Treatment & RehabilitationCenter for Victims of TortureCenter for Victims of Torture

-TRC-

The phenomenon of Violence as perceived by

Palestinian School Pupils atPalestinian School Pupils at the schools of the West

kBank

The Palestinian Situation• Palestinians killed by Israeli forces, from September 28, 2000 until 28 September 2008, are 5389.until 28 September 2008, are 5389.• 995 children, 194 females•20 % of the total Palestinian population has been detained once at least.

P l ti i i j d i th b i i f th I tif d b t• Palestinians injured since the beginning of the Intifada are about 32744. • 10000 of them are children .• Estimated permanent disabilities are 3530, 690 are childrenst ated pe a e t d sab t es a e 3530, 690 a e c d e• 176 Settlements at Palestinians land.•There are 734 Israeli checkpoints in the West Bank.• The West Bank is divided into 300 separate clusters.

The Annexation Wall will extend over app 752 km up to 20 km• The Annexation Wall will extend over app. 752 km, up to 20 km inside Palestinian areas in some places• More than 42% of the West Bank will be annexed to Israel.• By the end of the project, 395,000 dunums (17.8% of the West y p j , , (Bank) will be carved off. (According HDIP)

ResultsResults

1- Characteristics of the study sampleSex: Male: 51.6%

Female: 48.4%Female: 48.4%

Religion: Muslims 98.5%Christians 1.4%Oth 0 1%Others 0.1%

2- Place of residence: City 34.1%Village 36.9%gTown 24.7%Refugee Camp 4.3%

3- Districts of the West-Bank Jenin 7.9%Qabatya 4 8Qabatya 4.8Tulkarem 10.6%Qalqilia 5.1%Salfeet 3.1%

bl 8%Nablus 15.8%Ramallah 8.1%Jerusalem city 7.1%Jerusalem district 4.1%Jerusalem district 4.1%Jericho 1.7%Bethlehem 5.4Hebron 18.6S th H b 7 3South Hebron 7.3

4- Level Of Education Of the pupils ( the study sample)

8th grade 22.2 %9th grade 26.7%10th grade 27.7 %11th d 23 4 %11th grade 23.4 %Type of the schooling system Public sector (governmental schools) 89.5%Private Sector 10.1%Others 0.4 %

5- Classification of the family

Nuclear Family 84.2%Extended Family 15.1 %Others ( charitable institutions) 0.8%Pupils'

Order of birth

First born 25.8%Middle born 61.8%Last born 11.5%Only child 0.9 %

6- Polygamous Marriage ( the pupil's father is married to another woman other than the pupils mother ) 7.6%Cha acte istics of the p pil's familiesCharacteristics of the pupil's familiesRegular family ( both parents alive & ok ) 89.2%Father is dead 6.1% (orphan)Mother is dead 1.0% (orphan)( p )Parents divorced ( children live with their mother ) 0.30 %Parents divorced ( children live with their father) 0.60%Parents divorced ( children divided in between ) 0.1%The Father abandoned the family 0 3 %The Father abandoned the family 0.3 %The father is away 1.3%One of the parents is detained 0.20%Not applicable 0.80%

7- Family monthly income Less than 100 Nis 16.2 % very poor 1001-2000 13.5 % poor2001 3000 7 5% fair moderate ( hardly2001-3000 7.5% fair, moderate,( hardly managing)3001-4000 6.8 % good, ok More than 4000 7.2 % very goody gThe pupils don’t know 42.1%Not applicable 6.6%8- Pupils own evaluation of their family – economic statusVery good 27 1%Very good 27.1% Good 24.5%Moderate 35.8%Bad 7.9%Very bad 2.9%Not applicable 1.8%

9- Parent’s employment status

Father is employed 60 6 %Father is employed 60.6 %Father isn’t employed 28 .0%Not applicable 11.4%2-Mother is employed 9.5%Mother is not employed 68.0 %Not applicable 22.6%

