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Personal PDF Edition

The Open Group Architecture Framework (TOGAF)

Version 8.1.1, Enterprise Edition

The Open Group


Copyr ight Apr il 2007, The Open Group

All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any for m orby any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permissionof the copyr ight owners.

Personal PDF Edition

The Open Group Architecture Framework (TOGAF) Version 8.1.1, Enterpr ise Edition

ISBN: 1-931624-62-3Document Number: G063s

Published in the U.S. by The Open Group, Apr il 2007.

Any comments relating to the material contained in this document may be submitted by email to:

[email protected]

Refer to Section 1.2.1 for specific Conditions of Use Relating to TOGAF Version 8.1.1.

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Contents

Part I Introduction ............................................................................... 1

Chapter 1 Introduction ................................................................................. 31.1 Structure of the TOGAF Document ................................................ 31.2 Downloads ...................................................................................... 41.2.1 Conditions of Use ........................................................................ 41.3 Frequently Asked Questions........................................................... 4

Chapter 2 TOGAF as an Enterprise Architecture Framework ...... 112.1 Introduction..................................................................................... 112.2 The Role of TOGAF ........................................................................ 112.3 TOGAF and Architecture Governance ............................................ 122.4 Using TOGAF with Other Frameworks ........................................... 132.4.1 Over view...................................................................................... 132.4.2 The Enter prise Continuum .......................................................... 132.5 Summary ........................................................................................ 14

Part II Arc hitecture Development Method (ADM)................ 15

Chapter 3 Introduction to the ADM ......................................................... 173.1 ADM Over view................................................................................ 173.1.1 Relationship to Other Par ts of TOGAF ........................................ 173.1.2 The ADM and the Enterpr ise Continuum .................................... 173.1.3 The ADM and the Resource Base............................................... 183.2 The Architecture Development Cycle ............................................. 193.2.1 Key Points .................................................................................... 193.2.2 Basic Str ucture ............................................................................ 193.3 Adapting the ADM .......................................................................... 223.4 Architecture Governance ................................................................ 233.5 Process Management ..................................................................... 233.6 Scoping the Architecture ................................................................ 243.6.1 Enterpr ise Scope/Focus .............................................................. 253.6.2 Architecture Domains .................................................................. 273.6.3 Ver tical Scope/Level of Detail ...................................................... 273.6.4 Time Hor izon ............................................................................... 283.7 Architecture Integration .................................................................. 293.8 Summary ........................................................................................ 30

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Chapter 4 Preliminar y Phase: Framework and Principles ............. 314.1 Objectives ....................................................................................... 324.2 Approach ........................................................................................ 324.2.1 Principles ..................................................................................... 324.2.2 Framework ................................................................................... 334.3 Inputs.............................................................................................. 334.4 Steps .............................................................................................. 334.5 Outputs ........................................................................................... 33

Chapter 5 Phase A: Architecture Vision ............................................... 355.1 Objectives ....................................................................................... 365.2 Approach ........................................................................................ 365.2.1 General ........................................................................................ 365.2.2 Creating the Architecture Vision .................................................. 375.3 Inputs.............................................................................................. 385.4 Steps .............................................................................................. 385.4.1 Business Scenar ios ..................................................................... 405.5 Outputs ........................................................................................... 40

Chapter 6 Phase B: Business Architecture ......................................... 436.1 Objectives ....................................................................................... 446.2 Approach ........................................................................................ 446.2.1 General ........................................................................................ 446.2.2 Developing the Baseline Description ........................................... 456.2.3 Business Modeling ...................................................................... 456.2.4 Enterpr ise Continuum .................................................................. 476.2.5 Gap Analysis ............................................................................... 486.3 Inputs.............................................................................................. 496.4 Steps .............................................................................................. 506.5 Outputs ........................................................................................... 53

Chapter 7 Phase C: Information Systems Architectures ............... 557.1 Objective......................................................................................... 567.2 Approach ........................................................................................ 567.2.1 Development ................................................................................ 567.2.2 Implementation ............................................................................ 567.3 Inputs.............................................................................................. 577.4 Steps .............................................................................................. 577.5 Outputs ........................................................................................... 57

Chapter 8 Phase C: Information Systems Architectures Data Architecture....................................................................... 59

8.1 Objective......................................................................................... 598.2 Approach ........................................................................................ 598.2.1 Enterpr ise Continuum .................................................................. 598.2.2 Gap Analysis ............................................................................... 608.3 Inputs.............................................................................................. 618.4 Steps .............................................................................................. 618.5 Outputs ........................................................................................... 65

Chapter 9 Phase C: Information Systems Architectures Applications Architecture ...................................................... 67

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9.1 Objective......................................................................................... 679.2 Approach ........................................................................................ 679.2.1 Enterpr ise Continuum .................................................................. 679.2.2 Gap Analysis ............................................................................... 689.3 Inputs.............................................................................................. 699.4 Steps .............................................................................................. 699.5 Outputs ........................................................................................... 74

Chapter 10 Phase D: Technology Architecture .................................... 7510.1 Objective......................................................................................... 7610.2 Approach ........................................................................................ 7610.2.1 General ........................................................................................ 7610.2.2 Architecture Continuum ............................................................... 7610.3 Inputs.............................................................................................. 7610.4 Steps .............................................................................................. 7710.5 Outputs ........................................................................................... 7810.6 Target Technology Architecture Detail ....................................... 7810.6.1 Introduction.................................................................................. 7810.6.2 Over view...................................................................................... 7810.6.3 Step 1 .......................................................................................... 7910.6.3.1 Objective................................................................................... 7910.6.3.2 Approach .................................................................................. 7910.6.3.3 Inputs........................................................................................ 8010.6.3.4 Activities ................................................................................... 8010.6.3.5 Outputs ..................................................................................... 8110.6.4 Step 2 .......................................................................................... 8210.6.4.1 Objective................................................................................... 8210.6.4.2 Approach .................................................................................. 8210.6.4.3 Inputs........................................................................................ 8210.6.4.4 Activities ................................................................................... 8210.6.4.5 Outputs ..................................................................................... 8310.6.5 Step 3 .......................................................................................... 8410.6.5.1 Objective................................................................................... 8410.6.5.2 Approach .................................................................................. 8410.6.5.3 Inputs........................................................................................ 8410.6.5.4 Activities ................................................................................... 8510.6.5.5 Outputs ..................................................................................... 8510.6.6 Step 4 .......................................................................................... 8710.6.6.1 Objective................................................................................... 8710.6.6.2 Approach .................................................................................. 8710.6.6.3 Inputs........................................................................................ 8710.6.6.4 Activities ................................................................................... 8710.6.6.5 Outputs ..................................................................................... 8810.6.7 Step 5 .......................................................................................... 8910.6.7.1 Objective................................................................................... 8910.6.7.2 Approach .................................................................................. 8910.6.7.3 Inputs........................................................................................ 8910.6.7.4 Activities ................................................................................... 8910.6.7.5 Outputs ..................................................................................... 8910.6.8 Step 6 .......................................................................................... 9010.6.8.1 Objective................................................................................... 9010.6.8.2 Approach .................................................................................. 90

