The Peter Martyr Library Volume Eight Predestination · The Peter Martyr Library Volume Eight Peter...

i

The Peter Martyr LibraryVolume Eight

Predestination

and

Justification

PML8James Page i Friday, October 10, 2003 3:53 PM

Editors of the Peter Martyr Library, Series One

General Editors

John Patrick Donnelly, S.J., Frank A. James III, Joseph C. McLelland

Editorial Committee

W. J. Torrance Kirby, William J. Klempa, Paula Presley, Robert V. Schnucker

Editorial Board

Irena Backus

Institut d’histoire de la RéformationUniversité de Genève

Peter S. Bietenholz

University of Saskatchewan

Fritz Büsser

Institut für SchweizerReformationsgeschichte, Zurich

Emidio Campi

Institut für SchweizerReformationsgeschichte, Zurich

Richard C. Gamble

Reformed Theological Seminary

Robert M. Kingdon

Institute for Research in the HumanitiesUniversity of Wisconsin–Madison

John H. Leith†

Union Theological Seminary of Virginia

Diarmaid MacCullough

St. Cross College, Oxford University

Michael Percival-Maxwell

McGill University, Montreal

Alister E. McGrath

Wycliffe HallOxford University

John McIntyre

University of Edinburgh

H. Wayne Pipkin

Associated Mennonite BiblicalSeminaries, Elkhart, Indiana

Jill Raitt

University of Missouri, Columbia

Pamela D. Stewart

McGill University, Montreal

John Tedeschi

University of Wisconsin–Madison

Thomas F. Torrance

University of Edinburgh

John Vissers

The Presbyterian College, Montreal

Cesare Vasoli

Università di Firenze

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Title Page

Predestination and Justification

The Peter Martyr LibraryVolume Eight

Peter Martyr VermigliTranslated and Edited with Introduction and Notes

by Frank A. James III

VOLUME LXVIIISIXTEENTH CENTURY ESSAYS & STUDIES

KIRKSVILLE, MISSOURI USA u 2003

Two

Theological

Loci

Copyright © 2003 by Truman State University Press, Kirksville, Missouri 63501 U.S.A. All rights reserved. Nopart of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any format by any means without written permissionfrom the publisher. Printed by Thomson-Shore, Dexter, MI, USA.

The paper in this publication meets or exceeds the minimum requirements of the American National Stan-

dard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48–1992.

Cover art and title page by Teresa Wheeler, Truman State University designerPrinted by Thomson-Shore, Dexter, Michigan, USA

Text is set in Adobe Minion 10/13; display in Hadfield-DTC

Habent sua fata libeli

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Vermigli, Pietro Martire, 1499–1562.[In Epistolam S. Pavli apostoli ad Romanos. English]Predestination and justification : two theological loci / Peter Martyr

Vermigli ; translated and edited with introduction and notes by Frank A. JamesIII.

p. cm. — (Sixteenth century essays & studies ; v. 68) (The Peter Martyrlibrary ; ser. 1, v. 8)Includes bibliographical references and indexes.ISBN 1-931112-27-4 (Cloth : alk. paper)

1. Bible. N.T. Romans—Commentaries. I. James, Frank A. II. Title. III.Series.BS2665.53V4713 2003234'.9—dc21 2003007963

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Contents

Abbreviations Used in This Volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ixGeneral Editors’ Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiTranslator’s Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiiTranslator’s Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv

Part One

�

Locus on Predestination

Prolegomena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Should Predestination Be Taught?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Does Predestination Exist? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Article 1: The Nature and Definition of Predestination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

The Nature of Predestination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15The Definition of Predestination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19The Definition of Reprobation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Article 2: The Cause of Predestination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

The Fourfold Cause of Predestination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26Are Foreseen Good Works the Cause of Predestination? . . . . . . . . 27Testimony from the Church Fathers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40Contra Pighius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Article 3: The Effects of Predestination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

Is Grace Universal? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53Is Grace Sufficient? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58Arguments to the Contrary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

Article 4: The Necessity of Predestination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

Is Necessity Imposed upon Us? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69Does Necessity Hinder Free Will? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73Does Foreknowledge Cancel God’s Justice? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

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viii

Contents

Part Two

�

Locus on Justification

Prolegomena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

Justification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87Faith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

Proposition 1: Justification Is Not by Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

Proof from Paul’s Letter to the Romans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97Proof from Paul’s Other Letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106Proof from Other Scriptures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111Objections to Proposition 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115Proof from the Church Fathers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143Proof from Church Councils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152

Proposition 2: Justification Is by Faith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

Proof from Paul’s Letter to the Romans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160Proof from Paul’s Other Letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165Proof from Other Scriptures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169Objections to Proposition 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172Proof from the Church Fathers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205Proof from the Church Councils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217

Proposition 3: Justification Is by Faith Alone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218

Contra Richard Smith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218Proof from the Church Fathers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228

About the Editor and Translator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231

Scripture References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232

Classical Patristic, and Medieval References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239

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ix

Abbreviations Used in This Volume

CAS

Calvinism and Scholasticism in Vermigli’s Doctrine of Man and Grace

.John Patrick Donnelly. Leiden: Brill, 1976.

COR

In Selectissimam D. Pauli Priorem ad Corinth. epistolam Commentarii

.Zurich: C. Froschauer, 1551.

DIAL

Dialogue on the Two Natures in Christ

. Trans. and ed. John Patrick Don-nelly, S.J. Peter Martyr Library, vol. 2. Kirksville, Mo.: Sixteenth Cen-tury Journal Publishers, 1995.

EW

Early Writings: Creed, Scripture, Church

. Trans. Mario Di Gangi andJoseph C. McLelland. Ed. Joseph C. McLelland. Peter Martyr Library,vol. 1. Kirksville, Mo.: Sixteenth Century Journal Publishers, 1994.

HRR

Peter Martyr Vermigli: Humanism, Republicanism, Reformation / PetrusMartyr Vermigli: Humanismus, Republikanismus, Reformation

. Ed.Emidio Campi in cooperation with Frank A. James III and PeterOpitz. Geneva: Droz, 2002.

LC

Loci Communes of Peter Martyr Vermigli

. London: R. Masson, 1576;Basle: P. Perna, 1580–82 (3 vols.).

LLS

Life, Letters, and Sermons

. Trans. John Patrick Donnelly, S.J. Peter MartyrLibrary, vol. 5. Kirksville, Mo.: Thomas Jefferson University Press,1998.

LPJ

Commentary on the Lamentations of the Prophet Jeremiah

. Trans. and ed.Daniel Shute. Peter Martyr Library, vol. 6. Kirksville, Mo.: TrumanState University Press, 2002.

OL

Original Letters Relative to the English Reformation.

2 vols. Trans. and ed.Hastings Robinson. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press for theParker Society, 1846–47.

OTD

Oxford Treatise and Disputation on the Eucharist, 1549

. Trans. and ed.Joseph C. McLelland. Peter Martyr Library, vol. 7. Kirksville, Mo.:Truman State University Press, 1995.

PG

Patralogiae cursus completus … series Graeca

. 161 vols. Ed. J. P. Migne.Paris, 1857–96. Indices 1912.

PL

Patralogiae cursus completus … series Latina

. 221 vols. Ed. J. P. Migne.Paris, 1844–64. Supplements 1–5, Paris, 1958–74.

PMI

Peter Martyr in Italy: An Anatomy of Apostasy

. Phillip M. J. McNair.Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1967.

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x

Predestination & Justification

PMRE

Peter Martyr: A Reformer in Exile (1542–1562): A Chronology of BiblicalWritings in England and Europe.

Marvin W. Anderson. Nieuwkoop:De Graaf, 1975.

PPRED

Peter Martyr Vermigli and Predestination: The Augustinian Inheritance ofan Italian Reformer

. Frank A. James III. Oxford: Oxford UniversityPress, 1998.

PW

Philosophical Works: On the Relation of Philosophy to Theology

. Trans.and ed. Joseph C. McLelland. Peter Martyr Library, vol. 4. Kirksville,Mo.: Sixteenth Century Journal Publishers, 1996.

ROM

In Epistolam S. Pauli Apostoli ad Romanos commentarij doctissimi.

PeterMartyr Vermigli. Basel: P. Perna, 1558.

VWG

The Visible Words of God: An Exposition of the Sacramental Theology ofPeter Martyr Vermigli

. Joseph C. McLelland. Edinburgh: Oliver &Boyd, 1957; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1965.

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General Editors’ Preface

he reputation of Peter Martyr Vermigli (1499–1562) rests largely on his rolein the Sacramentarian controversies of his time. This partial perception dis-

torts his career as biblical exegete. Volume 6 in our Library,

Commentary on theLamentations of the Prophet Jeremiah,

presents one of Vermigli’s lecture series pre-sented after he left Italy to join Martin Bucer at Strasbourg. The present volumeturns to Vermigli’s next academic appointment, as regius professor of divinity atOxford. He chose to lecture on Romans to address the ills of church and society, afitting complement to his lectures on 1 Corinthians.

The present book consists of only two of the treatises contained in Martyr’slarge and influential Romans commentary; they are among the longest of hisloci—those “commonplace” devices in vogue from the later Middle Ages andused increasingly by Martyr in his lectures, at least in their published form. Thesetwo are full-blown tracts, methodically developed and seeking to cover the chief“heads of doctrine.”

