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The Partial Benzene/Butane Maleic Anhydride Ethylene to ... · PDF fileThe Detailed Kinetics...

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The Detailed Kinetics of the Partial Oxidation Reactions: Benzene/Butane to Maleic Anhydride Ethylene to Ethylene Oxide Ken Waugh Emeritus Professor of Physical Chemistry
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Page 1: The Partial Benzene/Butane Maleic Anhydride Ethylene to ... · PDF fileThe Detailed Kinetics of the Partial Oxidation Reactions: Benzene/Butane to Maleic Anhydride Ethylene to Ethylene

The Detailed Kinetics of the Partial Oxidation Reactions: 

Benzene/Butane to Maleic Anhydride

Ethylene to Ethylene Oxide

Ken Waugh

Emeritus Professor of Physical Chemistry

Page 2: The Partial Benzene/Butane Maleic Anhydride Ethylene to ... · PDF fileThe Detailed Kinetics of the Partial Oxidation Reactions: Benzene/Butane to Maleic Anhydride Ethylene to Ethylene

ICI Central Instruments Research LabBozedown House Berkshire

Page 3: The Partial Benzene/Butane Maleic Anhydride Ethylene to ... · PDF fileThe Detailed Kinetics of the Partial Oxidation Reactions: Benzene/Butane to Maleic Anhydride Ethylene to Ethylene

The Oxidation of Benzene to Maleic Anhydride Over Vanadium Pentoxide D(V‐O) = 600 kJmol‐1

Page 4: The Partial Benzene/Butane Maleic Anhydride Ethylene to ... · PDF fileThe Detailed Kinetics of the Partial Oxidation Reactions: Benzene/Butane to Maleic Anhydride Ethylene to Ethylene

D A Dowden mechanism of benzene oxidation to MA using molecularly adsorbed O2

Page 5: The Partial Benzene/Butane Maleic Anhydride Ethylene to ... · PDF fileThe Detailed Kinetics of the Partial Oxidation Reactions: Benzene/Butane to Maleic Anhydride Ethylene to Ethylene

Maleic anhydride temperature programmed desorption spectra from V2O5: adsorption temperature (a) 135, (b) 150, (c) 160, (d) 170, (e)

180, (f) 190, (g) 200 C 

Page 6: The Partial Benzene/Butane Maleic Anhydride Ethylene to ... · PDF fileThe Detailed Kinetics of the Partial Oxidation Reactions: Benzene/Butane to Maleic Anhydride Ethylene to Ethylene

Benzene temperature programmed desorption spectra: curve (a) benzene, curve (b) maleic anhydride 

Page 7: The Partial Benzene/Butane Maleic Anhydride Ethylene to ... · PDF fileThe Detailed Kinetics of the Partial Oxidation Reactions: Benzene/Butane to Maleic Anhydride Ethylene to Ethylene

Desorption spectra following the adsorption of benzene at (a) 75, (b) 90 and (c) 100 C. Curves 1and 2 are benzene; curve (c) is maleic anhydride

Activation Energy  31 kJmol‐1

Page 8: The Partial Benzene/Butane Maleic Anhydride Ethylene to ... · PDF fileThe Detailed Kinetics of the Partial Oxidation Reactions: Benzene/Butane to Maleic Anhydride Ethylene to Ethylene

The Oxidation of n‐butane to Maleic Anhydride

• Anaerobic Selectivity 80%

Page 9: The Partial Benzene/Butane Maleic Anhydride Ethylene to ... · PDF fileThe Detailed Kinetics of the Partial Oxidation Reactions: Benzene/Butane to Maleic Anhydride Ethylene to Ethylene

The (100) face of (VO)2P2O7 – the active face

Page 10: The Partial Benzene/Butane Maleic Anhydride Ethylene to ... · PDF fileThe Detailed Kinetics of the Partial Oxidation Reactions: Benzene/Butane to Maleic Anhydride Ethylene to Ethylene

Recirculating Solids Reactor forn‐butane Oxidation to Maleic Anhydride ‐ DuPont

Page 11: The Partial Benzene/Butane Maleic Anhydride Ethylene to ... · PDF fileThe Detailed Kinetics of the Partial Oxidation Reactions: Benzene/Butane to Maleic Anhydride Ethylene to Ethylene

