PATTERNS IN ONTARIO PREHISTORY: THE SHEGUIANDAH SITE, 1952-1956 ...L.J.Jackson & Heather McKillop 9 Archaeological Policy Implementation For The City Of Toronto ...M.Kapches & M.McClelland 17 Letters To The Editor 23 ModernQuarries And Their Impact On Archaeological Resources In Southwestern Ontario ...L.R.Parker, F.Moerschfelder, J.W. & S.D.Pengelly 26 The O.A.S. Annual Business Meeting, October 25, 1986 30 Press Cuttings 34 Original Research Reports Contributed To Newsletters Of TheOntario Archaeological Society, 1986 40 From TheO.A.S. Office ... 45 O.A.S. Chapters 47 O.A.S. Provincial Officers 48 newsletter published by The Ontario Archaeological Society INC. P.O. Box241, Postal Station P, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 2S8
Transcript
PATTERNS IN ONTARIO PREHISTORY: THE SHEGUIANDAHSITE, 1952-1956 ...L.J.Jackson & Heather McKillop 9
Archaeological Policy Implementation For The CityOf Toronto ...M.Kapches & M.McClelland 17
Letters To The Editor 23Modern Quarries And Their Impact On Archaeological
Resources In Southwestern Ontario...L.R.Parker, F.Moerschfelder, J.W. & S.D.Pengelly 26The O.A.S. Annual Business Meeting, October 25,
1986 30Press Cuttings 34Original Research Reports Contributed To
Newsletters Of The Ontario Archaeological Society,1986 40
From The O.A.S. Office ... 45O.A.S. Chapters 47O.A.S. Provincial Officers 48
newsletter published byThe Ontario Archaeological Society
INC.P.O. Box 241, Postal Station P, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 2S8
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RICHARD B. JOHNSTON1930 - 1987
Professor Richard B. Johnston, editor of Ontario Archaeology since 1977, diedon January 8 at the age of 56, after a long illness. He lea'ves an impressiverecord of contributions to North American archaeology, which started with his1947 fieldwork on the Calhone site in southwestern Colorado.
First introduced to the Ontario scene in 1956 as Assistant Field Director atthe Serpent Mounds Site, he was Director of the project, sponsored by theRoyal Ontario Museum, from 1957 to 1960. His doctoral dissertation at IndianaUniversity, "Southern Ontario Point Peninsula Woodland in Northeastern Prehis-tory" (1962), was based on this research. In 1968, the study culminated withpublication of "The Archaeology of the Serpent Mounds Site" by the R.O.M.; itestablished the Point Peninsula origins of the site and is recognized as aclassic monograph in Ontario prehistory.
In the early 1960's, Dick was a Research Associate at the Indiana HistoricalSociety's Angel Mounds Research Station, and in 1965, he joined the Smithson-ian Institution's Division of River Basin Surveys. In his five years with theRBS, he directed research on a number of survey projects and site excavations.His published reports include "The Hitchell Site" (Publications in SalvageArchaeology 3, 1967) and most recently, "Archaeology of the McClure Site ... "(Plains Anthropological Memoir 18, 1982). D~ing this period, he served asAssociate Editor of Plains Anthropoligist in 1966-68, and Editor of the Smith-sonian Institution, River Basin Surveys, Publications in Salvage Archaeo~in 1969.
His connection with Ontario archaeology was re-established in 1971, when hejoined the Department of Anthropology at Trent University. He undertook re-search programmes in Ontario which included: directing the survey and excava-tion of the Trent Waterway System; excavation of the Archaic fish weirs atAtherley Narrows; supervising an archaeological field school from 1972 to 1977at Le Caron, near Midland and excavation at the Archaic MacIntyre Site at RiceLake. The latter was published as Mercury Series No. 126 by the ArchaeologicalSurvey of Canada in 1984.
As a Professor of Anthropology at Trent, Dick taught archaeology to hundreds ofstudents from the introductory to M.A. level . He served as Chairman of theDepartment from 1975 to 1980, guiding Trent's graduate programme in Archaeologythrough its formative years. All of his eight graduate students have continuedtheir careers in archaeology.
He resumed his editorial activities in 1977 when he was appointed Editor ofOntario Archaeology. In the last ten years he edited 16 issues (Numbers 29 to45) and two monographs. As part of this process he reviewed (and revised)dozens of manuscripts, and became intimately acquainted with all aspects ofcurrent archaeological research in Ontario. No other scholar had such a broadoverall perspective of all prehistoric periods in the province, from Paleo toProto-historic.
It is characteristic that his debilitating illness hardly slowed his profes-sional activity. Although an increasing dependence and a portable oxygen
supply curtailed fieldwork, he maintained a rigorous schedule of lab researchand writing. He also recognized the pioneering experimental value of histreatment, and far from being a passive patient, regarded himself as part ofa research team. He maintained his optimism and wry humour throughout theordea 1 .After a lung transplant operation in June, 1986, Dick made such remarkable pro-gress that he left hospital after only five weeks. He celebrated his firstfield activity in some years by returning on August 2 to the Serpent MoundsProvincial Park (without oxygen) to conduct members of the OAS on a tour ofthe site. As further testimonial of his commitment to the Society, his lastprofessional communication, written in hospital on December 7, dealt with finaleditorial details for the second contribution in the Monograph Series which hestarted. It is now in press."RBJ" will be missed by all of us. He is survived by his wife Gwen, who hefirst met while excavating at the Serpent Mounds, and four children: Patricia,Richard, Michael and Daniel. He also leaves his mother, Arta Mae Whatley, anda brother, Lowell. Our heartfelt sympathy goes out to all his family. Theyhave asked that donations in memory of Richard Johnston be made to either TheThoracic Research Fund, c/o Dr. Joel Cooper, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto,Ontario, or the Richard B. Johnston Memorial Fund at Trent University, Peter-borough, Ontario, K9J 7B8.
A Personal Tribute to Richard B. Johnstonby
Robert J. Pearce
While the unfortunate passing of a friend brings sadness, it also presents atime for personal reflection.
I first met Dick when my initial application to Trent's graduate school wasrejected on the basis of mediocre academic marks. A meeting in his office in the"log barns" convinced him that I might become a suitable candidate and, with hisbehind-the-scenes legwork, I was accepted.
My three academic years at Trent are memorable primarily because of Dick.He took me under his wing and guided me into a career in archaeology. It wasonly with his substantial and unselfish assistance that I was able to become thefirst to graduate from Trent's Master's programme.
One of the requirements of that programme was to write a thesis and in sodoing I received so much help from Dick that I will forever be indebted to him.When an Ontario Heritage Foundation application to excavate the Richardson site,to provide data for my thesis, was turned down, Dick took it upon himself toperson~lly arrange grants to the project from the Royal Ontario Museum andAlde~v~lle. Reserve Indian Community Secretariat. He also arranged thepartlc~patlon of local publ ic school students, mai~ly children from theAlde~vllle Reserve, without whose assistance the excavatlons would not have beenpos~lble. Dick was present on the site most of the time to help me, an untrainednOVlce, supe~vise and train our young field crew. He also possessed a much-needed mecham cal aptitude to perform da ily repai rs to our gas- powered shaker-screens.
I remember well an eventfull day in January 1976. I was asked to accompanyDick on a trip to Rice Lake, to assist Jock f>t:Andrews in taking a pollen corefrom beside the McIntyre site. Although it was -20·e and I would have preferredto stay home to watch the Superbowl, I learnt a great deal about archaeology andpalaeo-ethnobotany that day, thanks to Dick and Jock. Besides, Dallas lost thegame! Our trip there and back was somewhat unique, since Dick insisted drivinghi s VW Beetle which had a defective heater. I road "shotgun", alternatingbetween blasting the windshield with a propane torch and sticking my head out theside wi~dow to tell him what the road was doing ahead of us. This trip, as wellas earller ones (by boat through Rice Lake to visit some of the many sites Dickhad reported; and by car to view petroglyphs with Selwyn Dewdney) demonstrated tome Dick's willingness to share information, and his dry sense of humour, provingthat education can be fun.
Dick cared a great deal about his students, and had strong beliefs on howthey should behave. Knowing that I had been married for only one year when Istarted at Trent, he candidly told me that I should think of only one thing -finishing my thesis.
I also wish to credit Dick with the continuation of my career: had it notbeen for a strong 1etter of recommendati on from him, I doubt that I woul d havebeen accepted as a doctoral candiate at McGill.I thus consider mysel f fortunate to have known Dick, and to call him my
mentor and friend.
SOME THOUGHTS ON THE PASSING OFDICK JOHNSTON
Those of us who delighted with Dick in his vigour and exhuberance at the SerpentMounds site during last August's O.A.S. Bus Trip will always remember his gleefulscampering up and down the slopes, the sheer joy he had in just being alive, andin the retelling of his work on the site. He were all the more shattered whenthe news carne of his subsequent reverse, hospitalization and death.
Dick devotedly served the Society as journal Editor for some ten years. Hecommenced the Monograph series and even on his final sick-bed was concernedwith the progress of MOA 2, now at the typesetting stage.
Dick will always be known for his work on the Serpent Mounds. The explanatoryand commemorative plaques on the site bear several mentions of his name, and serveas fitting memorials to this schola~ and gentleman.
A J'je.moJzia.,( Ma,.I<I10M luz..f.da.t St. Petelt--tH-CltaA.iU RomaH Ca.thouc. ChWldl.Peteltboltough, 011 1.{al1dalj c.VCVUHg, Jal1ualtlj 12, 1987 601t 0,'1.. JUc.haltd 73. JO{liUtOI1.The OI1ta!1io Altc.lLaeotog.i.c.a.,( Society 10M lteplte<lel1ted a.t the maM by U6e llembelt,VIt. HOItgal1 J. Tampul1. Mal1lj othelt O. A. S. membe!l<l 1Oe-'te pltU el1t Itep,'tu entil1gthe LOl1dol1, Ottawa al1d To-'tOl1to Cllapte!l<l 06 the Soci.ety, the MU<leum06 111d-tal1Mc.haeotogy, the Roya.,( OI1ta!1iO MU<leum, Tltel1t al1d othe!l uMve!l<liliu, al1d theM-tlU-6t!ly 06 C-i.tizeiUlup al1d CuUWle.
rteBERSHIP DRIVE rnAIIHRSOO- DOUBLE THE MEMBERSHIP IN I
THREE YEARS !! /-//'
please phoneCHARLES GARRAD
223 2752
eoeeaeeoeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eo ee PRESIDENT'S W'1''U'J!OUE Ei1e ee eeeEi1eeeeeeeeeeeeee~eeoeeee
Although I am barely a month into my presidency I am alreadyoverwhelmed by the workload. As the Society grows in numbers,prestige and age the Executive is constantly facing new challenges.Our official opinion is sought on a variety of matters, newinitiatives are offered to us and we are seeking new ways to beresponsive to the archaeological community.All of this takes time and of course, money. The second commodityis one we plan to increase by raising membership fees next yearby 25%. We have not had a fee increase in a number of years.But money aside, our most valueable commodity, people, issomething we are also looking to increase. As a provincial-widesociety I am sure we can and should be attracting more than 700members.I would like to announce our plans for a membership drive in1987. I am convinced that if each of us can recruit even one newperson over the course of the year we could double the membershipand expand our volunteer base. We can always use new faces withfresh ideas and enthusiasm. We are lookina for a person to chairour membership drive. The individual should be outgoing,enthusiastic and have ideas on how to better advertise theSociety in order to increase our membership.We need volunteers to help us see through some of our newprojects like the Advocacy Committees and our new jointinitiative with the Ministry of Citizenship and Culture, the"Passport to the Past". This new scheme will be formallyannounced during Heritage Week in February. It is a recognitiondocumentation programme to help volunteers keep a record of thework that they do in archaeology in the field, lab or elsewhere.The "passports" and participation in the programme will be linkedto a central file of volunteers who are eager to work inarchaeology in the province. Look for more details in February.Our Chapters are all very healthy and busy. We would especiallylike to congratulate London Chapter for their long months of hardwork which recently bore fruit. The Chapter succeeded in havingitself officially made a member of the London area L.A.C.A.C.They may now select a Chapter representative to sit on that localboard. This means a real step forward for includingarchaeological concerns in the municipal process. London hasalso acquired new office space and equipment at 55 Centre St., anew ~ editor, Ian Kenyon, and the Chapter's second volume,"Archaeological Consulting in Ontario: Papers of the LondonConference 1985", is now at the printers. Congratulations on allcounts!
