The Pearl

THE PEARL

Synopsis Of The Novel

Kino and his family live in the fishing village. Kino looks for pearls to support his family. Kino

and his people are treated with disrespect especially by the rich. Kino feels humiliated and

he is troubled. He is determined to find a solution to all the problems that he and his family

face. He dives to search for a pearl that would reshape his life and that of his family. Luck is

on his side. The answer to his miseries is found. Kino finds the greatest pearl in the world.

He starts to see hope in his life and dreams of starting life all over with his new found

treasure. But, the pearl brings him and his family only more misfortune and miseries!

          Kino and Juana find themselves at the crossroads of life and they are hunted by

people with greedy ambitions and evil minds. The pearl has brought out the worst in man!

Kino and Juana are on the run to escape evil. The pearl is now the root of their entire

problem. Kino needs to make up his mind whether to keep the pearl or get rid of it for good.

He makes up his mind and throws the pearl back into the sea. Kino loses everything, his

home, his only son and hope. Kino's dreams are shattered and the pearl is no longer with

him. He and Juana must face the realities of life.

Summary for Chapter One

The Start of a New Day

The story unfolds in the fishing village. Kino and Juana wake up to the start of a new day.

Kino listens to the splashing morning waves while Juana prepares breakfast for the family. 

Coyotito, their only son, sleeps in a hanging box. Kino walks out from his brush house to

watch the dawn. Meanwhile, Juana takes Coyotito out from the hanging box, cleans him

and places him close to her breast, and sings an ancient song softly. She puts Coyotito into

the hanging box. Both Kino and Juana eat their breakfast.

The Scorpions Sting

A scorpion moves slowly along the rope that holds the hanging box to the roof. Both Kino

and Juana freeze as they notice the scorpion getting closer to their helpless baby. Juana

whispers an ancient magic to safeguard her child from evil, while Kino moves stealthily

toward the hanging box. Kino gets ready to crush the scorpion with his bare hand. But, with

a little movement by Coyotito lying in the hanging box, the rope moves and the scorpion

falls. Kino tries to grab the scorpion but fails. The scorpion lands on   Coyotito’s shoulder

and stings him. Kino holds the scorpion in his hand and rubs it to a paste. By now, Coyotito

cannot stand the pain and cries. Juana holds her child and notices the small hole from the

scorpions sting. She sucks the spot and spits, without any hesitation. Coyotito continues to

scream out of pain and the neighbours from the other brush houses come over to find out

why the baby screams. Kinos brother (Juan Tomas) and his wife (Apolonia) and their four

children are present amongst the people. 

The Need for a Doctor

Juana stops sucking the puncture for while. The little hole becomes slightly larger. The

villagers know that a scorpions sting can make an adult ill. A child may easily die from the

scorpions sting. Juana realises the dangers of the scorpions sting. She requests for a

doctor. Kino and the neighbours know that the doctor would not come. Kino tells Juana that

the doctor would not come. She insists that they go to him instead.  The neighbours follow

Kino and Juana (carrying Coyotito) to see the doctor. Others join the procession to the

doctors house.

Meeting the Doctor

The procession stops at the big gate of the doctors house. The doctor is not of the same

race of Kino’s people. The doctors race has colonised Kino’s native land and his people for

centuries. The doctors people treat Kino’s people as though they are simple animals. 

The doctor lives in luxury unlike Kino and his people. A native (servant) appears to answer

the knock on the gate. The servant enters the house and informs the doctor that a native

Indian boy is stung by a scorpion. The doctor reacts sarcastically and says that he has

better things to do than to cure little Indians of insect bites. He insists that he is a doctor and

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not a veterinarian.

The doctor wants to know if Kino has any money. Kino does not have money for the

treatment. He, however, hands over eight small badly-shaped pearls to the servant. The

servant returns into the house and comes back. He informs Kino that the doctor is not

around. The doctor is away to attend a serious case.

The crowd disperses.  Kino is shameful. He is deeply hurt that the doctor refuses to treat

Coyotito.  He shows his anger by boxing the gate.

Summary for Chapter Two

At the Beach

Kino and Juana walk slowly to the beach towards Kino’s canoe. The canoe is Kino’s only

possession which was inherited from his father to grandfather. The swelling from the

scorpion’s sting is bigger and has spread to the neck and under the ear. Coyotito has a

fever.

Juana gathers some seaweed and makes a flat damp poultice to nurse Coyotito’s wound. It

would act as a remedy and relieve him of the pain.

Kino Dives for Pearls

Kino prepares himself to dive into the sea to look for pearls. He is determined to look for

pearls that are valuable. Juana prays hard that Kino would find some pearls as Coyotito’s

swell is getting bigger.

Kino finds a great oyster for the fist time. He feels reluctant to open it as he feels it would

just be worthless. But, he is wrong. The pearl is as perfect as the moon. It is as large as the

size of a seagull’s egg. Kino and Juana are happy to have the greatest pearl in the world

with them! Kino sees hope and the future of his family in the pearl.

Juana shows Coyotito’s wound to Kino. The swell is subsiding, a sign that the scorpion’s

poison is becoming less. Kino lets out a scream to let out his emotions.

Summary for Chapter 3

The Reality of Owning the World ’ s Greatest Pearl

The news of Kino’s discovery spreads fast and efficiently across the brush houses to the

town. The news of the pearl in Kino’s possession makes others envious of him. The

shopkeepers lose interest in their wares.  The doctor suddenly becomes interested in

treating Coyotito. The beggars at the church are optimistic that a poor person with the new

found richness would be overly-generous.

The news of the pearl also attracts the pearl buyers. These pearl buyers would fight, shout

and threaten poor pearl sellers to depart with the pearls at the lowest prices.

Kino’s pearl starts to make everyone dream, speculate, scheme, and plan. The pearl is the

answer to the people’s futures, wishes, needs, lusts, and hungers. The pearl is on

everyone’s mind.

With the growing interest in Kino’s pearl, evil minds are at work. The only person between

someone and the pearl is Kino. This makes him become everyone’s enemy. Everyone

wishes to own the pearl.

Kino ’ s Vision

Kino and Juana do not know what is happening around them. They think that everyone

shares their joy. The neighbours are envious of Kino’s discovery of the pearl.