Schematic Representation of the Mars and van Krevelen Mechanism

Page 12: The Partial Benzene/Butane Maleic Anhydride Ethylene to ... · PDF fileThe Detailed Kinetics of the Partial Oxidation Reactions: Benzene/Butane to Maleic Anhydride Ethylene to Ethylene

Oxygen desorption from (VO)2P2O7

Page 13: The Partial Benzene/Butane Maleic Anhydride Ethylene to ... · PDF fileThe Detailed Kinetics of the Partial Oxidation Reactions: Benzene/Butane to Maleic Anhydride Ethylene to Ethylene

Anaerobic Temperature Programmed Oxidation of n‐butane over the (VO)2P2O7 Catalyst

Page 14: The Partial Benzene/Butane Maleic Anhydride Ethylene to ... · PDF fileThe Detailed Kinetics of the Partial Oxidation Reactions: Benzene/Butane to Maleic Anhydride Ethylene to Ethylene

Anaerobic Temperature Programmed Oxidation of but‐1‐ene over the (VO)2P2O7 Catalyst

Page 15: The Partial Benzene/Butane Maleic Anhydride Ethylene to ... · PDF fileThe Detailed Kinetics of the Partial Oxidation Reactions: Benzene/Butane to Maleic Anhydride Ethylene to Ethylene

Anaerobic Temperature Programmed Oxidation of but‐1,3‐diene over the (VO)2P2O7 Catalyst

Page 16: The Partial Benzene/Butane Maleic Anhydride Ethylene to ... · PDF fileThe Detailed Kinetics of the Partial Oxidation Reactions: Benzene/Butane to Maleic Anhydride Ethylene to Ethylene

Side View of n‐butane Adsorbed End‐on

Page 17: The Partial Benzene/Butane Maleic Anhydride Ethylene to ... · PDF fileThe Detailed Kinetics of the Partial Oxidation Reactions: Benzene/Butane to Maleic Anhydride Ethylene to Ethylene

Identification of the Origins of Selectivity in Ethylene Epoxidation on Promoted and 

Unpromoted Ag/α‐Al2O3 Catalysts: a detailed kinetic, mechanistic and 

adsorptive study

Matt Hague, Ken Waugh

Page 18: The Partial Benzene/Butane Maleic Anhydride Ethylene to ... · PDF fileThe Detailed Kinetics of the Partial Oxidation Reactions: Benzene/Butane to Maleic Anhydride Ethylene to Ethylene

The Reaction

CH2 = CH2 + 1/2O2

Ag/Al2O3

CH2Cl CH2ClCH2 CH2

OComposition (CH2 = CH2) 12 bar (CH2Cl CH2Cl) ppm

O2 3 bar

Temperature 500K Pressure 15 atmospheres

The Catalyst Ag/Cs/Al2O3

Ag area 2.0 m2g-1 Ag particle size 280 nm

The Problem:• Reaction mechanism• Role of Cl• Role of Cs

Ag loading 10% w/wCs loading 0.1% w/w

+ CO2

Page 19: The Partial Benzene/Butane Maleic Anhydride Ethylene to ... · PDF fileThe Detailed Kinetics of the Partial Oxidation Reactions: Benzene/Butane to Maleic Anhydride Ethylene to Ethylene

Oxygen desorption spectra from the Ag/α‐Al2O3 catalyst Tm=250°C(523K), the α1‐state;

Tm = 300°C(573 K), the α2‐stateDose: O2, 1 atmosphere, 25 cm3/min, 240ºC 

0

1x10-10

2x10-10

3x10-10

4x10-10

373 473 573 673 773

1st Oxygen TPD2 d O y en T

Temperature / K

Massspecresponse/arb.units

Mas

s sp

ec re

spon

se /

arb

units 1st Oxygen TPD

2nd Oxygen TPD

Temperature / C

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

100 200 300 4000

1x10-10

2x10-10

3x10-10

4x10-10

373 473 573 673 773

1st Oxygen TPD2 d O y en T

Temperature / K

Massspecresponse/arb.units

Mas

s sp

ec re

spon

se /

arb

units 1st Oxygen TPD

2nd Oxygen TPD

Temperature / C

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

100 200 300 400100 200 300 400

Page 20: The Partial Benzene/Butane Maleic Anhydride Ethylene to ... · PDF fileThe Detailed Kinetics of the Partial Oxidation Reactions: Benzene/Butane to Maleic Anhydride Ethylene to Ethylene

