Date post: | 02-Jan-2016 |
Category: |
Documents |
Upload: | olivia-helena-foster |
View: | 215 times |
Download: | 0 times |
The Origin of Species
Chapter 24
Basics
Speciation Macroevolution Two basic patterns of
evolution: Anagenesis Cladogenesis
Species
Biological species concept: a population/group of whose members can potentially reproduce & create fertile offspring, but are unable to do so with other populations
Reproductive isolation is the key! Often this is a combination of several types of
barriers
Reproductive Isolation
Prezygotic barriers Habitat isolation Temporal isolation Behavioral isolation Mechanical isolation Gametic isolation
Postzygotic barriers Reduced hybrid viability Reduced hybrid fertility Hybrid breakdown
Reproductive Isolation Charades
Your group will be assigned one of the reproductive isolation mechanisms
Your job is to create a silent skit to teach this to the class…remember, you’re at school so this needs to be appropriate Your skit doesn’t have to be very long
You have ten minutes before we start the presentations. GO!
Limitations to Biological Species Concept
Reproductive isolation is difficult to determine for extinct species & those that are asexually reproducing which limit the use of bsc
These definitions focus on the unity found within species: Morphological species concept Paleontological species concept Ecological species concept Phylogenetic species concept
SpeciationAllopatric speciation
Gene flow of a population is prevented due to geographic isolation creating two distinct subspecies
The size of the geographic barrier is dependent on the species & their motility
Example: antelope squirrels at the Grand Canyon
Speciation
Sympatric speciation Populations with geographic overlap become
isolated leading to speciation Driven by chromosomal changes & nonrandom
mating that reduce gene flow Polyploidy (changes in the number of sets of
chromosomes during meiosis) in plants Habitat differentiation Sexual selection
• Example: cichilids with coloration preference
Sympatric Speciation
Autopolyploidy
Sympatric Speciation
Allopolyploidy: A hybrid plant that is infertile may reproduce asexually
& eventually mutate to become fertile polyploid
Sympatric Speciation
Habitat Differentiation Genetic factors allow new generations to exploit a
resource that was unused by previous generations (the parent population)
Example: apple maggot flies had speciation as new generation inhabited European introduced apple trees with different apple production season
Allopatric vs Sympatric Speciation
Adaptive Radiation
The evolution of many diverse species from a common ancestor after introduction to new environments Usually results from new populations being established
in distant areas
This is what happened to mammals after the dinosaurs went extinct!
This can be seen in the Hawaiian islands as species invaded the naked islands & then had allopatric & sympatric speciation events occur
Silversword Alliance in Hawaii
The Tempo of Speciation
Gradualism Punctuated
Equilibrium
Evolution & Developmental Biology (Evo-devo)
Slight genetic differences can can lead to major morphological differences Especially for genes that control the rate,
timing, & spatial pattern of an organism’s form as it develops
Rate & Timing: Heterochrony (general
term) Allometric growth
(proportioning that gives a body its specific form)
Paedomorphosis (sexually mature species with juvenile characters because sexual development was faster than somatic development)
Spatial Pattern: Homeotic genes
(determine where a pair of appendages will be located)
Does evolution have a goal?
NOPE! There is no specific direction that a species is trying to follow & that’s why you see so many evolutionary branches that end Think about species selection: the species that
survives the longest will determine the next evolutionary trend
Stanley compares species to an individual (speciation is birth, extinction is death, & new species created from this one are the offspring)