April 2012 BULLETIN NO. 28 ISSN 1520-3581

CONTENTS

PACIFIC CIRCLE NEWS ........................................................................................ 2

HSS NEWS ................................................................................................................. 2

FUTURE MEETINGS, CONFERENCES, and CALLS FOR PAPERS ....................................................... 3

BOOK, JOURNAL, EXHIBITION, and RESEARCH NEWS ................................................................ 5

SELECTED RECENT PACIFIC BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................. 6

BOOK REVIEWS .................................................................................................... 10Australia’s Wild Weather ....................................................................................10The Great Melbourne Telescope and The Transit of Venus: 1631 to the Present .........................................................12

SUBSCRIPTION and STAFF INFORMATION .................................................. 22

THE PACIFIC CIRCLE

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PACIFIC CIRCLE NEWS

Recent and Forthcoming Publications and Scholarly Activities by Circle Members

BrettM.BennettandJosephM.Hodge,eds.Science and Empire: Knowledge and Networks of Science Across the British Empire, 1800-1970,PalgraveMacmillan,2011.

CatherineJami,The Emperor’s New Mathematics: Western Learning and Imperial Authority During the Kangxi Reign, 1672-1722,OxfordUniversityPress,2012.

RyanTuckerJones,“A‘HavlockMadeamongThem’:Animals,Empire,andExtinctionintheRussianNorthPacific,1741-1810,”Environmental History16:4(2011),pp.585-609.

WarwickAndersonandHansPols,“ScientificPatriotism:MedicalScienceandNationalSelf-FashioninginSoutheastAsia,”Comparative Studies in Society and History54:1(2012),pp.93-113.

WarwickAnderson,“RacialHybridity,PhysicalAnthropology,andHumanBiologyintheColonialLaboratoriesoftheUnitedStates,”Current Anthropology,53(April2012),forthcoming.

HSS NEWS

TheHistoryofScienceSocietyhasmoved.Thenewaddressis:

HistoryofScienceSociety440GeddesHallUniversityofNotreDameNotreDame,IN46556USA

Phone:(574)631-1194

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TheseventhjointmeetingoftheBSHS,CSHPSandHSSwillbeheldinPhiladelphiaonJuly10-13,2012.Thismeetinghasnostatedtheme;papersandpanelsonalltopicsinthehistoryofsciencearewelcome.Inquiriesregardingtheconferencecanbedirectedtoinfo@hssonline.org.

The2012AnnualMeetingoftheHistoryofScienceSocietywillbeheldonNovember15-18,2012,intheSheratonSanDiego(California)HotelandMarina.ThePhilosophyofScienceAssociationwillalsobemeetingandtheconferenceswillopenwithajointplenaryon“Kuhn’sStructure of Scientific Revolutions,50YearsLater.”Questions?Pleasevisithttp://www.hssonline.org.

FUTURE MEETINGS, CONFERENCES, and CALLS FOR PAPERS

12–14April2012.FourthConferenceoftheAustralianAssociationfortheAdvancementofPacificStudies,tobeheldattheUniversityofWollongong.Formoreinformation,pleasevisit:www.uow.edu.au/arts/UOW106714.html.

24–25May2012.“CommunityandtheSeaintheAgeofSail,”tobeheldatAalborgUniversity.Thismeetingwillexplorethehistoryofships,portcities,oceangoingandempire.Amongthetopics:historicalagencywithinoceangoingcommunities;portcitiesandtheshapingofoceangoingcommunities;rhetoricofclass,raceorgender;andpowerandstruggleintheshapingofoceangoingcommunities.KeynotespeakersincludeProf.MarcusRediker(UniversityofPittsburgh,USA)andProf.ClareAnderson(UniversityofLeicester,UK).Formoreinformation,pleasecontactheinsen@cgs.aau.dk.

30May–1June2012.ConferenceontheWatercraftofAboriginalandTorresStraitIslanderPeoples,tobeheldattheAustralianNationalMaritimeMuseum.Formoreinformation,pleasecontact:nawi@anmm.gov.au.

24–27June2012.93rdAnnualMeetingoftheAAAS,PacificDivision,tobeheldatBoiseStateUniversityinBoise,Idaho,andco-locatedwiththeSnakeRiverSectionoftheAmericanChemicalSocietyandtheNorthwestRegionofSigmaXi,theScientificResearchSociety.Foradditionalinformation,pleaseemailaaaspd@sou.edu.

2–5July2012.4thInternationalConferenceontheHistoryofMedicineinSoutheastAsia,tobeheldinSolo(Surakarta),tocoincidewiththemeetingof

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theInternationalAssociationofHistoriansofSoutheastAsia.ThecommitteelooksforwardtopapersandpanelsonallaspectsofthehistoryofhealthandmedicineinSoutheastAsia.PleasesendinquiriestoLaurenceMonnaisatlaurence.monnais-rousselot@umontreal.ca.

12–16July2012.NinthInternationalCongressoftheHistoryofOceanography(IXHO-IX),tobeheldinAthens,Greece.Thethemeis:“OceanographyintheAgeofGlobalization.”Forinformation,pleasevisittheCongresswebsiteatwww.seok.grorcontactDr.GeorgeVlahakis,thelocalorganizer.Email:gvlahakis@yahoo.com.

2–10August2012.34thInternationalGeologicalCongress,tobeheldinBrisbane,Queensland.SymposiatopicsincludeGeoheritage,GeoparksandGeotourism.Fieldtripswillbeincludedaspartofthemeeting.Forinformation,pleasevisittheEarthSciencesHistoryGroupathttp://eshg.gsa.org.au.

4–7October2012.AnnualMeetingoftheSocietyfortheHistoryofTechnology(SHOT),tobeheldattheCopenhagenBusinessSchool,Copenhagen,Denmark.ForinformationaboutSHOTandthemeeting,pleasevisithttp://www.historyoftechnology.org/.

18–20October2012.The1stIHPSTAsianRegionalConference,tobeheldatSeoulNationalUniversity.Goalsforthemeetinginclude:1)strengtheningthelinksbetweenHPSandscienceeducationinAsia;2)showingdifferentconnectionsbetweenthesciencesandthehumanities;3)exchangingexperienceofresearchandimplementationofHPS&STinAsiaand4)establishinganacademicplatformforHPS&STinAsia.Forinformation,pleasevisitwww.ihpst2012.snu.ac.kr.