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10.6.8.3 Inputs........................................................................................ 9110.6.8.4 Activities ................................................................................... 9110.6.8.5 Outputs ..................................................................................... 9110.6.9 Step 7 .......................................................................................... 9210.6.9.1 Objective................................................................................... 9210.6.9.2 Approach .................................................................................. 9210.6.9.3 Inputs........................................................................................ 9310.6.9.4 Activities ................................................................................... 9310.6.9.5 Outputs ..................................................................................... 9410.6.10 Step 8 .......................................................................................... 9510.6.10.1 Objective................................................................................... 9510.6.10.2 Approach .................................................................................. 9510.6.10.3 Inputs........................................................................................ 9610.6.10.4 Activities ................................................................................... 9710.6.10.5 Outputs ..................................................................................... 9710.6.11 Postscr ipt ..................................................................................... 97

Chapter 11 Phase E: Opportunities and Solutions ............................. 9911.1 Objectives ....................................................................................... 10011.2 Approach ........................................................................................ 10011.3 Inputs.............................................................................................. 10111.4 Steps .............................................................................................. 10111.5 Outputs ........................................................................................... 102

Chapter 12 Phase F: Migration Planning................................................. 10312.1 Objective......................................................................................... 10412.2 Approach ........................................................................................ 10412.3 Inputs.............................................................................................. 10612.4 Steps .............................................................................................. 10612.5 Outputs ........................................................................................... 106

Chapter 13 Phase G: Implementation Governance............................. 10713.1 Objectives ....................................................................................... 10813.2 Approach ........................................................................................ 10813.3 Inputs.............................................................................................. 10813.4 Steps .............................................................................................. 10913.5 Outputs ........................................................................................... 109

Chapter 14 Phase H: Architecture Change Management ................. 11114.1 Objective......................................................................................... 11214.2 Approach ........................................................................................ 11214.2.1 The Dr ivers for Change ............................................................... 11214.2.2 The Change Management Process............................................. 11314.2.3 Guidelines for Maintenance versus Architecture Redesign ......... 11414.3 Inputs.............................................................................................. 11414.4 Steps .............................................................................................. 11514.5 Outputs ........................................................................................... 115

Chapter 15 ADM Architecture Requirements Management............. 11715.1 Objective......................................................................................... 11815.2 Approach ........................................................................................ 11815.2.1 General ........................................................................................ 118

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15.2.2 Resources ................................................................................... 11815.2.2.1 Business Scenar ios .................................................................. 11815.2.2.2 Volere Requirements Specification Template ........................... 11815.2.2.3 Requirements Tools .................................................................. 11915.3 Inputs.............................................................................................. 11915.4 Steps .............................................................................................. 12015.5 Outputs ........................................................................................... 122

Chapter 16 ADM Input and Output Descriptions ................................. 12316.1 Introduction..................................................................................... 12316.2 Major Input Descriptions ................................................................. 12316.2.1 Request for Architecture Wor k..................................................... 12316.2.2 Architecture Pr inciples................................................................. 12416.2.3 Re-Usable Architecture Building Blocks ...................................... 12416.2.4 Product Infor mation ..................................................................... 12416.2.5 New Technology Reports ............................................................. 12416.3 Major Output Descriptions .............................................................. 12416.3.1 Statement of Architecture Wor k................................................... 12416.3.2 Business Scenar io/Architecture Vision ........................................ 12516.3.3 Business Architecture .................................................................. 12516.3.4 Technology Architecture .............................................................. 12616.3.5 Impact Analysis ........................................................................... 12716.3.6 Architecture Contract ................................................................... 12716.3.7 Requirements Impact Statement ................................................. 128

Part III Enterprise Continuum.......................................................... 129

Chapter 17 Introduction to the Enterprise Continuum ...................... 13117.1 Over view......................................................................................... 13117.2 Enterpr ise Continuum and Architecture Re-Use ............................ 13117.3 Enterpr ise Continuum and the TOGAF ADM ................................. 13217.4 Constituents of the Enterpr ise Continuum ...................................... 13217.5 Structure of Par t III ......................................................................... 133

Chapter 18 The Enterprise Continuum in Detail .................................. 13518.1 The Architecture Continuum ........................................................... 13518.1.1 Introduction.................................................................................. 13518.1.2 Foundation Architecture .............................................................. 13618.1.3 Common Systems Architectures ................................................. 13718.1.4 Industry Architectures .................................................................. 13718.1.5 Enterpr ise Architectures .............................................................. 13818.2 The Solutions Continuum ............................................................... 13818.2.1 Introduction.................................................................................. 13818.2.2 Products and Services ................................................................ 13918.2.3 Systems Solutions ....................................................................... 13918.2.4 Industry Solutions ........................................................................ 14018.2.5 Enterpr ise Solutions .................................................................... 14018.3 The Enter prise Continuum and Your Organization ......................... 14018.3.1 Relationships ............................................................................... 14118.3.2 Your Enterpr ise ............................................................................ 142

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Chapter 19 Foundation Architecture:Technical Reference Model ................................................... 143