Toronto Chapter has taken on an ambitious fifth anniversaryproject, a one-day symposium on the archaeology of the Torontoarea which will be held on March 28, 1987. I am sure it will be
a very informative session and I look forward to seeing a lot of membersthere.
Lastly, it is with great sadness that we learn of the death of one of theSociety's most valued and tireless workers. Dr. Richard Johnston pas&edaway early in January. Dick had been the Society's Ontario Archaeology andMonographs in Ontario Archaeology editor for many years. The high qualityof these publications and the respect in which the archaeological communityholds them is a testament to Dick's scholarship and his service to theSociety. We shall miss him.
A total of 162 ballots were counted by Don Brown and Tony Stapells onJanuary 7, 1987.
We are happy to announce that Norma Knowlton and John Steckley arere-elected as O.A.S. directors. Congratulations!
By a 3-1 margin the Motion to Amend the Constitution put forward at theO.A.S. Business Meeting in October was passed."Article VI-S Election of Executive Officers: A member may hold only oneelected office (Provincial or Chapter) at anyone time."
There was a good three-way vote to determine the special project for whichfunds were allocated in 1986. An O.A.S. Advocacy Manual will be produced.
Due to sudden new teaching obligations, John Steckley is resigning asO.A.S. director as soon as a replacement has been found. The O.A.S. iscalling an election to fill this vacancy.
Any member can nominate any other willing member. Any member who wishes,and who does not hold an elected office in the Society, can stand forelection. Closing date for nominations is March 12, 1987.
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ @@ ARCH NOTES is published with the assistance @@ of the Ontario Government through the @@ Ministry of Cit izenship and Culture. @
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PATTERr~S ItlONTAPJ C PREHI STORY; THE SHEGUI ANDAH SITE, 1952~ 1956by
L. J. Jackson and Heather McKillopNortheastern Archaeological Associates
In a recent paper (Arch-Notes 86:4), the senior author described events of1933-l~35 and the short-lived beginning of Ontario Palaeo-Indian studies. Wi-lliam J. Patterson, the Canadian geology student who alerted our archaeolo-gists to Folsom fluted material in southwestern Ontario, abandoned his academ-ic career in the face of intense opposition to these finds. Despite his closeassociation with Jesse Figgins, Director of the Colorado Museum of NaturalHistory, and acceptance of such finds in the United States, Patterson's exper-ience revealed a reactionary climate in Canadian academic circles.Opposition to Folsom in Canada was exceptional only as a last episode in along history of denial of Palaeo-Indian finds early in this century.
A number of virtually identical discoveries of extinct bisonin association with projectile points were largely ignoredby the archaeological establishment in the early part of thetwentieth century, and were not at the time widely consideredvalid evidence for the presence of Ice Age human populationsin the Nestern Hemisphere. This was de~pite the remarkablesimilarities of the finds and the replication of discoveryby various researchers (Rogers and f'1artin1986: 43-44).
The reasons for such denial ranged from religious conceptualization of theantiquity of New World man to a general rejection of evolutionary thinking onthe part of f>.mericanarchaeologists (l·iilleyand Sab10ff 1974). Fear of cen-sure by Dr. Ales Hrdlicka of the U.S. National Museum, a vigorous opponent toclaims of rlew Horld human antiquity, was perhaps the most pernicious influence.
Roberts has stated an atmosphere of fear pervaded the Early t~anscene, with many workers afraid to face Hrdlicka's scathingattacks. The question of early man in America became virtuallytaboo, and no anthropologist, or for that matter geologist orpaleontologist, desirous of a successful career would tempt thefate of ostracism by intimating that he had discovered indicationsof a respectable antiquity for the Indian (\~illey and Sab10ff 1974:50).
Rogers and rartin (1986) cite the striking example of anthropologist LorenEiseley who literally begged to be sent elsewhere than the Scottsbluff Pa1aeo-Indian site in 1932 - fearing what involvement would do to his career. Schultz(1983) records that some colleagues at the time of the early discoveries ad-vised that the artifacts be destroyed and not reported. Jesse Figgins, in aletter of February 14, 1934 to W. J. Patterson, succinctly summarized the pre-vailing situation:
American archaeologists of a generation ago definitely fixedin their minds that the age of man in America does not exceed10,000 years. The majority believe 6,000 years is the limitand practically everything that has been written up to recent
times has been based upon the latter estimate. You willdoubtless see the result if it is shown that they arel'1istaken.
Although by 1940 the case for early man in the Al'1ericaswas well establishedin the United States, tenuous acceptance did not occur in Canada until 1951with Ken Kidd's publication of Ontario fluted points in American Antiquity.That such acceptance coincided with the advent of radiocarbon dating providesone measure of the reluctance of Canadian archaeology to accept new ideas.Ongoin9 research into the life of W. J. Patterson has revealed his continuedassociation with uncomfortable ideas for Canadian archaeology in the 1~50's.After Vlorld liar II, as editor/owner of the small weekly paper, the t1anitoulin~xpositor, Patterson awakened his r~anitoulin Island community to the livelyworldOTarchaeology. Extensive microfilm searches by the authors have dis-closed a marked change in the paper's character under Patterson's hand - withformat alterations, innovative headlines, a profusion of human interest pho-tographs, and subjects of national and international significance. Local ar-chaeology covered by the paper included the early finds of Emerson Greenmanof the University of richigan at Killarney, the enigmatic burials of ~inde-moya Cave discovered in 1883, the search for La Salle's ship 'The Griffon',and the exciting discovery of the ancient quarry site of Sheguiandah by ThomasE. Lee of the national r~useum of Canada.We would like to touch on a few highlights of Patterson's coverage of theSheguiandah discoveries with a view to illustrating how his involvement wascrucial to initiatives for long-term protection of the site and, as well,point out the forgotten significance of Sheguiandah to Ontario archaeologytoday.On July 4th, 1952, the Expositor front page carried the headline "SheguiandahFind ~reat" and described the excitement surrounding the site:
Chance discovery of the camp site of a mysterious race of menwho inhabited ~anitoulin Island 5,000 to 10,000 years ago isbelieved to be the most important archaeological discoveryever made in Canada.Today (Thursday) a village of 17 tents was rising on the shoreof Sheguiandah Bay near Little Current to accommodate arch-aeologists and diggers from many parts of Canada and UnitedStates joining the r;ational r:useum's field party to intensivelyexplore the surrounding areas."nothing like it has ever been discovered in North America -perhaps in the world," commented 38-year-old Thomas E. Lee,Ottawa anthropologist of the national ~useum staff who willdirect the scientific recovery of any traces of ancient manwhich can be found on the site.Nearly 1,000 artifacts we~ghing fully half a ton of crudelyhand shaped rocks have already been removed to the NationalPuseum at Ottawa for study. The largest archaeological partyever sponsored by Canada's national museum will spend the nexttwo months searching for more."The discovery has been a lIell-kept secret of Canada'snational museum since last summer when the chance find which
led to the great site was made by Lee," recalls Dr. F.J.I'.lcock,chief curator of the museum.
On July 10th, 1952, a front page photograph shows Thomas Lee examining and ex-plaining Sheauiandah artifacts to a local resident. An inset photo illustratesa typical large biface from the site. Patterson's caption notes the discoveryas one of the most important archaeological finds ever in Canada. Althoughno other Sheguiandah reports were filed in the paper that year, other itemsdescribe various concerns of a certain Lester Pearson ,r1ember for A1 goma Eastand ~inister for External Affairs,~ho was to become involved with the site.On ~r'arch5th, 1953, a page four editorial by Patterson calls for creation ofa local historical society and announces a public meeting for that purpose.Again, on April 2nd, a front page editorial describes what an historical so-ciety could do for the Eastern Manitoulin District. Significant mention ismade of concerned citizens who have already drafted legislation for the Pro-vincial Legislature to protect archaeological sites such as Sheguiandah.On July 9th, 1953, we see a remarkable front page photograph showing Thomas E.Lee, Lester Pearson, and William Patterson discussing an aerial photo ofSheguiandah. The caption of this photograph is revealing:
Keenly interested visitor to Sheguiandah's Historic Site~~onday morning was one-time professor of history Hon. L.B.Pearson, Canada's minister of state for external affairs,president of the United Nations. He was accompanied byThomas E. Lee, National r~useum anthropologist, discovererof the site who is directing its examination, and W. J.Patterson of Little Current, president of the Eastern~anitoulin Historical Society. The historical societyhopes the site may some day be established as a NationalHistoric Site.
0n page 3 of this same issue are two photographs showing a visit to Sheguian-dah by Pearson and Patterson when Lee's excavations were in progress. Alsoincluded in these pictures are Jim Wright, now of the Canadian t1useum of Ci-vilization, and Ruth Marshall, past president of the Ontario ArchaeologicalSociety. The accompanying page 3 caption includes this statement:
Editor v!. J. Patterson of the Expositor, an amateur archaeologistfor about 20 years, acting president of the Eastern ManitoulinHistorical Society, expressed the hope the site may be set asidesome day as a national historical site so that future generationsmay have the opportunity of studying vestiges of the earliestman to inhabit Manitoulin District.
On July 23rd, 1953, a front page photograph shows a visit to Sheguiandah bythe Honourable Louis P. Cecile, Ontario r:inister of Travel and Publicity,George Bishop, Federal PC candidate, Thomas Lee, r-~rs.Lee, and W.J. Patterson.Again, the photo caption takes the opportunity to express the ~anitoulin His-torical society's interest in having Sheguiandah established as a nationalhistoric site and park.f. bo1 d front page headl ine August 27th announced "1,000 Visitors See Sheg.Site" noting that this influx of visitors from North America and abroad since
July 1st of 1~53, recorded in the site guest book, ma~~ed·it as the greatestpoint of tourist interest throughout rianitoulin Dl'strf.ct..A clear descriptionis provided of the site's artifacts and stratigraphy~~stressing that thousandsof years of oc~upation are represe~ted: .
Four "horizons" or levels of civilization have beenrevealed by the excavations, and a fifth level below thesehas been indicated for study purposes, f'r. Lee said. Toplevel is as recent as l500 years ....Below this level is the horizon of the "big blades" -quartzite tools or artifacts ... made by early man fromtheir quartzite quarries on the hill. This horizonrepresents an inhabitation which was more or less continuousfor 2,000 years - a civilization of 5,000 years ago.The third level contains the artifacts left by whatr··'r.Lee bel ieves were wandering bands of hunters who usedthe hilltop for a camp site for a period of perhaps 500years prior to the long occupation.The fourth or lowest horizon is also a culture of"big blades" - more large quartzite tools quarried andmanufactured on the spot, ...."P,nd below that is a strong suggestion of somethingstill earlier ... perhaps that of the earliest man, theones who lived and hunted along the edge of the great icesheet as it receded to the north," t1r. Lee stated.
The year 1954 witnessed legislation to protect Sheguiandah as an archaeologi-cal site, plans for a local museum, and formalization of a local historicalsociety under Patterson's direction. On March 25th, a front page noticestated:
Some 86 acres in tianitoulin district will soon be designatedas an archaeological site, it was learned here today.A new regulation made under the Archaeological and HistoricSites Protection Act, 1953, sets aside Sheguiandah townplot... as a site, thereby restricting indiscriminate removal ofarchaeological rel ics.Under the statute a permit is required to excavate or removerelics from archaeological or historic locations.
In this announcement we see the precursor of the Ontario Ileritage Act and thecritical role of the Sheguiandah site in stirring public consciousness.On September 23rd, 1954, a front page item noted "Manitoulin Organization PlanHistorical Museum":
A date has been set, all district organizations have beeninvited to send delegates, and the general public is beinginvited to attend a meeting at Sheguiandah for the consti-tution of an Eastern r1anitoulin Historical Society and thelaying of plans to have a museum at Sheguiandah.
~.gain, on C'ctober 14th, a front page headline announced "Historical SocietylS Formed, Talk of Founding t1useum". The article describes a public meeting,
chaired by Patterson and with an illustrated talk by Thomas Lee, which re-sulted in formal declaration of the Eastern Manitoulin Historical Society andplans to work towards building a museum at Sheguiandah. Finally, on October1st, a personal letter from Lester Pearson to William Patterson is printedin part:
I know you will be glad to hear that the site of thearchaeological dig at Sheguiandah was designated an historicalsite at the last meeting of the Historic Sites and MonumentsBoard of Canada.A motion was also passed asking the Department of NorthernAffairs and National Resources to investigate the possibilityof purchasing about five acres of land .... you will be glad to hear that provision has been made inthe National Museum Estimates for 1955-56 for Mr. Lee tocontinue his investigations during the next field season.