5–8December2012.ConferenceoftheEuropeanSocietyforOceanists,tobeheldinBergen,Norway.Thethemeis“ThePowerofthePacific:Values,Materials,Images.”Questions?Pleasevisit:http://esfo2012.com/en.

16–19June2013.94thAnnualMeetingoftheAAAS,PacificDivision,tobeheldinLasVegas,Nevada.Questions?PleasecontactDr.RogerChristiansonatrchristi@sou.edu.

8–12July2013.The12thPacificScienceInter-Congress,tobeheldattheLaucalaCampus,UniversityoftheSouthPacific,Suva,Fiji.Thethemeis“HumanSecurityinthePacific.”Sessionswillinclude,butnotbelimitedto,biodiversity,governance,foodandhealth,oceandevelopment,climatechange,sustainabledevelopment,andtradeandeconomicintegration.ContactthePacificScienceAssociationforadditionalinformationatwww.pacificscience.org.

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BOOK, JOURNAL, EXHIBITION and RESEARCH NEWS

Modern Asian Studies46:1(January2012)isaspecialissuedevotedto“EverydayTechnologyinSouthandSoutheastAsia.”ArticlesincludeconsiderationofrubberplantationsincolonialIndochina,smallgardenmachinesintheMekongDelta,sewingmachinesincolonialDutchIndonesia,trafficandstreetlifeincolonialBritishIndia,andseveralothersonradiosandrailwaysintheregion.

Muse: Art, Culture, Antiquities, Natural History,theofficialmagazineoftheUniversityofSydney’smuseums,includestwoarticlesofpossibleinterestintheMarch2012issue:TonyGill,“DrawingonOldSketchesforNewInsights,”aboutWilliamSharpMacleay’sfishsketches(pp.10-11)andKirkHuffman,“Kava:APacificElixir”(pp.24-25).

TheHistoryofMedicineinSoutheastAsiawebsiteisnowupandrunningathttp://www.fas.nus.edu/sg/hist/homsea/index.html.Thesiteincludesinformationaboutconferences,professionalcontactsandmaterials.ForfurtherinformationaboutHOMSEA,pleasecontact:homsea@gmail.com.

The Hawaiian Journal of Historyinvitesauthorstosubmitoriginal,unpublished,documentedarticlesonthehistoryofHawai‘i,Polynesia,andthePacific.Formoreinformation,pleasevisitwww.hawaiihistory.org.

PapersandothermaterialsfromtheinauguralAsia-PacificUnderwaterCulturalHeritageConferencearenowavailableonlineat:http://www.themua.org.

TheAAASPacificDivisionhasestablishedawebsiteforstudents.Thesitecontainsinformationaboutresearchandtravelgrants,aswellasaboutotherawardsandaides.Pleasevisithttp://associations.sou.edu/aaaspd/Students/Students.html.

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SELECTED RECENT PACIFIC BIBLIOGRAPHY

BOOKS and BOOK CHAPTERS

The Albatross and the Fish: Linked Lives in the Open Seas,byRobin W. DoughtyandVirginia Carmichael,UniversityofTexasPress,2011.

All the Fish in the Sea,byCarmel Finley,UniversityofChicagoPress,2011.

Australian High Country Owls,byJerry Olsen,CSIROPublishing,2011.

Australia’s Wild Weather,byMark Tredinnick,NationalLibraryofAustralia,2011.(Seepages10-11forreview.)

The Biggest Estate on Earth: How the Aborigines Made Australia,byBill Gammage,Allen&Unwin,2011.

Burke and Wills: The Scientific Legacy of the Victorian Exploring Expedition,editedbyE.B. JoyceandD.A. McCann,CSIROPublishing,2011.

Captain Cook—Master of the Seas,byFrank McLynn,YaleUniversityPress,2011.

Conservation of Pacific Sea Turtles,editedbyPeter Dutton,Dale Squires,andMahfuzuddin Ahmed,UniversityofHawai‘iPress,2011.

Cosmos and Colonialism: Alexander von Humboldt in Cultural Criticism,editedbyRex ClarkandOliver Lubrich,BerghahnBooks,2012.

The European Antarctic: Science and Strategy in Scandinavia and the British Empire,byPeder Roberts,PalgraveMacmillan[PalgraveStudiesinCulturalandIntellectualHistory],2011.

European Perceptions of Terra Australis,editedbyAnne M. Scott,Alfred Hiatt,Claire McIlroy,andChristopher Wortham,Ashgate,2012.

A Field Guide to the Birds of New Zealand,byJulian FitterandDon Merton,PrincetonUniversityPress,2012.

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Frozen in Time: Prehistoric Life in Antarctica,byJeffrey D. StillwellandJohn A. Long,CSIROPublishing,2011.

The Great Melbourne Telescope,byRichard Gillespie,MuseumVictoriaPublishing,2011.(Seepages12-16forreview.)

Hawai‘i’s Mauna Loa Observatory: Fifty Years of Monitoring the Atmosphere,byForrest M. Mims, III,UniversityofHawai‘iPress,2012.

Kauri, Coal and Copra: 19th Century Voyages of Captain James Robinson Around the South Pacific,byJennifer Clark,J.Clark,2011.

The Nature and Culture of Rattan: Reflections on Vanishing Life in the Forests of Southeast Asia,byStephen F. Siebert,UniversityofHawai‘iPress,2012.

The “Origin” Then and Now: An Interpretive Guide to the ‘Origin of Species’,byDavid N. Reznick,withanintroductionbyMichael Ruse,PrincetonUniversityPress,2011.

Seeds of Empire: The Environmental Transformation of New Zealand,byTom BrookingandEric Pawson,I.B.Tauris,2011.

Shifting Baselines: The Past and the Future of Ocean Fisheries,byJeremy B.C. Jackson,Karen Alexander,andEnric Sala,IslandPress,USA,2011.

Shore Fishes of Easter Island,byJohn E. RandallandAlfredo Cea,UniversityofHawai‘iPress,2011.

South with the Sun: Roald Amundsen, His Polar Explorations, and the Quest for Discovery,byLynne Cox,Knopf,2011.

Spice Islands—The History, Romance and Adventure of the Spice Trade over 200 Years,byIan Burnet,RosenbergPublishingPty.Ltd.,2011.