P il' f il d i tiPupil's family description

1- Father beats you or your brothers & sistersNever 56.3%Seldom 28.9%Seldom 28.9%Sometimes 8.4%Often 3.9%Always 2.4%X 0 67X=0.672.Your father usually beats your mother Never 88.6 %Seldom 7.5 %Seldom 7.5 %

Sometimes 2.1%Often 1.2%Al 0 8%Always 0.8%X=0.18

3.Your mother beats you or your brothersNever 52.5%Seldom 32.6%Sometimes 10.3%Often 2.8%Always 1.8%X=0 69X=0.69

4.Your brothers & sisters often beat each other Never 33.9%Seldom 32 0%Seldom 32.0%Sometimes 18.6%Often 8.3 %Always 7.1%X=1.235.Your family members use white weapons against each others:Never 89.4%Seldom 6 4 %Seldom 6.4 %Sometimes 2.2%Often 1.0 %Always 1.0%

6. have you noticed the above motioned items of violent and unacceptable acts on others such your neighabours.Never: 23.4Seldom: 23.9Sometimes: 24.9Other: 14 3Other: 14.3Always: 13.4X=1.70

7. How do you attribute or distribute the responsibility for the phenomenon of violence among the following items: Difficult financial status=

1.81The violent Practice of the Israeli occupying forces=

2.37The difficult life of the Palestinians( including social problems,The difficult life of the Palestinians( including social problems, unemployment, Restriction of movement etc.)=

1.76 X= 1.98 ( on a sliding scale from 0-4)8 d t l h t lt8.were you exposed to any sexual harassment or assaultYes 16.6%No 83.4

9.Have you been arrested by the Israeli occupying forcesYes 10.0%No 90.0%If a family member was arrested By the IOF Yes 36.2%No 68.8 %Experience curfewsExperience curfewsYes: 74.9%No : 25.1%

Were you exposed to ill or degrading treatment at the IOF check-points

Yes : 35 .0%No : 65.0%Have you been injured by the IOFHave you been injured by the IOF Yes : 11.0%No : 89.0 %

Someone dear to you ( a family member, a friend, or a school-mate) was killed by the IOF: Yes: 36.8%Yes: 36.8%No : 63.2%Have you been exposed to physical abuse by the IOF or bt the settlers Y 12 9%Yes: 12.9%No : 87.1%In general , have you been exposed to violence by the IOF such as ( tear gas, detainment , intrusion to school or home)g , , )Yes: 68.8%No : 31%

Your properties were destroyed or badly affected by IOF( Israeli Occupying forces)Yes: 23.4%N 76 6%No : 76.6%Were you injured by IOF : Yes: 11.0%No: 89.0 %X=4.10If your house or properties were exposed to damage or destruction:Yes: 23.4%No: 76 6%No: 76.6%X=5.04

Did you witness the IOF violence practice against others:Yes: 49.9%N 50 1%No: 50.1% Were you physically affected due to that:Yes: 11.5%No : 88.5%No : 88.5%How much affected psychologically were you by witnessing that:Yes: 66.6%No: 33.4%X 4 89X=4.89

School environment:

Other pupils bring weapons to schoolOther pupils bring weapons to school Never 57.0%Seldom 10.9%Sometimes 10.7%Oft 11 5%Often 11.5%Always 9.9%

How many times you have avoided going to school to avoid being harmed by other school mates?

Never 90.5%Seldom 1.1%Sometimes 1.2%Often 2.6%Always 4.5%

If teachers are violent toward the students: Never 0.6 %Seldom 0 3%Seldom 0.3%Sometimes 0.2 %Often 32.9 %Always 66.1 %If Teachers use verbal assault Never 24.8 %Seldom 21.6%Sometimes 15 5 %Sometimes 15.5 %Often 21.1%Always 17.0%

Teachers beat you at school: Never 31.1 %Seldom 20.5 %S ti 14 6 %Sometimes 14.6 %Often 17.5%Always 16.1%Dismissed out of class by your teacherDismissed out of class by your teacher Never 28.5%Seldom 21.5%Sometimes 17.1 %Oft 18 4 %Often 18.4 %Always 14.4%