Kino sees a great future ahead for him and his family. He envisions marrying Juana in the

church. He sees his wife in beautiful clothes and shoes. He dreams of himself in fine clothes

complete with leather hat and shoes. He sees Coyotito in a blue sailor suit from the United

States complete with a small yachting cap. Kino's dreams also include owning a harpoon

and a rifle. Kino also wishes to educate Coyotito. He wants his son to go to school to learn

to read, write and count. He wants Coyotito to be educated as it would make him and his

family experience freedom.

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The Priest ’ s Visit

The neighbours move aside to give way for the priest to come to see Kino. The priest is

revered. The men uncover their heads while the women put their shawls over their heads

and look down. The priest shows a deep interest in the pearl. He expects Kino to pay his

respects to the church.

The Doctor ’ s Visit

The doctor visits Kino in the pretext of seeing Coyotito.  Kino feels anger but he controls

himself. The doctor frightens Kino that the scorpion’s poison can cause a number of defects

such as weakened legs, a blind eye or even a crumpled back. The doctor’s explanation

causes Kino’s anger to die off and he becomes fearful that something terrible would happen

to Coyotito. Juana covers her baby and keeps him away from the doctor. With an approving

gesture from Kino, she allows the doctor to treat the baby. He examines the baby and

explains that the poison is still in the baby’s body. The doctor prepares medication and

places it far back on the baby’s tongue.

Coyotito ’ s Condition Becomes Worse

Coyotito becomes ill and his condition worsens. He shows signs that make both Kino and

Juana worried. The news of the Coyotito’s worsening condition reaches the neighbours.

They gather at Kino’s brush house. The doctor arrives and examines the child. He provides

the antidote to cure the child from the poison. The child becomes calm and goes to sleep.

The doctor asks politely when Kino can pay him for his services. Kino replies that he would

pay the doctor once he sells the pearl he has found. The doctor pretends not to know of the

new-found pearl. The doctor volunteers to safeguard the pearl for Kino but Kino says that

the pearl is safe with him.

Uninvited Guest

The doctor leaves Kino’s brush house but the villagers are reluctant to do so. They finally

leave the house. Kino is cautious and listens carefully to any sound that is foreign to him.

He senses some kind of danger. He relocates the pearl into a hole under his sleeping-mat

and covers it. Kino is fearful that someone would steal the pearl from him.

Kino senses that someone is inside his house. Kino attacks the intruder with a knife and a

small struggle takes place. Kino hurts his forehead. The intruder escapes.

Juana ’ s Prophecy

Juana feels frightened. She tells Kino that the pearl is evil. It is a sin to keep it. She asks

Kino to either bury it and forget about it or to throw it away. She tells him that they can break

the pearl between stones or throw it back into the sea. She senses that the pearl will

destroy them. Kino refuses to listen to her. He tells her that the pearl is the only chance they

have to make it in life. Kino wants Coyotito to be educated and set them free from their

helpless situation and poverty.

Summary for Chapter 4

The Situation in La Paz

The news of Kino visiting La Paz to sell his pearl is known throughout the town. Everyone

seems to know Kino’s intention and wants to see what happens. Almost everyone from all

walks of life senses some form of excitement. The pearl buyers are looking forward to

seeing, holding and buying the pearl. The fishermen are all waiting to know what happens

when Kino goes around selling his pearl that they do not go out to sea.

The pearl buyers are ready for Kino and they have decided on the price to offer Kino for his

pearl. The pearl buyer who buys pearls at the lowest prices is the best and happiest pearl

buyer.

The Situation in Kino ’ s Neighbourhood

Kino's neighbours discuss what they would do if they found the pearl. One of them says that

he would present it to the Holy Father in Rome. Another person says that he would buy

masses for the souls of his family for a thousand years to come. Someone amongst them

says he would take the money and distribute it to the poor people in La Paz. One of the

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other neighbours says he would use the money he gets from the sale of the pearl to set up

charities which would benefit the people. Although each of them has a different way of

making use of the pearl, they all hope that Kino does not change with the new found

treasure. They know that riches can make a man change   and they do not want Kino to do

this.

Kino and Juana look forward to a new life ahead. The pearl would bring them good fortune.

They can baptise Coyotito with the money from selling the pearl. Kino is hopeful that he

would be rich by afternoon or the next day.

Going to La Paz

Kino and Juana are ready to go to La Paz. The neighbours follow them. Kino’s brother Juan

Tomas warns Kino to be extra careful or he would be cheated by the pearl buyers. Kino and

Juan Tomas recall how pearls make men change and bring out the worst in them. Many

have cheated others by taking their pearls for their own good. Kino has heard many stories

of betrayal and being cheated. The procession reaches the town.  

Kino ’ s Attempt to Sell the Pearl

Kino shows his pearl to one of the pearl buyers in town. The pearl buyer examines it while

the neighbours become restless wanting to know how much it is worth. Kino explains that

the pearl is of great value but the buyer says that the pearl is worthless. He tries to trick

Kino by saying that the pearl is too big and there would be no buyer for it. Kino is taken

aback and insists that the pearl is worth fifty thousand pesos. The buyer is only willing to

pay him a thousand pesos.

The buyer calls for the other pearl buyers to come to his shop to appraise the pearl. The

other pearl buyers also say that the pearl is ugly and worthless. Kino knows he is being

cheated.

Kino Returns Feeling Disappointed

The neighbours are confused. They think that Kino should have accepted the thousand five

hundred pesos the buyer offers. They are sceptical that the pearl would fetch a high price.

Kino is afraid to go to the capital. But for the sake of his family’s future he has to venture to

the capital to sell his pearl.  The buyers in La Paz are all cheats. He feels hopeless and

helpless. He has to meet the challenge if he wants his son to make it in life.

Kino is Attacked

Kino feels disturbed. He also senses evil outside his brush house. Kino steps outside to find

out what it is. In a moment Juana hears the sound of struggle and a blow. Juana seizes a

stone from the fire place and rushes out of the brush house. But, she finds Kino laying on

the ground and trying to get up. No one is around. The assailant is no where to be seen.

Kino is injured in the attack and blood oozes from his scalp. There is a deep cut from his ear

to his chin. Kino is semi-conscious from the attack. 

Juana reminds Kino that the pearl is evil. She insists that they destroy the pearl before it

destroys them. But Kino disagrees. He wants to keep the pearl as it is their fortune. Kino

tells Juana that they will go to the capital in the morning.

