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THE PERU OFF-GRID MARKET IN 12 PAGES Players and Business Opportunities The ARE Market Briefs Series
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Page 1: THE PERU OFF-GRID MARKET IN 12 PAGES · 2016-07-04 · 3 Alliance for Rural Electrification The ARE Market Briefs Series THE PERU OFF-GRID MARKET 1. Introduction Peru’s territory

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Alliance for Rural Electrification

THE PERU OFF-GRID MARKETThe ARE Market Briefs Series

THE PERU OFF-GRID MARKETIN 12 PAGES

Players and Business Opportunities

The ARE Market BriefsSeries

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Summary

Renewable Energies Overview

Hydro Power

Hydropower has been and will continue to be a pivotal renewable energy source for Peru. In 2010 hydroelectric power made up 60% of total electricity generation while in 2012 hydropower was about 97% of Peru’s renewably generated power (IEA 2012, EIA 2013). Yet, as of 2006, the country had only exploited 5% of the potential of its hydropower generation and has since been increasing capacity through big projects (IEA 2012). Currently most of the installed hydroelectric power is from big hydro, though there is some interest in exploring small hydro projects to exploit the potential (ESMAP 2011). In 2009, the last large addition to hydropower was installed in the form of the 600 MW Olmos-Tinajones hydroelectric-irrigation project (article from 2009, andina.com).

Solar Energy

There is high potential for solar energy, especially in rural Peru. While the solar energy potential in the country ranges from 4 to 6 kWh/m2/day - a level that is among the highest in the world - only 0.8 percent of all households are currently estimated to use PV systems. As marginal costs for connecting rural households to the grid are rising, PV systems present a viable alternative to electricity from the grid. The government is promoting the expansion of solar energy systems in a pilot project, installing 150,000 PV systems between 2014 and 2016.

Wind Energy

The Peruvian coast has significant wind power potential with average wind speeds reaching 8 m/s in Malabrigo, San Juan de Marcona and Paracas. Along most of the coast site, annual averages reach 6 m/s, which encourage analysing the untapped potential for their use in generating electricity. Currently, off-shore and conventional wind generation remains largely unexploited. The first major wind park, approximately 80 MW, is currently being built in Cupisnique by the newly founded Peruvian company Energía Eólica. Overall, the Ministry for of Mines and Energy announced the potential of 22 GW to be generated from wind energy in Peru.

Biomass

There is also high potential for the use of biomass to produce electricity. The World Bank has funded a company called Petramas to produce electricity from methane gas produced by landfills. The Ministry of Mines and Energy estimates the potential for electricity produced through geothermal projects to be as high as 3 GW.

Peru’s large untapped potential for rural electrification is coupled with the government’s willingness to expand the renewable energy sector. While grid expansion in remote areas is becoming more costly, off-grid solutions based on hydro, solar, and wind energy present a viable alternative to energy provided by the grid. Even today, several million households in rural Peru do not have access to electricity, despite indicating a significant willingness to pay. In addition, Peru has the potential to become a large energy exporter, providing growing neighbours like Brazil with energy generated from renewable sources.

No portion of this document may be reproduced, scanned into an electronic system, distributed, publicly displayed or used as the basis of derivative works without the prior written common consent of ARE and BREG. For more information on terms of use, please contact Marcus Wiemann (mailto: [email protected]) or Dimitry Gershenson (mailto: [email protected]).

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1. Introduction

Peru’s territory offers a wide geographical diversity. It ranges from the high-altitude Andean mountains, through dense Amazonian tropical rainforest, to the dry, flat coastal desert plains. The land area covers 1,285,216 km2, about half of the surface of its neighbouring country, Argentina. With approximately 30 million inhabitants, it has higher levels of demographic density than Argentina.

The country’s economy is in constant growth. During the 2000-2005 period, its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) grew at an average annual rate of 4.1 %, and, during the 2006-2010 period, the rate increased up to 7.2%. During 2012, Peru’s growth rate decreased to 6.3%. Services account for 53% of its GDP, followed by manufacturing (22.3%), extractive industries (15%), and taxes (9.7%). Peru’s main exports are copper, gold, zinc, textiles, and fish meal. Its major trade partners are Brazil, Chile, China and the United States.