In the following year, 1955, there are none of the usual Expositor summer ar-ticles about Sheguiandah. Instead, on October 6th, 1955 we see a page 11article which forever changes the stature of the site. The headline reads:"Men Lived at Sheguiandah 30,000 Years Ago". In writing this piece, Patter-son cites a similar article published in the Toronto Globe and Mail a weekearlier. He repeats Lee's reasoning for the startling suggestion of greatantiquity based on known glacial events and related artifact deposition. Hequotes Lee as saying: "It is impossible to set an exact date in which theartifacts were left by early men, but 30,000 years seems well within the boundsof reason." In making this statement, Lee anticipated controversy -- a well-founded expectation even with careful accounts in the media such as the fol-lowing extended description from the Expositor:
In the first layer of glacial till found beneath the pro-jectile point era were many smashed and broken artifactsquite unlike those found nearer the surface; they weresmaller and workmanship was much finer. The second layerof till, which was clearly defined from the first, alsocontained broken artifacts.Underlying both layers of till was a fine-sorted sand ap-parently left by the melting waters of a glacier. Thenthere was a layer of large, heavy boulders, which indicatedthe level of an ancient lake.Beneath the boulders was lake bottom material and in it thelowermost artifact was found in perfect condition.
July 19th, 1956 saw the last Expositor article on Sheguiandah - a brief noticeconcerning erection of an historic marker:
A memorial bearing a bronze plaque will be built at theSheguiandah archaeological site according to a letterreceived by the Expositor from External Affairs MinisterL.B. Pearson.The Minister of Northern Affairs and National Resourcesaccepted the recommendation of the Historic Sites and Monu-ment Board to erect the memorial.Sheguiandah became a centre of international archaeologicalinterest in 1951 when Thomas Lee, an expert from the Ottawa
National Museum discovered the remains of a very oldIndian habitation. Since then Archaeologists work atthe site every summer.The Province of Ontario declared the area "Historic Site"in 1954. The U.S. Geological Survey in Washington declaredthis year that the artifacts from the site are over 10,000years old.
And so ended the Manitoulin Expositor's coverage of the Sheguiandah site. In-deed, this may have been one of the last times that Patterson thought it pru-dent to discuss the site after Lee's startling suggestion of great antiquityfor its lowest level. That Patterson stimulated designation and protection ofSheguiandah through his newspaper and personal connections, especially withLester Pearson, and encouraged the growth of a local historical society anda Sheguiandah museum, is greatly to his credit. That he did not pursue Lee'sspeculations on an interglacial age for part of the site is understandable inlight of his experiences with the Canadian archaeological profession in the1930's and perhaps of his own cautious appraisal of the site.Sheguiandah remains an enigma, despite significant developments in archaeologi-cal and geological interpretation for the Great Lakes area in the past threedecades. So little attention has been focused on what was once consideredCanada's greatest archaeological site that we may well ask if we are not re-peating the pattern of the 1930's through 1950's - allowing fear of censureand of unacceptable ideas to curtail necessary investigations. It is trulyremarkable that Sheguiandah, Canada's most neglected major site of the past30 years, should be intimately connected with W. J. Patterson - the only Can-adian who recognized Palaeo-Indian culture in Ontario before the 1950's.We think it may be an appropriate time to reconsider the significance of theSheguiandah quarry to Ontario prehistory, if only out of respect for Patter-son's judgement and the considerable field efforts of the National Museum.Garrad (1971) has illustrated two projectile points from Sheguiandah whichmay now be regarded as Late Palaeo-Indian in age. Lee's suggestions of evenearlier components to the site have not been investigated. Indeed, as withso many claims for very early sites in North America, those for Sheguiandahwere dismissed out of hand. The site may well fall within the accepted rangeof antiquity for man in North America but it is deserving of rigorous scru-tiny, rather than neglect, if we wish to lay claim to scientific objectivity.That Sheguiandah has not received such scrutiny means that its significanceto our prehistory, as well as our ability to function as professional arch-aeologists, remains to be demonstrated.
We wish to thank Dr. Morgan Tamplin of Trent University for stimulating in-vestigation of W. J. Patterson's later life, Dr. Peter Reid of the Universityof Windsor for generous assistance with social/historical background, and Dr.Rufus Churcher, Dr. Vance Haynes, Dr. Bill Irving, and Dr. Herbert E. Wrightfor interesting comments on objectivity in North American archaeology. JesseFiggins' correspondence is courtesy of the Denver Museum of Natural History.References CitedGarrad, Charles 1971 Ontario Fluted Point Survey. Ontario Archaeology
16:3-1B.
Rogers, Richard A. and Larry O. Martin 1986 Replication and the History ofPaleoindian Studies. Current Research in the Pleistocene 3:43-44.
Schultz, C.B. 1983 Early Man and the Quaternary: Initial Research inNebraska. Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Science 11 :129-136.
Willey, Gordon R. and Jeremy A. Sabloff 1974 A History of AmericanArchaeology. Thames and Hudson.
The 14th Annual OAS Symposium, sponsored by the Ottawa Chapter, OAS, will beheld at the Skyline Hotel, Ottawa, on Friday, Saturday and SundayOctober 23-25, 1987. The Programme Committee is pleased to invite 20-minutepapers either on the theme subject (2 sessions) or any other archaeologicaltopic relating to Ontario (2 open sessions). Abstracts (200 words) orprogramme inquiries should be addressed to:
Dr. Ian DyckChairmanProgramme Committee, OAS Symposium 1987P.O. Box 4939Station EOttawa, Ontario1(1$ 5J1
A former senior Ontario civil servant has been named head of the Niagara Es--·carpment Commission by the provincial Government. Terk Bayly will take overon March 1 as part-time chairman of the commission, which oversees developmenton the Niagara Escarpment. Mr. Bayly, chairman of the Ontario Heritage Foun-dation, is a former secretary to the Management Board of Cabinet. He willreplace Ivor McMullin, who was appointed full-time commission chairman by theformer Conservative government in 1975.
SUPREME COURT TO SETTLE CLAIMS ON IRISH TREASUREFrom The Globe & Mail, Jan. 10,1987Six years ago, a man searching an Irish bog with an inexpensive metal detectorunearthed a ninth- or tenth-century chalice, plate and wine strainer, settingin motion a bitter legal dispute that has reached Ireland's Supreme Court.The treasure - dubbed the Derrynaflan Hoard - has been valued at $7.8 million(Canadian) and its finder, Michael Webb, is understandably reluctant to saygoodbye to it.A high court judge ruled in December that Mr. Webb and his son had the optionof keeping their find - now on display at the National Museum - or of receivingits value from the Irish Government. Judge John Blayney also rejected the Gov-ernment's claim against the Webbs for money spent on restoring the items, equi-valent to $37 ,152,on the grounds that this restoration work was started afterthe finders demanded their treasure back in 1981.That decision has now been appealed to the Supreme Court - Ireland's highestlegal arbiter: where the director of the National Museum, Dr. BreandanO'Riordain, is hoping for a verdict this year allowing the museum to keep theart ifacts.At the heart of the debate is the question of whether the notion of "treasuretrove" still exists in Irish law. When Ireland was ruled by Britain, Irishcitizens of the Crown were obliged to surrender precious items of gold andsilver to their king in return for generous compensation.Judge Blayney argued that the legal justification for such surrenders, stem-ming from the divine power of kings, was swept away by the Irish Constitution.Legal opinion is divided on the matter, however, and Dr. O'Riordain believesthe state can argue that "treasure trove" still exists.The argument may seem academic, if only because the chalice, paten (plate) andstrainer are still on display at the museum, to which Mr. Webb delivered themin February, 1980, the day after he found them. However, if the Governmentloses in the Supreme Court, it will have to cough up the equivalent of $7.8-million if it wants to keep the hoard, even though it has already paid $35,350to the farmer on whose land it was found.To complicate matters, the farmer in question, Denis O'Brien of Tipperary, issuing Mr. Webb for trespassing and larceny. Irish Times also reported thata circuit court judge recently granted an injunction restraining one persistenttrespasser. Lawyer John Gordon said that the land - already recognized as anational monument site - had become a mecca for treasure hunters and that Mr.O'Brien was too old to chase them off.The use of metal detectors will also be curbed by legislation being rushedthrough parliament. The bill, which updates the National Monuments Act, broa-dens the definition of archaeological sites.
Paper presented at the Thirteenth Annual Symposium of the Ontario Archaeologi-cal Society - "Ontario Archaeology & The Planning Process", October 25/26,1986,Toronto, OntarioIn this presentation we would like to take the opportunity to inform the arch-aeological community about the operations of the Toronto Historical Board(THB) and its efforts towards the development of an archaeological policy forthe City of Toronto. For this paper I am speaking as a board member of theToronto Historical Board and Chairman of the Archaeological Task Force, andMichael McClelland, who is an architect and historian, represents the HistoricPreservation Section of the Board staff.To accomplish the goals of this paper in the time alloted several points willbe briefly discussed; the mandate and make up of the Board; its operations;the Archaeology Task Force and Archaeological Policy Study; a statement ofpast, present and future THB archaeological projects in the City; the interestsand commitments of City Council in archaeology; and finally future directions.The Toronto Historical Board is the agency that advises Council on Heritage ma-tters within the City of Toronto. It was estabTished by the City of TorontoAct in 1958 and was entrusted by a By-Law 84-67, with the construction, main-tenance, control, operation and management of historic sites and propertiesowned or acquired by the Corporation within the City of Toronto.The board is made up of 17 members, 15 who are appointed by a nominating com-mittee of City Council and who represent a broad spectrum of citizens of Tor-onto and 2 are political appointees representing the City. Board members areassigned to two major standing committees (Review and Plaques, Publicity andPublications, ppp) and may be asked to sit on other committees or Task Forces)f the Board.fhe staff of the Board includes a Managing Director, a Deputy Director, Head:urator of Museums Section plus the curatorial and interpretive staff of theBoard sites, Head of Historic Preservation plus architectural and planningstaff, and a Communications and Community liason branch. The THB is a multi-million dollar operation funded by the City with additional support for spe-cial projects from the Ministry of Citizenship and Culture and a variety ofProvincial and Federal programmes.One major function of the Board, under the Museums section, is the administra-tion and operation of the Board sites; Old Fort York, Colborne Lodge, Macken-zie House, Marine Museum and Spadina. Under the Ontario Heritage Act (1974)the Board was assigned the responsibilities of the Local Architectural Commun-ity Advisory Committee (LACAC) for the City of Toronto. Prior, and continuingsubsequent to, the Ontario Heritage Act, the THB had established a review pro-cess whereby properties of historical, architectural and contextual signifi-cance were recorded or listed as being properties of note.
archaeological sites later in this paper. Properties once listed on "The Cityof Toronto's Inventory of Buildings of Architectural and Historical Importance"are flagged for investigation by Board staff if any applications for permitsto alter these properties are received in any City department. Thereby allow-ing the Board to determine if the structures are to be changed in ways unac-ceptable to the architectural or historical nature of the building. After anapplication for a permit has been received Board staff can negotiate with pro-perty owners and architects to plan alterations of a sympathetic nature to thestructure. If a demolition permit is requested staff negotiate to save thebuil ding.The Board does not automatically designate a building. Having a building onthe list is a means of monitoring it. If a demolition permit is requested fora listed building then the Board will decide at that point whether or not toadvise the City to designate under part IV of the Ontario Heritage Act. As iswell known designation under the Act is only a delay tactic. Therefore, inthe City, buildings are often designated as a last effort to save them, not asa routine matter. This aspect of Board operations is of significance for thedevelopment of. and the operations of archaeological policy in the City. Cur-rently, there are approximately 250 properties designated under part IV of theAct, but almost 3000 properties are included in the City of Toronto's Inventoryof Buildings of Architectural and Historical Importance.Recognizing the significance of its prehistoric and historic archaeological re-mains the THB established an Archaeological Task Force in 1984 to oversee BoardArchaeological Programmes being developed and to draft Archaeological Policyfor the City of Toronto. The]HB hired archaeologist researchers to examinethe archaeological resources in the City, to collect data on archaeological con-trol mechanisms in other cities in North America and Europe, to assess existingarchaeological response resources in Toronto, to examine existing municipal pro-vincial and federal legislation, to evaluate the Board's role in archaeologyin the City, to present a draft policy statement, and to develop an implementa-tion strategy including the outline of staffing and funding requirements es-sential to such a program. This comprehensive survey was completed in the Fallof 1985.There are several known prehistoric and historic sites in the City of Toronto.Many of these are not totally destroyed and are worthy of archaeological inves-tigation. However rapid development in the downtown core areas of the City isnegatively impacting on these resources at an increasing rate. Hence, the un-derlined necessity of Municipal Archaeological policy.Comparative studies of procedures in place in other urban centres demonstratedthat none of the nine respondents had a comprehensive municipally establishedarchaeological policy, (London, England; Pensacola, Florida, Baltimore, Mary-land; Boston, Mass.; Ann Arbor, Mich; New York, N.Y., Alexandria, VA; Montreal,Quebec; Kingston, Ontario). Weaknesses in archaeological policies included:developments not subject to archaeological research; existing site inventoriesare incomplete; no legal requirements for developer to conduct or to financearchaeological work; voluntary participation by developers has limited success;importantly, there are limited staff and funds; and finally, there is limitedmunicipal legislation covering archaeological circumstances. Resolving the pro-blems within these municipalities were considered when developing the policyproposed for Toronto.