Summary for Chapter 5

Juana Throws the Pearl

While Kino sleeps, Juana removes the pearl from underneath the stone at the fireplace. She

proceeds stealthily towards the shore. Kino follows her quietly to see what she is up to. He

realises Juana wants to throw the pearl into the sea. He strikes her in the face and kicks her

in the side. Kino is angry with her for trying to throw the pearl.

Kino Kills Someone

Kino walks towards the beach and hears someone trying to attack him. He takes out his

knife and stabs a dark figure. He is attacked and falls to the ground. His attackers search

him to get the pearl. The pearl is knocked from his hand and falls behind a little stone.

Juana gets up painfully and looks for Kino. She finds the pearl and contemplates throwing it

into the sea. Then, she notices two figures on the beach. She approaches the figure only to

find Kino lying there. The other figure is that of a dead stranger.  She realises that the old

life, which she and Kino had before the pearl came into their lives, is gone forever. 

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Juana Talks Some Sense into Kino

Kino comes to this senses and reacts emotionally that everything is over. The attackers

have taken the pearl. Juana calms him down and shows the pearl to him.

Juana tells Kino that he has murdered a man. She convinces him that they are not safe

there. They must leave the place immediately. Their old life is gone forever.

Kino Faces More Problems

Kino instructs her to get Coyotito and all the corn they have. He will get the canoe ready for

them. Kino finds his canoe with a big hole at the bottom. He feels angry. Juana flees the

brush hut with Coyotito in her arms and runs towards the beach. She meets Kino and tells

him that their brush hut is set on fire by his attackers. The attackers have searched the

house for the pearl. Juana feels terrified while Kino is afraid.

The fire destroys the brush house with ease. The neighbours, Juan Tomas and Apolonia

think that Kino and his family perish in the fire. They are sorrowful for the dead of the family.

Kino and Juana Escape

Kino approaches Apolonia as she comes to her house to collect her shawl. He asks her to

get his brother, Juan Tomas. Kino explains to his brother the situation he is in. He has killed

someone. Juan Tomas tells Kino that the pearl is evil. He should get rid of it by selling it.

Kino requests assistance from him to hide them. Juan Tomas agrees to help Kino.

Juan Tomas borrows things from the neighbours to prepare Kino for his escape. He

provides Kino with a long working knife, which is able to function as a small axe, a tool and

a weapon to protect him and his family.

Kino and Juana escape from the place with the support given by Juan Tomas and Apolonia.

Summary for Chapter 6

Kino and Juana Leave their Place

Kino and Juana slip out of the neighbourhood and through the town stealthily. They head

towards Loreto. Both of them walk all night. Kino is extra careful and sweeps off the traces

of their foot step so that others would not be able to trail them.

They stop to rest. Kino feels uneasy and nervous. He senses someone following them. He

hides in the cover of a thorny tree and looks at the way they have come.

Trackers Pick up Their Trail

He sees three figures. One is riding a horse while the other two are walking. They are

trackers, skilful people who can track animals. They are out to hunt Kino and his family.

Kino senses danger and he needs to get his family to safety.

Kino starts to panic. He knows sooner or later the trackers would be turning on him and his

family. They would find his trail. 

Kino and Juana Move On

Kino and Juana continue their journey. Juana asks Kino if the trackers will allow them to

live. Kino does not answer her. He leads his wife towards the mountain, hoping that the

trackers would not find them there.

Kino persuades Juana to hide with the baby, while he goes on to the mountain. He would

lead the trackers into the mountain while Juana and the baby go to either Loreto or Santa

Rosalia. He would then meet them there. But Juana refuses to leave Kino.

Kino and Juana make their way to the small pool. They drink water from the pool and rest

for a while. Kino notices that the trackers are following them. Kino finds a place for them to

hide. He sets a false trail for the trackers to follow.

Kino Attacks  

The trackers reach the pool at night. They rest there. Kino observes them and plans his next

move.

Kino tells Juana that if anything happens to him, she must remain quiet and leave for

Loreto. Juana feels helpless. All she is able to do is pray for her family’s safety.

Kino launches his attack. He moves slowly and stealthily without any noise. He climbs down

to get the tracker, who is on watch.  The sound of a cry wakes the trackers who are asleep

and the tracker on watch fires a shot from his rifle towards the direction of the cry.

Kino attacks the trackers with his knife and he also uses the rifle that he grabs from one of

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the trackers to kill them.

Coyotito ’ s Death

Kino is unaware of what happens in the cave. Coyotito is shot by the tracker, mistaking him

for a coyote pup.

Kino and Juana Return to La Paz

Both Kino and Juana walk through the town and into their village. They are speechless and

do not show any sign of emotions. The people know that something is terribly wrong.

Kino Throws the Pearl Into the Sea

Kino looks at the pearl. He only sees the faces of evil. He also sees death; of the trackers

and his son, Coyotito.

Kino throws the pearl into the sea with all his might. It drops in the lovely green water and

disappears. The pearl is no longer with Kino!

Setting

Setting is important in a novel. The setting helps to give meaning to the story.

Setting in a novel tells us where and when a story takes place. Thus, setting acts as the

background to the story in the novel.

The setting in the novel “The Pearl” is the fishing village in La Paz, which is located in the

narrow peninsular of Mexico. This place is the Baja Peninsular.

          The adventures in the story take place in the brush village of La Paz.  The story

unfolds in the fishing village, consisting of poor fishers who also are pearl divers, to earn

supplementary income. Kino and his family are Mexican-Indians who reside in the brush

houses that dot the outlines of the shores of La Paz. The town is the centre for pearl trading.

It is a city of stone and plaster. It also represents the more sophisticated Spanish-Mexicans,

who are traders and professionals.

          Against the contrast of these two worlds, Kino is caught. He has with him the world’s

greatest pearl, which he sees as the ticket to a bright and successful future for his family.

But, evil minds work in somewhat strange ways, and soon Kino finds himself in dire straits.

He, his wife and only son become the target for unknown enemies and bounty hunters,

known as trackers, who are on his trail. The old order of life is destroyed. They have to flee

the brush village and head towards the mountain to escape the clutches of evil men, out to

rob him of his new found fortune. Kino returns in the end from the mountain back to La Paz

and passes through the brush village to the beach. There, he builds up all his courage and

flings the pearl with all his might into the sea. 

The Elements of Setting

The elements of setting relate to information that can be found in the novel based on:

1. The historical time: When the events in the story are taking place.

2. The physical location: Where the events in the story are taking place, how the physical

environments appear.