The doctrines of predestination and justification are familiar shorthand forthe Reformed faith. Each formed the center of a minor war of words and confer-ences, pitting the Reformed against Roman, Lutheran, and Anabaptist opponents.It is fortunate that in Frank James we have a scholar well acquainted with bothtopics and with Vermigli’s texts. Dr. James has studied and commented on themthrough many years and two doctorates; we are proud to introduce his first con-tribution to our Library through two of Vermigli’s substantive texts on disputedquestions. As Dr. James’s introduction makes clear, the polemical context informsVermigli’s teaching and provides foils for his attack. Here we meet such adversar-ies as Richard Smith of Oxford and Calvin’s old foe Albert Pighius as well as theTridentine doctors.

With this volume, series 1 of our Library is two-thirds complete. The remain-ing books are commentaries, on Aristotle’s

Nicomachean Ethics

and on the bibli-cal books of Genesis, Romans, and 1 Corinthians. Series 2 is in the planning stage.We hope that these translations of Martyr’s writings will encourage scholars toengage this admirable theologian and will show why he is a significant if neglectedplayer on the complex stage of the Reformation.

John Patrick Donnelly, S.J.Joseph C. McLelland

T

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Translator’s Preface

redestination and justification are two of the most distinctive doctrines associ-ated with the Protestant Reformation of the sixteenth century. This volume

presents Peter Martyr Vermigli’s most extensive discussions on these controversialtheological principles, drawn from his monumental commentary on the ApostlePaul’s letter to the Romans. It has long been my goal to understand the theologi-cal dynamics in Vermigli’s ecclesiastical transformation from a Roman Catholictheologian to a Protestant theologian. Two theological loci

,

one on predestinationand the other on justification, provide important avenues by which one may gaininsight into that profound transformation.

Not only did these two doctrines play a significant role in Vermigli’s decisionto abandon Rome; they also became the theological realms (besides sacramentaltheology) in which Vermigli made his most important contributions to the theol-ogy of the Reformed branch of Protestantism. Having access to these two loci

willenable scholars of the sixteenth century to gain additional insight into the theo-logical and biblical thinking of one of the formative thinkers of the Reformationand, perhaps most importantly, allow a glimpse into the theological diversityamong the early Reformers. My early scholarly effort on Vermigli, a doctoral dis-sertation at Oxford University on the historical origins of his doctrine of predesti-nation, brought unconventional conclusions. I expected to find a viewpoint thatmirrored Calvin’s, but found instead a theological perspective largely inspired bya fourteenth-century Augustinian, Gregory of Rimini. It seemed that Heiko A.Oberman’s quest for a theological link between the early reformation and the latemedieval

schola Augustiniana moderna

had been found in Vermigli. My interest in Vermigli was sufficient to inspire yet another doctoral disserta-

tion, this time in theology at Westminster Theological Seminary in Philadelphia.The goal was to delve deeply into one of the most distinctive Protestant doc-trines—justification—and to measure Vermigli’s understanding against othergreat theological views of his day—Catholic, Lutheran, and Reformed. Again,expectations as to what Vermigli would say on the topic had to be reconfigured. Ianticipated that he would be in conformity with the Lutherans and Reformedagainst the Catholics. Instead, what emerged from the research was a much morenuanced understanding of justification. Vermigli did retain some of the featuresof the Catholic Reform movement in Italy, especially those of the group associ-ated with Juan de Valdés. It may sound obvious from the distance of nearly five

P

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Translator’s Preface

xiii

centuries, but Vermigli, while clearly indebted to Luther, was not a Lutheran onthe matter of justification, nor for that matter, were many of his Reformed col-leagues such as Calvin, Bullinger, and Bucer. The doctrinal divide that becameapparent over time was evident early on in Vermigli’s doctrine of justification.

One of the lasting impressions gained from research into Vermigli’s thoughtis his profound biblical orientation. In some ways, that is his lasting legacy. If onehad asked Peter Martyr how he would like to be remembered, he might havepointed to his Bible and stated that he wanted only to promulgate the teaching ofScripture. More work needs to be done on his theology, especially on his biblicalcommentaries. To that end, the Peter Martyr Library editorial committee is nowfocusing on translations of his commentaries.

Special thanks to the managing editor of the Peter Martyr Library, PaulaPresley, whose untiring efforts and high standards make this a superb series.Finally, I thank my graduate assistant Kate Maynard for her efforts on behalf ofthis project and Daniel Timmerman of the Theologische Universiteit Apeldoornfor help in identifying obscure references.

I owe a great debt to my colleagues Pat Donnelly and Joe McLelland, whohave provided enormous assistance in the preparation of this volume. I am over-come with gratitude for the generosity and support of this American Jesuit andCanadian Presbyterian. I am especially grateful for their assistance in composi-tion of footnote references. This dedication is a small token of my affection andappreciation for these two extraordinary colleagues.

Frank A. James IIIOrlando, FloridaFeast Day of St. Nino15 December 2002

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Peter Martyr Vermigli (1499–1562) by Hans Asper (1499–1571), painted 1560.Courtesy National Portrait Gallery, London

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xv

Predestination and Justification: Two Theological Loci

Translator’s Introduction

Prologue

t is a measure of Peter Martyr Vermigli’s influence in England that his regalportrait by Hans Asper is included in the National Portrait Gallery in London.

1

The piercing brown eyes of a rather handsome Peter Martyr look beyond the con-fines of his gilded frame as he points to his Bible. This portrait captures some-thing of the true spirit of this Italian theologian. It is as if, in full academic regalia,he is instructing his students to concentrate their undivided attention upon thisbook alone, much as he urged in his Oxford oration: “Let us immerse ourselvesconstantly in the sacred Scriptures, let us work at reading them, and by the gift ofChrist’s Spirit the things that are necessary for salvation will be for us clear, direct,and completely open.”

2

Vermigli’s fame rested in large part on his erudite biblical commentaries.

Wherever his journey led him, he could be found lecturing on the biblical text,whether in his earlier career as a Catholic theologian lecturing monks in Naplesand Lucca, or later in Protestant academies in Strasbourg, Zurich, or Oxford.During his lifetime his lectures on 1 Corinthians, Romans, and Judges were pub-lished; his lectures on Genesis, Lamentations, 1 and 2 Samuel, and 1 and 2 Kingswere published posthumously.

3

Although Vermigli had wide-ranging theologicaland polemical interests to which he devoted many pages, there is little doubt thathis primary calling was as a biblical commentator.

4

Along with Calvin and Bullin-ger, Vermigli was among the leading representatives of the Reformed tradition of

1

Torrance Kirby, “

Vermilius Absconditus

? The Iconography of Peter Martyr Vermigli,” HRR, 295–303; painting is reproduced on facing page.

2

From Martyr’s “Exhortation for Youths to Study Sacred Letters,” LLS, 281.

3

Cf. Klaus Sturm,

Die Theologie Peter Martyr Vermiglis während seines ersten Aufenthalts inStrassburg 1542–1547

(Neukirchen: Neukirchener Verlag, 1971), 30–37.

4

Frank A. James III, “Peter Martyr Vermigli (1499–1562)” in

Historical Handbook of Major Bibli-cal Interpreters,

ed. Donald McKim (Downers Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity Press, 1998), 239–45. Cf. John L.Thompson, “The Survival of Allegorical Argumentation in Peter Martyr Vermigli’s Old TestamentExegesis,” in

Biblical Interpretation in the Era of the Reformation

, ed. Richard A. Muller and John L.Thompson (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1996), 255–58.

I

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xvi

Translator’s Introduction

Protestant biblical commentators.

5

To begin to understand Martyr one mustappreciate that he was first and foremost a man of the book—a biblical scholar.

Peter Martyr Vermigli in England

Vermigli’s success in England left a bitter taste in the mouths of Catholics.When his wife, Catherine Dampmartin of Metz, died in Oxford in February of1553, Catholic hostility directed at her husband unfortunately found its mark inher. Even while alive, Catherine was the brunt of brutal sarcasm, orally and inprint.

6

Because she was a corpulent woman, the Catholics at Oxford nicknamedher “flaps” and “fusteluggs.” Shortly after Catherine’s death, Mary Tudor ascendedto the English throne, and a widowed Vermigli returned to Strasbourg. However,hatred for Vermigli ran so high among Catholics that they sought to cause himdistress by desecrating the body of his late wife.

7

Archbishop Reginald Pole, oncea close friend of Vermigli in Italy, had Catherine’s body exhumed and cast uponthe city dung heap,

8

ostensibly because she had been buried in close proximity tothe grave of St. Frideswyde, the patron saint of Oxford, in the Cathedral Church.

9

But the Catholics did not have the final word on Catherine’s remains. After Eliza-beth’s ascension in 1558 and the return of the Marian exiles, Catherine’s boneswere recovered from the dung heap and deliberately mingled with the bones of St.Frideswyde. Any desecration thereafter would risk desecrating the bones of St.Frideswyde—a risk most Catholics would be unwilling to take.

The deplorable episode dramatically illustrates the range of emotions theEnglish felt for the Italian immigrant theologian: detractors and advocates alikeviewed Vermigli as a particularly important symbol of Edwardian reform. C. H.Smyth writes, “Oxford, which had not taken kindly to the Renaissance, was

5

LPJ, xli–xliv. See also Peter A. Lillback, “The Early Reformed Covenant Paradigm: Peter Martyrvis-à-vis Zwingli, Bullinger, Luther, and Calvin” (paper presented at Sixteenth Century Studies Con-ference, St. Louis, Mo., 28–31 October 1999).

6

See George C. Gorham,

Gleanings of a Few Scattered Ears during the Period of the Reformation inEngland and of the Times Immediately Succeeding,

a.d.

1533 to

a.d.