19.1 Concepts ........................................................................................ 14319.1.1 Role of the TRM in the Foundation Architecture ......................... 14319.1.2 TRM Components ....................................................................... 14319.1.3 Other TRMs ................................................................................. 14419.2 High-Level Breakdown .................................................................... 14419.2.1 Over view...................................................................................... 14419.2.2 Por tability and Interoperability ..................................................... 14519.3 The TRM in Detail........................................................................... 14619.3.1 Introduction.................................................................................. 14619.3.2 TRM Entities and Interfaces ........................................................ 14719.3.3 Application Software .................................................................... 14719.3.3.1 Business Applications ............................................................... 14719.3.3.2 Infrastr ucture Applications ........................................................ 14719.3.4 Application Platfor m..................................................................... 14819.3.4.1 The Platfor m Concept ............................................................... 14819.3.4.2 Extending the TRM................................................................... 14919.3.4.3 Interfaces Between Services .................................................... 14919.3.4.4 Future Developments ............................................................... 15019.3.5 Communications Infrastr ucture.................................................... 15019.3.6 Application Platfor m Interface ...................................................... 15019.3.7 Communications Infrastr ucture Interface ..................................... 15119.3.8 Qualities....................................................................................... 15119.4 Application Platfor m Taxonomy.................................................. 15119.4.1 Basic Pr inciples ........................................................................... 15119.4.2 Application Platfor m Ser vice Categor ies ..................................... 15219.4.2.1 Object-Oriented Provision of Services ..................................... 15519.4.3 Application Platfor m Ser vice Qualities ......................................... 15619.4.3.1 Principles .................................................................................. 15619.4.3.2 Taxonomy of Ser vice Qualities ................................................. 157

Chapter 20 Detailed Platform Taxonomy ................................................. 15920.1 Data Interchange Services ............................................................. 15920.2 Data Management Services ........................................................... 16020.3 Graphics and Imaging Services ...................................................... 16220.4 International Operation Services .................................................... 16220.5 Location and Directory Ser vices..................................................... 16320.6 Networ k Ser vices ........................................................................... 16420.7 Operating System Services ............................................................ 16520.8 Software Engineering Services ...................................................... 16620.9 Transaction Processing Services .................................................... 16720.10 User Interface Services .................................................................. 16820.11 Security Services ............................................................................ 16920.12 System and Networ k Management Services ................................. 17120.13 Object-Oriented Provision of Services ........................................... 173

Chapter 21 Foundation Architecture:Standards Information Base ................................................. 175

21.1 Introduction..................................................................................... 17521.1.1 Role of the SIB ............................................................................ 17521.1.1.1 What is the SIB?....................................................................... 175

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21.1.1.2 What is it for? ............................................................................ 17521.1.1.3 How is it Used in Architecture Development? ........................... 17621.1.2 Accessing the SIB ....................................................................... 17621.2 The Open Group Standards ........................................................... 17621.2.1 Over view...................................................................................... 17621.2.2 Criter ia for Inclusion in the SIB .................................................... 17721.2.3 The Open Group Technical Processes........................................ 17821.2.4 Product Standards ....................................................................... 17921.2.5 The Open Brand .......................................................................... 17921.3 Using the SIB.................................................................................. 18021.3.1 Introduction.................................................................................. 18021.3.2 Examples..................................................................................... 18021.3.2.1 Getting Star ted ......................................................................... 18021.3.2.2 Example 1: The Entire SIB ....................................................... 18021.3.2.3 Example 2: Referenced Standards........................................... 18121.3.2.4 Example 3: Open Group Technical Standards ......................... 18121.3.2.5 Example 4: Open Group Product Standards ............................ 18221.3.3 Summary of Open Group Databases and Resources................. 184

Chapter 22 Integrated Information InfrastructureReference Model ........................................................................ 185

22.1 Basic Concepts ............................................................................... 18522.1.1 Background ................................................................................. 18522.1.2 Components of the Model ........................................................... 18622.1.3 Relationship to Other parts of TOGAF ........................................ 18622.1.4 Key Business and Technical Drivers ............................................ 18622.1.4.1 Problem Space:

The Need for Boundaryless Infor mation Flow .......................... 18622.1.4.2 Solution Space:

The Need for Integrated Infor mation Infrastr ucture .................. 18722.1.5 Health Warning ............................................................................ 18922.2 High-Level View.............................................................................. 18922.2.1 Derivation of the III-RM from the TRM......................................... 18922.2.2 The High-Level III-RM Graphic .................................................... 19022.2.3 Components of the High-Level III-RM ......................................... 19122.3 Detailed Taxonomy ......................................................................... 19222.3.1 Detailed III-RM Graphic ............................................................... 19222.3.2 Business Applications .................................................................. 19322.3.2.1 Infor mation Provider Applications............................................. 19422.3.2.2 Brokerage Applications............................................................. 19622.3.2.3 Infor mation Consumer Applications.......................................... 19722.3.3 Infrastr ucture Applications ........................................................... 19822.3.3.1 Development Tools ................................................................... 19822.3.3.2 Management Utilities ................................................................ 19922.3.4 Application Platfor m..................................................................... 19922.3.4.1 Software Engineering Services ................................................ 20022.3.4.2 Security Services ...................................................................... 20022.3.4.3 Location and Directory Ser vices............................................... 20022.3.4.4 Human Interaction Services ..................................................... 20122.3.4.5 Data Interchange Services ....................................................... 20222.3.4.6 Data Management Services ..................................................... 20222.3.4.7 Additional Operating System Services ..................................... 202

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22.3.5 Qualities....................................................................................... 203

Part IV Resource Base ......................................................................... 205

Chapter 23 Architecture Board.................................................................... 20723.1 Role ................................................................................................ 20723.2 Responsibilities............................................................................... 20823.3 Setting Up the Architecture Board .................................................. 20923.3.1 Triggers ........................................................................................ 20923.3.2 Size of the Board ......................................................................... 20923.3.3 Board Str ucture ........................................................................... 21023.4 Operation of the Architecture Board ............................................... 21023.4.1 General ........................................................................................ 21023.4.2 Preparation .................................................................................. 21123.4.3 Agenda ........................................................................................ 211