Threatened of punishment by school teachers:Never 32.2 %Seldom 17.5%Sometimes 14.8%Often 18.5%Always 16.9%

Beaten by school-mates Never 69.2%Seldom 1.6 %Sometimes 2.6%Often 7.1%Always 19.3%

Have you beaten other class-mates :

Never 49.8 %Seldom 7.1%Sometimes 7.6%Often 14 6%Often 14.6%Always 20.8 %

Were you beaten by a school teacher: Never 49.1%Seldom 7.0%Sometimes 7.5 %Often 13.7%Always 22.6 %Have you ever beaten a school teacher :Have you ever beaten a school teacher :Never 84.3 %Seldom 3.5 %Sometimes 1.9%Often 3.9%Always 6.4%

How much your suffering at school because of violent acts :Never 32.6%Seldom 9.5 %Sometimes 10.4 %Often 9.0 %Always 28 5 %Always 28.5 %Your participation in the phenomenon of violence at your school :Never 50.9 %Never 50.9 %Seldom 6.6 %Sometimes 6.3%Often 14.0 %Al 22 0%Always 22.0%

How do you subjectively evaluate the level of violence at your school during the current intifada comparing with it before :

No difference 19.6%Less 16.3%Much less 8.8%More 32 8%More 32.8%Much more 22.4%

How does the school principal deal with the problem of violence at your school Very good way 35.4%Very good way 35.4%Good way 34.3%Bad way 15.4%Very bad way 14.9%H d h l t h d l ith th bl fHow does a school teacher deal with the problem of violence at your school Very good way 29.2%Good way 42 4%Good way 42.4%Bad way 14.7 %Very bad way 13.6%

How do you evaluate the problem of violence at your school V ll h dl i t 13 4%Very small or hardly exists 13.4%Small 17.8%Medium 29.8%Large 17 6%Large 17.6%Very large 21.2%

FADFamily Assessment Device

(a scale from 0-4)(a scale from 0-4)

Item Mean

1) we hardly socialize together in our family 1.04

2) we normally think together when a family member is in crises 2.46

3) we don’t exchange feelings of distress- we don’t disclose that 1.52

4) we accept friends whomever they are 2.11

5) we don’t about anxiety or fear 1.56

6) we can talk about feelings before each other 1.30

7) Bad feelings exist among family members 0.94

8) we feel accepted the way we are 2.51

9) we are able to take decisions in the family 2.60

10) we take decisions to solve problems that face the family 2.62

11) we are generally not agreeing with each other

1.12

12) we disclose feeling to each other 2.02X= 1.8

The Brief symptom Inventory BSI

Depression0 مطلقا 39%1 نادرا 25%2 أحيانا 17%3 غالبا 10%4 ا ا 9%

19%

4 دائما 9%

PARANOIA

0طل مطلقا 32%

1 نادرا 29%

2 أحيانا 20%

3 غالبا 11%4 دائما 9% 20%

PSYCHOSIS0 مطلقا 38%

1 نادرا 27%

2 أحيانا 18%2 أحيانا 18%

3 غالبا 10%4 دائما 8% 18%4 دائما 8% 18%

OCD0 مطلقا 25%1 نادرا 30%2 أحيانا 24%3 غالبا 13%4 دائما 9% 22%

HOSTILITY0 مطلقا 38%1 نادرا 25%2 أحيانا 18%3 غالبا 11%4 دائما 9% 20%

PHOBIA

0 مطلقا 45%0 45%

1 نادرا 23%

2 انا أ 15%2 أحيانا 15%

3 غالبا 9%4 ا ائ 9% 18%4 دائما 9% 18%

ANIXIETY0 مطلقا 37%1 نادرا 24%2 أحيانا 21%3 غالبا 11%4 دائما 7% 18%

SOMATIZATION0 مطلقا 49%

1 نادرا 26%2 أحيانا 16%3 غالبا 6%4 دائما 3% 9%

SENSITIVITY

0 مطلقا 36%1 نادرا 26%1 ر 26%2 أحيانا 17%3 غالبا 11%4 دائما 10% 21%

OTHERS Never=0rarely=1

0 مطلقا 36%1 نادرا 25%

أ

rarely 1sometimes=2often=3always=4

2 أحيانا 18%3 غالبا 10%4 ا ائ 11% 21%4 دائما 11% 21%

In GeneralDEPRESSION 19%ANEXIETY 18%ANEXIETY 18%SOMATIZATION 9%PARANOIA 20%PSYCHOSIS 18%OCD 22%HOSTILITY 20%PHOBIA 18%SENSITIVITY 21%