Transatlantic Echoes: Alexander von Humboldt in World Literature,editedbyRex ClarkandOliver Lubrich,BerghahnBooks,2012.

Transit of Venus: 1631 to the Present,byNick Lomb,NewSouthPublishing,PowerhousePublishing,andUniversityofNewSouthWalesPress,2012.(Seepages17-21forreview.)

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ARTICLES and ESSAYS

“AnotherAmerica:RussianMentalDiscoveriesoftheNorthwestPacificRegionintheEighteenthandEarlyNineteenthCenturies,”byMartina Winkler,Journal of Global History7:1(2012),pp.27-51.

“AustralianPirateTales,”byStephen Gapps,Signals 97(Dec2011–Feb2012),pp.22-26.

“Baikalophyllum LobatumandRehezamites Anisolobus:TwoSeedPlantswith“Cycadophyte”FoliagefromtheEarlyCretaceousofEasternAsia,”byChristian Pott, Stephen McLoughlin, Anders Linstrom, Wu Shunqing,andElse Marie Friis,International Journal of Plant Science173:2(2012),pp.192-208.

“Beasts,Murrains,andtheBritishRaj:ReassessingColonialMedicineinIndiafromtheVeterinaryPerspective,1860-1900,”bySaurabh Mishra,Bulletin of the History of Medicine85:4(2011),pp.587-619.

“ColourChangeinDarwin’sFrogs(Rhinodermadarwinii,DumerilandBibron,1841)(Anura:Rhinodermatidae),”byJohara Bourke, Carlos Barrientos, Juan C. Ortiz, Klaus Busse, Wolfgang BohmeandTheo C. M. Bakker,Journal of Natural History45:43&44(2011),pp.2661-2668.

“DescriptionsofOneNewandTwoKnownSpeciesofPanagrolaimoidea(Nematoda)fromIndia,”byR. Khan, A. Hussain,andQ. Tahseen,Journal of Natural History46:13&14(2012),pp.867-884.

“DidKahoolaweVolcano,Hawaii,EvolvetoAlkalicCompositionMagmatism?”byR.V. FodorandG.R. Bauer,Journal of Geology120:2(2012),pp.191-202.

“DiscoveryofaPredaceousDrosophilid AcletoxenusIndicusMallochinSouthChina,withDescriptionsoftheTaxonomic,EcologicalandMolecularCharacteristics(Diptera:Drosophilidae),”byGuoyue Yu, Liang Wu, Jimming Lu andHongwei Chen,Journal of Natural History46:5&6(2012),pp.349-354.

“DiscoveryofaRemarkableNewSpeciesofBlackFungusGnat(Diptera,Sciaridae)fromTermiteNestsinMalaysia,”byMitsuaki Sutou, Munetoshi Maruyama, Takashi Komatsu, and Taisuke Kanao,Journal of Natural History 46:15&16(2012),pp.969-978.

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“GMWheatDevelopmentinChina:CurrentStatusandChallengestoCommercialization,”byLanqin Xia,Youzhi Ma,Yi He,andHuw D. Jones,Journal of Experimental Botany63:5(2012),pp.1785-1790.

“InitialIndia-AsiaContinentalCollisionandForelandBasinEvolutionintheTethyanHimalayaofTibet:EvidencefromStratigraphyandPaleontology,”byQinghai Zhang, Helmut Willems, Lin Ding, Kai-Uwe Grafe,andErwin Appel,The Journal of Geology120:2(2012),pp.175-189.

“LeafEpidermalFeaturesofLithocarpus(Fagaceae)fromChinaandtheirSystematicSignificance,”byWei ZhouandNian-He Xia,Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society168:2(2012),pp.216-228.

“MeltingEmpires?ClimateChangeandPoliticsinAntarcticasincetheInternationalGeophysicalYear,”byAdrian Howkins,Osiris26:1(2011),pp.180-197.

“ANewSpeciesofCistopusGray,1849(Cephalopoda:Octopodidae)fromtheEastandSouthChinaSeasandPhylogeneticAnalysisBasedontheMitochondralCOIGene,”byXiaodong Zheng, Xiangzhi Lin, Chungcheng Lu,andRuijuan Ma,Journal of Natural History46:5&6(2012),pp.355-368.

“NotesfromBatavia,theEuropeans’Graveyard:TheNineteenth-CenturyDebateonAcclimatizationintheDutchEastIndies,”byHans Pols,Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences67:1(2012),pp.120-148.

“RelationshipBetweenLeafTraitsandFire-ResponseStrategiesinShrubSpeciesofaMountainousRegionofSouth-EasternAustralia,”byLyndsey M. VivianandGeoffrey J. Cary,Annals of Botany109:1(2012),pp.197-208.

“TaxonomicStudyonSathytesWestwood(Coleoptera:Staphylinidae:Pselaphinae)fromChina,PartI,”byZi-Wei Yin,L-Zhen Li,andMei-Jun Zhao,Journal of Natural History46:13&14(2012),pp.831-857.

“ThirteenNewSpeciesoftheGenusHelinaR.-D.(Diptera:Muscidae)fromChina,”byWanqi XueandXu Tian,Journal of Natural History46:9&10,pp.565-598.

“ThreeAbdominalParasiticIsopods(Isopoda:Epicaridea:Bopyridae:Athelginae)onHermitCrabsfromChinaandHongKong,”byJianmei An,Jason D. WilliamsandHaiyan Yu,Journal of Natural History45:47&48(2011),pp.2901-2913.

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“TwoNewSpeciesoftheGenusChilibathynellaNoodt,1963andOnychobathynella bifurcatagen.etsp.nov(Crustacea:Syndarida:Parabathynellidae)fromNewSouthWales,Australia,”byA.I. CamachoandP. Hancock,Journal of Natural History46:3-4(2012),pp.145-173.

“TwoNewSpeciesofthegenusMegaceponGeorge,1947(Crustacea:Isopoda:Bopyridae)infestingVarunidae(Crustacea:Brachyura:Grapsoidea)fromChina,”byJianmei An,Christopher B. Boyko,andXinzheng Li,Journal of Natural History46:3&4(2012),pp.131-143.