1588

(London, 1857), 154 (Ver-migli’s letter to Bucer, 10 June 1550). See also Jennifer Loach, “Reformation Controversies,” in

TheCollegiate University,

ed. James McConica, vol. 3 of

The History of the University of Oxford,

gen. ed.T. H. Aston (Oxford: Clarendon, 1986), 374; C. H. Smyth,

Cranmer and the Reformation under EdwardVI

(1926; repr., London: S.P.C.K., 1973), 120.

7

LLS, 311.

8

Josiah Simler,

Oratio de vita et obitu viri optimi praestantissimi Theologi D. Peteri Martyris Vermi-lii, Sacrarum literarum in schola Tigurina Professoris

(Zurich: C. Froschauer, 1563), 7. For the English,see LLS, 32. See also Dermot Fenlon,

Heresy and Obedience in Tridentine Italy: Cardinal Pole and theCounter-Reformation

(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972), 219, and PMI, 96–98, 284.

9

John Blair, ed.,

St. Frideswide: Patron of Oxford

(Oxford: Perpetua Press, 1989), 21–23.

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Prologue

�

Peter Martyr Vermigli in England

xvii

violently hostile to the Reformation.… the whole of Peter Martyr’s work was analmost single-handed struggle against overwhelming odds.”

10

Whether Vermigliinspired intense animosity or devoted affection, it cannot be doubted that duringhis nearly six years in England (1547–53), he exercised a decisive influence uponits Reformation.

Of course, the earliest Protestant theological influence was that of Luther,whose books and pamphlets were smuggled into England by German merchantsand read in Cambridge by 1520. By March of 1521, Luther’s books were publiclyburned for the first time in England.

11

Even before the death of Henry VIII on 28January 1547, a new kind of Protestant influence began to take root on Englishsoil—a theological outlook more Swiss and Reformed than German andLutheran.

12

Archbishop Thomas Cranmer of Canterbury had been in corre-spondence with the Swiss Reformer of Basel, Simon Grynaeus, since 1531, andthrough Grynaeus, Cranmer became a frequent correspondent of Martin Bucerof Strasbourg.

13

This relationship with the Swiss manifested itself in an abortiveplan to form a theological alliance between the English church and the Swiss andSouth German Protestants on the continent.

14

For some years, Cranmer haddesired to improve ties between the English church and continental Protestant-ism.

15

With much of continental Protestantism in disarray after the victory ofCharles V in the Schmalkald war, Cranmer believed England could be the rally-ing point for a resurgent Protestantism. He even made plans to compose acommon doctrinal statement and to hold a “godly synod” of continental andEnglish Protestants to counter the effects of the Council of Trent (1545–63),conferring with such theologians as John Calvin, Philip Melanchthon, andHeinrich Bullinger about the proposal.

16

When Edward VI succumbed to tuber-culosis, Cranmer’s dreams were deferred.

10

Smyth,

Cranmer and the Reformation,

108.

11

Basil Hall, “The Early Rise and Gradual Decline of Lutheranism in England (1520–1600),” in

Reform and Reformation: England and the Continent c. 1500–c.

1750,

ed. Derek Baker (Oxford: BasilBlackwell, 1979), 103–31.

12

Diarmaid MacCulloch,

The Later Reformation in England 1547–1603

(London: Macmillan,1990), 67; A. G. Dickens,

The English Reformation,

2d ed. (University Park: Pennsylvania UniversityPress, 1992), 222–26.

13

Diarmaid MacCulloch,

Thomas Cranmer: A Life

(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996),60–67.

14

MacCulloch,

Cranmer, 404–9.15Dickens, English Reformation, 257.16Works of Archbishop Cranmer, ed. J. E. Cox (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press for the

Parker Society, 1844), 2:431–32. See Gorham, Gleanings, 42–46; MacCulloch, Cranmer, 174–76; 394–96.

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xviii Translator’s Introduction

It is almost certain that Vermigli first came to the attention of Cranmerthrough the archbishop’s long-standing relationship with Bucer.17 As part ofCranmer’s desire to foster continental associations that would give impetus to areformation of the English church, he invited Vermigli and his fellow Italian refu-gee, Bernardino Ochino, to England. Cranmer’s warm welcome to Vermigli in thewinter of 1547 was followed by decisive support in the Oxford Disputation18 andfurther involvement in formulating English church policy.19 Of all the continentalReformers, Martyr exerted the greatest influence.20

This impression is reinforced by Cranmer’s response to the new Catholicregime. Immediately after Mary’s ascension, when Cranmer’s reformation wasunder severe attack, he bravely threw down the gauntlet and publicly declared on5 September 1553: “I with Peter Martyr and … others of my choosing” will defendthe Prayer Book as “more pure and more agreeable to the word of God than whathas been in England for the past thousand years.”21 Cranmer and Vermigli beganpreparing for a public disputation that never happened. Instead, Cranmer wascharged with treason and, on 14 September, the two friends shared a last supper,after which the archbishop told his friend that a trial was inevitable and that theywould never meet again. Cranmer was soon sent to the Tower, and Vermigli, afterentreaties by his famulus Giulio Santerenziano and William Whittingham, wasgranted permission to leave the country.22 The last known letter (1555) from thehand of Cranmer, as he languished in the Bocardo jail awaiting martyrdom, wasto his dear friend Peter Martyr.23 The growing scholarly consensus is that

17MacCulloch, Cranmer, 381, cites a letter of 28 November 1547 from Paris, Bibliothèque Ste-Geneviève MSS 1458, fols. 173v–75r, which reveals that Bucer specifically recommended to Cranmerthe Italian exile Emmanuel Tremelli (1510–80), who arrived the next year (1548) and was appointedking’s reader in Hebrew at Cambridge. If Bucer was recommending scholars to Cranmer, then it is easyto surmise that Bucer also recommended the Italian Vermigli, for whom he had even greater esteem.

18Translated in OTD.19VWG, 23.20MacCulloch, Cranmer, 435–36, points out that Cranmer’s crucial sermon on rebellion at St.

Paul’s Cathedral in London on 21 July 1549 was, in fact, the result of a collaboration with Vermigli.More specifically, MacCulloch maintains that Vermigli was involved to a greater extent in churchaffairs than Bucer. See Diarmaid MacCulloch, “Peter Martyr and Thomas Cranmer,” HRR, 178, 192.This echoes the earlier view of C. H. Smyth, who judged that “of all the foreigners [in England],Ochino had probably the least influence: and Peter Martyr probably the most”; Smyth, Cranmer andthe Reformation, 117. Two years after Vermigli’s arrival in Oxford and after the 1548 Augsburg interimmade life impossible for Bucer, he too accepted Cranmer’s invitation to that city.

21Gilbert Burnet, The History of the Reformation of the Church of England (London: Lewis Cor-dell, 1681), 2:249–50. See also Thomas Cranmer: Churchman and Scholar, ed. P. Ayris and D. Selwyn(Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell & Brewer, 1993), 285.

22See OL.23Works of Archbishop Cranmer, 2:457–58. See also C. H. Garrett, The Marian Exiles: A Study in

the Origins of Elizabethan Puritanism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1938), 198.

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Prologue � Peter Martyr Vermigli in England xix

Vermigli was one of the most important, if unheralded, theological influencesupon Cranmer and, through Cranmer, on the Edwardian Reformation.

When Vermigli left England for good in October 1553, he carried with himnot only affection and deep concern for Cranmer and the English church, but aninternational reputation as a Reformed theologian. When he arrived in Stras-bourg to revive his role as a leading Reformed theologian on yet another stage, hedeplored in his inaugural address the loss of King Edward and the England thatmight have been.

A harsh and lamentable death took away Edward, king of England, thebright light among the monarchs of the Christian world, the rightfulstudent of godliness and a stout defender of Christ’s Gospel. Light waschanged into darkness, ungodliness replaced godliness, and cruel wolvesinvaded the new and recent church. Good men were wickedly oppressed;I cannot think about, still less recount, how the providence of the oneGod delivered me from their dangers and troubles.24

Monarchs die and other monarchs, hell-bent on burning heretics, ascend tothrones, but for Vermigli the truth was unassailable. In tribute to the boy-kingand his archbishop, Vermigli published his Romans lectures. His dedicatory epis-tle to Sir Anthony Cooke,25 Edward’s tutor and a Marian exile, is in effect a dedi-cation to the English church. In this dedication is a highly developed sense ofbelonging to a circle of like-minded continental theologians. Vermigli specificallynames Melanchthon, Bucer, Bullinger, and Calvin, and indicates that he has notonly read their commentaries on Romans, but has been “greatly helped” bythem.26 This underscores the growing theological affinity, particularly with SwissProtestantism, reflected in his own commentary on Romans.

Of the many contributions to the Reformation in England, perhaps themost cherished and natural for Martyr were his lectures at Oxford. After com-pleting his first series of lectures on 1 Corinthians in 1549, Martyr turned toPaul’s epistle to the Romans in 1550, as he earlier had promised.27 Martyr’sRomans lectures began in March 1550, were completed in Zurich, and finallypublished in 1558.28

24LLS, 310–11.25For background on Cooke, see Garrett, Marian Exiles, 124–26. 26ROM, dedicatory epistle.27COR, fol. 39r.28Loach, “Reformation Controversies,” 373. See also James McConica, “The Rise of the Undergrad-

uate College,” in Collegiate University, ed. McConica, 41; John ab Ulmis’s letter of 1 March 1552 says heattended Martyr’s Romans lectures at 9:00 a.m. According to S. L. Greenslade, “The Faculty of Theol-ogy,” in Collegiate University, ed. McConica, 307, Cardinal Wolsey established the practice for regiusprofessors of divinity. See Statutes of the Colleges of Oxford (London: Royal Commission, 1853), 2/2:127.