Peru has a relatively low total installed capacity of 7.982 million kW (2009), of which 59% is from fossil fuels and 44% is hydropower (CIA 2013). 62.9% of Peru’s total annual electricity supply comes from hydroelectric facilities, while thermal plants are operated only during peak load periods or when weather factors dampen hydroelectric output. The Government has announced that it could produce almost eight times as much power

just by harnessing the country’s renewable energy capacity coming from its Amazonian rivers, wind and solar power as well as from its natural gas reserves.

Peru has large potential for rural electrification and renewable energy. As in 2006, over 6 million people in rural areas had no access to electricity (World Bank 2006). As of today, this figure has improved but remains close to 5 million.

The country is one of the Latin American countries with the lowest rural electrification rates, with about 60% of all rural households remaining un-electrified. Rural household spend a significant share of their revenue on expensive lighting solutions such as kerosene lamps and/or candles. There are as well big differences in terms of the structure of energy demand between the richer coastal and poorer mountainous regions, such as the Andes. Due to lower electricity access rates of the mountainous population, the share of kerosene lamps and candles is more widespread.

Public support for off-grid renewable energy rural electrification interventions has improved over the last years and will alleviate the big differences when it comes to access to modern energy services in Peru.

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Peru indicators (Table 1)

Surface (km2) 1,285,216 CIA (2013): The World Factbook: Peru.

Population (absolute numbers) 29,496,000 CIA (2013): The World Factbook: Peru.

Population density (people per sq.km) 22.9 UN Data: Peru.

Share of urban population 20,814,000 (77.6%) UN Data: Peru.

Share of rural population 6,585,600 (28.6%) UN Data: Peru.

GDP (in bn, current prices) 196 bn US$ World Bank (2013): DataBank: Peru.

GDP per capita ($) 6138.0 UN Data: Peru.

GDP growth rate (%) 6.9 UN Data: Peru.

Rank in Human development Index (Total 186) 77 World Bank (2013): DataBank: Peru.

Rank Ease of doing Business (Total 185) 43 Doingbusiness.org

Share of ODA in GDP (% of GNI) 0.4 World Bank (2013): DataBank: Peru.

Electrification rate (%) 78.7 INSHP

Rural electrification rate (%) 28 Esmap Report

Total installed capacity (MW) 8,695 REEGLE

Total electricity production 38.7 billion kWh CIA (2013): The World Factbook: Peru.

Share of electricity in total energy production (GWh, 2010) 35,448 Climatescope

Share of hydropower in total installed capacity (%) 59.0 (previous 65.3) Tradingeconomics.com

Total electricity consumption 34.25 billion kWh CIA (2013): The World Factbook: Peru.

Consumption of electricity per capita kWh/month 30 The International Bank for Reconstruction

Energy use per capita (in Terajoules/103 inhabitants) 20.87 Olade and Unido final report

Hydropower potential (MW) 70,000 MEM, 2011, General Directorate of Rural

Electrification

Indicator Figure Source of information

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2. Framework

One of the challenges posed by Peru’s power sector unbundling and privatisation was its lack of incentives for concessionaries to extend the network and connect rural households. Concession areas for distributors are concentrated in small areas around the urban centers. Concessionaries are only under the obligation to meet service requests within 100 metres of the existing network.

Rural electrification has increased in importance in national policy over the years due to the consistent requests from the rural population. The Rural Electrification Act, No. 28749, passed on the 1st of June 2006, declared the electrification of rural isolated communities a matter of national necessity and public welfare, as it contributes to socio-economic development, improves the quality of life of the population, combats poverty and discourages migration from the countryside to the city.

In order to expand coverage, the Government of Peru is implementing the “Plan Nacional de Electrificación Rural 2011-2020” whose objective is to achieve a national electrification rate of 88.4% by the year 2020. Recently, the Peruvian Government has affirmed aims to reach the rural electrification target of 95.8% by 2022, launching the “Plan Nacional de Electrificación Rural 2013-2022”. The plans strive to include different levels of governance as well as foster cooperation between public and private players.