“TheWildLifeofPesticides:UrbanAgriculture,InstitutionalResponsibility,andtheFutureofBiodiversityinSydney’sHawkesbury-NepeanRiver,”byRoel Plant,Jeremy Walker,Scott Rayburg,Jacqueline Gothe,andTeresa Leung,Australian Geographer43:1(2012),pp.75-91.

BOOK REVIEWS

MarkTredinnick,Australia’s Wild Weather,Canberra:NationalLibraryofAustralia,2011,Pp.155;ColorandB&WPhotos.Notes.Cloth:AUS$105.00andISBN978-0-642277237.Paper:AUS$39.95.

Climatescientistsandclimatehistorianswhoseethetitleofthisbookandgrabitofftheshelfwillmostlikelybeexpectingsomethingverydifferent.Itisnot,astheywillsoondiscover,asomewhatscientifictreatiseonpresentorpastextremeweatherinAustralia.Inappearanceitisa‘coffeetablebook’andincontentitis

substantiallyacollectionofphotographsofweather-relatedphenomenatakenfromthecollectionoftheNationalLibraryofAustralia,withalinkingtextofreflectionsandsomeexplanation.

Evenmoreunexpected,thetexthasbeenwrittenbyapoetandessayist,MarkTredinnick.Ashecomments,“Iamnotanexpertontheweather.Iamawriter…Weatherisapassionofmine,partofalargeraddictiontolandscape”(p.140).

Thephotographsareexcellent,theworkofaboutfiftyphotographers

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includingsomeofAustralia’sgreatest,suchasFrankHurley,MaxDupain,OlegasTruchanis,HaroldCazneaux,BrucePostle,MarkStrizik,NicholasCaireandPeterDombrovskis.Therearebriefbiographicalendnotesoneachphotographer.

Someofthephotographsshowbeauty(snowandiceinthemountains,andmorningmist),someshowdamage(Darwinafterithadbeenlargelydestroyedbycyclonesin1897and1974),someshowimminentthreat(rainstorms,duststormsandbushfires)andsomeshowtragedyandhardship(droughtandflood).Atleastoneisamusing(middle-agedwomenhavingapicnicundertheirumbrellaswhilewaitingfortheeventstostartonthelastdayoftheMelbourneOlympics)andonebemusing(ahappyfamilyintheirbackyard,thechildrenplayinginapaddlingpool,whilesmokefromabushfirebillowsthreateninglyintheskybehindthem).

Thefirstsectionofthebookandtextisageneralessayorseriesofpersonalreflectionsontheauthor’sexperiencesandtravelsinrelationtothenatureoftheweatherinAustralia.Asamplepassageis:

TheWeatherofWhoIAmIgothewaytheweathergoes,thoughnotalwaysinsync;eddiesofenergyriseandfallinme,travelmeinaceaseless,undulant,sometimesturbidandrecursivecircuit.Theworldthatismybodyistravelled[sic]byweather.Wearecreaturesmadelargely,liketheplanet,ofwater;wearephysicalbeingsunderthesun,movinginspace,smallwildernessesofmicrobesandenergies,andalltherestofit…(p.3).

Thesecondpartdiscussesandillustratesmorespecificallytheelementsoftheweather–rain,wind,cyclones,dust,etc.Tredennick’sreflectionsanddescriptionsareinplacescomplementedbypassagesthatindicatealevelofresearchintothenatureofAustralia’sweatherandclimate,ascanbeseeninlistsofsomeofthemajorfloodanddroughtperiodssinceEuropeansettlement.HisAcknowledgementsindicatethatheconsultedclimatescientistAilieGallant,whopresumablyhadsomeinputinthemorescientificpassages.

WhileIamunabletorecommendthisbooktopeopleseekingadeepunderstandingofthecomplexrealityofAustralia’swildweather,thephotographsarewellworthstudyingandforthoseofusinthePacificCirclewithaliteraryandpoeticbentthetextwillbewortharead.

DonGarden UniversityofMelbourne

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RichardGillespie,The Great Melbourne Telescope, Melbourne:MuseumVictoriaPublishing,2011,Pp.188;ColorandB&WPhotosandIllustrations.Chronology.Bibliography.Notes.Index.PaperAUS$29.95andISBN9781921833052

and

NickLomb,The Transit of Venus: 1631 to the Present, Sydney:NewSouth

PublishingandPowerhouseMuseumPublishing,andUniversityofNewSouthWales,2011,Pp.228;ColorandB&WPhotosandIllustrations.Glossary.Bibliography.Index.ClothAU$49.95andISBN9781742232690;PaperUS$24.95and9781615190553.

OnJanuary18,2003,Australianbrushfiresdrivenbystrongwindsandhotsummer-timetemperatures,sweptintotheoutskirtsofCanberra.Tothewestofthecity,MountStromloandthenearbysuburbswerethefirstandhardesthitbytheterrifyingfirestorm.Fourpeoplediedandmorethan500housesweredestroyed.Bytheendofthedaytheastronomicalobservatoryonthemountainwasinruins,andTheGreatMelbourneTelescope,subjectedasitwastotemperaturesthatarebelievedtohavereached1000degreesCelsius,didnotsurvive.

Thenewstoospreadlikewildfire.Themedia–includingtheSydney Morning HeraldinAustraliaandSky & TelescopeinAmerica–wouldall-too-soonbeinformingtheirreadersoftheburnt-outobservatorydomes,andoftheincineratedtubesofthehistoricinstrumentsthattheyhoused.Thepictureswerenotpretty:Sixtelescopeswerelostintheblaze,includingTheGreatMelbourne.

Afterthesmokehadcleared,onethingwasobvious:RichardGillespieandhisAussiecountrymenwouldhavetheirworkcutoutforthem:Thetaskofrestoring–ifatallpossible–theGreatMelbourneTelescope,andofreturningittoitsoriginalsiteattheMelbourneObservatory.ItwouldbeaHerculeantask,requiringateamofastronomers,engineers,andothers.Eventoday,thetaskremainsunfinished.

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ItistemptingtothinkthatRichardGillespiesawsomethingrising,liketheproverbialphoenix,fromtheashesofthefire,thathesnatcheduphisnotebookandhispencilandhiscamera,andthathebeganbeatingthebushesforagoodstory–becausehefoundone.

IndeedThe Great Melbourne Telescopeisanotonlyagoodstory:Itisaverygoodstory.