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231

About the Editor and Translator

Frank Allison James III was awarded the D. Phil. in history from Oxford Uni-versity in 1993 for his dissertation on the intellectual and historical origins of Ver-migli’s notion of gemina praedestinatio (double predestination) and the Ph.D. inhistorical theology from Westminster Theological Seminary in 2000 for his dis-sertation on Vermigli’s theological doctrine of justification. He received a LillyTheological Research Grant (1999), was elected by the faculty of Keble College,Oxford University, to membership of the Senior Common Room (1994). Otherawards include an Overseas Research Students Award (1991–92), the Isaiah BerlinBursary, Oxford University (1990-91), the Leonard J. Theberge Memorial Schol-arship, St. Peter’s College, Oxford University (1991–93), an Oxford UniversityResearch Grant (1991), the Christina Drake Research Award for Italian Studies,Taylor Institution, Oxford University (1991), and the St. Peter’s College GraduateAward, Oxford (1990–92).

James is the coeditor and contributor (with Charles E. Hill) of The Glory ofthe Atonement in Biblical, Theological, and Historical Perspective (2003); coeditor(with Emidio Campi and Peter Opitz) of Peter Martyr Vermigli: Humanism,Republicanism and Reformation, Travaux d’Humanisme et Renaissance, 365(2002); coeditor (with J. Patrick Donnelly and Joseph C. McLelland) of The PeterMartyr Reader (1999). He is the author of Peter Martyr Vermigli and Predestina-tion: The Augustinian Inheritance of an Italian Reformer, Oxford TheologicalMonographs (1998); coeditor (with Heiko Augustus Oberman) of Via Augustini:The Recovery of Augustine in the Later Middle Ages, Renaissance and Reformation,Studies in Medieval and Reformation Thought, vol. 48 (1991). Since 1996, he hasserved as a general editor (with Joseph C. McLelland and J. Patrick Donnelly) ofthe Peter Martyr Library series and senior editor of Ad Fontes: Digital Library ofClassical Theological Text (with Alister E. McGrath, Richard A. Muller, and Her-man Selderhuis).

James was assistant professor of systematic and historical theology at West-mont College (1987–89); lecturer in philosophy and history, Villanova University(1986–87); and contributing editor at Christian History Magazine (1986–89).Since 1993 he has been professor of historical theology at Reformed TheologicalSeminary in Orlando, Florida, and in 2002 was appointed vice president for aca-demic affairs of that institution.

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232

232

Scripture References

Genesis2:8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1404:7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1456:2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2066:3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 766:5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1148:21. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1149:6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13012:3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18212:4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18215:5ff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20115:6. . . . . . . 90, 122, 159, 172,

181, 21015:16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26, 13218:17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7622:17–18 . . . . . . . . . .200, 20225:21. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429:15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21943:5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21945:8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

Exodus2:12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 689:16. . . . . . . . . . . . . .16, 25, 5612:1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2913:17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2623:31. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8332:21. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6833:19. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56, 105

Numbers11:5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21920:12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178

Deuteronomy2:5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1454:2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1314:37. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146:6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66:13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22219:5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13127:26. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18967:5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

Joshua6:6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8310:12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

1 Samuel2:30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1359:21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6712:22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3816:7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4119:24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

2 Samuel11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6812:10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

1 Kings5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95, 17810:1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6911:4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6713:21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17817:1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6919:4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3121:17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13121:29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67, 132

2 Kings12:2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6720:1ff.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7520:5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13, 75

2 Chronicles, 12:14. . . . . . 132

Job1:9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2061:21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 834:18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11315:5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11319:25–27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

Psalms2:11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8910:17 (Vulgate) . . . . . . . . . 13312:1–2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11614:1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7614:3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6420:1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18922:5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

Psalms, continued25:18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13631:1 (Vulgate). . . . . . . . . . 14732:1–2 . . . . . . . .100, 148, 159,

172, 22232:10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18951. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11, 13651:10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5769:4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21983:37 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14100:32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178103:17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189115:3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46, 71116:36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57139:8–9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177145:14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

Proverbs1:26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468:17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3610:12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20416:1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13216:4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1616:11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Ecclesiastes, 30:24 . . . . . . 141

Wisdom of Solomon1:13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461:14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4715:3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225

Isaiah6:9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55, 2126:10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24–257:4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 957:9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 958:14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2910:7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8326:2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9226:3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8928:16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18928:26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164, 17229:13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14540:6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11442:16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2846:9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21


Scripture References 233

Isaiah, continued49:15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6653:4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17253:11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17255:1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11464:6–8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11465:2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6666:1–3 . . . . . . . . . . . . .193–9466:3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14566:23. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

Jeremiah1:5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145:3 (Vulgate) . . . . . . . . . . . 17217:9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11418:8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7525:8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7625:11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1325:12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7631:18. . . . . . . . . . . . . .134, 15731:33. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6431:34. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

Lamentations, 5:21 . . . . . . 158

Ezekiel11:18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5711:19. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3014:9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2416:6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3918:21–22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20218:24. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6718:31. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13433:11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4636:26–27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

Daniel3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 694:24. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138

Joel2:28. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60, 642:32. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164

Amos, 3:7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

Jonah3:4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 753:10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75, 134

Habakkuk, 2:4 . . . . . . 89, 119, 160, 172, 180

Zechariah, 1:8 . . . . . . . . . . 157

Malachi, 1:2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Ecclesiasticus8:21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5715:12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4717:29?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

Matthew1:21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2044:10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2225:45 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436:12 . . . . . . . . . . . 82, 113, 1376:24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1456:32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137:7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1407:16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287:17–18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1117:18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1317:21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2037:22 . . . . . . . 93, 144, 173, 1788:10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1698:13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1699:2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170, 1999:22 . . . . . . . . . . 170, 199, 2289:28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17010:22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6410:28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13910:29–30 . . . . . . . . . . . . 13, 1810:33 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17311:21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32, 6311:21–24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5911:23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3211:25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34, 5511:25–26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611:27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5511:28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19212:32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7112:33–35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11112:34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13113:1–23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9313:11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5513:23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3413:69 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615:8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14516:17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34, 15416:35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8317 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14017:20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17520:15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4320:15 (Vulgate) . . . . . . . . . . 2420:16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5620:19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7021:22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14021:31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12622:14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 4323:37 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6424:24 . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 55, 7124:46 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

Matthew, continued24:55 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7125:34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625:35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13526:14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4726:53 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7426:74 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6826:75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13627. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14027:3–6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13627:4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12828:19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14235:34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

Mark1:15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2249:23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2079:38 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17916:16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224

Luke1:48 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412:6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602:29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 713:6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 646:37 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1377:47 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142, 2277:50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142, 1709:53 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 810:20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411:41 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140–4112:47 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12015:11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12715:17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12717:5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19017:7–10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11219.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15522:37 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7122:62 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21323:41 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15523:43 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228

John1:1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91:7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1131:8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2121:9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631:11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1381:12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61, 1381:13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1391:14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91:16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15212:4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133:8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553:16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1703:27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55


234


John,

continued

3:32. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643:36. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89, 1704:18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1395:15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535:18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2085:44. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1796:29. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .203, 2166:37. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556:40. . . . . . . . . . .171, 199, 2036:44. . . .6, 31, 53–55, 155, 1716:45. . . . . . . . . . . . .60, 64, 1716:46. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546:51. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1716:53. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53, 2197:42. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128:34. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1448:36. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1558:42. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1878:56. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122, 21110:11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8310:28. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 5410:29. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 54, 7110:35. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7111:25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17112:37. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17912:39. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17912:42. . . . . . . . . . . . . .173, 17913:18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614:1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614:4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21614:16ff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18814:23. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18715:4–6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11215:5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15415:16. . . . . . . . . . . .4, 6, 35, 5917:3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .171, 22519:11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5320:31. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

Acts1:23. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422:23. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 14, 704:12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1224:27. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 834:28. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167:51. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388:22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5610:4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21710:31. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15510:34ff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15113:48. . . . . . . . . . . .14, 33, 19115:9. . . . . . . . . . .141, 171, 22616:14. . . . . . . . . . . .33, 56, 19116:18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17117:28. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18, 81

Acts,

continued

19:13–16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178

Romans1:7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1191:16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1601:17–18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1611:18ff.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 971:20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651:21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521:24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241:24ff.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1151:25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521:28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242:5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252:6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 682:13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142, 1522:14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1462:17–24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 982:21–22 . . . . . . . . . . . . 115–163:3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 903:8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683:10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1283:10–12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1163:10–18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 983:17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2223:19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 993:20 . . . . . . . . . . 107, 116, 2233:21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99, 1613:24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161, 2293:27 . . . . 99, 116, 161, 228–293:28 . . . . . . . 99, 161, 203, 2253:29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65, 1613:31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2104:1–4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1004:3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209, 2224:4 . . . . . . . . . . . 116, 161, 1964:5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1594:7–8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1004:9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2014:11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100, 1624:13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1624:13–15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1004:15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116, 1284:16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101, 1624:18 . . . . . . . . . . 101, 160, 1624:19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1624:19–21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 884:20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1624:23–24 . . . . . . . . . . . 163, 1975:1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1635:5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 895:6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1015:8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35, 1015:10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1015:12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