In 2008, US$ 925 million had already been invested and 6.7 million people have benefited. Two funds have been created to stimulate rural electrification:

The Electricity Social Compensation Fund (FOSE) that establishes a cross-subsidy system among consumer tariffs that benefits users with monthly consumption below 100 kWh through fixed and proportional discounts.

The cooperation Fund for Social Development (FONCODES) that promotes the sustainable economic autonomy of the rural areas, the production development and, indirectly, also green energy.

The Government is committed to increase the share of renewable energies in its energy mix. The “Long Term Energy Policy” approved by the government through the S.D. 064-2010 MS, where one of its key objectives is the diversification of the national energy matrix, with significant emphasis on renewable sources and energy efficiency. The “Ley para la Promocion de la Inversion para la Generacion de Electricidad con Energias Renovables” provides some incentives to private generators such as: a fixed guaranteed price established through public auctions, supply energy contracts up to 20 years, priority in the energy dispatch and electricity network access.

In 2007, a regulation that consolidated the role of the Electric Infrastructure Management Enterprise (ADINELSA) as a leader in rural electrification, was approved by Supreme Decree No. 025-2007-EM. ADINELSA manages the electric service provided by Solar Home Systems. The company installs and maintains the equipment, while the user pays the “rural rate” for use, an amount that is subsidised by the state.

The Ministry of Economy and Finance (MEF) is conducting research to establish guidelines to optimise the State’s investment in Solar Home Systems (SHS). The government calls for a tender to build at least 150,000 solar systems, expected to be built between 2014 and 2016.

‘Plan Nacional de Electrificación Rural

2013-2022’

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National Electricity Office (DGE - Dirección General de la Electricidad), under the Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM)

Adjunct Office for Tariff Regulation (GART or Gerencia Adjunta de Regulación Tarifaria) (it contains the old Energy and Mining Investment Supervisory Body)

National Rural Electrification Office (DGER)

National Institute for Defense of Competition and the Protection of Intellectual Property (INDECOPI)

The Ministry of the Environment (MINAM)

The National Environment Fund (FONAM)

The National Environmental Council (CONAM)

Energy Authorities in Peru (Table 2)

Institution Role

Set electricity policies and regulations and of granting concessions.

Fix generation, transmission and distribution tariffs and the tariff adjustment conditions for the end consumers; scale up solar energy systems.

Execute and coordinate of projects in rural areas and regions of extreme poverty.

Monitor compliance with the Anti-monopoly and Anti-oligopoly Law of 1997.

Governance of greenhouse gases (GHG).

Promote and financially support for the environmental investments.

Promote and support the financing of the public and private investment in environmental projects, as well as support the financing of the policy and environmental management of the country.

Plan Nacional de Electrificación Rural 2011-2020 + Plan Nacional de Electrificación Rural 2013-2022

Electricity Social Compensation Fund (FOSE)

Reference Plan of Electricity from 2006 – 2015

The Política Energética Nacional del Perú (2010 – 2040)

Policy Framework in Peru (Table 3)

Policy Objective

Achieve a national electrification rate of 88.4% by the year 2020, 95.8% in 2022 respectively.

Establish a cross-subsidy system among consumer tariffs that benefits users with monthly consumption below 100 kWh through fixed and proportional discounts.

Promote private investment in the energy sector, monitor of the energy sector and provide subsidies to rural electrification project.

Passed in November 2010 by the Decree N 064-2010-EM.

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Law of electricity concessions (Ley de Concesiones electricas, No 25844)

Law on the Regulatory Framework on Investment in Public Services (Law No 27332-Ley Marco de los Organismos Reguladores de la Inversion Privada en los Servicios Publicos)

Law to ensure efficient development of electricity generation (Ley para asegurar el desarrollo eficiente de la generacion electrica-No 28832)

Law against oligopolies and monopolies (Ley Antimonopolio y Antioligopolio Del Sector Eléctrico, Nº: 26876)

Cogeneration regulation (D.S.No.037-2006-EM)

Ley para la Promocion de la Inversion para la Generacion de Electricidad con Energias Renovables

Legislations and Regulations in Peru (Table 4)

Legislation and Regulation Objective

Regulate the conditions under which generation, transmission and distribution activities need a concession granted by the Peruvian Government. Open the sector to private investment.