Various organizations and institutiQns (Universities, Museums, Ministries andSocieties) in Toronto were surveyed with respect to Toronto archaeology.Twelve organizations were examined, the results indicated that each group hadindividual needs that did not encompass Toronto on a whole. Instead, therewas only an "ad hoc" response situation to archaeology in the City. Basically,this resulted in dealing (or not dealing) with salvage situations as they arose.But importantly does not include recording, monitoring, preservation and pre-liminary negotiations with developers.The Toronto Historical Board because of its encompassing role in City Heritageis the best candidate for development and for implementation of archaeologicalpolicy within the City.The THB itself has also responded to "crisis" archaeological situations. Theexcavations at the St. James Cathedral cemetary in August 1985 are an example.Furthermore, archaeological projects have been undertaken with Board supportand on Board properties; i.e., Fort York, Fort Rouille, and Spadina. However,at present the Board does not have a staff archaeologist nor support serviceresources to accommodate an archaeological programme. Currently the city's of-ficial plan does include a clause about heritage; this must be expanded to in-clude archaeology.
The draft policy statement currently being considered is:"The archaeological resources of the City of Toronto forman integral part of the cultural heritage of all citizensof Toronto. It is the pol icy ... of tne City of Torontoto protect its archaeological resources through recording,preservation and interpretation."
This is a very general and preliminary statement with significant implicationsfor the City. Since, it requires an implementation strategy with all encumbantresponsibilities. It would require the establishment of an archaeological database, including prehistoric and historic sites; this would be the inventory ofarchaeological sites. As well, Staff and support resources, and funding wouldbe needed to implement the policy.The implementation procedures suggested for the recording of archaeologicalsites would be similar to that outlined for historic still standing structures.As yet the archaeological monitoring procedures are not in place. However, re-cently the Board took a significant step towards monitoring the archaeologicalremnants of the First Parliament Buildings of Upper Canada (1794 - 1813, 1818-1824). Considered to be a major heritage complex in the City, the Province andCanada, they were located at Berkeley and Front Streets and included severalgovernment buildings as well as P~rliament Buildings. It is probable that ar-chaeological remnants exist. Although not previously employed the THB's cri-teria for inclusion of properties in the City of Toronto's Inventory of Build-ings of Architectural and Historical Importance includes the criteria of anarchaeological site. Using this criteria the Board decided to list the Par-liament Buildings in on the City of Toronto's Inventory. In this way any muni-cipal applications for development by current owners of the properties will bedrawn to the Board's attention. Then, the board staff will be able to negoti-ate with developers prior to any work in the area.
way to go towards full archaeological policy implementation. The draft policyis at this moment under review by various city departments. Once this reviewis complete it will be returned to the Archaeology Task Force and the Board,where it will be considered again. Once adopted by the Board the policy willbe sent to City Council for approval. Progress is being made, but it is a slowand gradual process.On other fronts the Board has made important advances. In the past archaeolo-gists have conducted work on Board properties, notably Fort York. These pro-jects have been conducted sporadically over the years without an overall planand with an unfortunately poor record of responsibility in reporting to theBoard on these activities. The work has been conducted by individuals from in-stitutions not directly affiliated with the Board. Recently, the Board hastaken its own initiative.This past year, with the stimulation of the presence of a new curator at theFort, the Board has developed a long term, comprehensive research strategy forOld Fort York. One immediate major concern is the stabilization of the founda-tions of the oluer structures. This project will require archaeological workprior to construction - reconstruction activities. A Community Facility Im-provement Program grant (CFIP) has been received for this project. Plans forthe Fort will include archaeological research, and exhibition of materials re-covered.A similar application has been prepared for submission to the CFIP programmefor Spadina. In this case the plan is to develop an exhibit of the archaeolo-gical work conducted in the basement exposing the foundations of Dr. Baldwin'shome, the first house on the Spadina site.A major archaeological step was taken with regards to the development of theRailway Lands with the archaeology strategy document. The Railway Lands aredivided into precincts. According to the development agreement prepared in con-sultation with the THB and the MCC the heritage resources including archaeologi-cal resources of each precinct must be historically investigated, documented,identified, and conserved, or mitigated if conservation is not feasible.The first stage of this process is the submission of a heritage assessment ofthe precinct paid for by the developer. This shows with maps and supportinghistorical documents the location of heritage features. Then follows thetesting phase and finally the mitigation phase. To facilitate testing and mit-igation the developer must accommodate in scheduling, the work of the archaeol-ogist, allow access to the site and any below grade activities, and the devel-oper must notify the THB if any archaeological resources not previously identi-fied are discovered. It is this strategy document that has allowed work toproceed on the Domed Statium site, the first precinct to be developed in theRa ilway Lands.City Council's interest in Heritage and Archaeology has been considerable. TheCity has requested special legislation to change the Ontario Heritage Act sothat a demolition permit may not be granted for a designated building or struc-ture until a building permit has been granted. In future this will effectivelyprevent heritage buildings, such as Jesse Ketchum Hall, from being demol ishedand turned into parking lots. This will extend the negotiation time related
Related to archaeology the City's commitment has been both in principle and inreal dollars. The Archaeology Policy study was financially supported in partby the City, the Railway Lands Planning Documents and Railway Lands excavationhave been supported by City dollars. The CFIP applications have also necessi-tated dollar support. It is estimated that in the last couple of years atleast a quarter of a million dollars has gone towards archaeology.The Toronto Historical Board is actively pursuing the implementation of compre-hensive archaeological policy fpr the City of Toronto. This is a long-termdevelopmental project. The ramifications of such a policy are significant forthe City, but important as well for other municipalities in North America, whichmight be considering planning similar policy.At present the THB is not equipped to deal fully with archaeology in the City,there is no staff archaeologist, no archaeology preservation section, no sup-port system with archaeology conservation laboratory, archaeology storage spaceand sufficient field equipment. There are no funds at the moment for these,although, they are within the projected strategy plans for the THB. One pos-sible location for this section, operations, laboratories, storage and displayfacilities, is the projected Civic Museum. In the meantime the THB is respond-ing to archaeological matters to the maximum of its potential.
Computer and laser beam technology can significantly speed the process ofarchaeological field work. according to an anthropologist at the Universityof Pennsylvania. The anthropologist, Dr. Harold L. Dibble, an assistantprofessor of anthropology, has adapted the traditional surveyor's tool, atheodolite, with a laser-beam measuring device to locate artifacts. He haswritten a program to record and compile their locations.
The new technology allows researchers to measure the location of a bone andimmediately enter the data into a small micro-processor wired to thetheodolite. Back at the base camp, the data is transferred from the smallfield computer into a more powerful computer that creates a colour-coded mapof that day's digging.
Dr. Dibble is a member of a team excavating a paleolithic site about 160kilometres northeast of Bordeaux, France. He said that using traditionalmethods it could take up to sixty years to excavate the site. With thenew method, it will take fifteen years, he said.
• Toronto Historical Board
Help us planthe Museum of TorontoThe Toronto Historical Board invites you to tab part inplanning the Museum of Toronto, a dynamic contemporaryinstitution that will interpret all aspects of the history anddevelopment of Toronto and its people. Want to help?Submit • brief about the themes and content, programmesand activities, roIIections and location for a MUJeUm ofToronto before February 14, 1987. Submission guidelines areavailable.A~ HerItage '87 at Toronto Oty HaD on FebruarY 14 &.15. This yar the conference will focus on the Museum ofToronto.For more information, write: Project Co-ordinator, Museumof Toronto, Toronto Historical Board, Exhibition Place,Toronto, Ontario M6K 3CJ or call (416) 392~27.
"pplJc:.tJ_ ere l"'''ltH to~ • 'roj.ct A.n:h.HoJ09J.t ••••d en••• Jec:.nt to toOI'. _Jth .e.rt .11'1 _ ~lfMr profr_ /OClU.J.nllon tM lnt.I',tor •••• u.rJo.r ot the 111$ atnce".' ••••.Ate.,.uOCl wJlJ 0. ,J_ to ~lJc Jnt.rpr.t.Uon.
Head, Museum Division$44,900 • $58,100•• _ 01••••••••• DMoIon01••• To.",Uo_ Boo", you wtlIjoin a"'" 01-.ior maNgerS ft!lIC)C)Mtble to the ManagingOI~ for ~ning. de'teIopinganddllhering • wide range of hefbgI ~ 10 the pubfk:.
'flour f'88P()nIibilitiel will inctude: dll'llCtlng the opemIon of"'" ~ tnUaIIUfN. andreI.led COIlectiona. with • stitt of up to 80 (full and part-time) .nd • budget 01 '1.8 million;devetOptng poticy for the 801", .nd the City in all matterl rwl.ting to muMUmI: andperUciptlttng •• member of the p"nnlng IlNm for the proposed MUleUm of Toronto.
The SUCClllful candid", WIll hIve supenor organizational and Idmin_ratl~ skilla; aminimum of three years in a senIOr management capeclty In a mUMUITI or r.~ lettIng; agrMtuate degree in muaeum studiel or aPPfO'tld eQuIValent a thorough knowtedge of auph •••• 01 muMUITI openIItions and procedures; demonstrated knOWledge 01 CanadllnhlitOfY. emphuia on Toronto pntl4tfTWd;and exc:ell8l'1t communication (oral and wntter1) andInterpersonal skills.
I am writing with regard to Shelley Saunders' article, "The Mackenzie SiteHuman Skeletal r1ateria1" (Ontario' Archaeo109.l' No. 45). and more specificallywith regard to the presence br other burial areas associated with the site.No one would argue with the author's contention that the minimum of 18 knownindividuals represents but a fraction of the expected dead, and that (regard-less of the precise estimates) the remains of several hundred or more indivi-duals are unaccounted for. From my reading of the article I am not enti relyclear on the reasons Saunders' infers for this mystery, although by the pro-cess of elimination she seems to imply that the missing burials formed part ofthe cemetary at the knoll and were "destroyed or lost to the looting that wascommon prior to organized excavations" (page 24). Thus, she states that "allindications, from discussions with previous investigators, suggest that thesandy knoll is the only known burial area", and that the "closest known os-suary", Kleinberg, seems too late to be related to Mackenzie (Ibid.).Contrary to the above, a recent study which I completed on behalf of my firmdemonstrates that there are a minimll11 of th ree unre9i stered buri a 1 occurrencesrecorded for the vicinity of the MacKenzie village (Report on Phase I of anArchaeological Masterplan for the Town of Vaughan: Background Research andFeasibility Study) (Mayer, Pih1, Poulton, and ~sociates Incorporated 1986:153-156).The first of these is referenced by A.F. Hunter (York County Sites, Site 2:Mtebook on file, Ethnology Department, Royal Ontario Museum) and comprises :'agreat number of isolated graves" found while a side road was being cut througha hill sometime prior to 1886. Research indicates that the road in questionis probably Highway 7 which would place the graves some 300-700 m. south orsouthwest of MacKenzie. The fact that the grave goods described include guns,however, suggests that some or all of these burials were Mississauga ratherthan Iroquoian. This site is also referenced in a letter to the editor of theMail, from a John Ellis (January 6, 1886). Hunter's information is transcrib-ed in the A.J. Clark papers (on file, Archaeological Survey of Caflada).The other two burial occurrences are described as ossuaries and are more likelyto relate to the matter at hand. Both are mentioned in reference to MacKenziein Ttle fHstory of Va!J9hart TOWl1shipby G.E. Reaman (1971 :9).Reaman states that one of the ossuaries is located partially within the north-west corner of the Hi 11crest Cemetary, and that "Remains have been unearthedfrom time to time, but a portion has never been under cultivation." This occur-rence correlates roughly with one described by David Johnson (A Preliminary Re-port on the Excavations at MacKenzie Site) (1978:4), as follows:
A possible small ossuary was dug out to the west of the site by alocal resident ... while excavating for a swimming pool betweenthe Morrison residence at 1 Wigwoss Drive and the modern cemetarywhich fronts on Highway 7, east of Islington Avenue.