3. The social circumstances: How the characters and the people in the story are seen in

society based on their socio-economic backgrounds or social norms.

4. The cultural circumstances: What types of socio-cultural practices the people in the

story uphold. 

Historical time refers to the time in which the story takes place or when the characters in

the story undergo certain experiences or are in some kind of situation.

Physical location relates to the physical landscapes or environments as described or

noted in the novel. This is often seen as the background to the story or the natural setting at

a particular place or places in the novel, where the events in the story take place.

Social circumstances are the social dimensions that make the characters behave in some

particular manner. The way people are seen as working class or aristocrats in the social

context such as the socio-economic background. Kino and his people are descendants of

the Mexican-Indian race while the doctor, pearl buyers and trackers are from the Spanish-

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Mexican race. Kino and his people are poor fishermen and pearl divers, who live in the

brush houses in the fishing village. On the other hand, the Spanish-Mexicans are pearl

traders, shop owners, professionals and live a more comfortable life in the city. Kino and his

people live as neighbours and are close- knit.

Cultural circumstances relate to the people's socio-cultural practices such as taboos,

beliefs and their behaviour. Kino and his people are Christians and respect the priest as a

person who is knowledgeable in religious matters. They believe in the power of magic too,

and pay attention to their intuitions which appear in the form of songs. There are songs of

the family, the music of the enemy, music of the pearl, dark music, music of evil and ancient

magic to safeguard from evil. This is the belief of the people.  Look at the table below and

see how information, details or descriptions provide the elements of setting:

ELEMENTS OF

SETTING INFORMATION/DETAILS/DESCRIPTIONS

Historical timemorning, evening, night , a long time ago, dawn, four hundred years,  old and

ragged moon, waning moon arose.

Physical

location 

brush house, waves on the beach, hanging box, city of stone and plaster,

church, La Paz, yellow sand,  eel-grass beds, Gulf, hot sun, narrow

pavements beside the buildings, streets of the city, bare stone teeth of the

mountains, tiny stream, cave, golden afternoon.

Social

circumstances

corn-cake, pulque, hanging box, beggars, church, thousand washings of his

clothes, poverty people, high bed, silver tray, silver chocolate pot, tiny cup of

egg-shell china, suppliant hat, beans, little pottery dish, fireplace stone, clay-

cooking sheet, sleeping-mat.

Cultural

circumstances

song of the enemy, ancient magic, Hail Mary,  benediction, pray for guidance,

soldier sent by God, sermon.

PLOT

Plot is the sequence of events in the story. Plot is seen as the structure of the actions or

events which are ordered to give meaning to the story. The events or incidents that take

place in a story are developed based on a particular structure. The structure of the plot

entails the 5-stage development in the novel “The Pearl”. The 5-stage developments are:

1. The Introduction or Opening stage

2. The Rising Action Stage

3. The Climax

4. The Falling Action Stage

5. The Closure or Ending

The introduction stage provides the background to the story (where and when) and who

the characters are.

The rising action stage is when the series of conflicts are developed in the story. The

conflicts that the characters face cause them to react to the situations. The behaviour of the

characters to situations would show the personality traits of the characters (joyful, far-

sighted, egoistic, selfish, cunning, practical, etc).

The climax is the moment of greatest tension in the story. The characters have reached a

point where they have to take a particular course of action. The action is seen as a

resolution or an answer to their problems. In ‘The Pearl’, Kino faces the trackers, as he

knows that it is between them and him. Kino decides to solve the problem. He needs to kill

them before the trackers get him and his family. This is the highest moment of tension for

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him. Thus, the climax of a story is the build-up of human emotions to the highest point. It

makes the characters come up with a possible solution to overcome the problem.

The falling action is the series of actions that follow as a result of the characters’ reaction

to the problem; the consequences of the actions the characters take at the climax stage.

Kino kills the three trackers, but he loses his son, Coyotito. Kino and Juana have to face the

realities of the situation.

The closure or ending is the end result or finality in the story. It is the conclusion to the

story. Kino and Juana have to live with the fact that Coyotito is dead. They have to face the

consequences of their actions. The pearl brings only hardships and sufferings. They have

lost everything. The closure provides information on whether the characters have solved

their problems, through their actions (at the climax stage). It also provides information on

whether the characters have to face the consequences of their actions for the rest of their

lives. Kino throws the pearl into the sea. Kino and Juana are losers in the end. 

The Introduction or Opening stage

In The Pearl” the author introduces the setting of the fishing village with the main character

Kino, his wife Juana and their son, Coyotito. The author describes the brush houses and

provides information on Kino and his people. The story unfolds with Kino enjoying the

breaking of day while Juana prepares breakfast. Their son is in the hanging box. The

atmosphere is peaceful and everything looks so calm.

The Rising Action Stage

In “The Pearl” the elements of conflict are built upon by the author. Kino and Juana face a

serious problem: Coyotito is stung by a scorpion. The scorpion’s poison may cause an adult

to become ill. But it may prove fatal for a baby like Coyotito.

Several symptoms are indicated such as having swelling, fever and the throat becoming

tightened and developing cramps in the stomach. Thus, Juana tells Kino to take their baby

to see the doctor.

The problem does not end with the visit to the doctor’s house. The doctor refuses to treat

Coyotito when he learns that Kino has only some ugly pearl to offer as fee for his diagnosis.

Kino feels humiliated as he is turned away from the doctor’s house.

The problem is not solved. Kino and Juana go to the sea in the hope of finding a valuable

pearl to treat their baby. Juana looks for seaweed to nurse Coyotito’s wound while Kino

dives for pearls.

Kino finds the world’s greatest pearl. He sees it as a fortune which would change their

destiny for the better. He visualises a blissful life ahead: fine clothes for him and his family,

education for his son and owning new necessities.

Everyone in the village becomes envious of Kino’s fortune. The pearl draws everyone’s

interest. The priest becomes interested in Kino and his family and pays him a visit. He

reminds Kino to be dutiful to the Church.

The doctor pays a visit with malicious intent. He frightens Kino by telling him the adverse

effects of the scorpion’s poison in Coyotito’’s body. He poisons Coyotito under the pretext of

treating him so that he will be allowed to see his patient. The doctor pretends that he does

not know Kino has found a great pearl. He offers to keep the pearl in his safe for Kino. Kino

is very suspicious of the doctor.