Conditions for further investment into electricity generation and transmission.

Ensure sufficient power generation to reduce theexposure to the volatility prices and the risk of electric rationing, and ensuring at the same time competitive tariffs for the users.

Limit the horizontal concentration of firms a 15% market share in the electricity sub-sectors of generation, transmission or distribution and to a 5% market share in the case of vertical concentration.

Methods for the calculation of prices for heat generated in heat and power cogeneration plan.

Provide some incentives to private generators such as: a fixed guaranteed price establish through public auctions, supply energy contracts up 20 years, priority in the energy dispatch and electricity network access.

EDEGEL S.A.A.

(1,574 MW)

Electroperú S.A.

(ELP; 1,032 MW)

Energía del Sur S.A.

(ENERSUR; 725 MW)

EGENOR

(522 MW)

Main Electricity Companies in Peru (Table 5)

Generation companies Transmission companies Distribution companies

Red de Energía del Perú S.A.

(REPSA; 63% of transmission lines)

Consorcio Energético Huancavelica

(CONENHUA)

Consorcio Transmantaro S.A.

(S.A. Transmantaro)

Eteselva S.R.L.

Red Eléctrica del Sur.S.A.

(REDESUR)

ETENORTE

(37% of transmission lines)

Edelnor

(22.28% of distribution system)

Luz del Sur

(17.43%)

ELECTROCENTRO

(10.09%)

HIDRADINA

(11.03%)

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World Bank (“Foner 1, Rural Electrification project”)

Inter-American Development Bank (Development of a New Sustainable Energy Matrix Program)

European Union (“EUROSOLAR 2010”)

GIZ EnDev (Energizing Development)

Soluciones prácticas (ITDG)

Associación Peruana de Energías Renovables

Asociacion peruana de energia solar (APES)

Key Donors and NGOs active in the electricity sector of Peru (Table 6)

Institution Role

Provide electricity to 100,250 rural households through the extension of the grid and 39,300 through the installation of SHS in isolated rural areas.

Carry out technical diagnostics in the energy sector, public consultations on sector politics, application of the Strategic Environmental Assessment and strengthening management practices associated with use of fiscal resources.

Install hybrid (solar and wind) systems in 130 communities not grid connected, located in the Coastal, Andean highlands and Amazonia regions.

Develop stratifies for supplying smallholder farmers, municipalities, and private households in rural and peri-urban areas with clean sustainable energy at low cost. The project was launched in 2007 and currently aims to create access to sustainable energy supplies for 175,000 people.

Develop numerous off-grid renewable energy projects in Peru using hydro, wind and solar energies.

Promote renewable energy sources.

Promote, disseminate, research and train on renewable energy usage. This association is integrated by consultants, private or governmental institutions and organisations who carried out training, research and projects on renewable energy.

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3. Demand for Electricity

The total demand of electricity during 2010 was 35.736 GWh. Power demand grew at an average annual rate of 8 % between 2004 and 2009. More than 84 % of households rely on fuelwood for cooking, while 24 % use dung and 11 % use agriculture residue. The average consumption in rural, already electrified villages is 35 kWh/household/month. Yet, these averages show significant variation across regions. In the Andean South region, the average is only 15 kWh/household/month. Growth in consumption per connected household in rural communities is assumed to be 0.5 to 1 % a year. The International Bank for Reconstruction estimates electrification costs per household to lie between US$445 and US$600.

Over 80% of households in rural Peru rely on fuelwood for cooking. Use of fuelwood varies by region, reflecting availability differences. Almost 95 % of households in the Amazon region use fuelwood for cooking due to its abundance. In these areas LPG is used primarily as a cooking fuel, although a tiny fraction of households use it for lighting. Availability of LPG is still limited in many rural areas, because it requires a good transportation network for distribution and high upfront costs, including a deposit for the LPG cylinder.