The above burial 10cation(s) is situated less than 300 m. south of the villageand may further correlate with an earlier reference contained in a letter fromR.B. Orr, Curator of the Provincial Museum, to Mr. Daniel McKenzie of Wood-bridge (April 30, 1912). In the letter Orr states "I think you have in yourpossession one of the finest ossuaries known, that on the top of the hill be-side the old church".
The second ossuary mentioned by Reaman is placed by him to the east of thevillage, on the George Sherrin property. This is presumed to be the same asan ossuary referenced in the following quote from the dissertation of J. NonnanEmerson U954:l45):
About a quarter of a mile to the east of the village proper thereis the badly disturbed remains of an excavated ~ or, rather, looted- ossuary which was no doubt associated with (MacKenzie).
With further regard to missing burials, it may be that the cemetary area ofthe knoll discussed by Saunders was more extensive than has been realized.Johnson (1978:4), with reference to reports of burials in this area, mentioneda large pit excavated for sand in the 1930's which may have destroyed some in-tennents. More important is the possibility that investigations adequate todefine the true extent of the cemetary were never conducted. Although detailedinformation on the circumstances of discovery are not available in report formfor the burials recovered at various times from the cemetary, the initial dis-covery of human remains by Robin Dods' crew in 1982 at least was owing to ex-posure by erosion. Burials on the eroding surfaces such as the face of theknoll would be, far more susceptible to discovery than interments on more levelground, and no extensive topsoil stripping was apparently ever conducted tocheck for burial pits on or in the immediate vicinity of the knoll (c.f. TheWoodbridge-McKenzie Project, the /1cKenzie Site, AkGv-2) (report on file, Mini-stry of Citizenship and Culture) (Dods 1982:84~88).To summarize, the evidence indicates that the cemetary area of the knoll maywell have been more extensive than documented, and other evidence proves thatat least two other burial loci were present in close proximity to the MacKen-zie village. Given that orr and Emerson could be expected to know an ossuarywhen they saw one, and in the absence of any other candidate village, it issafe to assume that this burial mode is associated with the MacKenzie occupa-tion.All things considered, the question becomes not why more burials haven't beenfound, but why so many evidently were present, and in so many discrete loca-tions. These questions are particularly intriguing in light of the matter ofethnicity raised by Saunders' analysis.It is possible that some of the answers may yet be preserved within the Hill-crest Cemetary, but the development which has ringed the MacKenzie site inthe past 20 years ensures that the whole story will never be known.Y'oors Sincerely,Dana R. Poulton, Senior Archaeologist, Mayer, Pihl, Poulton and Associates
Incorporated
Dear Editor:Cyprus Bulletin arrived today and as it has a short note and picture of Kyren-ia II a replica of the ship that was discovered and excavated and raised~the coast of Kyrenia from 1967-69 I wondered if Arch Notes readers might beinterestedin it.When I was in Cyprus in 1973 for my first field school, I was able to tour thelab where the wreck was being conserved. Huge holding tanks had been arrangedin Kyrenia castle to hold the salt filled timbers which were being cleaned.
It took 2 years to get all the salt out before drying and preserving with PVGcould be carried out.The ship was excavated under the direction of Susan and Michael Katzev. It isa late 4th century commercial ship. Its cargo consisted of over 400 Rhodianwine amphorae and almonds of which thousands were recovered. Ballast consis-ted of 29 grinding stones. The ship was put together with copper nails.Sincerely,RiJ:a ~~ichael, Michael Archaeological ServicesCYPRUS BULLETIN - October 15, 1986, Vol. XXIV, 22President Kyprianou, Greece's Minister of Culture, Mrs. Melina Mercouri andthousands of people lived emotional moments on October 2 in Paphos, the birth-place of Aphrodite, the mythological goddess of beauty, when they welcomedthe Kyrenia II, a full-size replica of the ancient greek merchant ship, sankoff the Kyrenia coast in the north, twenty-three centuries ago.The all-wooden ship entered Paphos harbour after a 26-day voyage from Piraeus,Greece, to Cyprus. It was an experimental and at the same time symbolic trip.8efore coming to Cyprus the replica called at several Greek Aegean islandscollecting various local products, like oil, wine, soil and almonds as it wasthe cargo of the ancient ship which was sunk by pirates 2,300 years ago duringthe lifetime of Alexander the Great.It was escorted into Paphos harbour by a Greek' destroyer "Aegeon" accompaniedby scores of smaller Cypriot vessels.The entry of the ship into Paphos harbour marked the beginning of variousevents which will last throughout October. The ship is also to visit all otherfree harbours in the island, namely Limassol, Larnaca, Ayia Napa and Paralimni.President Kyprianou unveiled a plaque in front of the medieval castle ofPaphos harbour on the occasion of the ship's arrival.In a welcoming speech President Kyprianou said the replica had brought to Cy-prus a message of hope for the 1iberation of the Turkish-occupied area ofCyprus including Kyrenia town where the hull of the ancient ship retrievedfrom the sea was on display in the town's crusader castle.The hope was widely expressed that Kyrenia II would eventually sail into afree Kyrenia harbour like its ancient prototype used to do twenty-three cen-turies ago.
11y wife and I have organized again this year a cruise with archaeological andhistorical themes in Greece. Last year's venture "The Aegean Argosy '86" wasan unqualified success. This summer's cruise, "The Peloponnesian Argosy '87",is desc~ibed in a brochure I have available. I think that some of the readersof Arcl:h'Noteswoul d be interested in learning of this unusual adventure inGreek'archaeology.Sincerely yours,David W. Rupp, Antichita, 109 Village Road, St. Catharines, Ontario L2T 3C3
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MODERN qUI\f\f\IESp.ND THEIR IVPI\CT ON ARCH,\EOLCGICAL RESOURCESIt! SOUTH\1ESTEP.N ONTARIO
L. R. Dud Parker, Fred r~oerschfelder, Jim H. Pengelly, andSue D. Pengelly
Paper presented at the Thirteenth Annual Symposium of the Ontario Archaeologi-cal Society - "Ontario Archaeology & The Planning Process", October 25/26,1986, Toronto, Ontario.In the past year, archaeological discoveries at building developments in South-western Ontario have made newspaper headlines. These incl ude the 19th centurywharves at Harbourfront in Toronto, and the Historic Neutral ossuary at r~ilton,to name but two. To guard against this kind of destructive excavation, con-tract archaeologists have been very active in recent months. These individu-als, groups and companies have begun the unenviable task of trying to preventurban development from destroying more unknown archaeological sites. As anexample, the Region of Waterloo has hired its own archaeological team whosejob it is to prepare a two-year plan which locates known sites and generallyarchaeological sensitive areas for the municipality's planning department.This type of practice is occurring in other cities throughout the province aswell.With new industrial and residential areas spreading across Southwestern Ontar-io, other zones of archaeological interest seem to have been almost forgotten.The aggregate quarry companies of the regions of Haldimand-Norfolk and ~Iiagaradestroy archaeological sites regularly without seeming to notice. In thispaper, the fate of dozens of known and unknown sites will be presented.To start a quarry in this province, one has to apply to the l1inistry of Natur-al Resources for a quarrying license under the "Pits and Quarry Control Act(1972)". This application can only be processed if the applicant has had theplanned quarry site zoned correctly in the local municipality first. The ap-plication process is valid only for new quarry locations, re-excavating oldworks, or for current operations which have come under some sort of review.The 1icense, once granted, is not usually renewed and the Act itsel f is notretroactive for quarries which were being worked before 1972.The appl icant must submit several items in this process: 1. full sequentialdevelopment plans in map form and in prose; 2. a rehabilitation program forthe excavated areas; and 3. written plans for the land after the quarryinghas ceased. Plso, the application is supposed to be circulated to other pro-vincial r1inistries for specialized input into the licensing process. It isnot known whether or not the r~inistry of Citizenship and Culture receivescopies of these applications on a regular basis. Finally, local municipali-ties vary as to their own bylaws for quarry operations, such as noise leveland other concerns.In the Regions of Haldimand-Norfolk and Niagara, operating dolostone (lime-stone) aggregate quarries are expanding with what seems to be little or noregard for the environr;,ental or heritage resources in their way. In particu-lar, at Cayuga and Port Colborne, (see Figure 1), long existing quarry pitsare on the verge of destroying dozens of archaeological sites.
~t the Cayuga quarry, the present pit has been operating for more than a cen-tury (see Figure 21. The pit now covers an area of more than one million squaremeters. I\ccording to recent archaeological surveys CMoerschfel der 1985), thereare at least two dozen sites in this area. Only one of these, the I\llan siteCAfGx-50) has been excavated archaeologically to any degree (Parker 1986a,1986b) .
A few kilometers to the northwest of the Cayuga quarry the University of Hater-100 studies a quarry license proposal on lands very sensitive to destructionliecause of rare flora and fauna on the unique Oriskany sandstone formation (deBoer et al 1982). The researchers were very disappointed with the meagre areaset aside as a "preserve" compared to all the area slated for quarrying (1982:2). Fortunately for this rare environment, the quarry company at this locationclosed soon after beginning to excavate the sandstone and dolostone aggregate.
In the Port Colborne area a large Onondaga chert quarry and workshop site isalso in immediate danger of vanishing due to aggregate quarrying by Port Col-borne Quarries Ltd., an American-owned firm from Cleveland. This site is verylarge, consisting of dozens of acres and contains evidence of at least 9,000years of occupation (Pengelly, 1984; Pengelly and Pengelly 1985, 1986). Here,on a sandy ridge formed by ancient Lake Harren over 12,000 years ago, theearth literally "crunches" beneath your feet due to the vast amount of chertdebris (Pengelly 1984: 21). The information which remains un-tapped at this site will be soon destroyed by the modern aggregate quarry (Pen-gelly 1985: 9, 1986: 9).
The destruction of archaeological sites due to modern quarrying is most unfor-tunate at the Cayuga and Port Colborne pits. Here, prehistoric people obtainedgreat guantities of good quality Haldimand and Onondaga chert for their lithicneeds (Fox, 1978). Initial quarry workshop sites are extremely important forunderstanding lithic production systems (Ericson 1984: 2; Gramly 1984; Hatchand Miller 1985; Parker 1986a, 1,)!l6b). The study of Haldimand chert, for in-stance, was hampered because of the destruction of so many original chert out-crops and workshops by modern quarry operators in the past century (Moersch-fel der 1985; Parker 1986a, 1986b).
Theoretically, any quarry or gravel pit operation could destroy a site accident-ally. However, in the two regions mentioned above, the potential for destructionis much greater with the chert-bearing formations being part of the same dolo-stone stratigraphy valued for aggregate supplies. At the present moment, sev-eral Glen t~eyer sites are just meters away from the edge of the expanding Cayugaquarry pi t U~oerschfel der 1985; Parker 1986b: 240).
This paper was designed to introduce the audience to a situation of archaeologi-cal importance. Modern, expanding quarries throughout the region have the po-tential to destroy several known and countless unknown sites and we have verylittle means to stop it. It is suggested that the rinistry of Natural Resourcescirculate any new license applications to the Ministries of Environment, andCitizenship and Culture for review. These ministries should then be part ofthe licensing body according to the outlines of the various protective acts inprovincial law. It is also suggested that active quarries and gravel pits whichwere in operation before 1972 comply with these assessment acts for environmentaland heritage resources. Plans can be implemented so that an archaeological sur-vey of a quarry company's lands can be carried out in areas where destruction is
inevitab.le, b.ut at least two years down the road. In this way. sites can bemitigated and the cost can be paid for by the developer as in the residentialand/or industrial community whtcn employs contract archaeologists on a regularbasis.