Romans,

continued

5:14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102, 2305:17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625:20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116, 1286:1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2236:4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1166:10–11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1176:12–13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1176:21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102, 1166:21–22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1976:23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1497:1–4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1027:5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103, 1177:7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1177:12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1177:14–25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1177:15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 827:15–18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1037:18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587:22–23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 828:3 . . . . . . . 108, 117, 131, 1938:6–7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1048:7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1318:11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1188:15–16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1908:16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1938:17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 898:18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1268:24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2258:26–27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1338:27–28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368:28 . . . 10, 16, 20, 51–52, 1048:29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 14, 218:29–30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1638:30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30, 1048:31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368:31–35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428:33–34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1048:35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 219:7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339:10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49:11 . . . . . . . . . . 15, 20, 33, 519:11–12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11, 299:11–13 . . . . . . . . . 14, 37, 1049:12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529:13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309:14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2149:15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 30, 569:15–18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1059:16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579:17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26, 599:18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25, 30, 519:19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449:20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1149:21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 28–299:22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

PML8ScriptIdx Page 234 Tuesday, November 4, 2003 1:04 PM

Scripture References

235

Romans,

continued

9:23. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 269:23–24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249:30. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1639:31–32 . . . . . . . . . . .105, 1949:33. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .210–1110:1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14510:3. . . . . . .105, 148, 164, 22910:4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .148, 19710:5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16410:5–6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10510:8–9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16410:10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17910:11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6610:14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65, 16410:17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16511:5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3111:6. . . . . . . . . . .118, 124, 22211:19. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2111:19–20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16511:23. . . . . . . . . . . . . .165, 21111:33. . . . . . . . . . .31, 105, 21411:33–34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4411:34. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512:3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33, 19114:22–23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10614:23. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20717:22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

1 Corinthians1:5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1761:21. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109, 1651:23–24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381:26. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381:30. . . . . . . . . . . .29, 139, 1682:4–5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1902:9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152:14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131, 1903:2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93:5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303:6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594:4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1064:7. . . . . . . . . . . . .58, 154, 2214:13–14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1916:11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387:25. . . . . . . . . . . . .30, 33, 1558:1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1539:27. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7510:4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21210:9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21210:31. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14411:4–5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15111:19. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7412:3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15512:8–9 . . . . . . . . .93, 175, 19012:11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

1 Corinthians,

continued

13:1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17713:2 . . . . . . . . . . . 93, 122, 17313:3 . . . . . . . . . . 146, 175, 17713:8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17715:10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57, 154

2 Corinthians1:4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2291:12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91:24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1663:5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57, 1544:13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2105:10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1356:14–16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

Galatians1:15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 15, 592:14–16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1662:16 . . . . . . . . . . 107, 211, 2192:20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166, 1992:21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107, 1503:2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107, 1663:5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107, 1663:7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1663:8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1663:9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1663:10 . . . . . . 107, 119, 128, 1893:11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160, 2303:14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1673:15–16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1883:15–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1073:16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1813:18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003:19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1183:21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–83:22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1673:23–24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1083:24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128, 1673:25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1674:6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1904:21–26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1084:28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1675:2–3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108–95:4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1675:6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168, 2265:11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1095:17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 825:19ff.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1175:22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191

Ephesians1:1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1871:4 . . . . . 7, 11, 14–15, 20, 22,

26, 30, 341:5 . . . . . . . . . 9, 20–21, 30, 37

Ephesians,

continued

1:6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521:9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301:10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221:11 . . . . . . . . . . 17, 20, 37, 592:1–3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1092:3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1092:4–5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1092:8 . . . . 33, 110, 151, 168, 1912:9 . . . . . . . . . . . 110, 118, 1252:10 . . . . . . . 9, 26, 30, 52, 1102:12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38, 1103:7–9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1103:16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168, 1903:17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188, 1904:14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 955:26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2246:16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 916:23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Philippians1:6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 59, 1921:27ff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61:29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332:12–13 . . . . . . . . . . 6, 57, 1422:13 . . . . . . . . . .30, 56–57, 73,

192, 2142:21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643:4–6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1103:6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1183:7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

Colossians1:21–22 . . . . . . . . . . . 110, 1872:13–14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

2 Thessalonians, 2:13. . . . . . 7

1 Timothy1:5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147, 2261:20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2102:1–2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 632:4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 622:5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1132:6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623:1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424:10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 665:8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185

2 Timothy1:9 . . . . . . 20, 31, 34, 111, 1182:3ff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1452:17–18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282:19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 27, 712:20–21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272:21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28


236


2 Timothy,

continued

2:25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

Titus1:16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1853:4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313:4–5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1113:5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118, 2223:7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

Hebrews6:4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71, 1209:24ff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11110:38. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16011:1. . . . . . . . . . . .90, 155, 18611:6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .186, 19411:7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .199–20011:24–26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212

Hebrews,

continued

11:33 (Vulg.) . . . . . . . 168, 183

James1:17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212:17 . . . . . . . . . . . 93, 146, 2172:26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

1 Peter1:5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1693:20–21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1993:21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2244:8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204

2 Peter1:10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1002:22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

1 John2:4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1853:6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1743:14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1874:10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374:17–18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1394:19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37, 1245:1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169, 1735:4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91, 1695:10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 885:13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1695:18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

Jude5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21214–15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206

Revelation, 3:20 . . 56, 66, 142


237

237

Classical, Patristic, and Medieval References

Acacius of Berea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230Ambrose

Apologia Prophetae David

. . . . . . . . . . . . 148

Comm. Gal.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226

Comm. Rom.

. . . . . . . . .74, 148, 212–13, 229

Comm. 1 Cor.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229

Expositio evangelii secundum Lucam

. . 8, 213

De fuga saeculi

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

De vocationem gentium

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229Ambrosiaster,

Ep. Rom.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Ambrosius,

De fide,

5.83. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Antisthenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203Aquinas

Summa theologiae

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30, 140

Super epistolas S. Pauli lectura

. . . . . . . . . 230Aratus,

Phaenom.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81Aristotle

Analytica posteriora

. . . . . . . . . . 26, 90, 118, 129, 135, 143, 198

Analytica prioria

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180

De anima

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138, 180, 184

Categoriae

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180

Ethica nichomachea [NichomacheanEthics]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130, 185

Topica

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180Arnobius the Younger,

In Ps.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . 230Augustine

Ad. simp.

. . 19, 38, 54, 57, 59, 147, 152, 215, 226

Contra Julianum

. . . . . . . . . . 44, 63, 147, 192

Contra secundam Juliani

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Contra duas epistulas Pelagianorumad Bonifaticum

. . . . . . . . . 36, 73, 214, 216

De bono viduitatis

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223

De civitate Dei

. . . . .10, 18, 72, 76, 78–79, 83

Confessions

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 121, 134, 158

De correptione et gratia

. . . . . . . 5, 36, 63, 102

De diversis quaestionibus ad Simplicianum

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

De dogmatibus Ecclesiasticis

. . . . . . . 150, 215

Enarratio in Psalmos

. . . . . . . . . 147, 213, 215

Enchiridion ad laurentium

. . . . . 46, 141, 147

Epistolae

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63, 65, 150, 214

Ad Honoratum

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152, 215

Expositio quarumdam quaestionumin epistula ad Romanos

. . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

De gestis Pelagii

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40, 123

Augustine,

continuedDe gratia et libero arbitrio)

. . . . . . . . 80, 15041, 23

De natura et gratia

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227

De dono perseverantiae

. . . 5, 7, 8, 36, 65, 82

De praedestinatione Sanctorum

. . . 4, 19, 36,41, 58, 63, 151, 215

In Evangelium Johannes tract.

. . . 91, 93, 215

Quaestionum n Heptateuchum

. . . . . . . . 202

Retractionum libri II

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Sermones de scripturis

. . . . . 19, 93, 150, 213

De spiritu et littera

. . . 93, 152, 213, 214, 221

De Trinitate

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91, 215

Basil

De baptismo

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144, 145

Homiliae in Psalmum

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

Homiliae de humilitate

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229

Ad Neocaesar., ep.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178Bede,

Expositio Jacob

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217Bernard of Clairvaux,

Sermo

22 . . . . . . . . . . 230Bruno Carthus,

In ep. ad Rom.

. . . . . . . . . . . 230

Chrysostom, John

De fide et lege naturae

. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 209

In cap. Genes.: Homiliae

. . . . . . . . . 209, 210

Hom. Rom.

. . . . . . . . . . 33, 148, 209-11, 229

Hom. 1 Cor.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . 74, 93, 151, 175

Hom. 1 Tim.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210

De verbis apostoli, Hab. eundem Spiritu

. 210Cicero

De Amicitia

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

De Divinatione

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

De natura deorum

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

De Oratore

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129Cleanthes the Stoic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72Cyprian

Comm. in symb. Apost.

(by Ruffinus). . . 230

De cath. ecclesiae unitate

. . . . . . . . . . . . . 174

De lapsis

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206

Ad Quirinum testimonia adversus Judaeos)

. . . . . . . . . . 36, 40, 148, 209, 229Cyril of Alexandria

Contra Julianum

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216

Comm. in Ev. Ioannis

. . . . . . . . 139, 216, 230

PML8ClassicalIdx Page 237 Tuesday, November 4, 2003 1:05 PM

238


Demosthenes

Adversus Androtionem

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152

In Aristocratem

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201Didymus,

James,

2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230Duns Scotus,

De divisione naturae

. . . . . . . . . . 50

Epictetus,

Dissertationes,

sec. 22 . . . . . . . . . . 173Erasmus,

De libero arbitrio

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35Eusebius,

De Praep. Evangelica,

7. . . . . . . . . . . 77Eusebius of Caesarea,

Hist. eccl.