Chapter 24 Architecture Compliance........................................................ 21324.1 Introduction..................................................................................... 21324.2 Ter minology The Meaning of Architecture Compliance ............. 21324.3 Project Impact Assessments (Project Slices) ................................. 21524.3.1 Introduction.................................................................................. 21524.3.2 Sources ....................................................................................... 21524.4 Architecture Compliance Reviews .................................................. 21524.4.1 Purpose ....................................................................................... 21524.4.2 Timing.......................................................................................... 21724.4.3 Governance and Personnel Scenarios ........................................ 21724.5 Architecture Compliance Review Process ...................................... 21824.5.1 Over view...................................................................................... 21824.5.2 Roles ........................................................................................... 21924.5.3 Steps ........................................................................................... 22024.6 Architecture Compliance Review Checklists .................................. 22124.6.1 Hardware and Operating System Checklist ................................. 22124.6.2 Software Services and Middleware Checklist .............................. 22224.6.3 Applications Checklists ................................................................ 22324.6.3.1 Infrastr ucture (Enter prise Productivity) Applications ................ 22324.6.3.2 Business Applications ............................................................... 22424.6.3.3 Application Integration Approach.............................................. 22524.6.4 Infor mation Management Checklists ........................................... 22624.6.4.1 Data Values .............................................................................. 22624.6.4.2 Data Definition .......................................................................... 22624.6.4.3 Security/Protection ................................................................... 22624.6.4.4 Hosting, Data Types, and Sharing ............................................ 22624.6.4.5 Common Ser vices .................................................................... 22724.6.4.6 Access Method ......................................................................... 22724.6.5 Security Checklist ........................................................................ 22724.6.6 System Management Checklist ................................................... 22824.6.7 System Engineer ing/Overall Architecture Checklists ................... 22924.6.7.1 General ..................................................................................... 22924.6.7.2 Processors/Servers/Clients ...................................................... 23024.6.7.3 Client ........................................................................................ 23024.6.7.4 Application Ser ver .................................................................... 231

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24.6.7.5 Data Ser ver .............................................................................. 23124.6.7.6 COTS (where applicable) ......................................................... 23124.6.8 System Engineer ing/Methods & Tools Checklist ......................... 23124.7 Architecture Compliance Review Guidelines .................................. 23324.7.1 Guidelines for Tailor ing the Checklists ......................................... 23324.7.2 Guidelines for Conducting Architecture

Compliance Reviews ................................................................... 233

Chapter 25 Architecture Contracts ............................................................ 23525.1 Role ................................................................................................ 23525.2 Contents ......................................................................................... 23625.2.1 Statement of Architecture Wor k................................................... 23625.2.2 Contract between Architecture Design and

Development Par tners ................................................................. 23725.2.3 Contract between Architecting Function and

Business Users............................................................................ 23825.3 Relationship to Architecture Governance ....................................... 238

Chapter 26 Architecture Governance ....................................................... 23926.1 Introduction..................................................................................... 23926.1.1 Levels of Governance within the Enterpr ise ................................ 23926.1.2 The Nature of Governance .......................................................... 24026.1.2.1 Governance: A Generic Perspective ........................................ 24026.1.2.2 The Character istics of Governance .......................................... 24026.1.3 Technology Governance .............................................................. 24126.1.4 IT Governance ............................................................................. 24126.1.4.1 An IT Governance Framework COBIT ................................. 24126.1.5 Architecture Governance: Over view............................................ 24226.1.5.1 Architecture Governance Character istics ................................. 24226.1.5.2 Architecture Governance as a Board-Level Responsibility ....... 24226.1.5.3 TOGAF and Architecture Governance ...................................... 24226.2 Architecture Governance Framework ............................................. 24326.2.1 Architecture Governance Framework

Conceptual Structure ................................................................... 24326.2.1.1 Key Concepts ........................................................................... 24326.2.1.2 Key Architecture Governance Processes ................................. 24426.2.2 Architecture Governance Framework

Organizational Structure .............................................................. 24526.2.2.1 Over view................................................................................... 24526.2.2.2 Key Areas ................................................................................. 24626.2.2.3 Operational Benefits ................................................................. 24626.3 Architecture Governance in Practice .............................................. 24726.3.1 Architecture Governance Key Success Factors ...................... 24726.3.2 Elements of an Effective Architecture Governance Strategy ....... 24726.3.2.1 Architecture Governance and Corporate Politics ...................... 24726.3.2.2 Key Strategic Elements ............................................................ 248

Chapter 27 Architecture Maturity Models ............................................... 24927.1 Over view......................................................................................... 24927.2 Background .................................................................................... 25027.3 The US DoC ACMM Framework ..................................................... 25127.3.1 Over view...................................................................................... 251

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27.3.2 Elements of the ACMM ................................................................ 25127.3.3 Example: IT Architecture Process Maturity Levels ...................... 25227.4 Capability Matur ity Models Integration (CMMI) .............................. 25427.4.1 Introduction.................................................................................. 25427.4.2 The SCAMPI Method................................................................... 25527.5 Conclusions .................................................................................... 255

Chapter 28 Architecture Patterns ............................................................... 25728.1 Introduction..................................................................................... 25728.1.1 Background ................................................................................. 25728.1.2 Content of a Patter n .................................................................... 25828.1.3 Ter minology ................................................................................. 25928.1.3.1 Architecture Patter ns and Design Patter ns .............................. 25928.1.3.2 Patter ns and the Architecture Continuum ................................. 26028.1.3.3 Patter ns and Views ................................................................... 26028.1.3.4 Patter ns and Business Scenarios ............................................. 26028.1.4 Architecture Patter ns in Use........................................................ 26028.2 US Treasur y Architecture Development Guidance (TADG) ............ 26128.2.1 TADG Patter n Content ................................................................. 26128.2.2 TADG Architecture Patter ns ........................................................ 26228.3 IBM Patter ns for e-Business ........................................................... 26228.4 Some Patter n Resources ............................................................... 264

Chapter 29 Architecture Principles ........................................................... 26529.1 Introduction..................................................................................... 26529.2 Character istics of Architecture Principles ....................................... 26629.3 Components of Architecture Principles .......................................... 26629.4 Developing Architecture Principles ................................................. 26729.4.1 Qualities of Principles .................................................................. 26729.5 Applying Architecture Principles ..................................................... 26829.6 Example Set of Architecture Principles .......................................... 26929.6.1 Business Pr inciples ..................................................................... 26929.6.2 Data Pr inciples ............................................................................ 27229.6.3 Application Pr inciples .................................................................. 27729.6.4 Technology Principles .................................................................. 278

Chapter 30 Architecture Skills Framework............................................. 28130.1 Introduction..................................................................................... 28130.2 The Need for an IT Architecture Skills Framework ......................... 28130.2.1 Definitional Rigor ......................................................................... 28130.2.2 The Basis of an Internal Architecture Practice ............................ 28230.3 Goals/Rationale .............................................................................. 28330.3.1 Enterpr ise Cer tification of IT Architects ....................................... 28330.3.2 Specific Benefits .......................................................................... 28330.4 IT Architecture Role and Skill Categories ....................................... 28430.4.1 Over view...................................................................................... 28430.4.2 TOGAF Roles .............................................................................. 28430.4.3 Categories of Skills...................................................................... 28530.4.4 Proficiency Levels ........................................................................ 28630.5 IT Architecture Role and Skill Definitions ....................................... 28630.5.1 Generic Skills............................................................................... 28630.5.2 Business Skills & Methods .......................................................... 287