Describedas“oneofthegreathiddenstories”of19thcenturyAustralia,thistale-of-a-telescopeisaboutmuchmorethanatelescope.DesignedbyleadingBritishastronomersanderectedattheMelbourneObservatoryin1869,TheGreatMelbourneTelescope–a48-inchreflectorensconcedinalatticetubeandmountedonmassivebluestonepiers–was,atthetime,thesecondlargesttelescopeintheworld.FullyequippedwithaclockdrivetocompensatefortheEarth’srotationasitlockedinonitsheavenlytargets,thisnew-kid-on-the-blockwasa“MasterpieceofEngineering”andmore:Withmovementsthatwere“surprisinglysmoothandsteady”itcouldaccommodatetheburgeoningdemandsofastrophotographyatatimewhenidiosyncratichandsketchesfrombehindtheeyepiecewerebeingsupersededbytheobjectivityofphotographicplates.

ButtheGreatMelbourneTelescope,withorwithoutacamera,hadaveryspecificjobforwhichithadbeenespeciallybuiltandforwhichitwasespeciallywellsuited:Toexplorethephysicalnatureofthe“nebulae”thatwerevisibleinthesouthernskies:Werethese“fuzzystars”–these“nebulae”–really“clouds”ofgas,andhencethenestingplacesofnascentsuns,orweretheysomethingelse?Werethey,perhaps,incalculablyvast“cities”ofindividualstars,ofsunsalreadybornandswirlingaboutintheirown“islanduniverses”outsidetheMilkyWay?

Thequestionableexistenceof“islanduniverses”wouldinvolvegenerationsoftelescope-wieldingtruth-seekersinwhathascometobeknowntohistoriansofastronomyastheGreatDebate.InAmerica,theGreatDebatewouldgopublicin1920whenastronomersHarlowShapleyandHeberCurtisfacedoffattheSmithsonianInstitution,Curtisarguingthatatleastone“nebula”–knowntoastronomersasM31–wasindeedanislanduniverse.Althoughthename“islanduniverse”isamisleadingphrasewithacontentiousorigin,wenowknowthatCurtiswasatleastpartiallyright:Today,M31isbetterknownastheAndromedaGalaxy,somethingaboutwhichVictorian-eraastronomersknewlittle.

ButevenastheworkoftheGreatMelbourneTelescopefueledthedebateaboutcelestialfuzzieswithdrawingsandphotographs,andevenastheimportedinstrument–madeinIreland–wasaimedbyforeignhandsandpeeredthroughbyforeigneyes,itbecameasymbolofAustralia’srisingprestigeintheglobalscientificcommunity,a

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communitythathadbeendominatedhithertobyforeigners,especiallyEuropeans.

Australianastronomersfounditdifficulttoextricatethemselvesfromforeigninfluence.TheysometimeswerecompelledtolooktotheMotherCountry–VictorianEngland–forsupport,andwhentheyfoundittheytookit.TheRoyalSocietyofLondon(whichapprovedthedesignoftheGreatMelbourneTelescope,andinspectedandpraisedtheinstrumentwhenitwasfinished)provedahelpfulally,asdidCambridgeUniversity:AstronomersGeorgeAiryandJohnHerschel,bothCambridgealumni,playedtheirparts,asdidtheCambridgemathematicianGeorgeStokes;WilliamWilson,anotherCambridgealumnus,wasanoutspokenadvocateofplacingaSouthernTelescopeinAustralia;andwhenAlbertLeSueur,whostudiedunderStokesatCambridge,wasappointedthefirstdirectoroftheMelbourneObservatoryin1866,heremainedforaperiodinCambridgetobetrainedforhisnewresponsibilitiesbyyetanotherCambridgealumnus–theeminentmathematicianandastronomerJohnCouchAdams.

ButEuropean–especiallyBritish–attachmentswerenotalwaysblessings.TheCrimeanWar(1854-1856)hadabortedearlyplansforaSouthernObservatorywhereveritmightbelocated,anditwasn’tuntilthefollowingdecadethatsuchanobservatorywasfinallyestablishedinMelbournein1863.OnesuspectsthatitwastheindefatigableWilliamWilsonwhobestunderstoodtheseveraladvantagesoftheMelbournesitewhen–inhis1856“ReportontheStepstakeninEnglandtoprovideaTelescopeforObservingtheNebulaeoftheSouthernHemisphere”–hetouteditslatitude,thetransparencyofitsatmosphere,andthewealthandenergyofitscitizensascogentreasonsforlocatingafully-equipped,state-of-the-artnationalobservatoryatthatlocation.

In1849theBritishAssociationfortheAdvancementofSciencehadalreadycalledforalargereflectingtelescopetobeerectedintheSouthernHemisphere,butwhere?Andwhy?ThehoipolloiinEnglandandAustraliahadlittleinterestin“speculativeastronomy”andpreferredthe“practicalscience”oftheheavensforwhichotherobservatories(liketheoneatGreenwich)werealreadywell-known:theprovision,forexample,ofatimekeepingservicethathadnotonlyapracticalpayoffforciviliansbutforotherstoo:Itenablednavalcaptainstoratetheerroroftheirchronometers,andthustocalculatetheirlongitudeatsea.Butwasn’ttherealreadyanastronomicalobservatory,inoperationsince1853,atnearbyWilliamstown,andwasn’titchargedwithkeepingtime,andwasn’tthatenough?AsGillespiepointsout,itwas(only?)astronomyofthiskind–astronomyasa“practicalscience”–thathada“legitimateclaim”ongovernmentfunds.

EvenafteritsarrivalatMelbournein1868,ittookthebetterpartoftwoyears,from1869to1871,togettheGreatMelbourneTelescopeerectedandworking

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properly.Andthegovernmentinstitutionofwhichitwasapart–stilla“colonialobservatory”Gillespieremindsus–wasstillengagedinpracticalastronomy.Indeed,itsprincipaltelescopewasnottheGreatMelbourneatall:Itwas,instead,atransitinstrumentthatwasusedtoestablishthepositionsofstarsastheycrossedthemeridian–theimmediatepracticalapplicationofwhichpracticewasnothingotherthan“thedeterminationoflocaltimeandtheratingofships’chronometers,essentialforthesafenavigationofshipsfromAustraliatotherestoftheworld.”OntheothersideofthatworldAstronomerRoyalGeorgeAiry,weddedashewastotheutilitariantraditionoftheobservatorythereatGreenwich,wouldhavebeenpleased:Hehad,infact,alreadydescribed,in1863,whathebelievedtobeaColonialAstronomer’sproperduties–allnineteenofthem,includingtheratingofships’chronometers–and“speculativeastronomy”wasnotamongthem.