Kino buries the pearl and stays alert of any intrusion. He senses danger. An intruder is

inside his brush house looking for the pearl. He forces the intruder away from his house by

striking him with his knife. The intruder escapes. Kino is hit on his head and blood oozes

from his forehead. Kino faces his first violent encounter. Juana becomes emotionally

charged and tells Kino to get rid of the pearl as it is evil. The problem becomes worse as

both are now disturbed by the presence of the pearl.

Kino takes his pearl to La Paz town. The pearl buyers conspire to cheat Kino and rob him of

his fortune. They offer him very low prices. The lowest offer is 500 pesos and the highest is

1500 pesos. Kino leaves in disappointment as he knows that his pearl is very valuable.

The neighbours gather and discuss the event of the day: Kino’s attempt at selling the pearl.

They are divided on whether he has made the right decision not to sell his pearl. Kino feels

hopeless.

A second attempt is made to get Kino’s pearl. Kino is attacked outside his house. Blood

oozes from his scalp and a deep cut in his cheek stretching from the ear to his chin. Juana

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is baffled and insists that they get rid of the pearl.  Kino plans to go by canoe to the capital

to sell the pearl.

Juana leaves the brush house towards the beach and attempts to throw the pearl. Kino

follows her and beats her when he realises what she is up to.

On his way back to his home, Kino is attacked again. He kills his attacker in self-defence.

Juana finds the body of the person Kino has killed. She conceals the stranger’s body. They

need to escape. They are now in serious trouble.

Kino finds his canoe damaged and becomes furious. He rushes towards his brush house,

only to see it go up in flames. His enemy has set fire to it. Kino is devastated. Everyone

believes that Kino and his family members have perished in the fire.  The old order of life is

no longer there for him and his family.

Kino and Juana seek temporary refuge in Juan Tomas' place. He helps them get some

food, a long working knife which can be used as a small axe, a tool and a weapon. They

flee the brush village.

Kino, Juana and Coyotito are fugitives. They head to the north. They are hunted by people

with evil minds. These trackers are inland hunters who would not hesitate to kill anyone for

a price. These cold-blooded killers are in hot pursuit of Kino and Juana.

Kino finds a shallow cave and gets Juana and Coyotito to hide in it. He sets a trail to

mislead the trackers from their hideout. Kino knows that he must act fast before daylight

breaks to save his family.

The Climax

Kino crawls stealthily down the mountain.  He is quiet and very patient. He launches his

attack. One of the trackers shoots towards the direction of the cave as he hears a cry similar

to that of a baby’s cry.  Kino kills the three trackers. Kino hears Juana moaning from the

cave.

The Falling Action Stage

Kino and Juana return to La Paz. Juana carries a heavy bundle. Her shawl is tainted with

dry blood. They walk without noticing or acknowledging anyone. They are overcome by

sorrow. 

The Closure / Ending / Resolution

Kino digs into his clothes and takes out the pearl. It appears grey and ulcerous. He sees the

faces of evil in it preying on him. On the surface of the pearl he sees Coyotito with the top of

his head blown off in gun-shot. There is no turning back. Kino builds up his courage and

with all his might he throws the pearl into the sea. The pearl is gone. Kino and Juana lose

everything: their life, canoe, brush house, and their precious son, Coyotito.

  The story can also be divided into two to look at the 

  development of the story.

   - The situations before Kino finds the pearl.  

   - The situations after Kino finds the pearl.

 Before finding the pearl

The beginning of a new day.

Kino enjoys the scenery of the rising sun.

Juana prepares breakfast

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'The Pearl' is a story of hope and despair

Kino finds the greatest pearl in the world and hopes his family’s destiny would change for the best. The pearl brings a lot of misfortunes to Kino and his family. Almost everyone becomes interested in the pearl. The pearl becomes the centre of attention. Evil men set out to get the pearl from Kino.

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A scorpion stings Coyotito.

Kino and Juana take Coyotito to the doctor. The neighbours accompany them.

The doctor refuses to treat Coyotito. Kino feels humiliated because he is poor.

Kino and Juana go to the sea. Juana looks for seaweeds to treat Coyotito. Kino

dives to look for pearls.

Kino finds the world’s greatest pearl.

The news of the pearl spreads like wild fire.

 After finding the pearl

Everyone is interested in the pearl.

 Kino sees a whole new meaning to life: a great future for his family.

The priest visits Kino and advises him.

 The doctor visits Kino to treat Coyotito. He poisons  Coyotito so he can visit

again.

 Kino attempts to sell his pearl in La Paz.

 An intruder attacks Kino.

 The pearl buyers cheat him and only offer a low price. Kino feels disgusted and

plans to sell his pearl in the capital.

Kino feels disappointed.

 Juana tells Kino the pearl is evil.

 Juana tries to throw the pearl away. Kino hits and kicks her.

Kino kills someone in self-defence.

Kino finds a big hole in his canoe.

His brush house is set on fire.

Kino and Juana hide in Juan Tomas’ house.

Juan Tomas and his wife provide food and   necessary things for them to

escape.

Kino and Juana flee with Coyotito towards the mountain.

Trackers are on their trail.

They hide in the cave.

Kino realises that he needs to kill the trackers before they kill him and his

family.

Kino kills all three trackers.

Coyotito is shot accidentally and dies.

Kino and Juana return to their village.

Kino throws the pearl into the sea.

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Characters in The NovelKino

The head of his family

Juana’s husband

Coyotito’s father

Simple person ( lives the life of an ordinary fisher and pearl-diver)

No formal education (possesses knowledge of the world; good swimmer and diver,

knows the environment well, able to single out poisonous trees and trees that bring

misfortunes).

Intuitive/ instinctive (has a sense of feeling of good, evil and mystics)

Firm believer of God (religious), respects the church and priest

Protective, caring, contented with life, forward-looking (visionary)

Enduring, strong, focused, brave, honest, hopeful, determined, diligent

Suspicious, secretive, rebellious, hard-headed, confused, disillusioned, emotional,

impatient     Juana

Faithful and obedient wife, homemaker,

Helpful, responsible, warm, loving and caring, hardworking, brave, thoughtful

 Does not complain,  supportive, respectful, sincere, patient, brave, consoling

Selfless (Does not worry of own health and safety when she sucks scorpion’s

poison from Coyotito’s shoulder).