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30.5.3 Enterpr ise Architecture Skills ...................................................... 28730.5.4 Program or Project Management Skills ....................................... 28830.5.5 IT General Knowledge Skills ....................................................... 28830.5.6 Technical IT Skills ........................................................................ 28930.5.7 Legal Environment ....................................................................... 28930.6 Generic Role and Skills of the IT Architect ..................................... 29030.6.1 Generic Role................................................................................ 29030.6.2 Character ization in Ter ms of the Enterpr ise Continuum .............. 29230.6.3 Key Character istics of an IT Architect.......................................... 29230.6.3.1 Skills and Experience in Producing Designs ............................ 29230.6.3.2 Extensive Technical Breadth,

with Technical Depth in One or a Few Disciplines .................... 29230.6.3.3 Method-Driven Approach to Execution ..................................... 29330.6.3.4 Full Project Scope Experience ................................................. 29330.6.3.5 Leadership................................................................................ 29330.6.3.6 Personal and Professional Skills .............................................. 29330.6.3.7 Skills and Experience in One or More Industries ..................... 29330.7 Conclusions .................................................................................... 293

Chapter 31 Developing Architecture Views ........................................... 29531.1 The Role of Architecture Views ...................................................... 29531.1.1 Introduction.................................................................................. 29531.1.2 TOGAF and Standards for IT Architecture Description ............... 29531.1.3 A Note on Ter minology ................................................................ 29631.2 Basic Concepts ............................................................................... 29731.2.1 A Simple Example of a Viewpoint and View................................ 29831.3 Developing Views in the ADM ........................................................ 29931.3.1 General Guidelines...................................................................... 29931.3.2 View Creation Process ................................................................ 29931.4 Core Taxonomy of Architecture Views ............................................ 30031.4.1 Over view...................................................................................... 30031.4.2 Stakeholders ................................................................................ 30031.4.3 Views/Viewpoints ......................................................................... 30131.4.4 Description ................................................................................... 30331.5 Views, Tools, and Languages ......................................................... 30531.5.1 Over view...................................................................................... 30531.6 Views and Viewpoints ..................................................................... 30631.6.1 Example of Views and Viewpoints ............................................... 30631.6.2 Views and Viewpoints in Infor mation Systems ............................ 30731.6.3 The Need for a Common Language and Interoperable Tools

for Architecture Description ......................................................... 30731.7 Conclusions .................................................................................... 30831.8 Developing a Business Architecture View ...................................... 30931.8.1 Stakeholder and Concerns .......................................................... 30931.8.2 Modeling the View ....................................................................... 30931.8.3 Key Issues ................................................................................... 30931.9 Developing an Enterpr ise Secur ity View ........................................ 31131.9.1 Stakeholder and Concerns .......................................................... 31131.9.2 Modeling the View ....................................................................... 31131.9.3 Basic Concepts ............................................................................ 31131.9.3.1 Infor mation Domains ................................................................ 31231.9.3.2 Strict Isolation ........................................................................... 312

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31.9.3.3 Absolute Protection .................................................................. 31231.9.4 Security Generic Architecture View............................................. 31231.9.5 Security Services Allocation ........................................................ 31331.9.5.1 Operating System Services ...................................................... 31431.9.5.2 Networ k Ser vices ..................................................................... 31431.9.5.3 System Secur ity Management Services ................................... 31431.10 Developing a Software Engineering View....................................... 31531.10.1 Stakeholders and Concerns ........................................................ 31531.10.1.1 Development Approach ............................................................ 31531.10.1.2 Software Modularity and Re-Use.............................................. 31531.10.1.3 Por tability.................................................................................. 31631.10.1.4 Migration and Interoperability ................................................... 31631.10.2 Key Issues ................................................................................... 31631.10.2.1 Data-Intensive Versus Infor mation-Intensive

Software Systems..................................................................... 31631.10.2.2 Achieving Interoperability .......................................................... 31731.10.2.3 Software Tiers .......................................................................... 31831.10.2.4 Some Uses of a Data Access Tier............................................ 32031.10.2.5 One Possible Instantiation of a Data Access Interface ............. 32031.10.2.6 DAIs Enable Flexibility .............................................................. 32131.10.2.7 Distribution ................................................................................ 32131.10.2.8 The Infrastr ucture Bus .............................................................. 32231.10.3 Conclusion................................................................................... 32331.11 Developing a System Engineering View......................................... 32431.11.1 Stakeholder and Concerns .......................................................... 32431.11.2 Key Issues ................................................................................... 32431.11.2.1 Client/Server Model .................................................................. 32531.11.2.2 Master/Slave and Hierarchic Models ........................................ 32631.11.2.3 Peer-to-Peer Model................................................................... 32831.11.2.4 Distributed Object Management Model .................................... 32931.12 Developing a Communications Engineering View .......................... 33131.12.1 Stakeholder and Concerns .......................................................... 33131.12.2 Key Issues ................................................................................... 33131.12.2.1 Communications Infrastr ucture................................................. 33131.12.2.2 Communications Models .......................................................... 33231.13 Developing a Data Flow View......................................................... 33631.13.1 Stakeholder and Concerns .......................................................... 33631.13.2 Modeling the View ....................................................................... 33631.13.3 Key Issues ................................................................................... 33631.13.3.1 Database Management Systems ............................................. 33731.13.3.2 Data Dictionar y/Director y Systems ........................................... 33931.13.3.3 Data Administration .................................................................. 34031.13.3.4 Data Secur ity ............................................................................ 34031.14 Developing an Enterpr ise Manageability View ............................... 34131.14.1 Stakeholders and Concerns ........................................................ 34131.14.2 Modeling the View ....................................................................... 34131.14.3 Key Issues ................................................................................... 34131.15 Developing an Acquirer View.......................................................... 34331.15.1 Stakeholders and Concerns ........................................................ 34331.15.2 Modeling the View ....................................................................... 34331.15.3 Key Issues ................................................................................... 343