Greatasitwasasatelescope,theGreatMelbournehadmixedsuccessasaphotographicinstrument.In1872photosoftheMoontakenwiththetelescopeweresenttoBritain,andin1883thefirstphotosfromtheSouthernHemisphereoftheOrionNebula(M42)weretakenwithnewdry-plates.ButtheattempttocatchVenusasitambledacrossthefaceoftheSunduringits1874transitmetwithfailure,asdidtheattemptsbyJosephandAndrewTurnertophotographtheCarinaNebula,aneffortthattendedtoproducefuzzyimagesbecauseofthelongexposuretimerequired.

AndyetbythetimePrinceGeorgeandPrinceAlbert–bothgrandsonsofQueenVictoria–visitedtheGreatMelbourneTelescopein1881,theheavenlyspyglasshadalreadybecomethecity’sscientificicon:Notonly“akeyinstrument”inaninternationalresearchprogramonnebulae,buta“focalpoint”forthepublicunderstandingofscience.

ButtheGreatTelescopewouldn’tremaininMelbourneforever.In1944theMelbourneObservatoryclosed,andin1945thetelescopewasmoved.NowfatefullyrelocatedtotheMountStromloObservatory,itwasrebuiltin1992forthepurposeofstudyingMassiveCompactHaloObjects(MACHOs)inordertofindevidence(whichitdid)oftheexistenceoftheso-called“darkmatter”thatcontinuestoperplexastronomerstothisday.

ButnooneneedbeperplexedbyGillespie’sbook,abookinwhichscientific factsandhistorical factsformthewarpandwoofofasinglenarrative.NorisGillespie’snarrativedevoidofthesortsofseriousphilosophicalquestionsthatallattentivereadersshouldask:If,forexample,“speculativeastronomy”–fromthestudyof“islanduniverses”tothesearchfor“darkmatter”–is,to“ill-informed”politiciansandtheirilk,nothingmorethanan“ornamental”pursuit,whyaretheysoindulgentofapeacetimepastime?Isitbecausetheyexpectpeacetimecompetences

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tohavewartimeapplications–aswhentheastronomicalobservatoriesatStromloweretransformed,duringWorldWarII,intoadhocfactoriesforwar-timeobjectives:theproductionofglasslensesnotforastronomicaltelescopesbutforgunsightstoassistinthewareffort?Orisitbecausewartimecompetenceshavepeacetimeapplications–asintheadaptationtotheMACHOprojectofelectroniccamerasdevelopedforAmericanspysatellites?Becausethecitadelsofsciencehavenotalwaysbeenputtopeacefulpurposes,readersshouldruminateabouttheseFaustianissuesastheystudyGillespie’sbook:Forwhatpurpose–vanity,wealth,power–domencontinuetolustafterknowledge?Anddotheybuildgreatastronomicalobservatoriesforthesame“noblepurpose”thattheyoncebuiltgreatGothiccathedrals?

AsahistorianofscienceandtheheadoftheHistoryandTechnologyDepartmentatMuseumVictoria,RichardGillespieseemstoenjoyfocusinghisattentiononthespecialandsometimesdelicaterelationsthatalwaysprevailamongpracticingscientists,theinstitutionalbodiesthatencourageorrestrainthem,andthepolitical,social,andeconomicforcesfromwhichtheycannotescape.Thereislittledoubtthattheexcellenceofhisbookistheproductofhiswide-ranginginterestsandtalents.Asamanwhowriteswitheloquenceabouthisbook’sastronomicalcenteraswellasaboutitsastronomicalperiphery–fromtheomnipresentpoliticalmachinationstotheevanescentbuttransformational“goldrush”of1851–heisanauthorwhohasevidentlydoneagoodamountofarchivalwork,travelingthreecountries–Australia,England,andIreland–tosleuthaboutfortherelevantmaterials.ThesematerialsevidentlyincludednotonlytheCorrespondence Concerning the Great Melbourne Telescope(printedbytheRoyalSocietyofLondonin1871):Theymusthaveincludedaswell–andevenmorehappily–someofthesurvivingbutmorepersonalcorrespondenceofseveralVictoriangentlemen–astronomersGeorgeAiryandJohnHerschelamongthem,tonamejusttwo–whoknewhowtowrite(andtopreserve)properletters:Thesemendidnotleavetheirfootprints–read“e-mails”–inthesand,andRichardGillespiehasemergedtriumphant.Ithastakenhimagoodmanyyears–andlotsofgoodluckinfindingtherelevantpapertreasures–topiecehisstorytogether,andhistoriansofastronomyshouldappreciateandcommendhisefforts:TheywereprobablymuchmoreOlympianthanthecasualreaderofhisbookwillunderstand,buttheyhavenotpassedunnoticedbythiswriter.

AsFredWatson,oftheAustralianAstronomicalObservatoryinNewSouthWales,hasopined:“IfevertherewasabookthatallAustraliansinterestedintheirculturalheritageshouldread,thisisit.”Myhopeisevenlarger:ThatGillespie’sbookwillfindanappreciativeaudiencewellbeyondthebordersofhisowncountry.

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Inhisnewbook,Transit of Venus, 1631 to the Present,Dr.NickLomb–anastronomerattheSydneyObservatoryandtheauthoroftheAustralian Sky Guide–hasproducedwhatmaybehismosttimelypublicationtodate.

InanticipationoftheapproachingtransitofVenusofJune5-6,2012–acelestialspectaclethathasbeenseenbutrarelyandthatwillnotberepeateduntiltheyear2117–Dr.Lombhascookedupbothatitillatingtextualtreatandafull-bodiedvisualfeast,andwhetherhisreaderschoosetonibbleatthebookmeditativelyortoingestitvoraciouslyinasinglesitting,theyaresuretocomeawaylickingtheirlipsanddroolingformore.