LAKE
HURON
STUDY AREA II a - Cayuga I~ ..!!:.P2!t_C~~rn.! ...J
A~
CAYUGAQUARRY1877-1983
t1I/) _QUARRY
• _ ALLAN SITE(AfGx-50)
\
THE ONTARIO ARCHAEOLOGICALSOCIETYANNUALBUSINESS MEETING - Toronto - October 25, 1986
The general business meeting of the Ontario Archaeolo~ical Society was held at4:00 p.m. on Saturday, October 25, 1986 at the Ontario Institute for Studiesin Education, Bloor Street, 52 members in attendance.
1.1 Minutes of the 1985 Business Meeting.The President asked for corrections, amendments and additions.MOTION: TO ACCEPT THE MINUTES AS PRESENTEDP. Reid/E. Kruse. CARRIED.~1inutes of todays meeting wi 11 be present.ed in Arch Notes. Correctionsshould be sent to M. Tuck.
1.2 Business Arising.1. Jackes-Eg1inton site. The plaque was unveiled on October 2, 1986.
Dr. Brown represented the Society, which contributed one-half of thefundi'ng for the pl aque.
2. Chapter Communication. Chapters are now exchanging newsletters.3. Chapter Support. Deadline for 1986 is December 31,1986. The total
amount available has been increased from $600 to $1200, due to care-full fiscal management. Seven chapters will exist as of January,1987, Niagara Region being the new addition.
2.0 Executive Reports.
2.1 President.1. Volunteer services awards. Five members were nominated by the So-
ciety for five years of service, plus five by the London Chapter.Chapters are requested to nominate five for this year as well theSociety. Must have five years of continuous service.
2. Paper Treasures. The Society was co-sponsor with the Ontario Histor-ical Society of this successful symposium. Six Society members spoke,three as representatives of the Society.
3. Ontario Waste Managerrent Corporation. A grant was received for theSociety review of the consultant's report regarding possible wastedisposal sites, done on our behalf by Mayer, Pihl and Poulton. Thefee for editing by OAS members was donated to the Society.
4. Bus Trip. A very successful weekend trip to the Peterborough/Kingstonarea was held.
5. Letter Campaign. The Society has been active in promoting heritagepreservation, by writing letters to the editors of several Torontonewspapers, an activity to be encouraged. Support was also indicatedfor the continuation of the Zooarchaeological 10 Centre, which provedhe 1pfu1 .
6. Ontario Heri tage Act. The Society has submitted suggestions forchange to the Ontario Heri tage Foundation as requested; next year wi 11comment on the Act. Chapters shaul d comment also and be prepared toattend public meetings.
7. President's Communique. This comment in Arch Notes has been a usefulvehicle for communicating with those members who are not chapter mem-bers.
8. New Chapter. A new chapter with nineteen members has held a formativemeeting and will be electing its first executive in January 1987.
Funding assistance of $200 has been gi ven.
2.2 Treas ure r
1. Statement for Jan.-Sept. 1986 as attached. C. Caroppo has beentreasurer for balance of 1986 subsequent to the resignation of G.Suthe~and for personal reasons.
2. M.C.C. Grants. Two are shown on the statement due to difference inbudget years, our's calendar, their's fiscal. No further money isoutstanding until our next grant is hopefully approved.
3. New Budget Items. Items are being considered, such as a telephone,library and office space, transportation costs for executive travel,Chapter and Society, for the next grant request.
2.3 Directors and Secretary.Directors have been busy responding to issues affecting heritage preser-vation. The Secretary thanks those who have commented on the minutescontent and format.
2.4 Administrator.1. Society membership is now 724.2. C. Garrad noted the prompt service and turn-around time (48 hours) in
spite of an increased volume of mail now that the Society has a largervoice in the archaeological community. For example, information fora r~cc review of heritage involved the tompletion of a seventeen pagequestionaire that was returned in three days, the first and a modelfo r the othe rs .
3. Bus Trip. This was very successful, as noted above.4. Overseas Trip. Two locations are under consideration.5. Arch Notes. This now is mailed second class for economy which in-
volves extensive preparation for mailing.6. Communications. The Administrator now plays a larger role: phones
chapters each month, accepts collect calls, entails more letterwriting as well .
7. Symposium 1986. This year the Administrator played a larger role inits organization.
2.5 Fees 1987.No increase this year due to the increase in the grant.
2.6 Symposium 1987 - Ottawa.S. Cumbaa gave the arrangements as presently made. Location is the Sky-line Hotel, Ottawa. Date is October 23-25,1987. The theme is "RiversThrough Time: Archaeology a~ong our eastern waterways". This will in-clude historic, pre-historic and fur trade archaeology. It will be ad-vertised in New York State and Quebec. The call for papers will notethat preference will be given to OAS members. Continuity of the execu-t i ve is gua ranteed . C. Ca roppo note d tha t a s urcha rge for the Awards Fun dshould be included and that a profit split will be negotiated. The gener-ation of funds is a component of our grant application.
3.0 Committee Reports.1. Arch Notes • M. Ki rby be 1 i eves that the news 1ette r speaks fo r itse If .
The next issue is due in early December. The savings because of 2ndclass mailing has meant no need to decrease the publication's size.
Thanks to all contributors as the publication depends on you.2. OA and MOA. These are well in hand particularly as Dr. Johnston has
made a wonderful recovery from major surgery.3. Nominating Committee. Chairman, D. Brown, members, B. ~1ayer (London),
T. Stapells (Toronto).Slate for 1987:President: C. CaroppoTreasurer: t~. KirbySecretary: M. TuckDirectors (2 to be elected): J. Steckley, N. Knowlton, R. Burgar,
P. Rei dCalled for nominations from the floor, none were made, nominationswere closed. Ballots will be sent out with an announcement in Janu-ary of the results. A brief description of the candidates will beincluded with the ballot. Notice of any Constitutional change to bevoted on will also be sent at that time.
4.0 Chapter Reports.All chapters were represented at the Presidents' meeting Friday evening.Dr. Brown introduced those chapter executive present: N. Ferris - London,S. Cumbaa - Ottawa, D. Doroszenko - Toronto, P. Reid - Windsor.
5.0 New Business.1. Society project. This is for money available over budget - $3000.
Suggestions were requested for long lasting and constructive projects.Three suggestions for comment:1. Chapter display framework for promotion of chapter and Society.2. Centennial project, monograph of some sort for publication, after
proper review.3. Advocacy manual for policy and guidelines for an advocacy commit-
tee.Several other ideas present are better hel d for consideration as bud-get line items or as part of the Awards Fund. After discussion, avote indicated: 1. 13,2.-3,3.-25.Therefore the general consensus was the advocacy manual. Suggestionswill be voted on by the Society as a whole. Dr.Kapches has volun-teered to undertake the advocacy manual project, if this is approved.
2. Advocacy Committee.This is seen as a group to lobby government and to respond to arch-aeological concerns. Chapter and general Society volunteers are need-ed. N. Ferris (London) volunteered to be chairman. The committeewill have an advocacy manual to assist if this project is approvedby the membership.
3. Po1icy r1anua1 .This item has been on hold because of the revision of the Constitution.It is needed as a guideline for issues. One of the directors will beresponsible for this and will begin with the existing manual and re-solutions previously made in the minutes. Chapters will read and dis-cuss. This will be particularly needed for guidelines for policy torespond to advocacy items.
4. Constitution.S. Cumbaa suggested an amendment, to be presented to all members fora vote, which will spread the workload around the organization,Society
MOTION: THAT THE ONTARIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY BE ALLOWED TOHOLD ONLY ONE ELECTED OFFICE AT ANY TIME. S. Cumbaa/P.Reid. PASSED.
Adjournment.Thanks to C. Kirby for her organization of the Symposium and tounteers. Thanks also to the Programme Chairman, Dr. D. Brown.of thanks from the floor to Dr. Brown for his year as presidentSociety.MOTION: TO ADJOURN THE 1986 GENERAL B'USINESS MEETING.
•••••••••••••••••••••••••• •: ~ss anTnl",s..... :• •• •NEWTRANSLAHONMAYEND CAROL DEBATE ••••••••••• 1)••••••••••• 0.From The Globe & Ma11, 20/12/86A new translation of Canada's oldest Christmas carol probably has ended a de-bate about the time and place of its writing.For more than 100 years, the Eng1 ish~speaking part of the country knew of theHuron Carol by the title Jesus is Born. Grade-school students were taughtthat it was written in the 1630s by St. Jean de Brebeuf while he worked as amissionary at the Huron village of Ossossane, near Midland.However, Professor Bruce Trigger, a McGi11 University lecturer and author ofthree recent books on native history, says most academics believed that therewas no proof of the origin of the carol prior to the late 1700s.Many scholars believe it may have been written long after the tiny remnant ofthe once-strong Huron tribes fled to Quebec in 1650.But now, John ,Steckley, a Toronto-based linguist and teacher, says he has un-covered proof that the carol was not only writtel'l before 1668, but very likelyby Father Brebeuf.
He says there is a reference to the song in the 1668 Jesuit Relations, a ser-ies of books and letters sent back to France by priests working as missionar-ies."It was likely written while the Jesuits were in Huronia," Mr. Steckley said,but the first written reference to the sOl'lg is from Quebec. "The Jesuits werewriting about a sick Huron girl who lived at the Ile d'Or1eans, near QuebecCity. She was born in 1654 and was terribly ill during the Christmas of 1668."We aren't left with the Hurol1 name of the girl, but the French called herTherese. She kept asking her mother when Christmas would be coming. The Jes-uits came to visit the family and on Christmas Eve they sang 'When Jesus isBorn.' The next morning the girl died."The problem with finding a date for the writing of the carol was that no onereally knew what the Huron name lfor the carol) meant." So, although the 1668Jesuit Relations had been available, 110 one knew the carol in the story aboutTherese was the one that people today know as the Huron Carol.To learn more about the Hurons, who numbered about 20,000 in 1600 and onlyabout 600 by 1650, Mr. Steckley taught himself their language by studying dic-tionaries written by the Jesuit missionaries. He was able to add to his kAow-ledge by using the similar Iroquois languages as guides.He said Rev. Antoine Daniel, who was killed by the Iroquois in 1648, was knowl'lto have set religious poems to music during his stay in the Huron country, butFather Brebeuf had a much greater grasp of the Huron language.This is the carol, as translated by Mr. Steckley:
You who are people take heart, Jesus is bornBehold, the spirit who enslaved us has departed.Do not listen to him, for he corrupts our minds!Jesus He is bornThe spirits who dwell in the sky are coming with a message.They are coming to say: "Rejoice!"Mary has given birth, rejoicelJes us He is bo rnThree men of great authority have left for the place
(of Hi s bi rth).
A star that has just appeared over the horizon leadsthem there.
That star will walk first on the path to guide them,there.
Jesus He is born.As they arri ved where Jesus was born; .The star stopped not far from there.Having found the place, he said: "Come hither!"Jes us He is bornBehold, they have arrived and have seen Jesus.They praise His name many times, saying that He is
good and kindThe greet Him with great respect (cheering).Jesus He is born(They say) : "We wi 11 place His name in a position of
honor. ""Let us show reverence to Him for He comes to be
merciful to us."It is a blessing that you love us and wish that we may
be taken into your family.
