ener
gyen
ergy
?
[Urb
an E
lem
ents
]
[urban agriculture]
[stormwater management]
[Energy & Food Production]
?
[parking etc]
[pump storage]
urba
n el
emen
ts
energy storage
food
wetlands
wind
wind
open space
food
wetlands
Programmatic Density
open space
basement
towers
podiums
Productive
biomassCon
sum
ptiv
e
solar food
solar
basement
biomass
The Overlapped City
towers
podiums
ecol
ogy
The Overlapped CityVisions for A Post-fossil Citycompact and resilient urban growth with ditributed renewables
Chen Chen. Dec 11. 2012
b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e
BackgroundTowards a resilient future-Spatial Dimensions of Renewables-Distributed Energy Production-
b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e
Energy production in the post-fossil era will be dominated by renewables, whose low power density requires dramatically larger land to produce enough energy to meet our demand.
Spatial Dimension of Renewables _ Lower Power Density
b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e
wood
4 x
natural gas
2000 x
1 w/sqm biomass
10 x
2000 w/sqm 400 w/sqm 800 w/sqm 0.4 w/sqm
Production field area for same amount
Number of households powered by 10,000 sqm production field [standard football field]
Energy Demand [single family house] = 1kw
nuclear
50000 x
30 w/sqm solar
75 x
coal
1000 x
5 w/sqm wind
50 x
Energy production in the post-fossil era will be dominated by renewables, whose low power density requires dramatically larger land produce enough energy to meet our demand.
Spatial Dimension of Renewables _ Lower Power Density
b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e
Solar Energy generation can take place at a range of scales and in different applications
Sources;Denholm, P.; Margolis, R. M. (2008a). Land-Use Requirements and the Per-Capita Solar Footprint for Photovoltaic Generation in the United States. Energy Policy, (36:9); pp. 3531-3543.Denholm, P.; Margolis, R. (2008b). Supply Curves for Rooftop Solar PV-Generated Electricity for the United States. NREL/TP-6A0-44073. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory.Goodrich, Alan, et al. Residential, Commercial, and Utility-Scale Photovoltaic System Prices in the United States. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2012. Lopez, Anthony, et al. U.S. Renewable Energy Technical Potentials: A GIS-Based Analysis. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2012.
Concentrating Solar Power Minimum Area: 2-4km2
Rural Utility ScaleMinimum area: 1km2
Urban Utility ScaleMinimum Area: 18,000m2
Rooftop PV Commercial: ~1,500m2Residential: ~35m2
Biomass
Homes
MicroWind Turbine
Most of renewables and home appliances are DC based electricity
[Future Opportunity]Efficient / Resilient / Distributed
[Current system]Inefficient / Vulnerable / Centralized
Electricity usually travels in AC through long distances
Conversion Loss[AC - DC]
[LOW - HIGH Volt-age]
DC - DC microgridAC power
AC - DC
Solar PV
Fossil-fuel Power Plant
On the other hand, renewable energy production can take place at a range of scales. They are more compatible with urban conditions and more flexible with spatial ap-plication than fossil fuel based energy production. Their distributed production pattern could take advantage of microgrid, a more efficient, resilient distribution
Everyone could be energy producer!
Source: Energy Production Group
Spatial Dimension of Renewables _ Scale Diversity
b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e
ENERGY CONSUMPTIONURBAN
ENERGY PRODUCTIONRURAL
Given the distributed nature of renewables, current cities, which are solely energy consumers, are facing both the challenge and the opportunity of accommodating en-ergy production within their footprints.
MANHATTANOIL EXTRACTION FIELD
Urban vs Rural - Energy Production and Consumption of Today
b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e
This challenge will get intensified with the ambition of managing urban growth in more compact models of development.
Production
In the middle of nowheare
Consumption
Fossil Era City
Production
Post-Fossil City
Consumption
Urban vs Rural - Energy Production and Consumption in the Future
b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e
what to share??
Clusters?
SYSTEM RESILIENCE THROUGH COLLABORATIONS
how many cells?
km?
Backup?
POLYCENTRIC GROWTH
A
interaction
Cell
URBAN CELL
B C
National Grid
Gas
Gas
Energetic Cell
Low power density>>> Distributed / Microgrid
Instability of Renewables>>>Interconnectivity /
diversity of energy sources
M - Urban Framework
Cluster Sharing
L - Interconnecting Urban Clusters
Spatial Articulationof Distributed Energy Production
S - Urban Code
?
Logic of energy production and distribution will start having a significant impact on the spatial organization on the urban growth. This project, therefore, explores the morphology of resilient post-fossil cities across three scales: redefining ur-ban boundaries and urban clusters, energy infrastructure framework and a new set of urban codes
Spatical Organization of Post-Fossil Cities
b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e
ener
gyen
ergy
?