Butifabook–anybook–ismeanttobenotsimplyagourmand’sgoodiebagbutatreasuretroveofinformationandenlightenment,thentheessentialquestionthatamindfulreaderofLomb’sbookshouldbeaskingashereadsis:HowfarawayistheSun,howdoweknow,andwhyisitimportantthatweknow?

SchoolchildrenwillbeabletotellyouthattheSunisabout93millionmilesfromEarth.Lombwilltellyoumuchmore.Andhewilltellyouwell,likethegoodandgentlestory-tellerthatheis:sympathetictobeginners,evereagertoplease,andfullofsurprises.

Perhapsthefirstsurprisethatwillpresentitselftosomereaderswillbetheirdiscoverythatthewill-o’-the-wispinthetransit-of-Venuschasewaspreciselythisnumber:some92,955,807miles,giveortakeahair.ItiswhatastronomerscalltheAstronomicalUnit(AU),andforcenturies–astheygamelypursuedtheAstronomicalUnitandfearlesslychasedtheelusiveandwispyquarrytothefarcornersoftheglobe–astronomershavesometimesmade(orunmade)theirreputationsbyshavinghairs–amillionmileshere,amillionthere–fromthefaceoftheAU:TheSuncouldn’treallybesofaraway,couldit?

Well,whynot?

Totheutterdelightofallhistoriansofastronomy(well,perhapsnotallofthem),thereis,inthetransit-of-Venusstory,afullcastofdramatis personae,manyofthemaskingthisveryquestion,andLombintroduceshisreaderstosomeofthem:Nationalistornarcissist,neophyteornincompoop,itmattersnot,foralltheworld’sastage.Stillitistheheavenlybodyitself,nottheEarth-boundbipedsleeringatit,thatisalwaysfrontandcenter.

Thisrequiressomeskillfulchoreography,tobesure.ButLombisasdeftwiththedanceasheispunctiliouswiththepen,andhehasrefusedtotorturehisaudiencewithasoporificandtedioustomehonedonlyfortheastronomicalcognoscenti.Instead,havingfoundatrustworthymidwife(publisher),hehasgivenbirthtoadivinelydelectablebrainchild,a228-pagefemmefatale,fullyworthyofitsVenusian

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namesake:abreezy,modest-sized,coffee-tabletypebookcompletewithanectar-and-ambrosiatextandlotsofretinalstimulithataresuretoenticethereaderintoturningthepages.

Thetextualtreatispresentedinaseriesofbrief,easy-to-digestchapterscoveringthehistoryandscienceofVenusiantransitsinchronologicalorder,fromthefirstpredictedtransit(in1631),tothefirstobservedtransit(in1639),tothefirstobservedinAmerica(in1761),tothefirstobservedinPolynesia(in1769),tothefirstobservedinAustralia(in1874),tothefirstobservedfromspace(in2004).Forobservingtheapproachingtransitof2012–onlytheeighthtransitofVenustooccursincetheinventionofthetelescope–Lombprovidesobservingtipsfornovices(neverlookdirectlyattheSun!)aswellastabulatedtransitinformationforseveralmajorcitieswhere(weatherpermitting)thespot-on-the-Sunspectaclewillbeeitherpartiallyorwhollyobservable.Theseincludeseveral“downunder”citiesinAustraliaandNewZealand,andevenmore“upover”localesintheUnitedStates,Europe,andAsia.

Thevisualfeastincludesacornucopiaofimages,andadiscerningeyewillseeinthosepictureshowthehistoryofvisualrepresentation–inastronomyandelsewhere–hasunfoldeditselfovertime:Picturesdatingtothe18thcenturyandthedaysofCaptainCookarehand-madedrawingsfromthepre-photographicperiod;others,fromthe19thcentury,showcase,inblack-and-white,thestate-of-the-artphotographyoftheday;andothersstill,showingthe2004transit(thefirstofthe21st-centurypair),appearinfull-colorimages,someintentionallyenhancedwithspace-ageaplombtoproduce“unreal”picturesofwhattheunassistedhumaneyeisutterlyincapableofseeing.AndincaseswheretheimagesareofsphericalobjectssuchasVenusortheSun,itisespeciallynoticeablethatthesquare(9-by-9-inch)formatofthebookworkstosomeadvantage,asacircularimagecanbeeasilyandsymmetricallyinscribedinsideasquaretocompletelyfillthepage.This,clearly,isnoaccident.Suchthingshappenonlybydesign.Andtheauthorandthepublisher,workingasateam,surelydeservesomecredithere.

Butthereisstillmorecredittospreadaround.Withoutsidetrackingthereaderwithtoomuchdetail,amultitudeofshortancillarypassageshavebeeninsertedintothebookinseparate“boxes”–stylisticasidesthatprovide,Hamlet-like,importantinformationaboutwhatistranspiring,orhasalreadytranspired,onstage.Thesesectionsincludeasummaryof“fastfacts”aboutVenusiantransits;adescriptionofVenus’sphysicalattributes;abiographyofJohannesKepler,whopredictedthe1631transit;abiographyofJeremiahHorrocks,whopredictedandsuccessfullyobservedthetransitof1639;abrieftreatmentoftheproblemof“findinglongitude”atsea;adiscussionoftheresultsofthe1761transit;abiographyofCaptainJamesCook,

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whoobservedthe1769transitfromTahiti;adiscussionofthenotorious“blackdrop”effect,whichrepeatedlytarnishedthetransitobservations;ananalysisoftheresultsofthe1769transit;adiscussionofnineteenth-centuryastrophotography;atreatmentoftheresultsofthe“BritishandColonial”observationsof1874;adescriptionoftheresultsoftheAmericaneffortsof1874and1882;alayoutdescribing,withbothtextandpictures,someoftheharvestedresultsofNASA’sMagellanspacecraftwhich,afterbeinglaunchedfromthespaceshuttleAtlantisin1989,spentfouryearsinorbitaroundVenus;aspreadonthe2004transit-of-VenusobservationsmadewiththeSwedishSolarTelescopefromtheislandofLaPalma;andanotherspreadonNASA’sTRACEsatellitewithwhich,forthefirsttimeinhistory,atransitofVenuswasobservedfromspace.Thereare,inadditiontotheseseveralseparateasides,threeothersthatwillbeofspecialinteresttoAustralianreaders:abiographyofAustralianastronomerJohnTebbutt,adescriptionoftheGreatMelbourneTelescope,andadescriptionofthephotoheliographusedattheMelbourneObservatoryduringthe1874transit.Andofthelastthree“asides”inthebook:onediscussestheusefulnessofthetransitmethodinthemodern-daysearchforEarth-likeexoplanets,anotherexplains“HowaTransitofVenusWorks”,andthelastprovidestipsfor“ObservingtheTransitSafely”whenitoccursin2012.Thesetimely“asides”are,inmostcases,nomorethanoneortwopages.Aretheydistractions?Yes,theyare.Buttheyaredeliciousones:sweettreatsthatallowthereadertoskiparoundatleisureand,likepickingupandsniffingatallthetemptingtrufflesstuffedintoaboxofexpensivechocolates,alwayscertainofbitingintosomethingdelectable.