ADAPTIt1G THE OLD CHRISHI,AS STORY - Why the Jesuits changed a manger into adugout canoe for the Huron - By John Steckley, Special to The StarFrom The Toronto Star, Dec. 1986The story of Christmas has been told all over the world. And everywhere thestory has been heard, it has been adapted to make sense to the listeners. Thatis nowhere more true than when it was first tol d in Ontario.The listeners were the Huron, who lived between Lake Simcoe and Georgian Bay.They listened while Jesuit missionaries told the tale.The Huron were farmers, but did not herd animals such as sheep or cattle. Theylived mainly on the corn, beans and squash that they had taught the Jesuitsto grow. So when the black-robed priests spoke of shepherds watching theirflocks by night, they were talking of something miraculous to the Huron: Ani-mals that gave their pelts to humans, without also giving up their lives.And having no cattle or horses, the Huron had no mangers from which these ani-mals could eat, or for the baby Jesus to be born in. The Jesuits spoke ofJesus being placed to sleep in a dugout canoe.Huron social organization made other changes necessary. Having no concept oftaxes, the Huron were told that Augustus Caesar wanted his people to be coun-ted. The Huron were matrilineal,' that is they determined kinship on the fe-male side. So the Jesuits said that Joseph went to Bethlehem because it wasthe village of David, his mother's father.The following passage was probably first written some time during the 17thcentury. It is taken from a Huron passage copied in the 1740s by Jesuit Fa-ther Pierre Potier:"Once, a leader called Augustus Caesar made his wishes known throughout thecountry. He sai d, 'I wish that the number of people in every village woul d becounted. I wish to be sure in the spirit of my mind that my people will havethei r names recorded where they 1ive. '"
"Bethlehem is the name of the village where Joseph came from, as his mother'sfather used to live there. Now he went there with his wife. He wished thatas soon as their names would De put with the others, they would prepare allthat was necessary for Mary, who was about to give birth."Behold, she gave birth to a son, oound him up and had to place him inside adugout canoe. For those who had come to be counted had taken all the spacesin every longhouse."Now, in a field there were many together. They were the ones who take careof the animals whose pelt is passed on to others. They were frightened whena skydweller appeared 1ike a sun in thei r midst. Rays of sUllshine beamed out-ward from his body. They were so sei zed with fear that thei r sca1 ps moved."The sky-dweller said, 'Do not fear. r come to give you news so great it willcause people all over the world to feel on top of 1ife. Toni ght he is bornfor you. The master or great voice will become human. He was brought hereto protect those who are human beings. You will know him by the dugout canoehe sleeps in. You will find him in the village of David.'"While he was still speaking, a great number of sky-dwelling warriors began tochant. 'God is honored to the ellds of the tree-tops. He is praised in thesky where he lives. They should have minds that are beautiful in peace, thosetrue people who walk about on the earth. I
"When they finished their chant, they returned to the sky. At that moment,those who take care of the animals whose pelts are passed on exhorted eachother. They said, 'We should go to become sure in our minds about what thesky-dwellers have told us, that the great voice has become human.'"They went there in great haste, and found Mary, Joseph and the chi 1d who waslying in a dugout canoe. They saw him and expressed in surprise, 'That whichthe sky-dwell ers came to tell us is true.' And they admi red it and wentabout telling the news. Mary kept this whole affair in the spirit of hermind ."
Black Creek Pioneer VillageMarch 6,7,8, 1987
The Ontario Folklore Conference will examine such topics as music, dance, oraltraditions, legends, medicines and superstitions through workshop sessions,lectures and panel discussions. The Conference is being cooperatively sponsor-ed by the Ontario Historical Society, York University and Black Creek PioneerVillage.This three day event will be the first conference devoted to folklore studiesever held in Ontario. Plan now to attend~Enquiries: The Ontario Historical Society
Robert ~1, Patton, from Me,d1'fal'Doctor, Dec. 1986Open-heart surgery in pre-Columbian Peru? Brain surgery in ancient Egypt?Both of them in Soviet Armenia 30,000 years ago?Such preposterous questions would have been quickly dismissed only 20 yearsago, but, in a startling series of recent discoveries, many historians andmedical experts have had drastically to revise their smug assumptions regard-ing prehistoric medicine. It now appears it was much more advanced both sci-entifically and technologically than was previously thought.Take skull surgery, for instance. In the late 1960s, a number of buriedskulls were found at Ishtikunuy in Soviet Armenia at a site once inhabited bya people called the Khurits around 2000 B.C. While examining these skulls,Professor Andronik Jagharian, director of the Erivan Medical Institute, wasastonished to discover that surgery had undoubtedly been performed on some ofthem.One had belonged to a woman of about 35 who had evidently suffered a head in-jury in her youth, resulting in a one-quarter-inch hole in her skull. A plugof animal bone had been skillfully inserted into the hole, and the cranialbone eventually grew around it. The woman evidently survived this delicateoperation and died some years later.The second skull was also that of a woman, this one approximately 40 yearsold. She had been hit on the head by a blunt object that had punctured herskull, splintering the inner layers of cranial bone. A large hole had beencut around the puncture in order to remove the splinters that had penetratedthe brain. She also survived the operation and died some 15 years later.What were the tools used by these prehistoric surgeons? Simple obsidian ra-zors. "We have found 4,000-year-old obsidian razors at Lake Savan that areso sharp they can still be used today," says Professor Jagharian. "Consider-ing the ancient tools the doctors had to work with, I would say they weretechnically superior to modern-day surgeons."These aren't the only such cases to be found in Russia, for in 1969 a team ofresearchers from the universities of Leningrad and Ashkhabad uncovered 30skeletons in a cave in central Asia. Remains with the skeletons were carbon-dated to the early Paleolithic period, or approximately 30,000 years ago. Inhis report to the Soviet Academy of Sciences, Professor Leonid '·1armajarjannoted that several of the skulls had undeniably been operated upon, but mostsurprising of all was the evidence that open-heart surgery had also been per-formed: The ribs had been expertly cut, and there was evi dence that they hadbeen further spread by retraction. Every feature corresponded to the "cardiacwindow," which enables modern-day surgeons to perform open-heart surgery. Thebony deposits on the cut ribs indicated that the patient had survived thisoperation and had lived for as long as five additional years afterward.Pre~C'Ohnnbian S'Urger,Y
«Ct\< '
In South America, there is mounting evidenceused advanced surgical techniques upon theirprofessor of anthropology and history at thelecting pre-Incan stone carvings for years.
that pre-Col umbi an doctors alsopa tients. Dr. Jose Cab rena, aUniversity of Peru, has been col-These carvings depict heart
tr&nsplants and C&esare&n births as well as even brain transplants. Some goas far as showing patients hooked up to what appear to be intricate life-sup-port systems.
Techniques developed in the new combined disciplines of paleopathology, astro-archaeology, and paleobiology, as well as new methods of dating now allow usmore accurately to date and assess the remains of the past. Marvin J. Allison,for instance, is a paleopathologist at the r·1edical Center of Virginia who in1970 traveled to lea, Peru, under the auspices of the National Geographic Foun-dation. Together with Dr. Alejandro Pezzia, curator of the Regional t1useum oflea, he studied 288 mummies interred during the period 600-100 B.C. by theHuari, Nazca, and lea cultures. What they discovered was that Peruvian doc-tors were just as eager to perform brain surgery as were other Western physi-cians, except that in the latter case trephination resulted in a 100 per centfailure rate. The pre-Incan patients survived the operation about 74 per centof the time.
Dr. Allison observed that the most common technique used to open a patient'sskull was circular cutting, whereas scraping, crosscut surgery, and drillingtechniques were less commonly used and resulted in lower survival rates. Ac-cording to Dr. Allison, such operations were routine in ancient Peru and wereperformed most often for trauma, disease, epilepsy, and headaches.
Where did these "primitive" civilizations get the knowledge to perform suchcomplex and dangerous brain operations using only simple obsidian blades?Since they evidently had no writing, how was this information disseminated toother doctors?
Although much has been written over the years about science and technology inancient E~ypt. becausE the Egyptians had an oral as well as written tradition,precious little of substance is known. From the surviving medical books, orpapyruses, that hav= come down to us, we do know that in classical Egypt woundswere treated with a knife,with a scalpel heated in fire, or with cauteriza-tion~ that fire was used to treat aneurysms; that sedative drugs such as opi-um were used; and that the most common surgical instruments were scrapers,scalpels, curettes,and several kinds of knife.
Even though trephination is not mentioned in any of the ancient papyruses, wecan infer its existence from more direct sources: Two trephined skulls werefound in a tomb at Saggara. In both, the frontal bone was pierced by a cir-cular hole with beveled edges. One can see from the perfect healing of theedges that the perforation had taken place some time before death. The bonehad been removed apparently by the use of hammer and chisel or a convex scra-per with a wi de radi us.
Another skull, found at Lisht of a noble of the XIlth dynasty, appears tre-phined, but this is by no means certain. According to T.D. Stewart of theSmithsonian Institution, where the skull is on display, "The so-called trephineskull is in reality a case of symmetrical resorption of the parietals as aresult of old age. There is an oval-shaped area of thinning over each pari-etal and the thinness of the bone at these points has led to subsequent perfor-ation."
Unfortunately, our knowledge of Egyptian skull surgery is far from complete.In fact, trained prehistorians, including medical experts, are the first toadmit how little they truly know of early human history. By and large, theydeal with civilizations' leavings, bits of bone and shards of pottery, and,occasionally, whole abandoned or buried communities. New discoveries are
constantly being made that shed new light on the accomplishments of our re-mote ancestors. There is growing evidence that prehistoric peoples were notthe "primitives" we once believed them to be, but we need more concrete evi-dence before ftnal conclusions can be drawn. All that can be sai d at thispoint is that what little we know of the cultures of antiquity shows them tobe surprisingly sophisticated in many branches of science and that what wethink of as "modern" science mi ght not be so new after all.
Wed. Feb. 18 John MacDonald, Archaeology Technician, RegionalMunicipality of Waterloo "Excavations of Native Sites atLongpoint", 8.00 pm. , at the Adult Recreation Centre,185 King Street South, Waterloo.
Wed. March 18 - Scarlett Janusas, Regional Archaeologist for theMunicipality of Waterloo "Archaeology and the Master Planfor Waterloo Region", 8.00 pm.;' at the Adult RecreationCentre, Waterloo.
Wed. April 15 - Michelle McMillan, Assisteant Director of the GuelphMuseums, "Edwardian Guelph", 8.00 pm., at the Guelph CivicMuseum.
Wed. May 20 Timothy P.A. Burt, well-known numismatist-historian,"The Exciting World of Ancient Greek and Roman Coins",8.00 pm., at J.F. Ross High School, Room 225, Guelph.
Sat. May 30 A Chapter canoeing party on the Speed River from Kort-right Conservation Area (Guelph) to Hespeler (Cambridge).The trip will start at 1.30 pm. and should reach Hespelerby 3.30 - 4.00 pm. Phone Lynn Moir at 824-2203 to registeryour boat. Refreshments will follow at the Hespeler Hotel.Other Chapetrs are particularly invited. Bring your owncanoe and/or contact Lynn Moir.
Toronto Chapter - Upcoming Events
Wed. Feb. 18 "Hamilton Ceramics" - Rita Michaels at the ArchaeologyLab., Sidney Smith Building, U of T. 8.00 pm.
Wed. March 18 - "Underwater Archaeology" - Phil Wright at the ArchaeologyLab., U of T., 8.00 pm.
Sat. March 28 - "Trowelling Toronto - Archaeology of the Toronto Area"Chapter 5th Anniversary Symposium at the Columbus Centre,901 Lawrence Ave. West, Toronto.
October - June Volunteers Needed - to wash and catalogue artifacts fromthe 1986 excavations at Montgomery's Inn. Contact DenaDoroszenko at 537-6732.
* * * * *
A LIST OF ORIGINAL RESEARCH REPORTS CONTRIBUTED TO THE VARIOUS NEWSLETTERS OFTHE ONTARIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY IN 1986
Key~ ARCH NOTES (Ontario Archaeological Society)BI BIRDSTONE (Grand River Waterloo Chapter)KE KEWA (London Chapter)OT OTTAWAARCHAEOLOGIST (Ottawa Chapter)PR PROFILE (Toronto Chapter)SC SQUIRrEL COUNTY GAZETTE (Windsor Chapter)VIA WANIKAN (Thunder Bay Chapter)
I\dams, Ni ckHistoric Iroquois Smoking Pipes from Fort Frontenac.
Arth u rs, Davi dLaurel Ceramics in QueticoThe Vliktowy Site, DfJg-1.The De Pelham Copper Knife.
Brown, Donald A.The Ontario Archaeological Society's Role in Protecting,
Promoting and Recovering Ontario's Heritage Resources.Christie, Janet and Gary Warrick
Analysis of Human remains from the Lougheed Site.Cornelius, rlary, Jenny Ireland and Susan A. John
O.H.A.R.T. (Oneida History and Archaeology Research Team '86)Report.
Cumbaa, Stephen L.Bone Button Making - A "Cottage" Industry.
Dawson, K.C .1'1.Plano-Archaic Biface Cache, Rose Lake, Thunder Bay.
Ellis, Chris. (not credited)Ho1combe Poi nts
Ferris, NealBeyon d the Fron ti e r: An Ea r1 y Hi s to ri c Tra de Axe from
Kent Co un ty .Foster, Gary
The Viol fe Creek Site: A Prehistoric Neutral FrontierCommunity.