. . . . . . . . . . . 230

Gennadius of Marseilles,

Rom.

. . . . . . . . . . . 230Gregory of Nazianzus

Oratio in laudem BasiliDialogus

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

in Pentecosten

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

In sancta lumina

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

n sepisum

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146Gregory of Rimini . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124n

Gregorii Arminensis OESA Lectura

. . . . . . 50Gregory the Great

Homiliae in Ezechiel

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217

Expositio in Librum Job

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiv

Moralium libri

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxv, 218

Haymo of Halberstadt,

Exp. in epp. S. Pauli

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230Heychius,

In Lev

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230Hilary (of Arles) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 229Homer,

Odyssey

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72Horace,

Ars poetica

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201Hostiensis (Henry de Segusio),

S. trin.& fide cath.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91–92nn

Irenaeus,

Adversus Valentinos

. . . . . . . . . . . . . 205

Jerome

Adversus Pelagianos dialog

. . . 21, 31, 40, 223

Altercatio Luciferiani et orthodoxiseudialogus contra Luciferianos

. . . . . . 174

Comm. Eph.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

Comm. Gal.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211–12, 226

Comm. Isa.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224

Comm. Matt.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204

Comm. Philem.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

Comm. Rom.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151John of Damascus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Justinian

Codex Iustinianus

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

Legibus et Senatus

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

Leo I

Homiliae

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

Serm.

9,

De collectione et eleemosyna

. . . 216

Serm.

64,

De Passione Domini 13

. . . . . . 216

Nicholas of Lyra,

Gal.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230

Origen

Comm. Ps.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

Comm. Rom.

. . . . . . . . . . 149, 207, 208, 225

Contra Celsum

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 74

Deprincipiis (Peri archon)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

Hexapla

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206

Homilae in Leviticum

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208

Selecta in Job

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206

Peter Lombard,

Sentences

. . . . . 19, 62, 93M 123Photius,

Frag. in epistolam ad S. Pauli

. . . . . 230Plato,

Respublica

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98, 181Prosper of Aquitaine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Seneca the Younger,

Epistulae morales

. . . . . . 72Sophocles,

Oedipus rex (Antigone)

. . . . . . . . . 77

Tertullian,

De baptismo

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206Theodoret,

Comm. Rom.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230Theophylact,

Hom. 1 Cor.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93Theophylact of Ochrida,

Exp. Gal.

. . . . . . . 230

Vergil,

Aeneid

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

William of Occam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21, 80n

PML8ClassicalIdx Page 238 Tuesday, November 4, 2003 1:05 PM

239

239

Index

Abraham

covenant and law, 107–8descendants of, 182faith of, 88, 100, 122, 160, 162–63, 166, 172,

198–99, 209, 216, 222and justification, 181–82, 188, 205and mercy of God, 41, 99–101

adoptionand justification, xxxvi, 139, 187and predestination, 21

Ahab, humility of, 131–32almsgiving, and faith, 140–41Ambrose

on faith and predestination, 33, 212–13on free will, 82on justification, 229on regeneration, 148

amen, defined, 95angels, 113, 206anger, of God. See wrath of GodAntisthenes, 202–3apocrypha, 206apodeiksis (strict demonstration), 143Aquinas, Thomas, on predestination, xxxArian controversy (AD 381), 127nAristarchus the grammarian, 219Aristotle

on fourfold causality, 26on syllogistic method, 129

Asper, Hans, portrait of Vermigli, xiv, xvassurance, 45, 89–90, 185–86, 199, 201, 206,

210–11astrology, 72Augustine

on almsgiving, 141on causality, 79on celibacy and marriage, 223on Cicero, 75–76city of God vs. city of the devil, 64on election, 38on faith, 33, 91–93, 213–16on fate, 18

Augustine, continued

on foreknowledge, 79–80, 82, 202on free will, 79on grace, 227

and justification, 149–50and mercy, 57sufficiency of, 58–59

on humanity of Christ, 41on justice of God, 44on justification, 157–58on love of God, 140, 147on natural law, 146–47, 150–51on Pelagianism, 123, 150, 214, 229on predestination, 8–9, 19, 33, 151, 215on reprobation, 27on salvation

universal, 62–63and works, 36

on supralapsarianism, 49on the will, 221on will of God, 46, 83on works, 134, 151–52

Augustinianismof Bucer, xl–xli, xlnnand election, xxviiiand Pelagianism, xxvii–xxviii, xxxvpredestinarian views, xxxvs. semi-Pelagianism, 254nof Vermigli, xii, xxvii, xxxv–xxxvii, xl–xli

Bapasme, Hubert de, xxbaptism

and remission of sins, 224and works, 117, 120, 158–59

Basilon eternal life and grace, 150on humility, 229on love, 178on works and justification, 144–45

beliefand assurance, 89, 199means of, 93, 94


240 Predestination & Justification

believers

fallen, and good works, 120–21marks of, 194

Beza, Theodore, 141Bible, Wisdom noncanonical, 46Bibliander, Theodore, attacks Vermigli, xxiv–

xxvBucer, Martin, xvii, xviii, xix, xxxix

on justification, xliidebate with Young, xxxii–xxxiiithreefold, xxxvii

on predestination, xxxrecommends Tremelli to Cranmer, xviin

budding post motif, 121Budé, Guillaume, 90nBullinger, Heinrich, xvii, xix

on justification, xliiVermigli’s correspondence with, xxiv

Cain motif, 095Calvin, John, xvii, xix

answer to Pighius, 94n, 129non justification, xliiand simul iustus et peccator concept, xxxviVermigli’s correspondence with, xxiv

Calvinism, and despair, 48nCatholic Reform, influence on Vermigli, xiiCatilina, Lucius Sergius, 147, 147ncausality

an justification, 159and effects, 27, 99–100eternal vs. efficient cause, 34faith and predestination, 33–34and fall of Adam, 101–2fourfold

Aristotelian, 90nof predestination, 26

vs. intentionality (Augustinian), 79nLogicians on, 30and predestination, 25–51vs. rationality, 25–26and salvation, 142and sin, 23–24St. Paul on, 31–32works vs. predestination, 36

Chrysippus the Stoic, on free will and necessity, 77

Chrysostom, Johnon faith, 176, 209–11on faith and predestination, 33

Chrysostom, John, continued

on grace, 151on justification, 229on necessity of prediction, 74on works, 148, 151

church fathers, on justification, 143–52, 205–17, 228–30

Ciceroon foreknowledge and free will, 76–78oratorical method of, 129

circumcisionand justification, 108–9, 159, 162, 221–22of Paul, 110as a seal, 100

Cleanthes the Stoic, 72, 72nClement of Alexandria, on St. Paul, 223Colophon (city), 143nCommonplaces (loci communes), xxii–xxiiicompassion. See also mercy of God

and conversion, 141condemnation, vs. reprobation, xxviiiconfession

auricular, 136–37, 164unto salvation, 179

congruity, 120, 221conscience, as faith, 106conversion, auxilium Dei, 123–24Cooke, Anthony, xixcouncils

Carthage (AD 418), 153, 153ncriteria for validity of, 152Mainz, 217–18Milevis (AD 416), 153nMilevum (2d), or Diospolis (Numidia), 123,

123n, 217Orange, 2d (AD 529), 153–57, 154n, 217proofs for justification, 217–18Trent (1545–63), xvii, xxxiii

on justification, 156–60, 186–87covenant(s)

conditional, 189distinguished by Pighius, 188and faith, 162and law, 107–8, 119and works, 162

Cranmer, Thomaslast letter of, to Vermigli, xviiiTremelli recommended to, by Bucer, xviiinand Vermigli, xvii, xviii

creeds, Athanasian, 93n


Index 241

Crucifixion of Christ, and grace, 1–7

Cyprianon faith, 209on justification, 229on salvation and works, 36, 148–49

Cyril, 139on faith, 216on justification, 230

damnationPighius’s view of, 42and reprobation, 27

Dampmartin, Catherine (wife of Vermigli), xviDavid, 14

imputation of righteousness, 100sins of, 68

Decalogue, 116–18. See also lawDemocritus, on free will and necessity, 77Demosthenes, 152, 201depravity, and will of God, 46–47despair, of the alienated vs. the justified, 48, 48ndignity, and regeneration, 61–62

Eck, Johannes, xxxiv, 94, 94necumenical councils. See councilsEdward VI, xvii, xixelection. See also predestination; reprobation

and effectual calling, 111of Gentiles, 65–66by grace, 105and humility, 7and justification, 104and mercy, 41, 60Pighius’s view of, 41–42and predestination, xxviii, 19to salvation, 59secure, in Christ, 54–55temporal vs. eternal, 3–4Vermigli’s view of, xxixand will of God, 37–38, 44–45and works, 41

Empedocles, on free will and necessity, 77England

church reform, xviiiVermigli in, xvi–xxi, xxxix

Erasmus, Disiderius, on faith, 176–77eternal life, and grace, 34, 57–58, 149–50, 171Eusebius of Caesarea, on philosophers, 77excommunication, and false repentance, 121

Fabricius, Quintus, 147, 147n

faith. See also beliefof Abraham, 100and assurance, 185–86, 201, 206, 210–11and belief, 93as conscience, 106and conviction, 91defined, 88, 88n, 90–92, 219distinguished from charity, 122–23and fear of God, 174given by God, 175, 214–15and grace, 57, 154historical, 192–93and hope, 92and hypostasis, 91–92imputed for righteousness, 197vs. incredulity, 165justifying vs. temporary, 93–94, 122, 173–