OTHERS 21%

M f ANXIETY1.8

1.6

Mean of ANXIETY

Mean of SOMATIZATION

Mean of PARANOIA

1.4

1.2

Mean of PSYCHOSIS

Mean of OCD

1.2

1.0

Mean of HOSTILITY

Mean of PHOBIA

Mean of DEPRESSION

1000 > شيكل2001 -3000من شيكل4000أكثر من

Mea

n

.8

.6

Mean of SENSITIVITY

Mean of OTHERS

family Monthly Income

2000-1001 شيك3001 - 4000من

1.8

1.6

Mean of ANXIETY

Mean of SOMATIZATION

Mean of PARANOIA

1.4

Mean of PSYCHOSIS

Mean of OCD

Mean of HOSTILITY

1.2

1.0

Mean of HOSTILITY

Mean of PHOBIA

Mean of DEPRESSION

بكالوريوس فأعلىكلية-معھد

ثانوياعدادي

ابتدائي فأقل

Mea

n

.8

Mean of SENSITIVITY

Mean of OTHERS

آخر مستوى تعليمي لألب

ھ يي

1.8

1.6

Mean of ANXIETY

Mean of SOMATIZATION

Mean of PARANOIA

1.4

1.2

Mean of PSYCHOSIS

Mean of OCD

Mean of HOSTILITY

n

1.0

.8

Mean of PHOBIA

Mean of DEPRESSION

Mean of SENSITIVITY

بكالوريوس فأعلىكلية-معھد

ثانوياعدادي

ابتدائي فأقل

Mea

n

.6 Mean of OTHERS

آخر مستوى تعليمي لألم

Data analysis

Data analysis

Summary of basic result:

violence in the family = scale 0-4, mean = 0.78violence in the family scale 0 4, mean 0.78 There was a significant difference on alpha=0.05 level between sex and almost all BSI subtypes , excluding the hostility were the difference between male (higher mean) and female (lower mean) was not significantnot significant.There was a significant relationship on alpha level= 0.05 between some- subtypes of the BSI (anxiety P= 0.02), somatization 0.00, OCD P=0.015, phobia P=0.00, Sensitivity P=0.00 and the place of , p , y presidence.

BDI S bt

City Village Town Camp AlphaSubtypes

AnxietySomatization

1.140.88

1.181.0

1.251.0

1.050.87

0.0220.000

OCDPhobiaSensitivity

1.471.061 27

1.561.171 36

1.601.261 40

1.451.031 10

0.150.0000 003Sensitivity

Others1.271.23

1.361.39

1.401.43

1.101.20

0.0030.000

There was a significant relationship difference between all BSI subtypes on alpha=0.05 level and the scholastic level 8th, 9th, 10th and 11th grade, being much more noticed among the 9th and 10thand 11th grade, being much more noticed among the 9th and 10th grade. There was no significant relationship on alpha=0.05 level between the BSI subtests and the kind of school (private versus public)

t th h bi th i ifi t l ti hi hexcept on the phobia, there was a significant relationship, where P=0.054. Higher in public schools.There was no significant relationship on alpha (P) =0.05 level between the BSI subjects and the kind of family the pupil has j y p p(Nuclear versus extended family).Except on somatization (P=0.008), and psychosis (P=0.051) where the role of the extended family turned out negative.

Th i ifi t l ti hi P 0 05 b tThere was a significant relationship on P=0.05 between somatization, P=0.002, psychosis P=0.008 and whether the father was married to another women. It was negative in either case.