Knowledgeable in ancient magic, and herbal medication

 Assertive of situations

 Accepts husband as head of the family and follows instructions

 Intuitive and senses evil in the pearl ( forewarns Kino)

 Defies Kino and attempts to throw pearl into the sea.

 Innocent and forgiving

 Religious and God-fearing

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 Source of strength to Kino

Coyotito

 Kino’s and Juana’s baby boy

 Suffers a great deal throughout the story

 Source of hope for Kino and Juana

 Innocent

Killed accidentally

The bond between Kino and Juana

Juan Tomas

Kino’s elder brother

Acts as adviser to Kino

 Helpful, tolerant and wise

 Religious and always reminds Kino to be extra careful

 Supportive of his brother, Kino

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 Responsible, protective, assertive, resourceful

Apolonia

Juan Tomas’ wife

 Helpful, tolerant, responsible, caring, understanding, emotional

 Supportive of her husband and Kino’s family

The Doctor

Educated, knowledgeable

Selfish, irresponsible, cunning, self-centred, greedy, inconsiderate

Materialistic, has his own ulterior motive to treat Coyotito

The Priest

Knowledgeable in religious matters, spiritual adviser and leader

Cunning, has ulterior motive when visiting Kino

Reminds Kino to be generous and charitable towards the Church

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The Pearl Buyers

Pearl traders in La Paz

Conspirators ( cheat Kino by telling him that his pearl is worthless and offer low

prices)

Materialistic, selfish, greedy, cunning, insincere, crooks

The Trackers 

Inland hunters, cold-blooded murderers

Hunt Kino and his family (for money)

Skilful trackers (they can track people or animal by examining tracks, marks, or

other clues)

Dangerous, cunning

Symbolism

Symbolism in literature relates to the use of objects, animals or human experiences or

socio-cultural aspects to mean something. The eagle is often seen as a symbol of freedom

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and strength. Red symbolises danger. Green would mainly refer to the environment. There

is a greater meaning to the use of symbols by authors in literary work.

In the novel “The Pearl”, the pearl represents or symbolises both goodness and evil.

GOODNESS:

The pearl is a symbol of good fortune. Kino finds the greatest pearl and looks forward to a

better future.

The pearl is the symbol of hope. Kino is poor and no matter how hard he works he would

still be poor. This is the reality of the situation of the poor Mexican Indians. Thus, Kino sees

the pearl as hope for him and family to make it good in life.

Kino envisions a brighter future: fine clothes, a decent life and education for his son. Kino

knows that education is the key to a successful life for the future generation. Thus, Kino

sees the pearl as a way out from their miseries and sufferings in their poverty-ridden

environment.

EVIL

The pearl is a symbol of evil. It is a sin to keep the pearl. The pearl only brings misfortune,

unhappiness, tragedies, and ruins people’s lives. While Kino sees it as a means towards an

end, Juana on the other hand, sees it as an end towards a means.

Juana realises that the pearl is evil and would destroy them. Kino experiences a series of

attacks and is hurt in all three attacks. Their canoe is damaged and brush house set on fire.

Both of them have to be fugitives. They need to escape from evil people who are out to

avenge their anger and get hold of the pearl. The pearl is the source of all their problems. It

is evil and will destroy them.

Kino and Juana flee their village but trackers pursue them. Kino kills four people in all to

safeguard himself and his family. Coyotito is dead as a result of an accidental shooting.

Kino realises the power of evil in the pearl. In the end he does not see the pearl as a

solution to problems but the source of all his sufferings and miseries.  In the end Kino sees

the pearl as grey and ugly looking with evil faces looking at him. The pearl as a symbol of

evil becomes evident to him.

Themes

Theme is the general idea of what the story is about. It is also seen as the central idea

running throughout the story. Authors and writers highlight some central ideas that run

parallel in stories or work of prose to discuss human issues. A novel may have one or more

themes which are related to the experiences the characters undergo. The themes are

brought out through the actions of the characters to the situations in the story. In “The

Pearl” the author brings out the human dimensions through the experiences of Kino and his

family.

 “The Pearl” is a novel which deals with hope and despair. The story reveals the struggles

Kino and his family undergo and their hope for a better future. Although Kino finds the

greatest pearl in the world it only leads to greater misfortunes, sufferings and a tragic end.

“The Pearl” brings out human issues which relate to poverty, greed, good versus evil,

oppression, and the struggle for survival and freedom. Let’s look at some of these themes

that are evident in the novel.

Hope

The Pearl’ is a novel which shows the power of hope in people. Kino sees a larger meaning

to life after discovering the pearl. The pearl is a symbol of hope. Kino knows that his family

would be able to look forward to a brighter future. He is able to bring his family out from the

clutches of poverty and sufferings. Kino wants his son Coyotito to be educated: to go

through formal education and be knowledgeable. Kino visualises a great life ahead: fine

clothes, necessities and luxuries.  Throughout the story, the power of hope, makes the

people look forward to life. Kino is very hopeful that he will be able to break away from all

the miseries, sufferings, and uncertainties he and his family face. The theme of hope runs

throughout the story and drives Kino to believe that success is within reach. The feeling of

hope is overwhelming in the novel.

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Despair

The theme of despair is also evident in the story. Despair relates to the feeling of

hopelessness. It is the feeling of losing all hope and seeing the end to the meaning of life.

The main characters, Kino and Juana despair towards the end of the story. They are

hopeless as they bring their only son Coyotito, lifeless back to La Paz. Juana’s hysterical

cry is none other than the cry of death. Their hope is crushed. The meaning of life is blurred

as they realise that their precious child is dead.  The pearl which Kino hoped would bring

meaningful change and success, becomes meaningless. The feeling of despair makes them

decide to throw the pearl back into the sea. Kino is not able to secure a bright future for his

family. The feeling of despair marks the end of the story.

Good versus Evil

The theme of good versus evil is found in most novels. It is also found in “The Pearl”. The

actions of the characters in the novel allow the readers to distinguish between good and

evil. 

The protagonists (Kino and Juana) represent good. They are simple people, who have over

time undergone hardships, but lead an honest life. Kino, Juana, Juan Tomas, Apolonia, and

their neighbours are innocent people who depend on the sea for fish and pearl. They work

hard and live in a close-knit community. On the other hand, the doctor, pearl buyers,

attackers and trackers are evil-minded people. They belong to a race of people who have

taken advantage of Kino’s people, for centuries, causing great sufferings and miseries to

them. They are selfish and self-centred. They want the pearl as they know it is valuable.