[Urb
an E
lem
ents
]
[urban agriculture]
[stormwater management]
[Energy & Food Production]
?
[parking etc]
[pump storage]
urba
n el
emen
ts
energy storage
food
wetlands
wind
wind
open space
food
wetlands
Programmatic Density
open space
basement
towers
podiums
Productive
biomassCon
sum
ptiv
e
solar food
solar
basement
biomass
The Overlapped City
towers
podiums
ecol
ogy
The concept of the overlapped city tries to generate spatial synergies be-tween energy and other urban parameters in the three scales.
Program Density [Multi-layered / Multi-functional]
When density meets renewables ...
Production
Post-Fossil City
Consumption
b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e
Site-HoustonOpportunities and Challenges-Rich Potential for Renewables-Fastest Growing-Urban Sprawl
b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e
solar potential
wind potential Intervention Area - West Houston
http://www.uhaul.com
Houston_Opportunities
Fastest Growing- #2 US fast growing city- biggest US metro Areas in 2025 - #1 Destination of U-Haul Migration. 2009-2011 - Young People Migration
Renewable Potential- #1 Potential for Renewables - Taxas- Texas now leads the country in wind energy- and is moving along in solar.
b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e
Parking-scape _ Houston Downtown
Huge amoung of parking lots in downtown houston is a direct reflection of its suburban sprawl
Urban SprawlHeritage of un-sustainable growth in the oil era
- lowest density and highest gasoline consump-tion per capita - longest street per capita - daily commute driven per capita 36.9 miles- 3.68% of population use public transit
b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e
parking occupys more than 50% of houston city center
GARAGE PARKING
SURFACE PARKING
801 TravisGarage
Bank of AmericaGarage
Saks Garage
Garage
Garage
> FRANKLIN >
< CONGRESS PRESTON >
< PRAIRIE TEXAS >
< CAPITOL RUSK >
< WALKER MCKINNEY >
< LAMAR DALLAS >
< POLK CLAY >
< BELL LEELAND >
< PEASE JEFFERSON >
< ST. JOSEPH PARKWAY PIERCE >< PIERCE ELEVATED PIERCE ELEVATED >
< BA
GBY
>
< BR
AZO
S >
< SM
ITH
LO
UIS
IAN
A >
< M
ILA
M TR
AVIS
>
< M
AIN
>
< FA
NN
IN SA
N JA
CIN
TO >
< CA
ROLI
NE
AU
STIN
>
< LA
BRA
NCH
CR
AWFO
RD >
< AV
ENID
A D
E LA
S A
MER
ICA
S >
< JA
CKSO
N >
> CH
ENEV
ERT
>
< H
AM
ILTO
N >
< JA
CKSO
N CH
ENEV
ERT
>
< H
AM
ILTO
N >>
projected commuter line
to houston dowtown>>>
Legend
Agriculture & Forest
Ponds / Streams
Ponds / Streams
Primary Roads
Secondary Roads
Existing
Existing
Existing Ecological ElementsExisting landscape elements on site such as stream, ponds and forest are rec-
ognized and preserved.
b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e
Existing Ecological ElementsA potential ecological network could be established generating a linear system
connecting all the adjacent ecologic elemetns.
b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e
Existing Ecological ElementsA potential ecological network could be established generating a linear system
connecting all the adjacent ecologic elemetns.
b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e
Existing Ecological ElementsThe ecological network serve as a buffer zone as a way to define urban
growth. Urban clusters would leave a certain distance with each other instead
b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e
Potential Eco-Energy Corridors
Buffer zones between urban clusters
b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e
Clusters Definition
Mamimum growth capacity[cluster boundaries][avoid sprawl]
b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e
Central Eco-Energy-Corridor
Ecological corridorsand energy corridorsshare spaces
b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e
Public Transit Networks
Distribution of public transit hubscovers all urban area within 10min walk
b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e
Energy City Framework
b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e
[backup connection]
futher expansion
?%LocalEnergyProduction
phase 3
75%LocalEnergyProduction
phase 2
50%LocalEnergyProduction
futher expansion
?%LocalEnergyProduction
phase 1
25%LocalEnergyProduction
urbancluster
dc-basedmicrogrid
ac-basedlong
distancetransmission
Eco-EnergyCorridor
NationalGrid
%
%
%
LocalEnergyProduction
Semi-CentralizedEnergy
CentralizedEnergy
Energy Planning
Energy
Ecological Infrastructure
Transportation
b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e
Urban CodeDynamic Framework-Multiple Scenarios
- Energy-Based Density Regulation- Internal Energy Balancing Eco-system - Urban Typologies- Multiple Scenarios
b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e
MM
M
140m
140m
Public Transit
Urban Block
Urban Blocks & Public Transit
Urban Cell10x10 urban blocks
Each urban cell will have at least one public transit hub, the distribution of which ensure all blocks are within 10min walk to the public transit.