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Chapter 32 Building Blocks .......................................................................... 34532.1 Over view......................................................................................... 34532.2 Introduction to Building Blocks ....................................................... 34532.2.1 Over view...................................................................................... 34532.2.2 Generic Character istics ............................................................... 34532.2.3 Architecture Building Blocks ........................................................ 34632.2.3.1 Character istics.......................................................................... 34632.2.3.2 Specification Content ................................................................ 34632.2.4 Solution Building Blocks .............................................................. 34732.2.4.1 Character istics.......................................................................... 34732.2.4.2 Specification Content ................................................................ 34732.3 Building Blocks and the ADM ......................................................... 34732.3.1 Basic Pr inciples ........................................................................... 34732.3.1.1 Building Blocks in Architecture Design ..................................... 34732.3.1.2 Building Block Design ............................................................... 34832.3.2 Building Block Specification Process in the ADM........................ 34832.3.3 Levels of Modeling....................................................................... 35032.3.3.1 Mapping the Modeling Levels to the ADM................................ 35232.4 Building Blocks Example ................................................................ 35232.4.1 Introduction.................................................................................. 35232.4.2 Structure ...................................................................................... 35232.4.3 Background to the Example ........................................................ 35232.4.4 Business Process Level (Phase B).............................................. 35332.4.5 Technical Functionality and Constraints Level

(Phases B, C, & D) ...................................................................... 35732.4.5.1 Assumptions of Required Technical Functionality .................... 35932.4.6 Architectural Model Level (Phases B, C, and D).......................... 36132.4.6.1 Customer Infor mation System Building Block Specification ..... 36832.4.7 Opportunity Identification (Phase E)............................................ 37032.4.8 Re-Use of Building Blocks in Other Projects (Phases F to G)..... 370

Chapter 33 Business Process Domain Views ....................................... 37333.1 Introduction..................................................................................... 37333.2 Role ................................................................................................ 373

Chapter 34 Business Scenarios.................................................................. 37534.1 Introduction..................................................................................... 37534.2 Benefits of Business Scenarios ...................................................... 37634.3 Creating the Business Scenario ..................................................... 37634.3.1 The Overall Process .................................................................... 37634.3.2 Gathering ..................................................................................... 37834.3.3 Analyzing ..................................................................................... 37934.3.4 Reviewing .................................................................................... 37934.4 Contents of a Business Scenario ................................................... 38034.5 Contributions to the Business Scenario .......................................... 38134.6 Business Scenar ios and the TOGAF ADM..................................... 38234.7 Guidelines on Developing Business Scenarios .............................. 38434.7.1 General Guidelines...................................................................... 38434.7.2 Questions to Ask for Each Area .................................................. 38434.8 Guidelines on Business Scenario Documentation.......................... 38634.8.1 Textual Documentation ................................................................ 38634.8.2 Business Scenar io Models .......................................................... 387

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34.9 Guidelines on Goals and Objectives .............................................. 38734.9.1 The Impor tance of Goals............................................................. 38734.9.2 The Impor tance of SMART Objectives ........................................ 38734.9.3 Categories of Goals and Objectives ............................................ 38934.10 Summary ........................................................................................ 392

Chapter 35 Case Studies ............................................................................... 39335.1 The Role of Case Studies............................................................... 39335.2 Dairy Far m Group (Hong Kong) ...................................................... 39335.3 Department of Social Security (UK) ............................................... 39435.3.1 Organizational Context ................................................................ 39435.3.2 Existing IT .................................................................................... 39435.3.3 Strategic Objectives ..................................................................... 39435.3.4 The Accord Project ...................................................................... 39535.3.5 The Need for a New Architecture Framework .............................. 39635.3.6 CISITAF Documentation Set........................................................ 39735.3.7 Technical Reference Model ......................................................... 39735.3.8 Standards Infor mation Base ........................................................ 39835.3.9 Architecture Development Process ............................................. 39935.3.10 Architecture Views ....................................................................... 39935.3.11 Model Technical Architecture....................................................... 39935.3.12 Using the CISITAF ....................................................................... 40135.4 Litton PRC (US).............................................................................. 40235.5 JEDMICS........................................................................................ 40235.5.1 Background ................................................................................. 40235.5.2 Definition of Existing Environment in Existing Ter ms................... 40335.5.3 Restatement of Existing Environment in TOGAF Ter ms.............. 40435.5.4 Views, Constraints, and External Environments .......................... 40635.5.4.1 Operations View ....................................................................... 40635.5.4.2 Management View.................................................................... 40735.5.4.3 Security View............................................................................ 40835.5.4.4 Constraints ............................................................................... 40835.5.4.5 Goals ........................................................................................ 41035.5.4.6 External Environments ............................................................. 41035.5.5 Target Architecture ...................................................................... 41035.5.6 Migration ...................................................................................... 41335.6 Ministry of Defence (UK) ................................................................ 41335.6.1 Executive Summar y..................................................................... 41335.6.2 Laying the Foundations ............................................................... 41435.6.3 Constructing the Model................................................................ 41435.6.4 Building the Framework ............................................................... 41635.6.5 Defining an Architecture .............................................................. 41635.6.6 The Wa y Forward ........................................................................ 41735.7 NATO (Belgium) .............................................................................. 41735.8 Police IT Organization (UK) ............................................................ 42235.8.1 Police IT....................................................................................... 42235.8.2 Objectives of NSPIS .................................................................... 42235.8.3 Purpose ....................................................................................... 42335.8.4 NSPIS Technical Architecture Manual ......................................... 42435.8.5 Applying the Framework .............................................................. 42535.8.6 NSPIS Technical Reference Model.............................................. 42835.8.7 Interoperability ............................................................................. 429

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35.8.8 Technical Requirements and Views ............................................. 42935.8.9 The Architecture in Action ........................................................... 43035.9 QA Consulting ................................................................................ 43135.10 Statskonsult (Norway)..................................................................... 43235.10.1 Norway Streamlines Government Processes

by Going Online........................................................................... 43235.10.2 Wor king with The Open Group to Plan the Future ...................... 43235.10.3 An Inter net DialTone Framework as Easy-to-Use

as the Telephone ......................................................................... 43235.11 Westpac (Australia) ........................................................................ 433

Chapter 36 Glossar y ........................................................................................ 435