The doctor wishes to own the pearl for his own selfish needs. He longs to live in France,

where he would be able to do as he wishes. He is too materialistic. He treats Coyotito and

offers to safeguard the pearl for Kino. But, he has his own evil plans.

The pearl buyers are evil as they try to cheat Kino by offering him very low prices for his

pearl. They conspire to cheat the poor fisherman knowing that he is innocent.

The trackers are merciless killers. They represent evil. They set out to track and even kill

Kino and his family.

Evil minds cause Kino and his family to suffer. Intruders attack Kino to get the pearl. They

damage his canoe and burn his brush house. Kino and Juana become homeless and flee

the village as fugitives.

The pearl is also a symbol of evil. The pearl brings all the miseries to Kino and his family.

Juana warns Kino that the pearl is evil. It will destroy them but Kino sees the pearl as a

means to a bright future. In the end, Kino realises the pearl is evil and knows that it is better

to get rid of evil than to keep it with him, and throws the pearl back into the sea. 

Kino does not give up easily. He does not accept the pearl buyers’ offers. He defies them

and plans to go to the capital to sell his pearl. Kino fights an intruder who tries to steal his

pearl. Kino kills a man in self-defense. He also kills three evil trackers who are out to get

him and his family. All these actions show that good overcomes evil.

Greed

Greed is seen as a negative quality in people. There are a number of characters in the

novel who are greedy. The doctor, the pearl buyers, the attackers and the trackers are

greedy.

The doctor is greedy to want someone else’s possession. He is self-centred and does not

want to treat Coyotito because Kino cannot pay him for his service. He pretends to treat

Coyotito with evil plans in his mind. He wants the pearl and offers to keep it safely for Kino

at his place.

The pearl buyers are greedy to want someone’s fortune and conspire to cheat Kino. They

are only interested in the pearl as they know its true value.

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The attackers, who attack Kino, are out to get his pearl. They want the pearl for their own

evil purpose. The trackers look for Kino and his family with one thing in their mind: to get the

pearl. They will not hesitate to kill anyone in their way.

The actions of the above characters are driven by greed. The doctor wants to live a great

life in France and is materialistic. The pearl buyers are desperate to cheat Kino because of

greed. Greed makes these people behave cruel, irrational, inhuman, irresponsible, selfish,

and good deeds are drowned in the pursuit of fortune.

The struggle for survival and freedom

The theme of struggle for survival and freedom is also evident in the novel. Kino's people

are poor, suppressed and do not have many opportunities in life. They work hard to make a

decent income. Many of his people are beggars too. They belong to the lower socio-

economic group. Thus, they do not have formal education and have to depend on others to

get information or know about important matters. Kino and his people are innocent. They

work very hard but are not able to escape from their miseries and sufferings. This has been

going on for centuries. Kino's people are not able to enjoy better things in life. They live a

simple and primitive life. Thus, the struggle of the people to have a better life for them and

future generations are highlighted in the novel.

The theme of survival and freedom runs throughout the story. Kino struggles to make it in

life. He knows that education would bring changes to society. He wishes to move away from

the older order of life. The older order of life makes him and his people trapped without

having better opportunities. He wants the future generation to have a better life and enjoy

greater freedom. Kino’s struggles are symbolic of the struggles of his people for survival and

freedom. The answer to their sufferings and uncertainties is wealth. The pearl which Kino

finds is the answer to the problem. Kino sees a greater meaning to life: a brighter future and

freedom. He wants his son to be set free from all the sufferings he and his people are

undergoing.  But, he is not able to get them out from the cycle of life: He is not able to free

his family. His struggles have no meaning in the end.

Moral Values

Moral values are important in life. Moral values readers make judgments on which actions

are right or wrong based on certain virtues, qualities and principles. These virtues are

universally accepted. Honesty is a virtue which is upheld by all societies. There are many

other positive qualities that would help us become a better person. Looks at some of the

moral values found in the novel below:

Honesty

Being honest is important as it shows one’s character. There is a saying that honesty is the

best policy. These are not mere words as people who are honest are highly regarded by

everyone. In the story, Kino and Juana are honest to each other. They speak the truth and

are god-fearing people. Juan Tomas and Apolonia are also honest. They do not cheat or

steal from others to prosper. From Kino and Juan Tomas, we learn of many who have

cheated these poor people in parting with their pearls. In the past, these people have even

employed agents to sell their pearls in the capital. But, the agents cheated them and they

never heard of them nor saw their pearls again. From the actions of the characters

especially Kino and Juana, we learn the value of being honest.

Trust 

Trust is important in a person’s life. We need to be trustworthy so that people will have high

regard for us. In the story, Kino trusts Juana, Juan Tomas and Apolonia. He trusts his

people and knows that everyone is interested in him and his family’s well-being. The people

are united and they are together. When Coyotito is stung by the scorpion the neighbours

gather in front of Kino’s brush house. Similarly, they follow Kino and Juana to see the doctor

to treat Coyotito. The element of trust is very important when we live as a society. Kino

knows that he can trust his people. However, things change after Kino finds the pearl and

people become envious of him.

In the story, Kino takes his pearl to La Paz, the pearl trading centre to sell his pearl. He

does so because he trusts the people. However, Kino realises that they are trying to cheat

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him and defies them. Kino starts to be suspicious of people especially when he has a strong

hunch or a feeling deep inside him.

Juana trusts her husband and follows him to the mountain to escape evil men. She trusts

Kino as her and Coyotito’s saviour. Even when Kino asks her to use another trail and

escape from the trackers, while he misleads the trackers, she refuses to do so. She knows

she can trust Kino to safeguard her and Coyotito. We learn from the actions and thoughts of

the main characters the importance of trust.

Bravery

Being brave to face the challenges that confront us is a positive quality. We need to be

brave in order to act in the best possible way. In the setting of the story, the people depend

on the sea to make a living. They go out to the sea to catch fish and also dive into the sea to

look for pearls. Going underwater by holding one’s breath is not easy. It requires skills and

one needs to be brave. Kino is a brave man who has great stamina. He can hold his breath

for more than two minutes underwater.

Kino is brave. He faces the intruders and attackers, putting up a fight. In self-defence, he

kills one of his attackers. He also kills three trackers knowing very well that they are out to

kill him and his family. Kino shows that he is a brave man throughout the story. It is difficult

to make important decisions in life. Kino makes some important decisions because he is

brave to face the consequences of his actions. He is willing to keep the pearl even though

he knows for sure that evil eyes are prying and malicious individuals are out to rob him of it.