b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e
Landcovers
Ponds / Streams
Existing Landscape ElementsRecognizing existing landscape elements on site to project the location of open
spaces.
b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e
MM
Park
Park
Ponds / Streams
Landcovers
Projected Open SpacesRecognizing existing landscape elements on site to project the location of open
spaces.
b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e
MPark
Public Transit
Density
high
mid
low
extrahigh
6
F.A.R
mid
high
Density DistributionProximity to public transits and open spaces both leads to higher density. Public
transits have higher influcence than open spaces.
b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e
FAR
= 4
Vert
ical
Hori
zont
al
Spherical
Vertical
z
x
x
y
y
z
xy
xy
z
z
x=y
Envelope TypologiesTo increase accessibility to the parks, surounding blocks have lower gound oc-
cupation, typologies become more vertical.
b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e
Solar ExposureParametric tools help recognize the different energy potentials associated with
various massing strategies.
b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e
Solar Exposure - roof
b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e
Solar Exposure - Roof & Ground
b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e
Solar Potential
b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e
Wind turbines are only installed on buildings taller than 70m. Overall Massing needs to generalte stepping elevations for maximum wind capture.
70mmin height
for turbines
stepping elevations for MAX wind capture
turbulences
b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e
Biomass PotentialLower ground occupation allows more surfaces for biomass production.
b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e
Office
Solar
Production
Production
[Production / Consumption]
FAR
Demand
Demand
Program
[Production / Consumption]
Production
GFA
Residential
Energy Ratio
GFA
FAR
Program
OfficeCommercial
[Production / Consumption]
GFA
[Production / Consumption]
Solar
Residential
Program
Program
Solar
Energy Ratio
OfficeCommercial
Energy Ratio
Commercial
GFA
Residential
ProductionEnergy Ratio
Demand
FAR
Demand
Office
Residential
Solar
Commercial
FAR
Energy Storage
588 kw162 kw = 147 + 15
148 kw = 84 + 50 + 14
78,400 sqm
19,600 sqm
14,000 sqm
16,400 sqm
14,700 sqm
588 kw66 kw = 50 + 16
x1
14,700 sqm
4,900 sqm
78,400 sqm
78,400 sqm
2,800 sqm
x0
588 kw
Energy Storage
588 kw
Energy Storage
78,400 sqm
0
588 kw
x1
x1
Energy Storage
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
25%
100%
28%
11%
Wind Biomass
BiomassWind
BiomassWind
BiomassWind
Spherical
Vertical
x=y>z
x=y=z
x
Overall Energy Potential
10xSolar
4xWind
1xBiomass
b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e
??
[Urb
an E
lem
ents
]
?
?
[Energy & Food Production]
?
swimming pool
food
wetlands
wind
open space
basement
towers
podiums
Productive
biomassCon
sum
ptiv
e
solar food biomass energy storage
Spatial synergies
The Overlapped CityMulti-layeredmulti-functional
The design of urban typologies is articulated following the concept of overlapped city- maximizing active surfaces and overlapping multiple programs in compact urban areas.
b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e
ener
gyen
ergy
?
[Urb
an E
lem
ents
]
[urban agriculture]
[stormwater management]
[Energy & Food Production]
?
[parking etc]
[pump storage]
urba
n el
emen
ts
energy storage
food
wetlands
wind
wind
open space
food
wetlands
Programmatic Density
open space
basement
towers
podiums
Productive
biomassCon
sum
ptiv
e
solar food
solar
basement
biomass
The Overlapped City
towers
podiums
ecol
ogy
The Overlapped CityMaximizing Active Surfaces
Spatial synergiesThe design of urban typologies is articulated following the concept of overlapped city- maximizing
active surfaces and overlapping multiple programs in compact urban areas.
b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e
Urban Typology MatrixThe design of urban typologies is articulated following the concept of overlapped city- maximizing
active surfaces and overlapping multiple programs in compact urban areas.
b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e
Urban Typology MatrixThe design of urban typologies is articulated following the concept of overlapped city- maximizing
active surfaces and overlapping multiple programs in compact urban areas.
b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e
Urban Typology MatrixA series of dynamic relationships links the traditional parameters of density and height with the energy productivity of each block, as a way to motivate developers to maximize their local energy production.
b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e
Urban Typology MatrixA series of dynamic relationships links the traditional parameters of density and height with the energy productivity of each block, as a way to motivate developers to maximize their local energy production.
b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e
Semi-centralized energy production
scenario 2offset production
[Pattern B] Energy/Eco Central Park
due to various sizes of developments (ownership), developer can either produce 30% energy on site or pay a tax for a offsite collective production field within the same cell.