Fox, William A.Archaeology and Native St~dies in Ontario.Volunteer Subdivision Review and The Planning Act.Salvage Excavations of the rloyer Flats Site.The Elliott Villages (AfHc-2) - An Introduction.The Breaks on the Elliott Site.
Garrad, Charles1\ List of Ori gina1 Research Reports Contributed to the
Various Newsletters of the Ontario ArchaeologicalSociety in 1985.
David Boyle's "Lost Year" - 1886.Some Notes on the Chi ppewa of Beaver Is lands in
Lake Michigan.Paradise, A Dinner Plate and a Pickering Pot.Ojibwa rlyths and Tales - 1986 Style.
Go1denweiser, Alexander (ed.& footnotes Ian Kenyon)History of the Grand River reserve.
OT( 13)8
WA86-3WA86-5WA86-6
OT(13)1
AN86-1AN86-6BI (I)1KE86-1KE86-2
AN86-1AN86-2
AN86-3AN86-4AN86-4
KE86-8
Jackson, L. J.Comments on the Palaeo-Indian Occupation of Southern
Cntario. AN86-2Figgins and Patterson: The Forgotten Beginning of
1886-1986, The Centennial (?) of the Discovery ofThe Withrow Site. AN86-3
David Boyle Doesn't Live Here Any More. AN86-6Kenyon, Ian
Principles of Collecting: An Archaeologist's View. AN86-4A Preliminary Report on the Tregunno/Carlisle
Excavations. KE86-7Kenyon, Ian and Thomas Kenyon
Echo the Firekeeper: A Nineteenth Century IroquoisSite. KE86- 2
Kenyon, ThomasNineteenth Century Notes - Firearms and Accessories. OT(13)1Nineteenth Century Notes - Clay Tobacco Pipes with
11arked Stems. OT( 13)2Kenyon, Walter A.
Bibliography. AN86-6Keron, James
CSPMAP: A Surface Distribution Plot Program, or TheLazy Archaeologist: Why Draw a Map ~hen a MachineWi 11 Do it For You? KE86-1
The Embro International Airport Project: Archaeologyin the Classroom. KE86-5
Lang, CarolOsteometric Differentiation in Male and Female Hip Bones. PR(5)1
Lennox, PaulThe Fitz Site (AgHd-9): A Late Middle Woodland
Encampment, Oxford County, Ontario. KE86-3MacDonald, John D.A.
New Dates for 01d Ch rono1ogi es : Radioca rbon Dates fromthe Varden Site. KE86-9
MacMillan, ColinThe Discovery of the Pukaskwa Pits. WA86-2
1,1aye r, Robert G.Under the Dome: Deep Site Regulations Affecting
Archaeological Mitigation at Toronto's Dome Stadium. AN86-6The Oneida of the Thames Archaeological Survey. KE86-6
Mayer, Robert G. and Paul AntoneNative Archaeology at the Oneida of The Thames SettlementAN86-6;KE86-8
McAndrews, Jock 'Walter Kenyon: An Appreciation AN86-5
110lto, J. E.The People of Dakleh Oasis, Egypt. WA86-4
Parker, L. R. BudHaldimand Chert: A preferred Raw Material il1Southwestern
Ontario during the Early Holocene Period. KE86-4Pengelly, James W. and Suzanne D. Pengelly
A Port Colborne Archaeological Survey. KE86-6Ruddock, James A.
Late Iroquoian Site Location Criteria for the TrentWaterway Region. BI(I)2
Smith, DaveCylindrical Pits on the Lawson Site.
Smith, Robin H., and Richard H. GerrardOf Bear and Burnt Tongues: The Application of an Experimental
Approach to Historical Archaeology.Steck ley, John
Were the Burbot Important to the Huron?Raccoons and Black Squirrels: Setting the Record Straight.Ataronchronon: The Linguistic Evidence.Whose Child Is This? - Speculations Concerning Huron
Infant Burial.Steinbring, Jack
Rush Bay Road Excavations, Northwest Ontario.Stopp, Marianne P.
1985 Site-Testing at the Baumann Site: A 15th CenturyPrecontact Site in Huronia.
Turner, JanetThe Molson Site Excavation in 1985 (BeGw-27).
Warrick, GarySaving the Past in Barrie.
Warrick, Gary and James MolnarAn Iroquoian Site Sequence from Innisfil Township,
Simcoe County.Watson, Gordon D.
Constance Bay Archaeology Re-Assessed.Wri gh t, J. V.
Ontario Research Update.Dr. Walter A. Kenyon, 1917-1986.
AN86-1AN86-2AN86-3
AN86-1PR(5)2PR(5)2
AN86- 3OT( 13) 4
OT(13)3;AN86-3OT( 13)6
The Museum of Indian Archaeology (London), an affiliate ofThe University of Western Ontario, has created the Walter A.Kenyon Memorial Fund. Donations and bequests will be endowedand the interest used to support Ontario archaeo109Y.
William D. Finlayson, Ph.DExecutive Director
Museum of Indian Archaeology (London)1600 Attawandaron Road
London, Ontario N6G 3M6(519) 473-1360
STUDIES IN SOUTHWESTERN ONTARIO ARCHAEOLOGYWm. A. Fox, Editor
A collection of research articles culled from ten years of KEWA, covering the full range of Ontarioculture-history from the Paleo-Indian period to the nineteenth century. Introduction written by Dr.Bruce Trigger of McGill University.
Carl R. MurphyWilliam A. FoxWilliam A. FoxGary WarrickIan KenyonIan Kenyon deWilliam A. FoxIan de Thomas KenyonNeal Ferris deIan KenyonNeal FerrisMegan Cook,Linda Gibbs andPeter ReidIan Kenyon
Bruce G. Trigger IntroductionJames Keron The Role of the Amateur Archaeologist - 1979Brian Deller, The Archaeology of the Southeastern Huron Basin - 1985Chris Ellis de Ian KenyonWilliam A. Fox An Early Woodland Camp on Inverhuron Bay - 1984William A. Fox The Culture History of Long Point: An Interim Report - 1985Ronald Williamson The Mill Stream Cluster: The Other Side of the Coin - 1983William A. Fox An Initial Report on the Dymock Villages (AeHj-2) - 1982Charles Nixon Middle Iroquoian Settlement Along the Lower Nith River and Horner Creek
Drainages - 1985Dolls, Demons or Dice: An Introduction to the Savage Site Figurines - 1983The Foliate Biface and The Foliate Biface as Knife - 1981, 1982Lithic Tools From the McEwen Site (BcHb-I7) - 1980In Case of Fire: Burned Longhouses in a Neutral Village - 1983Sagard's "Rassade Rouge" of 1624 - 1984The Grimsby Cemetery - a Second Look - 1982
Echo the Firekeeper: A Nineteenth Century Iroquois Site - 1986There Was an Englishman, a Scotsman and an Irishman •... - 1983
Buttons I Have Known - 1984Age and Sex Identification in the Stirrup Court Cemetery - 1985
Michael SpenceYou, Your Microcomputer, and Basic Decay - 1985The Walls That Wouldn't be Straight -1985
copies of Occasional Publications of the London Chapter No 1: Studies InSouthwestern Ontario Archaeology
Cost: $9.50$2.00
ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONSULTING IN ONTARIO: PAPERS OF THE LONDON CONFERENCE 1985Wm. A. Fox, Editor
A volume of contributed papers from archaeologists representing both the public and private sector.Versions of some of the papers appearing in this volume were presented at the OntarioArchaeological Society's 13th annual Conference in Toronto on October 25, 1986: ARCHAEOLOGYAND THE PLANNING PROCESS.
Transmission Line Planning and Archaeological Resources: A Model ofArchaeological Potential for Southwestern Ontario
The Environmental Assessment Act and Industrial Archaeology: Mitigation ofthe Elmdale Mill, Town of Ajax, Ontario
Cost: $8.00$2.00
Send me copies of Occasional Publications Of the London Chapter No.2: ArchaeologicalConsulting in Ontario: Papers of the London Conference 1985
Make cheques or money orders payable to the London Chapter of the Ontario Archaeological Societyc/o 55 Centre St., London Ontario, N6J I T4
eoeeeeeaeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee ~ eo I~'I ee M ee ee o.A.S. OFFICE..... eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee~eeaeeeG
ARCH NOTES 1987 DeadlinesDeadline Mailing
~ (Wednesday) (Monday)
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Anywhere near good public transport. About 400 sq.ft.No objection torooms in private house (no basements) with use of washroom and mailbox.Would be used during workday and some evenings. Telephone and answeringmachine would be installed. Required for at least a three-year term andpreferably renewable thereafter.
Offers/enquiries to: O.A.S Executive, P.O. Box 241, Postal Station PToronto, Ontario, M5S 258
A researcher is seeking a copy of the AARO for 1903. Will pay cash ortrade for other AARO's. Please contact "Researcher" at the Society's address.
The Society is now in the unfortunate position of trying to fill theseat so ably occupied by the late Dr. Richard B. Johnston. Applicationsfrom suitably qualified Society members, living within the province,for the position of Editor/Editorial Committee Member for our scientificjournal ONTARIO ARCHAEOLOGY are therefore invited and will be considered.Please address your applications to the President.
Dr. Morgan J. Tamplin, a colleague of our late Editor, of Trent Universityand a Life Member of this Society, has kindly volunteered his services tocomplete the publication of MOA 2 and O.A. #46 and to aid in the transitionto the new editor/editorial committee. This generous offer has beengratefully accepted by the Society.
eoeeeeeaeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee The views expressed in this publication do E9o not necessarily represent the views of the ee editor or of The Ontario Archaeological ee Society. . ee eeeeeeeeeeeeeoeeee~eeaeeeG
Javi/Feb 1987 -45- Mch Note;,
52nd Annual MeetingRoyal York Hotel
6-10 May, 1987
VOLUNTEERSNEEDED
The Society for American Archaeology will be holding their 52nd annual meet-ing in Toronto, at the Royal York Hotel, May 6 - 10, 1987. VOLUNTEERSARENEEDED to offer one hal f day each day of the meetings wi th a minimum of 20nrs-5ervice during the meetings doing such things as manning registrationand pre-registration desks, acting as room monitors, and other similar assign-ments. In return for service, you receive, registration at the meetings,some meal chits, and membership in the SAA for one year (Yes: this includesAmerican Antiquity""):- If you are interested in volunteering you should writeto the Society for American Archaeology offices at:
1511 K Street NWWashington D.C.20005
ae certain to state that you are interested in volunteering for the meetings.The Washington office will keep track of your statistics for membership andassign volunteer duties at a meeting to be arranged in Toronto.
If you have any questions, contact:Dr. Mima KapchesLocal Arrangements, SAA 1987Roya 1 Onta ri 0 Muse urn(416) 586-5727
Vice-President Linda GibbsTreas ure r George ConnoySecretary Robert pearce, 55 Centre St. ,London, Ont.N6J 1T4Newsletter KENA - Editor: Ian KenyonChapter Fees Individual $12, Family $14, Institutional .$16
r~etings: ~sually at 8:00 p.m. on the 2nd Thursday of each month,excludingJune,July and August. Museum of Indian Archaeology, London.OTTAWA President Stephen L. Cumbaa (613) 235-3696
Vice-President Phyllis LenethenSecy/Treasurer r~arion Clark, P.O.Box 4938, Station E,
Ottawa,Ont. K1S 5JlNews1etter THE OTTAHAAR(f-lAEOLOCISTChapter Fees Individual $15, Family $17, Student $10
r~eetings: Usually at 8:00 p.m. on the 2nd Wednesday of each month,excludingJune,July and Il.ugust. Victoria t1emorial 31dg., ~etca1fe & ticLeod Streets.THUNDERBAY Presi dent Frances Duke (807) 683-5375
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f'eetings: Usually at 8:00 p.m. on the last Hednesday of each month,excludingJune,July and August. The National Exhibition Centre, Balmoral Avenue.TOPONTO President Dena Doroszenko (415) 537-6732
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Etobicoke, Onto M9C JC6Newsletter PROFILE - Edi tor: Jane SacchettiChapter Fees Individual;,8
r~eetings: Usually at 8:00 p.J:1. on the 3rd Uednesday of each month,excludingJune ,July and J\ugust. Room 561a ,Si dney Smi th Hall, St. George St., Toronto.IWH:lSOR President J;osemary Denunzio (519) 948-7323~-. -.--- Vice-President Art Pegg
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