Temperature programmed reaction of ethylene with the α1‐ and α2‐O species adsorbed on the Ag/α‐Al2O3 catalyst 

m/z = 29 is EO, m/z = 44 is CO2

0

1x10-1

2x10-1

3x10-1

4x10-1

5x10-1

-100 0 100 200 300

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1Mas

s sp

ec re

spon

se /

arb

units

Temperature / °C

-100 0 100 200 300

Mass 44Mass 29

0

1x10-1

2x10-1

3x10-1

4x10-1

5x10-1

-100 0 100 200 300

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1Mas

s sp

ec re

spon

se /

arb

units

Temperature / °C

-100 0 100 200 300

Mass 44Mass 29

Page 21: The Partial Benzene/Butane Maleic Anhydride Ethylene to ... · PDF fileThe Detailed Kinetics of the Partial Oxidation Reactions: Benzene/Butane to Maleic Anhydride Ethylene to Ethylene

EO and CO2 Formed SimultaneouslyThey therefore originate in a common intermediate

‐ TS1 (or the oxametallacycle)

• SELECTIVITY = EO formed/Ethylene Converted

• SELECTIVITY of 100°C(373K) Peak = 57%: the selective and unselective reactions have nearly the same energetics

• SELECTIVITY of 200°C(473K) Peak = 33%: the unselective pathway is 2 times more likely than the selective one

Page 22: The Partial Benzene/Butane Maleic Anhydride Ethylene to ... · PDF fileThe Detailed Kinetics of the Partial Oxidation Reactions: Benzene/Butane to Maleic Anhydride Ethylene to Ethylene

Oxygen desorption spectrum from the Ag/α‐Al2O3 catalyst after having desorbed the low temperature oxygen peak (the α1‐state) by heating 

in He to 503 K for 10 min

0

0.5x10-10

1.0x10-10

1.5x10-10

2.0x10-10

373 473 573 673 773

Temp/ K

massspec.response/arb.units

Mas

s sp

ec re

spon

se /

arb

units

0.2

0.1

0 100 200 300 400 500

Temperature / °C

0

0.5x10-10

1.0x10-10

1.5x10-10

2.0x10-10

373 473 573 673 773

Temp/ K

massspec.response/arb.units

Mas

s sp

ec re

spon

se /

arb

units

Temp/ K

massspec.response/arb.units

Mas

s sp

ec re

spon

se /

arb

units

0.2

0.1

0 100 200 300 400 500

Temperature / °C

Page 23: The Partial Benzene/Butane Maleic Anhydride Ethylene to ... · PDF fileThe Detailed Kinetics of the Partial Oxidation Reactions: Benzene/Butane to Maleic Anhydride Ethylene to Ethylene

Temperature programmed reaction of ethylene with the oxidised Ag/α‐Al2O3 catalyst having desorbed 80% of the α1‐O state (m/z = 29 is 

EO, m/z = 44 is CO2)

0

1x10-10

2x10-10

3x10-10

4x10-10

5x10-10

-100 0 100 200 300173 273 373 473 5730

1x10-10

2x10-10

3x10-10

4x10-10

5x10-10

-100 0 100 200 300173 273 373 473 573

0.2

0.4

0.3

0.5

0.1

-100 0 100 200 300

Mas

s sp

ec re

spon

se /

arb

units

Temperature / °C

Mass 44Mass 29

0

1x10-10

2x10-10

3x10-10

4x10-10

5x10-10

-100 0 100 200 300173 273 373 473 5730

1x10-10

2x10-10

3x10-10

4x10-10

5x10-10

-100 0 100 200 300173 273 373 473 573

0.2

0.4

0.3

0.5

0.1

-100 0 100 200 300

Mas

s sp

ec re

spon

se /

arb

units

Temperature / °C

0

1x10-10

2x10-10

3x10-10

4x10-10

5x10-10

-100 0 100 200 300173 273 373 473 5730

1x10-10

2x10-10

3x10-10

4x10-10

5x10-10

-100 0 100 200 300173 273 373 473 573

0.2

0.4

0.3

0.5

0.1

-100 0 100 200 300

Mas

s sp

ec re

spon

se /

arb

units

Temperature / °C

Mass 44Mass 29

Page 24: The Partial Benzene/Butane Maleic Anhydride Ethylene to ... · PDF fileThe Detailed Kinetics of the Partial Oxidation Reactions: Benzene/Butane to Maleic Anhydride Ethylene to Ethylene

The coverage of the α1‐O state is only 20% of saturation

• The selectivity of the low coverage α1‐O state is 75% compared with a value of 57% for saturation coverage. This is an important observation

• The selectivity of the α2‐O state remains unchanged at 34%. The two surfaces react independently.

