. 216. O’Brian CA. Protein kinase C-alpha: a novel target for the therapy of androgen-

independent prostate cancer? Oncol Rep 1998; 5:305-9. 217. Ghosh S, Karin M. Missing pieces in the NF-kappa B puzzle. Cell 2002; 109: S81-96. 218. Kosaka T, Miyata A, Ihara H, et al. Characterization of the human gene (PTGS2)

encoding prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2. Eur J Biochem 1994; 221: 889-97. 219. Bonfil RD, Fridman R, Mobashery S, Cher ML. Are matrix metalloproteinases relevant

therapeutic targets for prostate cancer bone metastasis? Curr Oncol 2008; 15: 188-192. 220. Salcedo R, Zhang X, Young HA, et al. Angiogenic effects of PGE 2 are mediated by up-

regulation of CXCR4 on human microvascular endothelial cells. Blood 2003; 102:1966-

77. 221. Mayoral R, Fernandez-Martinez A, Bosca L, Martin-Sanz P. Prostaglandin E2 promotes

migration and adhesion in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Carcinogenesis 2005; 26:753-

61. 222. Dohadwala M, Batra RK, Luo J, et al. Autocrine /paracrine prostaglandin E2 production

by non-small cell lung cancer cells regulates matrix metalloproteinase-2 and CD44 in

cyclooxygenase-2-dependent invasion. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:50828-33. 223. Pan MR, Chuang LY, Hung WC. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs inhibit matrix

metalloproteinase-2 expression via repression of transcription in lung cancer cells. FEBS

Lett 2001; 508:365-8. 224. Nagatsuka I, Yamada N, Shimizu S, et al. Inhibitory effect of a selective cyclooxygenase-

2 inhibitor on liver metastasis of colon cancer. Int J Cancer 2002; 100:515-9.

106

225. Ito H, Duxbury M, Benoit E, et al. Prostaglandin E2 enhances pancreatic cancer

invasiveness through an Ets-1-dependent induction of matrix metalloproteinase-2. Cancer

Res 2004; 64:7439-46. 226. Pavlovic S, Du B, Sakamoto K, et al. Targeting PGE 2 receptors as an alternative strategy

to block COX-2-dependent extracellular matrix-induced MMP-9 expression by

macrophages. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:3321-8. 227. Rostom A, Dube C, Lewin G et al. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and

cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors for primary prevention of colorectal cancer: a systematic

review prepared for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med 2007; 146:

376-89. 228. Southall MD, Vasko MR. Prostaglandin receptor subtypes, EP3C and EP4, mediate the

prostaglandin E2-induced cAMP production and sensitization of sensory neurons. J Biol

Chem 2001; 276:16083-91. 229. Liu X, Sun SQ, Ostrom RS. Fibrotic lung fibroblasts show blunted inhibition by cAMP

due to deficient cAMP response element-binding protein phosphorylation. J Pharmacol

Exp Ther 2005; 315:678-87. 230. Montminy M. Transcriptional regulation by cyclic AMP. Annu Rev Biochem 1997; 66:

807-22. 231. Ding YB, Shi RH, Tong JD et al. PGE2 up-regulates vascular endothelial growth factor

expression in MKN28 gastric cancer cells via epidermal growth factor receptor signaling

system. Exp Oncol 2005; 27:108-13. 232. Mayoral R, Fernandez-Martinez A, Bosca L, Martin-Sanz P. Prostaglandin E2 promotes

migration and adhesion in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Carcinogenesis 2005; 26:753-

61. 233. Kaur M, Agarwal R. Transcription factors: molecular targets for prostate cancer

inervention by phytochemicals. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2007; 7:355-67. 234. Albini A, Dell'Eva R, Vene R et al. Mechanisms of the antiangiogenic activity by the hop

flavonoid xanthohumol: NF-kappaB and Akt as targets. FASEB J 2006; 20:527-9. 235. Shiojima I, Walsh K. Role of Akt signaling in vascular homeostasis and angiogenesis.

Circ Res 2002; 90:1243-50.

107

236. Masferrer JL, Koki A, Seibert K. COX-2 inhibitors: a new class of antiangiogenic agents.

Ann NY Acad Sci 1999; 889: 84-6. 237. Battersby S, Sales KJ, Williams AR, Anderson RA, Gardner S, Jabbour HN. Seminal

plasma and prostaglandin E2 up-regulate fibroblast growth factor 2 expression in

endometrial adenocarcinoma cells via E-series prostanoid-2 receptor-mediated

transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor and extracellular signal-regulated

kinase pathway. Hum Reprod 2007; 22:36-44. 238. Buchanan FG, Wang D, Bargiacchi F, DuBois RN. Prostaglandin E2 regulates cell

migration via the intracellular activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor. J Biol

Chem 2003; 278:35451-7. 239. Thomas SM, Bhola NE, Zhang Q. Cross-talk between G protein-coupled receptor and

epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathways contributes to growth and invasion

of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Res 2006; 66:11831-9. 240. Chen Y, Hughes-Fulford M. Prostaglandin E2 and the protein kinase A pathway mediate

arachidonic acid induction of c-fos in human prostate cancer cells. Br J Cancer 2000;

82:2000-6.