[Pattern A] Energy/Eco Corridors
Semi-centralized energy production
scenario 1fullfill 30% local production
Offs
iteEn
ergy
Prod
uctio
n
+
+
-
-
Scenario 1Every block produce exactly X% local energy
Scenario 2Blocks collaborateto achieve x% local energywithin an urban cell scale
A policy of inter-block energy balancing allows different degrees of flexibility in the city in order to adapt to the market economy. New patterns of energy specialization arise, defining the blocks that are more prone to production and the ones that are more prone to consumption. Through a system of energy trading a cluster meets its overall energy pro-duction target through the compensation among the different blocks and the creation of additional energy sources within the green corridors.
Energy Balancing Ecosystem
Collaborative / Diverse / ResilientEnergy Offset Policy
E-
E-
0Independent
Selling excessiveenergy
Selling excessiveenergy
Scenario 2 example if overall local energy =
50%
b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e
Energy Balancing Ecosystem
urban cell scale - Maximum offset distance[extent of DC microgrid]
Energy Balancing Ecosystem
b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e
Energy Balancing Ecosystem
urban cell scale - Maximum offset distance[extent of DC microgrid]
Energy Balancing Ecosystem
b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e
Possibilities
-Energy open space-Buying from energy corridor-Special architecture [maximized energy production] - ......
Special Producer Block200%
Energy Balancing Ecosystem
urban cell scale - Maximum offset distance[extent of DC microgrid]
Energy Balancing Ecosystem
b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e
Scenarios
Urban Code Plan
Self-Sufficient Cell- Independent and Resilient- Efficiency Driven- Radical and Revolutionary- Autonomous Urban Blocks- Homogenious
b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e
Urban Code Plan
Scenarios
Self-Sufficient Cell- Independent and Resilient- Large Number of Energy Production Blocks- Rural-like Condition
b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e
Urban Code Plan
Scenarios
The Vulnerable Cell- Modest improvement- Relies external energy supply
b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e
Urban Code Plan
Scenarios
The Resilient Cell- Half Local Energy Production- Homogenious
b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e
Urban Code Plan
Scenarios
The Resilient Cell- Half Local Energy Production- Inter-Block Balancing Ecosystem- Diverse
b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e
Urban Code Plan
Scenarios
The Resilient Cell- Half Local Energy Production- Inter-Block Balancing Ecosystem- Productive Blocks Emerging- Hyper Specialized Blocks
b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e
Urban Code Plan
Scenarios
The Resilient Cell- Half Local Energy Production- Inter-Block Balancing Ecosystem- Productive Blocks Emerging- Hyper Specialized Blocks
b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e
Urban Code Plan
Scenarios
The Resilient Cell- Well Balanced Density and Energy Production- Inter-Block Balancing Ecosystem- Productive Blocks Emerging- Hyper Energy Productive
b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e
Diversity = 1.0
Local Energy Productivitylow high
b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e
Local Energy Production = 50%
Block Productivity Diversity Factorlow high
b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e
The system will develop in phases, in order to adjust and optimize the scheme as more settlements are commodated and technologies of renewables improve.Phasing and Polycentric Growth
b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e
The system will develop in phases, in order to adjust and optimize the scheme as more settlements are commodated and technologies of renewables improve.Phasing and Polycentric Growth
b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e
The system will develop in phases, in order to adjust and optimize the scheme as more settlements are commodated and technologies of renewables improve.Phasing and Polycentric Growth
b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e
The system will develop in phases, in order to adjust and optimize the scheme as more settlements are commodated and technologies of renewables improve.Phasing and Polycentric Growth
b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e
25%2015
LocalEnergyProduction
50%2020
LocalEnergyProduction
25%2015
LocalEnergyProduction
752025
LocalEnergyProduction
Starting from easier goal of local energy coverage, the city gradually achieves more and more energy independence and resilience, reducing its reliance on fossil fuels overtime.Phasing and Polycentric Growth
b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e
25%2015
LocalEnergyProduction
Phasing and Polycentric GrowthPhasing and Polycentric Growth
b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e
25%2015
LocalEnergyProduction
As a result of the new urban code, some new interesting and highly diverse spa-tial conditions and relationships arises.Spatial Diversity
b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e
25%2015
LocalEnergyProduction
Spatial DiversityAs a result of the new urban code, some new interesting and highly diverse spa-
tial conditions and relationships arises.
b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e
Vision 2050
b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e
Vision 2050
b a c k g r o u n d | c o n c e p t | s i t e | u r b a n f r a m e w o r k | u r b a n c o d e