Even after being attacked twice, losing his canoe and house, Kino wants to fight back. He is

brave to travel to the capital to sell his pearl. This action is seen as defying the older order

of life. Kino is brave to break away from his ‘life-trap’, knowing that his family needs a better

future. Juana is also brave. She acts fast in deciding to flee the place. She shows that she is

a brave woman. When Coyotito is stung by a scorpion, she sucks at the wound to try to get

the poison out of his body. She does not fear her life and risks it to save her baby. She

makes a brave move by trying to throw the pearl away, knowing very well that Kino

disapproves of such an intentions.

We learn about bravery from the actions of the characters and their reactions to situations.

The danger of greed

While greed is seen as a theme in the story and how it leads to evil actions, it is also seen

as a moral lesson. Greed shows its ugly face throughout the story. It is because of greed,

the desire to be rich and great, that people resort to evil ways causing others to suffer and

be miserable. In “The Pearl” we see the downfall of a man and his family. Kino loses

everything because of others’ greed. Kino loses his livelihood, brush house, canoe, and is

forced to flee from people who are out to kill him and his family. Kino also loses his future.

The greatest loss for Kino is the death of Coyotito, who he wishes would be educated and

be his family’s hope for a greater meaning to life. But, Coyotito is shot accidentally when he

is mistaken as a coyote pup by one of the trackers.

Greed is seen through the actions of the doctor, pearl buyers, attackers and trackers. The

neighbours become envious of Kino. Everyone wish to own the pearl and make a fortune

out of it.

The doctor agrees to treat Coyotito because he is driven by greed. He has his own evil

plans in place. Greed also drives the other to be cunning, malicious, intolerant, selfish,

calculative, insincere, possessive and violent. Greed is the cause for men to turn violent and

attack Kino. It causes people to kill. It brings great hardships, sufferings and miseries to

Kino and his family. In the end, it causes Kino to be aimless and lose the meaning of life.

We learn that greed leads to one’s downfall.

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Language

Writers/ authors use language to make the story more interesting. They use language to

engage the readers’ senses and imagination. Writers/authors use different styles to present

stories and to make the situations dramatic or realistic. Style refers to the unique features of

a written piece of literary work, which differ from other literary works. Writers use a style

which allows him or her to make the narration, description, explanation, recount and

presentation more effective for the readers to appreciate the literary works.

In the novel “The Pearl” the author uses the following figurative language (words, phrases

or sayings which provide a mental picture, and often give different meanings from the usual

use). The author also uses imagery (words, phrases or expressions) which works on our

senses. Our five senses are engaged through the use of particular imagery and we, as the

readers, feel the experiences, as if we too are part of the experience or events.

The author also relies on the people’s traditions and socio-cultural experiences to make the

story interesting. The use of songs is an interesting way of getting the readers to have a

unique experience. There are a number of songs that play in the minds and hearts of the

native Mexican-Indians. There are songs of the family, the music of the enemy, music of the

pearl, dark music, music of evil and ancient magic to safeguard from evil. 

Song and music play an important part in the lives of these people. This is the belief of the

people.  The song of family is that of peace and harmony. It shows that everything is calm

and positive. The song of the enemy or evil refers to some form of warning that something

bad would happen. The song of the pearl is a mixture of both good and evil. When Kino

dives to look for pearls and find the great pearl, the song of the pearl is of hope. This

changes as the story develops and the song of the pearl becomes a sign of evil. The use of

songs and music playing in the minds and hearts of the people make the story unique

compared to other stories.

Type of Songs  What the Songs Symbolise

Song of family Unity, strength, peace, harmony, calmness

Song of the enemy or evil Warning, danger, uncertainties, disasters

Song of the pearl

(good and bad)

Hope, future, fortune, security, happiness

Evil, harm, disasters, fatality, meaningless

Let us look at how the author uses language to make the narration both interesting and

effective.

The author uses day and night to show the different between good and evil. The beginning

of day is positive and shows hope. The attacks on Kino, the murders and all evil happenings

take place at night.

   - “…only a pale wash of light in the lower sky…” (Page 1)

   - “The ants were busy on the ground…” (Page 3)

   - “And they began this day with hope.” (Page 39)

   - “…and the devils that haunt the night…” (Page 66)

Some of these words or phrases, and sentences are used to make comparisons. Words

such as ‘as’ and ‘like’ are used to make comparisons.

The author uses figurative language: The comparisons are made with reference to animals:

colonial animal, purring of a kitten, chickens, the circling of wolves, the hover of vultures.

    “…grey oysters with ruffles like skirts on the shells.” (Page 16)

    “A town is like a colonial animal.” (Page 21)

    “And the music of the pearl rose like a chorus of trumpets in his ears.” (Page 24)

    “The song of the family came from behind him like the purring of a kitten.” (Page 29)

    “He scattered the old women like chickens.” (Page 34)

    “He must break out of the pot that holds us in.”(Page 38)

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    “He felt the creeping of fate, the circling of wolves, the hover of vultures.” (Page 49)

    “ He was an animal now…” (Page 60)

    “ The killing of a man was not so evil as the killing of a boat.” (Page 60)

    “ The trackers whined a little, like excited dogs on a warming trail.” (Page 71)

 

Language is also used to show emphasis and to make readers experience the

circumstances. Look at the following phrase and sentences. 

    “…the thousand washings of his clothes and set them down as poverty people.” (Page 8)

    “I am a doctor not a veterinary.” (Page 11)

    “The pearl was ugly; it was grey, like a malignant growth.” (Page 87)

Words are also used to create the mood (feelings: sad, excited, gloom, hope, success

etc.)The words are used for a purpose: to make the reader undergo the experiences. Let’s

look at these phrases:

    “The stars still shone…”  (Page 1): to show that there is hope, a new day is coming. 

    “…hear the evil music of the enemy.” (Page 5): to show the feeling of fear.

    “…rich, and warm and lovely, glowing and gloating and triumphant.”

        (Page 19): to show the sense of hope.

    “…he could see dream forms” (Page 19): to show a feeling of achievement

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SPM ENGLISH LITERATURE

“THE PEARL”

NAME : ____________________________________

TING : ____________________________________

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The Pearl

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