There was a significant difference between all BSI subtests and the monthly income of the family (the lower the income the worse the score on the BSI, particularly on OCD, paranoia and hostility.There was a significant difference between BSI subtypes and theThere was a significant difference between BSI subtypes and the level of education of the parents. The higher the level of parent’s education the lower they score on BSI.There was significant difference on P=0.05 between the following variables: monthly income, sex, whether father is married to another woman, parental level, of education, number of family members, place of residence work status of parents, father's working status was positive versus mother’s working status)working status was positive versus mother s working status).There was no significant relationship on P=0.005 level between violence and the following variables; age of parents, kind of family (Nuclear/Extended).

Violence at school:(Scale=0-4, Mean X=1.32)There was a significant relationship difference on P=0.05 level g pbetween the following independent variables and violence at school.Kind of school (private vs. public) P= 0.012, higher at public (governmentally administered schools) X=1.30, private X=1.14Pupils sex P=0 000 higher in male (X=1 66) than female (X= 86)Pupils sex, P=0.000, higher in male (X=1.66) than female (X=.86)Place of residence P=0.000 higher in refugee Camps (X= 1.49) and towns (X=1.36) than Village (X= 1.25), city (X= 1.22).Level of education P=0.00, higher in the 9th grade (X= 1.4) and the g g ( )10th grade (X= 1.38) than 8th grade (X= 1.16) and 11th (X=1.09)There was No significant difference between the family monthly income and the level of violence at school.

Violence in the societyScale 0-9 yes/no item selection; Mean = 3.91.there was a significant difference between the following independentthere was a significant difference between the following independent variables and violence in the society:Gender sex, P=0.000, higher among male (X=4.09) than female (X=3.77)S h l l P 0 00 hi h th 8th d (X 3 94) d thSchool class, P=0.00 higher among the 8th grade (X=3.94) and the 10th (X=4.19) than the 9th (X=3.7) and 10th (X=3.8)The family monthly income as perceived by the pupil, P=0.017 the better the income the less is the violence especially among families ofbetter the income the less is the violence especially among families of a very good status.There was No significant difference concerning the place of residence and kind of school.

Violence of the Israeli occupying forces practice:The scale used from 0-9 score with a yes or no item selection:y

Mean (X) =4.91There was a significant difference on P=0.05 level between the following variables and the Israeli occupation practice.Sex P=0 00 Female are more affected (X=5 03) than male (X=4 7)Sex P=0.00, Female are more affected (X=5.03) than male (X=4.7)Place of Residence P=0.00, higher in refugee camps X5.3, cities than towns (X=4.88) and villages, (X=4.76)Pupils class level at school = P=0.00 higher and more affected are the 11th grade (X=5.16), the 10th (X=4.86), than younger ages 8th (X=4.81), 9th (X=4.72)There was no significant difference on P=0.05 level concerning income and kind of schoolincome and kind of school.

Conclusion

It is obvious that several findings are indications of escalating

Conclusion

It is obvious that several findings are indications of escalating violence.Violence although found in all vital areas the family, school, community and self it is still probably within a primitive level, less organized and more chaotic and is more likely and most often a reaction to frustrating circumstances or a counter act to another source of violence.The initial data and analysis are shocking thou concerning theThe initial data and analysis are shocking thou, concerning the psychosocial, economic, and demographic immediate and remote consequences of the Israeli occupation. The accumulated collective trauma could have an underlying causal effect that should be investigated further in future researches.The inherited culture or heritage also contributes to that as well.

We conclude that our initial hypothesis turned out right and further studies are indicated to draw the line between these differences carefully to be able to decide a causal relationship among the different variables. We would like to add that this increase correlates with the results of a previous study on mentalincrease correlates with the results of a previous study on mental health screening that I we have conducted in 2005 which indicates

Table 1PTSD t tPTSD state

Showed no signs of PTSD37.4%, Showed some symptoms of PTSD 38.1%, Suffered from PTSD21.4%, Suffered from ASR 3.1%