75, 180, 183and the law, 108living vs. dead, 180and love, 168, 176–77, 212, 216and miracles, 173, 179–79, 190moving mountains motif, 175–76mustard seed parable, 175nature of, 170origin of, 190–91parable of the sower, 93–94vs. patience, 91–92and predestination, 33–34, 135as prerequisite of love or works, 181and profession, 179–80and repentance, 136and righteousness, 148, 197and salvation, 165–66, 169sequence of, 92and trust, 94–95varieties of, 196–200, 203and works, 95–96, 105, 122, 135–36, 185,

200–201fallacies

of the accident, 220of composition, 218n

fallen Christians, 120fall of Adam, xxxvi–xxxvii, 47

free will lost, 155and infralapsarianism, xxixand justification, xxxviii, 102and regeneration, 62



fall of Adam, continued

and supralapsarianism, 49and will of God, 52–53

fate, vs. predestination, 12–13, 18–19, 72–73favor, as a work, 95fear

and faith, 174vs. love, 139–40as a work, 95

fleshdefined, 98–99and salvation, 109works of, 103–4, 124

foreknowledge, 163benefits of study of, 7and contingency, 74, 81–82and free will, 72–74, 79–81and justice, 82–84and predestination, 16–17and providence, 71–73and works, 7

forgiveness, 137–38and love, 204

free will, 146. See also will of Godbondage of, 82canon on, 2d Council of Orange, 154–55and compulsion, 70and consequent will of God, 63, 65and good works, 30, 32, 58and grace, 54–58lost in the fall, 155and necessity, 70–71, 73–82and predestination, 11–12, 35, 81–82

fruit motif, 112–13

Gardiner, Stephen, 225n–226n, 228, 228nGennadius, 230Gentiles

and Abrahamic covenant, 166–67and the Decalogue, 116elect among, 65–66and justification, 166and righteousness of God, 163works of, 97

glorification, 163God. See also love; mercy of God; will of God

as author of sin, 45will of, 46

good works. See worksGospel, vs. law, 115

grace

defined, 219as defined at Trent, 156–57efficacy of, 66and election, 105and faith, 154, 208, 214, 218–19and free will, 54–55general/universal, 60–68, 123and justification, 144, 149–51particular, 53–59and regeneration, 102–3vs. rewards, 149–50sufficiency of, 58–59, 65and works, 45, 123–25

Grammarians, 219gratis (in vain), 107gratitude, for justification, 209–10Greenslade, S. L., xxii, xxxiiGregory of Nazianzus

on prayer, 83on works and faith, 146

Gregory of Rimini, xxxi, 124npredestinarian views of, xxx

Gregory the Great, on faith, 217Grynaeus, Simon, xvii

hatred, between God and Judas, 47heaven, 135Hebrew (language), 87n–88nHesychius, on grace, 230Hilary of Arles, 4, 4nhistory, and faith, 193holiness. See righteousnessHoly Spirit

and faith, 107, 167–68fruits of, 191and grace, 157as origin of faith, 190Pighius on, 191–92role of, in salvation, 154

Honorius, 151–52hope. See faithHostiensis, on faith and hope, 91–92humanity. See also free will

two classes/groups, 63–64human nature, as unrighteous, 98–99Hume, David, theodicy dilemma, 18nhumility, 194

of Ahab, 131and election, 7, 142–43


Index 243

humility, continued

and justification, 202of the Virgin Mary, 41

hypostasis (substance), and faith, 91–92

idolatry, 160–61imputation

defined, 100and justification, xxxv–xxxvi, xlii–xliii, 100

infallibility, and necessity, 70, 74infants, and free will, 32infralapsarianism. See under predestinationiniquity. See sin(s)invocation. See prayerIrenaeus, on justification, 205–6Isaac and Ishmael motif, 33Israel, and works righteousness, 105

Jacob and Esau motif, 11, 14, 29, 33, 37, 51, 59, 74, 219

Jeromeon faith, 211on free will, 31on grace vs. works, 151against Pelagianism, 223–24

Jewsand consequent will of God, 65–66and justification, 166and predestination, 38–39and righteousness of God, 163superstitions of, 193works of, 98

John the Baptist, 55, 170Judas motif, 95, 128justice

and foreknowledge, 82–84and predestination, 35, 43and reprobation, 25and sin, 24and will of God, 83–84

justificationand adoption, xxxvicause and effects, 159by congruity, 122–23, 221defined, 87–88development of doctrine, xxxix, xli–xliiand election, 104and faith, 92–93, 134, 160–205, 213by faith alone, 218–30as forensic verb, xxxv, xxxviii, 87–88

justification, continued

and forgiveness, 87–88and grace, 1–7, 149–51and human perfection, 186–87imputation of, xxxv–xxxvi, 100, 196and law, 102–3as liberty, 108and love, 184, 187, 204and merit, 195nature of, and providence, 104–5in old and new covenants, 119and original sin, xxxviiioutward benefits of, 169as a Pauline doctrine, xxxiiiand piety (sanctification), xxxiv–xxxvpreparations for, 158–59, 196and regeneration, xxxviirenewal of, 182and repentance, 136, 202restoration to, 165and righteousness, 135–36and salvation, 163and sanctification, xxxvii, xli–xliivs. self-glorification, 221and simuliustus et peccator, xxxviiithreefold, xxxviiVermigli’s views, xxxii–xxxix, xl–xliand works, 97–107, 110, 144, 158, 160–65,

183, 194, 203

keys, to the kingdom, 141–42Kimhi, David (rabbi), 88n, 95Kirby, Torrance, 73n

lawChrist as end of, 148and civil order, 129–30as a curse, 107, 119Decalogue, 117–18and faith, 1–8and fall of Adam, 52–53and forgiveness, 137function of, 120, 128–30vs. Gospel, 115and justification, 102–3, 131–32lesbia regula (mason’s lead rule), 130nmoral vs. ceremonial, 115–18natural, 146–47offices of, 128–31pre-Noahic, 205



law, continued

of purification, 141and righteousness, 105, 142, 150righteousness of, 148, 164and salvation, 104as schoolmaster, 128and sin, 145supreme vs. human, 130and works, 96–103

Leo I (pope), on passion of the Lord, 216Loach, Jennifer, xxiiiloci communes (commonplaces), xxii–xxiiiLogicians, 15, 135, 208

on causality, 30Lombard, Peter. See Peter LombardLord’s Prayer, 137Lord’s Supper, 219–20love

and adoption, 187expression of, 184and faith, 176–78vs. fear, 139–40and forgiveness, 226–27of God, 124, 139–40, 153

and predestination, 19and good works, 146as grace, 57and justification, 184, 187–88as a work, 95

Lucius Sergius Catilia, 147Luther, Martin, xvii, xxxixnLutherans, xxiv, xxv, xli–xlii

Marbach, John, opposes Vermigli, xxiv, xxvmarks of believers, 194Martyr, Peter. See Vermigli, Peter MartyrMary Tudor (queen of England), xviiiMassa perditionis defined, 102nMcGrath, Alister, xliMcNair, Philip, xx, xxvii, xlmeans and ends, for salvation, 23, 49, 93, 126–

27medical motif, 127–28Melanchthon, Philip, xvii, xix, xxii, 94mercy of God

and election, 41, 60and grace, 57and imputation of righteousness, 99–101and reprobation, 25and works, 105

merit

congruent vs. condign, 125–26, 221and justification, 195and works, 114, 125–26

miracles, and faith, 173, 178–79, 190morality. See righteousnessMuller, Richard, xxix, xliimurder, 12, 130

necessityof certainty, 70–71of consequence, 70–72defined, 69, 69nand free will, 73–82imposition of, 69–73and infallibility, 70, 74intrinsic, extrinsic, and hypothetical, 69–70,

69n, 82–84and justice, 82–84of prediction, 74and prophecy, 85

new birth, 139Nicodemus, 160

Oberman, Heiko A., xiiOchino, Bernardino, xviiiOecolampadius, John, xxxix, xliiOenomaris the Cynic, on free will and necessity,

77Origen

on fate, 12on grace, 206–8on justification, 228on justification and grace, 149on necessity, 74on universal restoration, 60on works, 151

Oxford Disputation, xviiiOxford University, xii, xxi

regius professorship, xixn, xxtheological curriculum, xxiii, xxiiinVermigli’s lectures at, xix, xxvi

pagans, and free will, 65parables, spoken to the elect, 55Parcae (Fates), 72nPaul (apostle), on causality, 31–32Pelagianism, 229

of Catholic church, 153on natural law, 146–47


Index

245

Pelagianism,

continued

of Pighius, xxviiPellican, Conrad, xxivPeter (apostle), on election, 42Peter Lombard, 19, 93Phidias (sculptor), 95

n

philosophers, on free will and necessity, 77physician motif, 126–27, 170piety

and justification, xxxiv–xxxv, 114as a work, 126–27

Pighius, Albertattack on Calvin, xxvii, 129

n

characterization of, xxvi–xxvii, xxvi

n

–xvii

nnControversiarum,

xxxiv, 138, 173

n,

175–80, 178

n

, 179

n,

181–207 passim

De libero,

11

n,

40, 40

n

–42

n,

43, 44

n,

48

n,

50

n,

67on double justification, xxxivon faith and justification, 138on the Holy Spirit, 191–92on justification, 172–73on law and righteousness, 129on origin of Virgin Mary, 41

n

on prayer, 13–14on predestination, 11on providence, 12–13on “signs” of God's acts, 49–51on universal salvation, 62Vermigli’s objections to, on works and pre-

destination, 40–51pity, as a work, 95Pole, Reginald, relationship with Vermigli, xvipossibility, and foreknowledge, 74potter motif, and predestination, 14, 22, 28, 37,

114prayer

author of, 133, 140and foreknowledge, 7, 83by the justified, 113Lord’s Prayer, 137morning collect, 73, 73

n

and predestination, 13–14for salvation, 164–65and will of God, 133

preaching, universal, and particular salvation, 60

predestination, 163.