Page 25: The Partial Benzene/Butane Maleic Anhydride Ethylene to ... · PDF fileThe Detailed Kinetics of the Partial Oxidation Reactions: Benzene/Butane to Maleic Anhydride Ethylene to Ethylene

O atom adlayer on the Ag(110)

Page 26: The Partial Benzene/Butane Maleic Anhydride Ethylene to ... · PDF fileThe Detailed Kinetics of the Partial Oxidation Reactions: Benzene/Butane to Maleic Anhydride Ethylene to Ethylene
Page 27: The Partial Benzene/Butane Maleic Anhydride Ethylene to ... · PDF fileThe Detailed Kinetics of the Partial Oxidation Reactions: Benzene/Butane to Maleic Anhydride Ethylene to Ethylene

The stronger the Ag‐O bond is, the less likely it is to stretch and cyclise to EO

The stronger the Ag‐O is, the more likely it is to abstract H atoms from the adsorbate

Both  result in its being less selective

Page 28: The Partial Benzene/Butane Maleic Anhydride Ethylene to ... · PDF fileThe Detailed Kinetics of the Partial Oxidation Reactions: Benzene/Butane to Maleic Anhydride Ethylene to Ethylene

The role of subsurface O atoms: TPD spectra of an oxidised, sintered Ag/α‐Al2O3 catalyst containing 1.6, 2.0, 2.3 and 2.8 ML of subsurface O atoms produced by dosing O2(1 bar) for 1 h at the temperatures indicated 

0

0.5x10-10

1.0x10-10

1.5x10-10

2.0x10-10

473 673 873

813 K753 K693 K633 K Subsu

Atomic surface oxygen

file g25-28Temperature / K

MassSpecResponse/arb.units

Mas

s sp

ec re

spon

se /

arb

units

540°C480°C420°C360°C

α atomic surface oxygen β subsurface

oxygen

0.2

0.1

200 400 600

Temperature / °C

0

0.5x10-10

1.0x10-10

1.5x10-10

2.0x10-10

473 673 873

813 K753 K693 K633 K Subsu

Atomic surface oxygen

file g25-28Temperature / K

MassSpecResponse/arb.units

Mas

s sp

ec re

spon

se /

arb

units

540°C480°C420°C360°C

α atomic surface oxygen β subsurface

oxygen

0.2

0.1

200 400 600

Temperature / °C

Page 29: The Partial Benzene/Butane Maleic Anhydride Ethylene to ... · PDF fileThe Detailed Kinetics of the Partial Oxidation Reactions: Benzene/Butane to Maleic Anhydride Ethylene to Ethylene

Temperature programmed reaction of ethylene with an oxidised Ag/α‐Al2O3

catalyst containing both surface and 2.3 ML of subsurface O atoms

0

2x10-10

4x10-10

6x10-10

150 300 450 600 750

Mass 29Mass 18 (Water)Mass 44

Temp / K

Massspecresponse/arb.units

373 673 973

Mas

s sp

ec re

spon

se /

arb

units 0.6

0.4

0.2

100 400 700

Temperature / °C

Mass 18

Mass 44

Mass 29

0

2x10-10

4x10-10

6x10-10

150 300 450 600 750

Mass 29Mass 18 (Water)Mass 44

Temp / K

Massspecresponse/arb.units

373 673 973

Mas

s sp

ec re

spon

se /

arb

units 0.6

0.4

0.2

100 400 700

Temperature / °C

0

2x10-10

4x10-10

6x10-10

150 300 450 600 750

Mass 29Mass 18 (Water)Mass 44

Temp / K

Massspecresponse/arb.units

373 673 973

Mas

s sp

ec re

spon

se /

arb

units 0.6

0.4

0.2

100 400 700

Temperature / °C

Mass 18

Mass 44

Mass 29

Page 30: The Partial Benzene/Butane Maleic Anhydride Ethylene to ... · PDF fileThe Detailed Kinetics of the Partial Oxidation Reactions: Benzene/Butane to Maleic Anhydride Ethylene to Ethylene

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