Thereare,ofcourse,elementsmorecentraltothetransit-of-VenusstorythatLombcouldhavediscussedthathedidnot–elementsless“patriotic”thantheperipheralmaterialonanAustraliantelescopeoranAustralianobservatoryoracomethunter(JohnTebbutt)fromDownUnderperhaps,butworthyelementsnevertheless.Hecouldhaveasked(andanswered)thequestion:WhatwerethepracticalbenefitsofknowingtheAstronomicalUnit(theEarth-Sundistance)tomodern-dayprecision?Thequestionisagoodone,andtheanswerbelongsinthefour-page“aside”ofLomb’sbookcalled“FindingLongitude”whereinquisitivereaders(inAustraliaandelsewhere)mightbepleasedtolearnthattheAstronomicalUnitwashistoricallyrelatedtothetablesof“LunarDistances”printedintheNautical Almanac.Infact,thenumbers(actuallypredictions)foundinthosetablesgavethetransit-of-Venuschasearealutilitariangoal,onethatwaspubliclydiscussedbyGeorgeForbesin1874.Forbes,aCambridge-educatedastronomerandamemberoftheBritish1874transit-of-VenusexpeditiontoHawaii,wrotewithillumination:

Thetransits[sic]ofVenuswillaidmateriallyinperfectingtheLunarTables[intheNautical Almanac].Themotionsofthemoonarerenderedirregularbythedisturbingattractionofthesun.Butwecannotdeterminewithgreataccuracy

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eithertheamountorthedirectionofthesun’sattractionuponthemoonuntilweknowaccuratelythesun’sdistance.Henceifwewishtobeabletocomputetablesofthemoonsufficientlycorrectfortheexactdeterminationoflongitude,wemustemployeverymeansinourpowertoperfectourknowledgeofthesun’sdistance.

ThiscouldhavebeenanotherlittlesurpriseinLomb’sotherwisedelightfulgoodiebagofsurprises.Itwasn’t.Andthat’stoobad.

Thisis,ofcourse,butacritic’scavil:asmall“sinofomission”thatiseasytoforgive.Unfortunately,therearelittle“sinsofcommission”inLomb’sbooktoo.AndwhilereadersoutsideAustraliawillwelcomeabookfromDownUnderthatdiscussesitssubjectmatterwithbothauthorityanddexterity,somewillpredictablytakeexceptiontothelibertiesLombtakeswhenhelapsesintoanecdoteandfirst-personnarrative(p.180),orwhen,intotheastronomicalandhistoricalfacts,hechoosestointerjecthisopinions:WasCook’s“mostfamousvoyage”(p.48)hisfirst–theonethat,afterhisobservationsfromTahitiof1769transitofVenus,ledhimtothediscoveryofAustralia?Orwasithislast–thevoyagethatledhimtothediscoveryofHawaii?AnddidCooknamethegroupofPacificislandsneighboringTahitithe“SocietyIslands”inhonorofhisEnglishpatronsattheRoyalSocietyofLondon(asatleastonescholarinHawaiihasproposed),ordidhesonamethembecauseof“theirproximitytoeachother”asLomb(p.93)suggests?Lomb’sanswertothefirstquestioniseasilyunderstoodoncehisreadersdiscover(fromtheBibliography)thatheisalsotheauthorofanotherbook,publishedin2004,andentitledTransit of Venus: The Scientific Event that Led Captain Cook to Australia.

Becausethetransit-of-Venusstoryissuchabigstory–ithasincludedaninternational,intergenerationalcommunityofscientistsandhasnowspannednearlyfourcenturies–theauthorofTransit of Venusistobeforgivenhispeccantpeccadilloes:Theyareminor.AndbecauseLombissoobviouslywell-qualifiedtowriteabouttransitsofVenus–threeofwhich(thoseof1874,1882,and2004)havebeenobservedinhishomecountry–heisalsotobeforgivenwhenhiseffusiveenthusiasmfor–andhisobviousknowledgeof–thehistoryofastronomyinAustraliaovertakeshisnarrative,andAmericandevoteesoftheheavenswillbeespeciallyhappytoseethathehaspropitiatedhisSydney-basedsinningbyincludinginhisbookagloriousselectionofworshipfulimagesfromNASA.

Buthavenodoubt:Overall,Lomb’sbookgivesagood,authoritative,smoothlywritten,andrichlyillustratedsummarydiscussionoftransitsofVenusingeneral,andtheauthoristobecommendedforanespeciallyrichtreatmentoftherelationshipbetweenVenusiantransitsandthehistoryofastronomyinAustralia.Takenasawhole,TransitofVenusshouldbeawelcomeadditiontothelibrariesofbothcasual

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readersaswellasprofessionalhistoriansofsciencewhoknowlittleornothingaboutthehistoryofastronomyDownUnder.

Forthosewishingtopursuethetransit-of-VenusstorybeyondthepagesofLomb’sbook–andthestoryisreallymuch,muchlargerthancanbeeasilyassimilatedintojustonemedium-sized,coffee-tabletypebook–theBibliographyincludesreferencestobooks,journalarticles,andwebsitesthatwillpushthereaderintherightdirection.

Although,afterbringingsomuchexcitementtotheworldfornearlyfourcenturies,theapproachingtransitofVenusmayappearanticlimactictosome,Lombencourageshisreader’stoobserve,ifatallpossible,theonce-in-a-lifetimeeventwhenitoccursinJune.

Hiswords,likehisbook,shouldnotgounheeded.

MichaelE.Chauvin,Ph.D. IndependentScholar

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