Electricity is only used by 39 % of rural households. 11 % of rural households use car batteries to run electric appliances, indicating a high, unmet demand and willingness to pay for electricity services. A tiny fraction of households, 0.6 %, have their own generators; and 0.8 % has solar home systems. The percentage of households in the Andean Regions with access to grid electricity ranges from 22 % in the North to 52 % in the Central region. In the Coastal regions, coverage of grid electricity ranges from 35 % in the North to about 71 % in the South. Dry cell batteries are used extensively in rural households, despite a very high cost per equivalent kWh. The percentage of households using dry cell batteries is the highest in the Amazon (91 %), where grid electricity penetration is the lowest.

Household energy expenditures depend primarily on household income, so they are usually lower for the poor, especially for those that live in rural areas. Despite the fact that poor households spend less on energy than non-poor households, their spending accounts for a larger portion of their income. Part of the reason for this discrepancy is that the poor often lack access to relatively cheap grid electricity. All households without access to grid electricity spend slightly more on lighting fuels/energy. So they are paying comparable amounts for much-lower-quality services. This suggests that households that have no access to grid electricity have the ability to pay for monthly electricity services by reallocating their current lighting fuels/energy monthly

budget to an electricity bill: “It has been shown that even poor people in rural areas already spend on average between $2 and $10 per month on energy products that would be replaced by electricity, which is a reasonable proxy for willingness to pay.” (Cherni/Preston 2007).

In addition, due its large potential in hydropower and other renewables, Peru has the chance of becoming one of Latin America’s major power exporters, supplying electricity to growing neighbours like Brazil (Global Business Reports 2010).

Overall, Peru’s demand for electricity significantly exceeds supply. The majority of lower-income households still rely on traditional fuels (kerosene, fuelwood, and agriculture residue) for lighting and cooking and over half of the ones with electricity continue to use kerosene, candles, or both to supplement electricity lighting. Aside from income and regional disparities that have a direct impact on variation of electricity consumption, the electricity tariff structure, and ownership of electric appliances also play important roles in determining the level of consumption. Rural households indicate a significant willingness to pay for electricity by diverting large parts of their incomes towards it. There is large potential for exporting energy to neighboring countries.

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4. Supply of Electricity

Peru produced 38.7 billion kWh in 2011; installed production capacity in 2009 was 7.982 million kW, of which 59% were fossil fuel based and 41% were hydroelectric power plants (CIA 2013). Hence, despite large potential and willingness to expand the sector, other renewables do not play a significant role in Peru yet.

Power in Peru is generated by private and state owned companies, but it is the private sector that dominates generation. In terms of participation, state companies hold 30% of generation capacity, with the remaining 70% in private hands. The company Electroperú (majority-owned by the Peruvian government) dominates hydroelectric production, with 28% of the total, while EDEGEL leads thermal generation with 18% of the total.

Peru has favorable conditions for the development of solar energy technologies. However, the country solar potential has only been exploited at a very small scale. In the mountain ranges located in the South, solar energy reaches average levels above 6 kWh/m2/day, which are among the highest worldwide. On average, solar radiation across a horizontal area of the Sierra is more than 5kWh/m2 and in the forest ranges from 4 to 5kWh/m2. Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems represent an option for providing electricity to households in remote rural areas, where the costs of grid extension are particularly high. However, the use of solar systems is quite rare in rural Peru. Most of the households that would use a solar PV system now use car batteries. Solar systems are estimated to be present in 0.8 % of all households, or about 16,700 rural households. Of this total, 13,345 are in households without electricity service from the grid, while 3,373 (20.2%) are installed on the roofs of grid connected households. Solar home systems are concentrated in the Andean Central, Andean South, and Amazon regions.

The Peruvian coast has significant wind power potential with wind speed averages reaching 8 m/s in Malabrigo, San Juan de Marcona and Paracas. Along most of the coast, annual averages reach 6 m/s, which encourage analysing the untapped potential for their use in generating electricity. Wind remains widely unexploited. The first major wind park, approximately 80 MW, is currently being built in Cupisnique by the newly founded Peruvian company Energía Eólica. Siemens was also recently contracted to install 11 wind turbines near San Juan de Marcona which will produce 32 MW, starting in 2014 (Energy Business Review 2013).

There is also high potential for the use of biomass to produce electricity. The World Bank has funded a company called Petramas to produce electricity from methane gas produced by landfills. The Ministry of

Mines and Energy sees the potential to produce 3 GW from geothermal projects (Renewable Energy Latin America 2010).