See also

election; reprobation; will of God

predestination,

continued

causes of, 25–51defined, 15, 19–23double, xxxiv, xxvii–xxviveffects of, 51–68and election, 19existence of, 10–15and faith, 33–34, 135and fate, 4–5, 12–13, 18–19and foreknowledge, 16–17and free will, 11–12, 35and human reason, 106as infralapsarian, xxixand justice, 35locus on, four principal parts, 3and love, 19nature of, 15–19necessary relatives, 22–23necessity of, 69–73and obedience, 75and original sin, 49as a Pauline doctrine, xxviPighius’s view of, xxxiv, 49–51potter motif, 14, 22, 28and properties of God, 23and providence, 17–18and purpose/good pleasure, 29–31and regeneration, 22and reprobation, 45and righteousness, 45as supralapsarian, xxixand time, 11–12Vermigli’s lectures on, xxv–xxvi, xxv

n

Vermigli’s view ofcontext, xxiii–xxvcountours, xxv–xxixorigins, xxx–xxxisignificance, xxxi

and works, 27–41Zwingli’s view of, xxviii–xxix

preparationdefined, 133for justification, 158–59, 196for salvation, 134

prodigal son motif, 127promise.

See

covenant(s)prophecy, 11–12, 75–76Prosper of Aquitaine, 4, 4

n

Protestantismin England, xvi–xx

PML8SubjIdx Page 245 Tuesday, November 4, 2003 11:43 AM

246


Protestantism,

continued

of Vermigli, xxxviii–xxxixviews on justification, xxxvii, xlii

providence, 18

n,

71, 78–79defined, 18nature of, and justification, 104–5and predestination, 17–18and preparatory works, 126

Quintus Fabricius, 147

n

rationality/reasonvs. causality, 25–26of God’s purpose, 44

redemption, 137–38sufficient vs. effectual, 62

Reformed theologyon justification, xxxvi–xxxvii, xliiof Vermigli, xxix

regenerationand dignity/privilege, 61–62and good works, 29and justification, xxxvii, xliiand predestination, 22, 138and sanctification, 102and works, 95

repentancevs. auricular confession, 136–37and faith, 224and forgiveness, 137as fruit of faith, 136and good works, 120of Judas, 128means of, 127vs. self-discipline, 132

reprobationvs. condemnation, xxviiiand damnation, 27, 47

(

See also

election; predestination)defined, 23–25effects of, 51–53in God’s purpose, 67as infralapsarian, 49Pighius’s views of, 51and predestination, 45and supralapsarianism, 49Vermigli’s view, xxviiiand will of God, 47–48, 52

restoration, universal, 60reward simile, 195, 197

righteousness.

See also

works

and civil morality, 129–30comparative, 129and faith, 89, 161–62, 194, 197and grace, 159–60of Jesus Christ, 168and justification, 88–89, 194and law, 105, 142and the law, 103, 108

a non causa ut causa

principle, 135and predestination, 36, 45of the regenerate, 87

simul iustus et peccator,

xxxvithreefold, xxxvii, xlitwo kinds of, 163–64, 204–5and works, 95, 151, 194

sacramental signification, 120sacrifices, 145, 194salvation

and assurance, 45cause and effect, 142in Christ only, 216and election, 59, 104and faith, 169five states of, 163by grace, 109–10limited atonement, 62–63means and ends, 23, 49, 93, 126–27universal call to, 66and works, 35–36, 109–10, 164–65

Samuel, and election, 41sanctification, and justification, xxxiv–xxxv,

xxxvii, xlii, 102Santerenziano, Giulio, xviiiSchmidt, Charles, xxiiiScholasticism

on necessity, 69–70on predestination, 16on redemption, 62syllogistic reasoning of, 28

n

Scotus, Duns, 50Scriptures, infallibility of, 71Seeberg, Reinhold, xxixservant vs. child motif, 195Simler, Josiah, xxx, xxxii, xxxixsin(s).

See also

fall of Adamand alienation from God, 185causes of, 23–24and depravity of nature, 46–47

PML8SubjIdx Page 246 Tuesday, November 4, 2003 11:43 AM

Index 247

sin(s), continued

of the faithful, 113God as author of, 52–53good intentions, 146levels of, 132original, 44, 48, 155

and grace, 62and justification, xxxviiiand reprobation, 49, 52

of the predestined, 68as punishment, 52and repentance, 127and reprobation, 25, 68revealed by Scripture, 167and simul iustus et peccator concept, xxxvii,

xxxviiiand true faith, 106of the unregenerate, 207and will of God, 73as will of God, 45–46and works, 45, 144, 220

Smith, Richard, xxxiii–xxxiv, 94, 94narguments against, 218–28Defensio sacri, 223De votis Monasticis, 223nDiatriba, xxxiii–xxxiv, 180, 204, 219–20,

223–24on faith, contra Vermigli, 94on justification, 180–81paralleled with Pighius, 204as regius professor at Oxford, xxxiii

Smyth, C. H., xvisociety, godly vs. ungodly, 63–64Solomon, 37, 46Sophists, 110, 118, 135, 196sorites argument, 208soul, defined, 138Spiera, Francesco, of Cittadella, 48, 48n, 115Spirit. See Holy SpiritStaedtke, Joachim, xxvStoics

Cleanthes, 72, 72non free will, 77

Strasbourg, Vermigli in, xx–xxi, xxv, xxixStrype, John, characterization of Vermigli, xxxi–

xxxii, xxxiinsupralapsarianism. See under predestinationsyllogisms, 23n, 28n, 103n, 108n, 144, 144n,

191, 210, 215n

teaching, of predestination, 42

Tertullian, on faith, 206test, 24theodicy dilemma (Hume), 18nThomas Aquinas. See Aquinas, Thomastime, and predestination, 11treasure motif, 78Tremelli, Emmanuel (1510–80), recommended

by Bucer to Cranmer, xviiintrust, and faith, 94

unbelievers, works of, 121–23universal restoration, 60universals, 118

Valdés, Juan de, xiion justification by faith, xxxix–xlpredestinarian views of, xxx

Vergerio, Paolo, 48nVermigli, Peter Martyr

biblical orientation, xiiicommentaries, xv–xvi

Genesis, xxxvii1 Samuel, xxvnRomans, xx–xxii, xliii–xliv1 Corinthians, xxxvii

defines predestination, 19–23doctrines/views of, xl

Augustinianism, xii, xxvii, xxxv–xxxvii (See also Augustinianism)

on justification, xxxi–xxxiv, xli (See also justification)

lecturesGenesis, xxv–xxvi, xxxii1 Samuel, xxvnRomans xix, xx, xxvi

on Pelagianism, xxxvon predestination, xxiii–xxiv, xxxi

(See also predestination)Protestantism, xxxviii–xxxix, xl–xli

in England, xvi–xxi, xxxi–xxxiiregius professorship, at Oxford, xxii, xxxii

self-perception as Reformed, xxiwife (Catherine Dampmartin), xvi

and other ReformersBucer, xxxix, xl–xliBullinger, xxivCalvin, xxivCranmer, xvii–xix, xviii, xxxix



Vermigli, continued

and other Reformers, continuedGregory of Rimini, xiiMarbach, xxivMelanchthon, xxiiOecolampadius, John, xxxixValdés, xxxix–xlZwingli, xxviii–xix

vileness (tapeinôsin), contrasted with virtue, 41Virgin Mary, Pighius’s view of, 41, 41nvirtue (tapeinophrosym), contrasted with vile-

ness, 41vocation, 163

Westminster Theological Seminary, xiiWhittingham, William, xviiiwickedness, defined, 88nwill. See free willwill of God. See also free will

absolute vs. hidden, 46consequent, 63, 65effective, 64and fate or destiny, 72–73of his good pleasure, 46, 56and self-determination, 133signified, 46and sin(s), 73

wills, last, of humans, 134wisdom, and salvation, 165–66works. See also righteousness

as antecedents of righteousness, 135–36and boasting, 99and common grace, 123–25confession, 164defined, 95as effects of righteousness, 135and eternal life, 57–58and faith, 95–96of fallen believers, 120–21

works, continued

and foreknowledge, 7and function of the law, 128–31of Gentiles, 115–16good vs. superstitious, 114and grace, 45, 149, 155inward and outward, 95and justification, 113–14, 124–25, 143–44,

151of the justified, 110–11, 113, 124, 129, 134and knowledge of God, 145–46and the law, 96and mercy of God, 105and merit, 114, 125–26moral vs. ceremonial, 95, 115, 124, 126natural, 124, 146a non causa ut causa principle, 135penal, 224and predestination, 21–22, 27–41, 52preparatory, 126–28, 149, 153, 159, 192, 196properties of, 100, 105, 113and providence, 104of the reprobate, 67–68and righteousness, 151–52and salvation, 19–110and sin, 45source of, 134of unbelievers, 121–23of the wicked, 111–12and will of God, 73

wrath of God, 116, 160–61

Young, John, justification debate, with Bucer, xxxii–xxxiii

Zanchi, Girolamo, xx, xxvZurich, xxiv, xxvZwingli, Ulrich, on double predestination,

xxviii–xixZwingli, Ulrich, on justification, xlii


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