Chapter 37 Other Architectures and Frameworks ............................... 44737.1 Introduction..................................................................................... 44737.2 C4ISR Architecture Framework ...................................................... 44737.2.1 Over view...................................................................................... 44737.2.2 Relationship to TOGAF ................................................................ 44837.3 CORBA........................................................................................... 45037.3.1 Over view...................................................................................... 45037.3.2 Relationship to TOGAF ................................................................ 45037.4 Enterpr ise Architecture Planning (EAP) ......................................... 45137.4.1 Comparison with TOGAF ............................................................ 45237.5 Federal Enterpr ise Architecture: Practical Guide ........................... 45337.5.1 Over view...................................................................................... 45337.5.2 Relationship to TOGAF ................................................................ 45437.6 FEAF .............................................................................................. 45537.6.1 Over view...................................................................................... 45537.6.2 Relationship to TOGAF ................................................................ 45737.7 ISO/IEC TR 14252 (IEEE Std 1003.0)............................................ 45837.7.1 Over view...................................................................................... 45837.7.2 Relationship to TOGAF ................................................................ 45837.8 NCR Enter prise Architecture Framework ....................................... 45837.9 ISO RM-ODP .................................................................................. 45937.9.1 Over view...................................................................................... 45937.9.2 Relationship to TOGAF ................................................................ 45937.10 SPIRIT Platfor m Bluepr int Issue 3.0............................................... 46137.10.1 Over view...................................................................................... 46137.10.2 Relationship to TOGAF ................................................................ 46137.11 TAFIM ............................................................................................. 46137.11.1 Over view...................................................................................... 46137.11.2 Relationship to TOGAF ................................................................ 46237.12 TEAF .............................................................................................. 46337.12.1 Over view...................................................................................... 46337.12.2 Relationship to TOGAF ................................................................ 46437.13 Zachman Fr amework ...................................................................... 46537.13.1 Relationship to TOGAF ................................................................ 465

Chapter 38 Tools for Architecture Development.................................. 46738.1 Over view......................................................................................... 46738.2 Issues in Tool Standardization........................................................ 46738.3 Evaluation Criter ia and Guidelines ................................................. 468

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38.3.1 Tool Criter ia ................................................................................. 46838.3.1.1 Functionality ............................................................................. 46838.3.1.2 Architecture of the Tool ............................................................. 46938.3.1.3 Full Lifecycle Support ............................................................... 47038.3.1.4 Interoperability Factors ............................................................. 47038.3.1.5 Financial Considerations .......................................................... 47038.3.1.6 Vendor Factors ......................................................................... 47138.3.2 General Pointers .......................................................................... 471

Chapter 39 ADM and the Zachman Framework .................................... 47339.1 Introduction..................................................................................... 47339.2 The Zachman Framework ............................................................... 47339.3 Mapping TOGAF to the Zachman Framework ................................ 47539.3.1 Preliminary Phase: Framework and Principles ............................ 47639.3.2 Phase A: Architecture Vision ....................................................... 47639.3.3 Phase B: Business Architecture .................................................. 47839.3.4 Phase C: Infor mations System Architectures:

Data Architecture......................................................................... 48039.3.5 Phase C: Infor mations System Architectures:

Applications Architecture ............................................................. 48239.3.6 Phase D: Technology Architecture .............................................. 484

Index ............................................................................................... 491

List of Figures

3-1 Architecture Development Cycle ........................................................ 203-2 Architecture Development Cycle Expansion.................................. 214-1 Preliminary Phase: Framework and Principles ................................... 315-1 Phase A: Architecture Vision.............................................................. 356-1 Phase B: Business Architecture ......................................................... 436-2 UML Business Class Diagram, Trade Class Model

(Commercial View) ............................................................................. 467-1 Phase C: Infor mation Systems Architectures..................................... 5510-1 Phase D: Technology Architecture ..................................................... 7511-1 Phase E: Opportunities and Solutions ............................................... 9912-1 Phase F: Migration Planning .............................................................. 10313-1 Phase G: Implementation Governance .............................................. 10714-1 Phase H: Architecture Change Management..................................... 11115-1 ADM Architecture Requirements Management.................................. 11718-1 The Architecture Continuum ............................................................... 13518-2 The Solutions Continuum ................................................................... 13918-3 The Enter prise Continuum ................................................................. 14119-1 Technical Reference Model High-Level View................................. 14519-2 Detailed Technical Reference Model

(Showing Service Categories) ............................................................ 14622-1 An approach to Boundaryless Infor mation Flow

(Enter prise Por tals) ............................................................................ 18822-2 TOGAF TRM Orientation Views ......................................................... 18922-3 Focus of the III-RM............................................................................. 19022-4 III-RM High-Level ........................................................................... 19122-5 III-RM Detailed ............................................................................... 193

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22-6 Liberate Data Silos to Meet Infor mation Needs ofCross-Functional Enterpr ise Teams ................................................... 194

22-7 Infor mation Provider Applications Liberate Data byProviding Open Interfaces to Data Silos............................................. 195

22-8 Brokerage Applications Integrate Infor mation fromInfor mation Provider Applications....................................................... 196

22-9 Infor mation Consumer Applications Communicate usingOpen Interfaces .................................................................................. 197

22-10 Juxtaposition of Location and Directory Ser vices toOther Components ............................................................................. 201

22-11 Wor kflow Ser vices Enable Infor mation Flow ...................................... 20324-1 Levels of Architecture Confor mance .................................................. 21424-2 Architecture Compliance Review Process .......................................... 21826-1 Architecture Governance Framework

Conceptual Structure .......................................................................... 24326-2 Architecture Governance Framework

Organizational Structure ..................................................................... 24631-1 Example View The Open Group Business Domains in 2001......... 29831-2 Abstract Security Architecture View ................................................... 31131-3 Generic Security Architecture View.................................................... 31331-4 The Five-Tier Organization................................................................. 31931-5 Data Access Interface (DAI) ............................................................... 32031-6 Multiple Uses of a Data Access Interface (DAI).................................. 32131-7 Notional Distr ibution Model ................................................................ 32331-8 Basic Client/Ser ver Model .................................................................. 32531-9 Reference Model Representation of Client/Server Model .................. 32531-10 Host-Based, Master/Slave , and Hierarchic Models ............................ 32731-11 Hierarchic Model using the Reference Model..................................... 32831-12 Peer-to-Peer and Distributed Object Management Models ................ 32931-13 Communications Infrastr ucture .......................................................... 33231-14 OSI Reference Model ......................................................................... 33331-15 Communications Framework .............................................................. 33432-1 Key Phases/Steps of ADM at which Building Blocks

are Evolved/Specified ......................................................................... 34932-2 Iteration between the Four Levels of Modeling................................... 35132-3 Model of the Candidate Building Blocks:

Business Process-Driven List............................................................. 35732-4 XYZ Existing Architecture................................................................... 35832-5 Model of Candidate Building Blocks Augmented with

Technical Functionality ....................................................................... 36032-6 Candidate Building Blocks from the Baseline-Driven List................... 36032-7 Existing Architecture in TOGAF Ter ms............................................... 36132-8 Future Architecture of Functions ........................................................ 36232-9 Augmented Future Architecture of Functions ..................................... 36332-10 Representation of XYZ SOAP System ............................................... 36632-11 Services Map...................................................................................... 36732-12 Simple Component/Application Matrix ............................................... 37132-13 Identifying Common Functionality ...................................................... 37132-14 Using the Matrix to Steer Future Procurement................................... 37234-1 Creating a Business Scenario ............................................................ 37734-2 Phases of Developing Business Scenarios ........................................ 37834-3 Relative Contr ibutions to a Business Scenario .................................. 382

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34-4 Relevance of Requirements Throughout the ADM............................. 38335-1 CISITAF Documentation Set .............................................................. 39735-2 CISITAF Technical Reference Model.................................................. 39835-3 Functional View of Existing JEDMICS Environment ........................... 40335-4 Existing Hardware Topology ............................................................... 40435-5 JEDMICS Distr ibuted Computing Architecture................................... 40535-6 Operations View ................................................................................. 40735-7 Management View.............................................................................. 40735-8 Security View...................................................................................... 40835-9 The New Distr ibuted Computing Architecture .................................... 41135-10 The New JEDMICS Functional Architecture....................................... 41235-11 DCIS TRM .......................................................................................... 41535-12 Role of Architects vis--vis the Stakeholders and Implementors ....... 41935-13 Expected Proper ties of the Architectural Model ................................. 42035-14 Over view of the Structur ing of the Architectural Description .............. 42135-15 Linkage of the Architectural Description with its Environment ............ 42135-16 Technical Architecture & Procurement Process Over view ................. 42635-17 The Gateway Model ........................................................................... 42735-18 NSPIS Technical Reference Model .................................................... 42835-19 Procurement using the NSPIS Technical Architecture ....................... 43137-1 C4ISR Architecture Framework

Three Views of an Architecture .......................................................... 44837-2 The Enter prise Lifecycle ..................................................................... 45337-3 The Enter prise Architecture Process ................................................. 45437-4 FEAF Architecture .............................................................................. 45637-5 FEAF Architecture Matrix ................................................................... 45637-6 TEAF Fr amework ............................................................................... 463

List of Tables

10-1 Gap Analysis Matrix ........................................................................... 9629-1 Recommended Format for Defining Principles .................................. 26631-1 Example Taxonomy of Architecture Views ......................................... 30231-2 Mapping of Example Taxonomy of Architecture Views

to Zachman Framework ..................................................................... 30331-3 RM-ODP Distr ibution Transparencies ................................................ 32232-1 Use-Case Table of Sales Process ..................................................... 35632-2 Candidate Building Blocks Lists.................................................... 36533-1 Business Process Domain Views Description Structure ............... 37435-1 Mapping of Services to Existing Architecture .................................... 40535-2 Requirements Matr ix ......................................................................... 430

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Preface

The Open Group Architecture Framework (TOGAF) Version 8.1, Enterpr ise Edition is anopen, industry consensus framework and method for enterpr ise architecture.

TOGAF may be reproduced freely by any organization wishing to use it to develop an enterpr isearchitecture for use within that organization.

This Document

There are four main parts to the TOGAF document:

PART I (Introduction) This Par t provides a high-level introduction to some of the keyconcepts behind enterpr ise architecture and in particular the TOGAF approach.

PART II (Architecture Development Method) This is the core of TOGAF. It descr ibes theTOGAF Architecture Development Method (ADM) a step-by-step approach todeveloping an enterpr ise architecture.

PART III (Enterpr ise Continuum) This Par t descr ibes the TOGAF Enterpr ise Continuum, avir tual repositor y of architecture assets, which includes the TOGAF FoundationArchitecture, and the Integrated Infor mation Infrastr ucture Reference Model (III-RM).

PART IV (Resources) This Par t compr ises the TOGAF Resource Base a set of tools andtechniques available for use in applying TOGAF and the TOGAF ADM.

Downloads of the TOGAF documentation, including a printable PDF file, are available underlicense from the TOGAF infor mation web site (www.opengroup.org/architecture/togaf). Thelicense is free to any organization wishing to use TOGAF entirely for internal purposes (forexample, to dev elop an Infor mation System Architecture for use within that organization).

The TOGAF documentation is freely available for viewing online without a license. Alter natively,the complete TOGAF documentation set may be downloaded and stored under license, asexplained on the TOGAF infor mation web site.

In either case, the TOGAF documentation may be used freely by any organization wishing to doso to develop an architecture for use within that organization. No part of it may be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any for m or by any means, electronic, mechanical,photocopying, recording, or otherwise, for any other purpose including, but not by way oflimitation, any use for commercial gain, without the prior permission of the copyr ight owners.

The Open Group Architecture Framework (TOGAF) Version 8.1.1, Enterpr ise Edition xxi
http://www.opengroup.org/architecture/togaf


Preface

Intended Audience

TOGAF is intended for IT architects and anyone responsible for the architecture function withinan organization.

Keywords

architecture, architecture framework, architecture development method, architect, architecting,enter prise architecture, enter prise architecture framework, enter prise architecture method,method, methods, open, group, technical reference model, standards, standards infor mationbase

xxii Personal PDF Edition (2006)


About The Open Group

The Open Group

The Open Group is a vendor-neutral and technology-neutral consortium, whose vision ofBoundar yless Infor mation Flow will enable access to integrated infor mation within and betweenenter prises based on open standards and global interoperability. The Open Group wor ks withcustomers, suppliers, consor tia, and other standards bodies. Its role is to capture, understand,and address current and emerging requirements, establish policies, and share best practices; tofacilitate interoperability, dev elop consensus, and evolve and integrate specifications and OpenSource technologies; to offer a comprehensive set of services to enhance the operationalefficiency of consortia; and to operate the industrys premier certification service, includingUNIX cer tification.

Fur ther infor mation on The Open Group is available at www.opengroup.org.

The Open Group has over 15 years exper ience in developing and operating certificationprograms and has extensive exper ience developing and facilitating industry adoption of testsuites used to validate confor mance to an open standard or specification.

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