Small generators in rural Peru are uncommon. The estimated cost of using a generator is much lower than the cost of using a car battery, and it would give far better service levels. It is likely that a significant barrier to the adoption of generators is their high upfront costs, which are 10 to 15 times higher than purchasing a car battery. There is the need for microfinance to help shift rural households from using car batteries to off-grid renewable energy systems which can operate at lower costs than oil powered generators. In addition to the higher costs, existing rural tariffs generally do not cover the expansion of the electrical rural system and so, off-grid solution can be the best way to promote rural electrification.

There are several technological opportunities to expand the supply of electricity in rural Peru: “Competition between the technologies is important because the marginal cost of grid connection is rapidly increasing; this is a consequence of increasingly dispersed customers and difficult geography. The cost of grid connection per household is currently $1100–$1300 [...], but by 2008 it is expected to be $1500–$1800. [...] To place this in context, ESMAP calculated that the cost of an appropriate micro-hydro scheme is $2500–$4500 per kW; which can typically supply forty households, including productive uses. Where there is very low demand, however, PV panels are often the cheapest option. Complicated modelling is a major barrier for wind projects, but in certain circumstances it can be even cheaper than PV.” (Cherni/Preston 2007). This shows that, by applying the right renewable energy technology in the rural context, investments into electrification could be much more cost-effective than expanding the national grid.

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5. Expansion plans

• The Peruvian government plans to expand the 900 MW Mantaro Complex in southern Peru hydropower generation capacity through several hydro-electric projects: Olmos (624 MW), Sheque (600 MW), Cheves (525 MW), Chaglia (345 MW) and Lluta (210 MW).

• In 2011, the Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM), through its Directorate General for Energy Environmental Affairs (DGAAE) approved the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of the “Hydro-Lluta and Lluclla” presented by the Generation Company Arequipa SA (EGASA), through Resolution N° 132-2011-MEM/AAE. The aim of the project is the construction of the Hydroelectric: Lluta I, with an installed capacity of 214.37 MW, Lluta II with 52.47 MW and Lluclla, with 238.4 MW.

• The MEM, through the DGAAE approved the Environmental Assessment (EA) of the project “Planta Solar Fotovoltaica Panamericana Solar 20 TS” presented by the company Panamericana Solar S.A.C that will take place in the region of Moquegua. The project involves the construction, operation and maintenance of Solar Photovoltaic Plant and equipment assembly with a maximum capacity of power generation of 20 MW.

• The Referential Plan for the Efficient Use of Energy 2009–2018 was approved in 2009. This is the main instrument to achieve the economy’s energy efficiency goals through action plans proposed for each sector. The plan includes an analysis of energy efficiency in Peru, identifying sector programs that could be implemented to achieve the proposed targets. The objective is to reduce consumption by 15% until the year 2018 in relation to the projected demand for that year, without affecting production and neither services of the different economy sectors nor the comfort of the residential sector.

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6. Main challenges for off-grid renewable energies in Peru

With regard to the successful implementation of off-grid energy technologies and services Peru faces these main obstacles:

• Insufficient financial resources to carry out dissemination programs for off-grid technologies or installation of mini-grids. Private companies generally do not invest enough in this sector and local communities do not dispose sufficient proper financial resources to make infrastructure investments in their community. This is due to a lack of public policy that encourages private and community investment.

• Insufficient availability of micro-finance schemes for energy technologies in rural areas. There are no secure liquid savings options available to households, which would enable them to build assets over time. Existing micro-finance institutions often have a narrow credit product line, limited experience in rural markets and a lack of access to best practice information and technical tools.

• Lack of a marketing and maintenance structure for energy technology devices in rural areas. Almost all retailers are established in cities with no outlets in rural communities. Thus, clients have to travel to cities to purchase energy devices and for repair orders, which is difficult for most rural families. Establishing rural outlets are considered not to be profitable.

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Annex 1 : References

Under consideration of the feedback received from ARE members and partners active in the rural electrification markets of Peru this paper is also reflecting facts and figures from the following sources: Andina (2007): Peru builds 20km water tunnel in Lambayeque. Peru News Agency, Lima, Peru. http://www.andina.com.pe/ingles/Noticia.aspx?id=oJLwr4C8BRI (12/04/13).

Business Insights Latin America (2013): Energia Eolica. Description and Contact Details. http://www.bnamericas.com/company-profile/en/energia-eolica-sa-energia-eolica (10/22/2013).

Cherni, J./Preston, F. (2007): Rural Electrification under Liberal Reforms: the Case of Peru. In: Journal of Cleaner Production, Volume 15, Issue 2, Elsevier 2007, Pages 143–152.

CIA (2013): The World Factbook: Peru. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pe.html (10/20/2013).

Climatescope publication, Multilateral Investment Fund & Bloomberg New Energy Finance.

Energy Business Review (2013): Siemens wins 32MW wind power contract in Peru. http://wind.energy-business-review.com/news/siemens-wins-32mw-wind-power-contract-in-peru-230913 (10/22/2013).

Energy Information Administration, U.S. International Energy Statistics, Hydroelectric. http://www.eia.gov/cfapps/ipdbproject/IEDIndex3.cfm?tid=2&pid=2&aid=7 (12/2/2013)

ESMAP Report “Peru: National Survey of Rural Household Energy Use” Peter Meier, Voravate Tuntivate, Douglas F. Barnes, Susan V. Bogach, Daniel Farchy

ESMAP Report “Electrification Planning and Technology Options: the Case of Latin America” by Xiaoping Wang, May 2013

ESMAP Report “Peru Opportunities and Challenges of Small Hydropower” by Peter Meier, Eduardo H. Zolezzi, Susan V. Bogach, Terence Muir, and Karen Bazex, March 2011 http://www.esmap.org/sites/esmap.org/files/7747-ESMAP%20Peru%20English%20Web_4-11-11_0.pdf

Final report by OLADE and UNIDO, November 2011

Global Business Reports and POWER (2010): Power in Peru. http://www.gbreports.com/admin/reports/Power_Peru.pdf (10/20/2013).

INSHP (International Network on Small Hydro Power) August 2010.

International Energy Agency (IEA) (2012): “Technology Roadmap Hydropower” http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/TechnologyRoadmapHydropower.pdf

Renewable Energy Latin America (2010): Peru: Renewables Tender includes up to US$ 1 billion in investments. http://latamrenewables.com/2010/04/06/peru-renewables-tender-includes-up-to-us-1-billion-in-investments/ (10/22/2013).

UN Data: Peru. http://data.un.org/CountryProfile.aspx?crName=PERU (12/02/2013).

The World Bank (2013): The World Bank Databank: World Development Indicators: Peru. http://databank.worldbank.org/data/views/reports/tableview.aspx (10/20/2013).

The World Bank (2006): Project Appraisal Document for a Rural Electrification Project. http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2006/02/21/000112742_20060221120152/Rendered/PDF/32686010PE.pdf (10/20/2013).

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Alliance for Rural Electrification

THE PERU OFF-GRID MARKETThe ARE Market Briefs Series

Alliance for Rural ElectrificationRenewable Energy HouseRue d’ Arlon 63-651040 BrusselsBelgium Tel : +32 2 400 10 51Fax: +32 2 400 10 10E-mail: [email protected]

www.ruralelec.org

PERU OFF-GRID MARKETPublication date: February 2014

About the Alliance for Rural Electrification (ARE): ARE is an international business association focusing on the promotion and the development of off-grid stand-alone and

mini-grid renewable energy solutions for rural electrification in developing countries.

For more information: www.ruralelec.org

About Berkely Rural Energy Group (BREG): As part of the Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory (RAEL) of the University of California, Berkeley, BREG was established (1) to conduct interdisciplinary research in the field of rural energy development; (2) to provide expertise in energy development and dissemination to foundations, NGOs and companies who are interested in enabling remote

energy access in developing country communities; (3) to provide a ‘go to’ entity to better network the Bay Area intellectual community that focuses on energy access in developing countries.

Contributing BREG authors: Nikhil Gargeya and Maximilian Zaenker

Facebook: AllianceforRuralElectrification Twitter: @RuralElec Linkedin: Alliance for Rural Electrification


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